What are the common side effects of Allopurinol 100mg. How does Allopurinol work to treat gout and kidney stones. What is the recommended dosage for Allopurinol. How can patients manage potential interactions with other medications.

Understanding Allopurinol: An Overview of the Medication

Allopurinol is a prescription medication primarily used to treat conditions related to high uric acid levels in the body. It’s available as an oral tablet in generic form and under the brand names Zyloprim and Lopurin. Additionally, an intravenous (IV) formulation exists for hospital use.

As a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Allopurinol works by reducing the production of uric acid in the body. This mechanism of action makes it an effective treatment for various conditions associated with elevated uric acid levels.

Primary Uses of Allopurinol

• Treatment of gout
• Management of elevated serum uric acid levels
• Prevention of recurrent kidney stones
• Reduction of uric acid levels in patients undergoing chemotherapy

Are there specific conditions that benefit most from Allopurinol treatment? Gout patients often experience significant relief from symptoms and a reduction in flare-ups when using Allopurinol regularly. Additionally, individuals with a history of uric acid kidney stones may find this medication particularly beneficial in preventing stone formation.

The Science Behind Allopurinol: Mechanism of Action

To understand how Allopurinol works, it’s essential to delve into its mechanism of action. This medication belongs to a class of drugs called xanthine oxidase inhibitors. By blocking the enzyme xanthine oxidase, Allopurinol effectively reduces the production of uric acid in the body.

Why is reducing uric acid production important? High levels of uric acid can lead to the formation of crystals in joints and tissues, causing inflammation and pain characteristic of gout. By lowering uric acid levels, Allopurinol helps prevent these crystal formations, alleviating symptoms and reducing the frequency of gout attacks.

Key Points About Allopurinol’s Mechanism

1. Inhibits xanthine oxidase enzyme
2. Decreases uric acid production
3. Prevents uric acid crystal formation
4. Reduces inflammation and pain associated with gout

How quickly does Allopurinol begin to work? While the medication starts acting on uric acid production almost immediately, it may take several weeks to months to notice a significant reduction in gout symptoms or kidney stone formation. Consistent use and adherence to the prescribed regimen are crucial for optimal results.

Common Side Effects of Allopurinol 100mg

Like all medications, Allopurinol can cause side effects. While not everyone experiences these effects, it’s important to be aware of potential reactions. The most common side effects associated with Allopurinol 100mg tablets include:

• Skin rash
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Changes in liver function test results
• Temporary increase in gout symptoms (for gout patients)

Is it normal to experience a gout flare-up when starting Allopurinol? Yes, some patients may experience a temporary increase in gout symptoms when beginning treatment. This occurs as the body adjusts to the medication and uric acid levels fluctuate. Your healthcare provider may prescribe additional medications to manage these initial flare-ups.

Most mild side effects typically resolve within a few days to weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. However, if side effects persist or worsen, it’s crucial to consult your healthcare provider.

Managing Common Side Effects

To minimize the impact of common side effects, consider the following strategies:

• Take Allopurinol with food to reduce nausea
• Stay well-hydrated to help flush out uric acid
• Use over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medications if needed
• Apply moisturizer to relieve mild skin irritation

When should you be concerned about side effects? If you develop a skin rash, it’s important to contact your healthcare provider immediately. Continuing to take Allopurinol after developing a rash could lead to more severe reactions.

Serious Side Effects and Precautions

While less common, Allopurinol can cause serious side effects that require immediate medical attention. These include:

Severe Skin Reactions

In rare cases, Allopurinol may cause severe, life-threatening skin reactions. Symptoms to watch for include:

• Itchy hives or raised bumps
• Red or purple-colored spots on the skin
• Scaly or peeling skin
• Fever and chills
• Difficulty breathing
• Swelling of the face or throat

What should you do if you suspect a severe skin reaction? If you experience any of these symptoms, stop taking Allopurinol immediately and seek emergency medical care. Early intervention is crucial in managing these potentially life-threatening reactions.

Liver Injury

Allopurinol can affect liver function and, in rare cases, lead to liver injury. Signs of liver problems include:

• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Pain in the upper right abdomen
• Dark urine
• Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)

How often should liver function be monitored while taking Allopurinol? Your healthcare provider will likely recommend regular liver function tests, especially during the initial months of treatment. The frequency of these tests may vary based on individual risk factors and response to the medication.

Dosage Guidelines and Administration

The appropriate dosage of Allopurinol varies depending on the condition being treated, the severity of symptoms, and individual patient factors. Typically, treatment begins with a lower dose, which may be gradually increased as needed.

Common Dosage Ranges

• For gout: 100-800 mg daily, often starting at 100 mg and increasing gradually
• For kidney stones: 200-300 mg daily
• For cancer patients: Dosage varies based on chemotherapy regimen and uric acid levels

How should Allopurinol be taken for optimal effectiveness? Allopurinol is usually taken once daily, or in divided doses for higher amounts. It’s best to take the medication at the same time each day to maintain consistent blood levels. Taking Allopurinol with food can help reduce stomach upset.

It’s crucial to follow your healthcare provider’s instructions regarding dosage and administration. Never adjust your dose without consulting your doctor first.

Importance of Hydration

Adequate fluid intake is essential when taking Allopurinol. Drinking at least 3.4 liters (14 cups) of fluids daily helps prevent uric acid crystals from forming and blocking urine flow. This hydration goal also aids in flushing excess uric acid from the body.

How can you ensure you’re drinking enough fluids? Keep a water bottle with you throughout the day, set reminders on your phone, and include water-rich foods in your diet. Your healthcare provider may recommend monitoring your urine output to ensure you’re producing at least 2 liters (2 quarts) per day.

Drug Interactions and Precautions

Allopurinol can interact with various medications, vitamins, and herbs, potentially altering its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. It’s crucial to inform your healthcare provider about all substances you’re taking, including over-the-counter products and supplements.

Common Drug Interactions

• Azathioprine and mercaptopurine: Increased risk of bone marrow suppression
• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin): May increase the anticoagulant effect
• Thiazide diuretics: Potentially increased risk of hypersensitivity reactions
• ACE inhibitors: Possible increased risk of skin reactions
• Ampicillin and amoxicillin: Higher likelihood of skin rash

How can patients manage potential drug interactions? Always consult your healthcare provider or pharmacist before starting new medications or supplements while taking Allopurinol. They can advise on potential interactions and may need to adjust dosages or recommend alternative treatments.

Special Precautions

Certain groups of patients may need extra monitoring or dosage adjustments when taking Allopