What are the common side effects of ciprofloxacin. How can patients manage nausea and diarrhea while taking this medication. When should someone seek immediate medical attention while using ciprofloxacin. What are the signs of a serious allergic reaction to this antibiotic.

Understanding Ciprofloxacin: An Overview of the Antibiotic

Ciprofloxacin is a widely prescribed antibiotic belonging to the fluoroquinolone class of drugs. It’s used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, ranging from urinary tract infections to respiratory ailments. While effective, it’s crucial for patients to be aware of potential side effects that may occur during treatment.

Are all patients likely to experience side effects from ciprofloxacin? No, not everyone who takes ciprofloxacin will experience adverse reactions. However, it’s important to be informed about possible side effects and know how to manage them if they do occur.

Common Side Effects of Ciprofloxacin: What to Expect

Common side effects of ciprofloxacin affect more than 1 in 100 people. These include:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Eye discomfort (when using eye drops)
• Bad taste in the mouth (with eye drops)
• White specks on the eye surface (with eye drops)

How can patients manage nausea caused by ciprofloxacin? To alleviate nausea, it’s recommended to stick to simple meals and avoid rich or spicy foods. Taking ciprofloxacin after a meal or snack may also help reduce this side effect.

Managing Diarrhea While Taking Ciprofloxacin

Diarrhea is another common side effect of ciprofloxacin. To manage this:

1. Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
2. Watch for signs of dehydration, such as decreased urination or dark, strong-smelling urine
3. Consult a healthcare professional before taking any anti-diarrheal medications

Is it safe to take contraceptive pills while experiencing severe diarrhea from ciprofloxacin? If severe diarrhea lasts more than 24 hours, it may affect the effectiveness of contraceptive pills. Patients should check their pill packet for advice or consult their healthcare provider.

Ocular Side Effects: Understanding Eye-Related Reactions

When using ciprofloxacin eye drops, patients may experience:

• Stinging or burning sensation
• Gritty feeling in the eye
• Bad taste in the mouth
• White specks on the eye surface

How long do these ocular side effects typically last? In most cases, these effects are temporary and should resolve on their own. However, if they persist or become bothersome, patients should consult their healthcare provider.

Serious Side Effects: When to Seek Medical Attention

While rare, serious side effects can occur in less than 1 in 100 people taking ciprofloxacin. Patients should stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical attention if they experience:

• Muscle weakness, pain, or swelling in joints or tendons
• Abnormal sensations or weakness in the body
• Severe fatigue, anxiety, or mood changes
• Tinnitus or changes in sensory perception
• Severe diarrhea with blood or mucus
• Irregular heartbeat or palpitations
• Sudden breathlessness
• Swelling in extremities or abdomen

Why are children more susceptible to tendon-related side effects from ciprofloxacin? Children’s developing musculoskeletal systems are more vulnerable to the effects of fluoroquinolones, making them more prone to tendon-related complications. This is one reason why ciprofloxacin use in children is carefully monitored and often reserved for specific situations.

Recognizing a Serious Allergic Reaction to Ciprofloxacin

Although rare, a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to ciprofloxacin can occur. Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction include:

• Skin rash (itchy, red, swollen, blistered, or peeling)
• Wheezing
• Tightness in the chest or throat
• Difficulty breathing or talking
• Swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat

What should a patient do if they suspect a serious allergic reaction to ciprofloxacin? In case of a suspected severe allergic reaction, immediate emergency medical attention is crucial. Patients should call 999 or go to the nearest emergency department without delay.

Long-Term Side Effects: Understanding the Risks

While most side effects of ciprofloxacin are short-term, some patients may experience long-lasting effects. These can include:

• Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage)
• Tendon rupture
• Aortic aneurysm or dissection (in at-risk populations)
• Mental health changes

Can long-term side effects of ciprofloxacin develop after stopping the medication? Yes, in some cases, side effects like tendon problems or peripheral neuropathy may develop weeks or even months after completing the ciprofloxacin treatment. This underscores the importance of monitoring and reporting any unusual symptoms to a healthcare provider, even after finishing the course of antibiotics.

Monitoring for Delayed Reactions

Patients should remain vigilant for any unusual symptoms for several months after taking ciprofloxacin. This includes:

1. Unexplained pain or weakness in muscles or joints
2. Persistent tingling or numbness in extremities
3. Ongoing mood changes or cognitive issues
4. Sudden, severe abdominal or back pain

Special Considerations for Different Formulations

Ciprofloxacin comes in various formulations, including tablets, oral suspension, eye drops, and ear drops. Each formulation may have specific side effects or considerations:

• Oral formulations: More likely to cause systemic side effects
• Eye drops: May cause temporary vision changes or eye irritation
• Ear drops: Can lead to temporary hearing changes or ear discomfort

Do ciprofloxacin eye and ear drops carry the same risk of systemic side effects as oral formulations? Generally, topical formulations like eye and ear drops have a lower risk of systemic side effects compared to oral ciprofloxacin. However, some absorption can occur, and patients should still be aware of potential adverse reactions.

Proper Administration to Minimize Side Effects

To reduce the risk of side effects and ensure maximum efficacy, proper administration of ciprofloxacin is crucial:

1. Take oral formulations with a full glass of water
2. Avoid taking ciprofloxacin with dairy products or calcium-fortified juices
3. For eye drops, avoid touching the tip of the dropper to any surface
4. When using ear drops, warm the bottle in your hands before administration to prevent dizziness

Drug Interactions and Ciprofloxacin: What to Watch For

Ciprofloxacin can interact with various medications and substances, potentially increasing the risk of side effects or reducing its effectiveness. Some important interactions include:

• Antacids containing aluminum or magnesium
• Iron supplements
• Calcium supplements
• Certain antidepressants
• Some anti-inflammatory drugs
• Warfarin and other blood thinners

How can patients minimize the risk of drug interactions while taking ciprofloxacin? To reduce interaction risks, patients should inform their healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products they are taking. In some cases, adjusting the timing of doses or temporarily discontinuing certain medications may be necessary.

Ciprofloxacin and Caffeine Consumption

Ciprofloxacin can interact with caffeine, potentially increasing its effects. Patients may need to be cautious about their caffeine intake while on this antibiotic. Symptoms of excessive caffeine consumption may include:

• Increased heart rate
• Jitteriness
• Insomnia
• Anxiety

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Safety Considerations

The use of ciprofloxacin during pregnancy and breastfeeding requires careful consideration. While it’s generally avoided during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development, there may be situations where the benefits outweigh the risks.

Is it safe to use ciprofloxacin while breastfeeding? Ciprofloxacin can pass into breast milk, potentially affecting the nursing infant. Healthcare providers will weigh the benefits of treatment against potential risks. In some cases, they may recommend temporarily stopping breastfeeding or choosing an alternative antibiotic.

Alternatives to Ciprofloxacin During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

When ciprofloxacin is contraindicated, healthcare providers may consider alternative antibiotics such as:

• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Macrolides

The choice of alternative depends on the specific infection being treated and individual patient factors.

Monitoring and Reporting Side Effects

Vigilant monitoring and prompt reporting of side effects are crucial for patient safety. Patients should:

1. Keep a diary of any unusual symptoms or side effects
2. Report persistent or severe side effects to their healthcare provider immediately
3. Participate in follow-up appointments to assess treatment efficacy and monitor for adverse reactions
4. Consider reporting side effects through official channels like the Yellow Card scheme in the UK

Why is it important to report side effects even if they’re listed in the medication leaflet? Reporting side effects helps regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies gather more data on the real-world use of medications. This information can lead to updates in prescribing guidelines, improved patient education, or even the discovery of previously unknown adverse reactions.

The Yellow Card Scheme: A Tool for Patient Safety

The Yellow Card scheme in the UK allows patients and healthcare professionals to report suspected side effects of medications. This system helps:

• Identify new side effects or safety concerns
• Monitor the frequency of known side effects
• Assess the safety of medications in diverse patient populations
• Inform updates to medication guidelines and patient information

Balancing Benefits and Risks: Making Informed Decisions

When prescribing ciprofloxacin, healthcare providers carefully weigh the potential benefits against the risks of side effects. Factors considered include:

• The severity and type of infection
• Patient’s medical history and current health status
• Potential drug interactions
• Availability of alternative treatments

How can patients participate in the decision-making process regarding ciprofloxacin treatment? Patients should engage in open dialogue with their healthcare providers, asking questions about the necessity of ciprofloxacin, potential alternatives, and strategies to minimize side effects. This shared decision-making approach ensures that treatment aligns with the patient’s values and preferences while addressing their medical needs.

Questions to Ask Your Healthcare Provider

To make an informed decision about ciprofloxacin treatment, consider asking your healthcare provider:

1. Why is ciprofloxacin the best choice for my condition?
2. Are there alternative antibiotics that could be effective?
3. What specific side effects should I watch for?
4. How can I minimize the risk of experiencing side effects?
5. What should I do if I experience a side effect?

Future Directions in Antibiotic Development and Safety

As concerns about antibiotic resistance and side effects continue to grow, researchers are exploring new approaches to antibiotic development and use. Some promising areas include:

• Development of more targeted antibiotics with fewer side effects
• Exploration of combination therapies to reduce the risk of resistance
• Advancements in rapid diagnostic tools to ensure appropriate antibiotic use
• Investigation of non-antibiotic alternatives for treating certain infections

How might future developments impact the use of ciprofloxacin and similar antibiotics? As our understanding of bacterial infections and host responses improves, we may see more personalized approaches to antibiotic therapy. This could lead to reduced reliance on broad-spectrum antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, potentially lowering the incidence of side effects while maintaining effective treatment outcomes.

The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Antibiotic Safety

Pharmacogenomics, the study of how genetic factors influence drug responses, may play an increasing role in antibiotic prescribing. This field could help:

1. Identify patients at higher risk for certain side effects
2. Guide dosing decisions to maximize efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions
3. Develop more targeted therapies based on individual genetic profiles
4. Improve our understanding of why some patients experience rare or severe side effects

As research in this area progresses, we may see more tailored approaches to antibiotic therapy, potentially reducing the overall incidence of side effects while maintaining or improving treatment efficacy.

Side effects of ciprofloxacin – NHS

Like all medicines, ciprofloxacin can cause side effects although not everyone gets them.

Common side effects

These common side effects of ciprofloxacin happen in more than 1 in 100 people. There are things you can do to help cope with them:

Feeling sick (nausea)

If you feel sick after taking the tablets or liquid, stick to simple meals and do not eat rich or spicy food while you’re taking this medicine. It might help to take ciprofloxacin after you have had a meal or snack.

Diarrhoea

If you get diarrhoea after taking the tablets or liquid, drink lots of fluids, such as water or squash, to avoid dehydration. Signs of dehydration include peeing less than usual or having dark strong-smelling pee.

Do not take any other medicines to treat diarrhoea without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor.

If you take contraceptive pills and you have severe diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, your contraception may not protect you from pregnancy. Check the pill packet for advice.

Redness or discomfort in the eye

If you feel a stinging, burning or gritty feeling in your eye after using the eye drops, this should go away on its own. Do not drive, ride a bike or operate heavy machinery until your eyes feel comfortable again and your vision is clear.

Bad taste in the mouth

If you get a bad taste in your mouth after using ciprofloxacin eye drops, it does not usually last long. Drink some water or juice, or chew some sugar-free gum.

White specks on the surface of your eye

If you get white specks on the surface of your eye after using the eye drops, keep using your ciprofloxacin but tell your doctor if it bothers you or does not go away.

Speak to a doctor or pharmacist if this advice on how to cope does not help and a side effect is still bothering you or lasts more than a few days.

Serious side effects

Very few people taking or using ciprofloxacin have serious side effects.

They are less likely to happen with the eye drops or ear drops.

These serious side effects can happen in less than 1 in 100 people. Stop taking ciprofloxacin and tell your doctor or contact 111 straight away if you have:

• muscle weakness, pain or swelling in your joints or tendons. This often begins in the ankle or calf, but could also be in your shoulder, arms or legs. It can happen in the first 2 days of taking ciprofloxacin or even several months after stopping. It is more common in children
• pain or abnormal sensations (such as pins and needles that do not go away, tingling, tickling, numbness or burning) or weakness in your body, especially in your legs or arms
• severe tiredness, feel anxious or very low in mood, or have difficulty sleeping or remembering things
• ringing in your ears (tinnitus), loss of taste, are seeing double, or have any other changes in your sight, smell, taste or hearing
• diarrhoea (perhaps with muscle cramps) that contains blood or mucus – if you have severe diarrhoea without blood or mucus for more than 4 days, also speak to a doctor
• a faster or irregular heartbeat, or heartbeats that suddenly become more noticeable (palpitations)
• sudden breathlessness, especially when you’re lying down
• swollen ankles, feet or stomach

Go to 111. nhs.uk or call 111.

Immediate action required: Call 999 if:

• you have sudden, severe pain in your stomach, chest or back
• you have seizures or fits

Serious allergic reaction

In rare cases, it’s possible to have a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to ciprofloxacin.

Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E now if:

• you get a skin rash that may include itchy, red, swollen, blistered or peeling skin
• you’re wheezing
• you get tightness in the chest or throat
• you have trouble breathing or talking
• your mouth, face, lips, tongue or throat start swelling

You could be having a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital.

Other side effects

These are not all the side effects of ciprofloxacin. For a full list, see the leaflet inside your medicine packet.

Find out more about muscle weakness, pain or swelling after taking ciprofloxacin on the GOV.UK website

Information:

You can report any suspected side effect using the Yellow Card safety scheme.

Visit Yellow Card for further information.

Page last reviewed: 13 December 2022

Next review due: 13 December 2025

Allergy associated with ciprofloxacin | The BMJ

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BMJ
2000;
320
doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7236.679
(Published 11 March 2000)

Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:679

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1. P Burke,
2. S R Burne

1. St Bartholomew’s Medical Centre, Oxford OX4 1XB, K J Cann, Department of Public Health, Oxfordshire Health Authority, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LG

Meningococcal infection can be life threatening. Most infections are sporadic, although clusters do occur, particularly in teenagers. The management of clusters includes giving antibiotics to a defined group. Vaccination has a role in clusters of meningococcal serogroup C infection. Although ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally is not licensed for prophylaxis against meningococcal disease, it is used because it reduces meningococcal carriage, 1 can be given as a single dose, and, unlike rifampicin, does not interact adversely with the contraceptive pill.2 We report on anaphylactoid reactions to ciprofloxacin in three students and a close contact with meninogoccal infection (table).

Serious allergic reactions to ciprofloxacin

View this table:

Two cases (one fatal) of meningococcal infection occurred in first year university students within 12 days of each other. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally was offered to all the 4253 students in their first year at the university; around 3200 accepted.

Three cases of anaphylactoid reaction occurred—a rate of about 1:1000, much higher than the 1:100 000 quoted (12 cases in a population of 972 000). 3 Two of the three students had no history of atopic illness. All three students and the contact recovered. Additional adverse reactions were mild skin rashes in three students and nausea and vomiting in two.

A high rate of serious adverse events must be balanced by clear benefits to the target group. Ciprofloxacin clears meningococcal carriage so reducing transmission to a susceptible host. As carriers do not become cases the benefits from ciprofloxacin are for the community not the individual. The risk of a second case of infection among close contacts is 500 to 1000 times higher than in the general population.4 The risk of a third case in a student population that has already had two cases is unknown.

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Gaunt PN,
   2. Lambert BE

   . Single dose ciprofloxacin for the eradication of pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988; 21: 489–496.

2. 2.↵
   1. Borcherding SM,
   2. Bastian TL,
   3. Self TH,
   4. Abou-Shala N,
   5. LeDuc BW,
   6. LaLonde DW

   . Two and four day rifampicin chemoprophylaxis regimens induce oxidative metabolism. Antimicrob Agents Chemo 1993; 36: 1553–1558.

3. 3.↵
   1. Davis H,
   2. McGoodwin E,
   3. Greene Reed T

   . Anaphylactoid reactions reported after treatment with ciprofloxacin. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 1041–1043.

4. 4.↵
   1. Hastings L,
   2. Stuart J,
   3. Andrews N,
   4. Begg N

   . A retrospective survey of clusters of meningococcal disease in England and Wales, 1993 to 1995: estimated risks of further cases in household and educational settings. CDR Review 1997; 7: R195–R200.

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Allergy test for ciprofloxacin.

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4. Allergology: Ciprofloxacin

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Ciprofloxacin belongs to the 2nd generation fluoroquinolones class. It has a pronounced antimicrobial effect, due to which it belongs to drugs with a wide spectrum of action.

Ciprofloxacin Allergy Blood Test performed when drug sensitization is detected. Allergy to this particular drug is rare. So, allergic reactions are found in 1.5% of patients taking the drug.

More often allergy manifests itself in the form of:

• skin rash, urticaria, itching;
• angioedema;
• Hypersensitivity to UV rays, which may result in dermatitis or eczema.

Most often, the reaction to ciprofloxacin is not immediate, that is, it does not develop in the first hours or minutes after taking the drug. This is especially true of the introduction by taking drops or tablets. In the case of intramuscular administration, negative symptoms usually develop immediately. During the first few days, you need to monitor your condition and note any negative symptoms, as they may indicate an allergy.

At the first sign of an allergy, inform your doctor immediately. After examining and identifying the severity of allergic symptoms, the doctor may decide to cancel and replace the drug. But in the presence of mild allergic symptoms without the threat of anaphylactic shock, a specialist may recommend continuing therapy until a complete cure. This is especially true in cases where ciprofloxacin is a first-line drug and there is a high risk of an infectious disease. Such a decision can only be made by the attending physician, and not by the patient on his own, and only after a full-time examination and acquaintance with all complaints of negative symptoms.

Taking the drug in the presence of a mild allergic reaction is possible only in a hospital, where in the event of a threat to the health and life of the patient, he can be provided with appropriate immediate assistance. As a rule, severe reactions in which the drug is canceled or replaced include laryngeal edema, anaphylactic shock, an increase in body temperature, swelling of the face and hands, as well as a drop in blood pressure and any negative symptoms from the activity of the heart. Mild symptoms include hives, as well as dermatitis from direct sunlight.

Uses of ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is available in several formulations to treat various conditions. These can be eye drops, ointment, oral tablets, solution and eye ointment. With a high degree of probability, the specialist will prescribe this drug when infections caused by E. coli, salginella, meningococcus, gonococcus, as well as hemophilus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are detected. In many cases, the drug is given first. So if you find an allergy to ciprofloxacin, you will always have to warn your doctor about this before prescribing drugs. And also it will be possible to get acquainted with the active substance of all medications taken, first of all, antibiotics. The drug is especially often prescribed in cases where infectious agents are resistant to tetracycline and penicillin antibiotics.

Thus, the drug can be prescribed for bronchitis and pneumonia, eye infections ranging from conjunctivitis to keratitis and meibomitis, bone and joint infections, sinusitis, sinusitis, wounds and burns with infections, cystitis, pyelonephritis, anthrax and sepsis.

The drug is not usually used for treatment during pregnancy and childhood. But in some cases it may still be prescribed, especially in lesions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The risk of collision with this drug is quite high in various infectious diseases that require antibiotic treatment.

Indication for testing

Testing is prescribed for frequent manifestations of allergy , especially to antibacterial drugs, as well as for the need to prescribe antimicrobial therapy to patients with established sensitivity to drugs.

In addition, fluoroquinolone-allergic patients have been found to be allergic to ciprofloxacin quite frequently. In the presence of an allergy to a fluoroquinolone, it is necessary to conduct a study for the presence of an allergic reaction to ciprofloxacin. To avoid its occurrence, when taking both drugs, it is necessary to consume a sufficient amount of fluid, it is necessary to completely exclude intense physical activity, and it is also necessary to avoid sunburn and prolonged exposure to direct sunlight.

Study preparation rules

susceptibility to ciprofloxacin is determined using a blood test. Blood is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. There should be at least 6 hours before the test, and you can smoke 3 hours before the test.

Interpretation of test results

The study of possible allergic reactions when taking ciprofloxacin is carried out by a blood test. Skin tests are ineffective, since the drug has practically no effect on the level of Ig E antibodies. Ciprofloxacin affects labrocytes (mast cells) of the human immune system .

In the laboratory, the susceptibility to manifestation of allergy is determined by the method of detecting mast cell degranulation. The test is based on the study of morphological pathologies in rat mast cells that occur after interaction with the patient’s blood and the allergen drug. Destructive processes in mast cells are manifested by swelling, an increase in size, vacuoles appear around, because of which the cell looks like a “honeycomb”.

Test results are positive if the number of abnormal mast cells is more than 10%.

The following factors may affect the results of the study:

1. Taking antihistamines distorts the data obtained. It is necessary to cancel the intake of such drugs 3-5 days before the proposed blood donation, since the half-life of drugs from the body is individual for each patient.
2. Allergic reactions must be in remission. This is due to the fact that during an exacerbation, the concentration of Ig E antibodies and mast cells increases.
3. ARI and hyperemia of the body are also a contraindication to the analysis, since they always increase the intensity of the immune response of the patient’s body, which can be mistaken for a manifestation of sensitization. You can donate blood only after complete recovery.
4. After intense physical activity, you should also wait for the delivery of tests.
5. If you have a confirmed allergy to food or animals, you should avoid contact with allergens at least a week before the proposed examination.

Allergy to drug or other adverse reaction

Ciprofloxacin has been well studied. Accumulated information about various adverse reactions. Some of them are much more common than allergies, which, as mentioned above, are rare. Many organ systems may show an adverse reaction to ciprofloxacin, and in some cases, this is not an allergic reaction. In this case, it will be possible to notify the attending physician and voice the symptoms. Probably, the drug will be canceled or replaced.

Negative reactions from the heart and blood vessels are not signs of allergy. This can be a rise in blood pressure and tachycardia, even fainting and ventricular-type arrhythmias are possible. As a rule, with the withdrawal of the drug and after taking measures, all these symptoms disappear. Bronchospasm is possible, in which case the abolition of ciprofloxacin should also lead to the complete elimination of the negative symptom.

Convulsions, renal and hepatic failure, pancreatitis, nausea and vomiting, psychotic reactions, disturbances in vision, taste and smell may also occur during the use of the drug and will cause immediate withdrawal. Fortunately, most of these reactions occur only with intravenous administration of large doses of the drug and are quite rare. Even before taking the drug, it is necessary to inform the attending physician about all the drugs used, since ciprofloxacin can interact with other substances, also causing negative reactions.

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Determination of specific IgE to drug allergens.

Allergen list:

• Levofloxacin;
• Ciprofloxacin;
• Ampicillin;
• Erythromycin;
• Doxycycline;
• Cefazolin;
• Cefotaxime;
• Gentamycin.

An allergic reaction to drugs is an intolerance to drugs caused by immune mechanisms.

Among the drugs that cause an allergic reaction, antibiotics (especially penicillins) are more common – up to 55%, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – up to 25%, sulfonamides – up to 10%, local anesthetics – up to 6%, iodine – and bromine-containing drugs – up to 4%, vaccines and serums – up to 1.5%, drugs that mainly affect tissue processes (vitamins, enzymes and other agents that affect metabolism) – up to 8%, other groups of medicines – up to 18% .

Pseudo allergy to drugs
It is important to remember that there are pseudo-allergic reactions to medications. The clinical picture of pseudo-allergy is similar to the true one, but develops without the participation of immune mechanisms. Thus, radiopaque agents, polymyxins, local anesthetics, and various other drugs can directly induce the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells.

In the case when several types of allergic reactions occur to one drug, they speak of combined sensitization.

Acute allergic diseases
Generalized urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic shock are acute allergic diseases. They are the most dangerous form of drug allergy, as they are characterized by a rapid unpredictable course, the risk of developing life-threatening conditions and require emergency care.

Readings
Diagnosis of allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, pollinosis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, food allergy, drug allergy, respiratory allergies).

Preparation
Blood sampling is recommended not earlier than 4-6 hours after the last meal. On the eve of the study, alcohol and smoking, physical and emotional stress should be excluded.

It is not recommended to conduct a study while taking glucocorticoid drugs. On the expediency of their cancellation, it is worth consulting with the allergist who observes you.

Interpretation of results




Class	M U/ml	Level of immunological response
0	< 0.1	no reactivity
1	0.1-0.34	reactivity very low
2	0.35-0.69	reactivity low
3	0.7-3.4	reactivity moderate
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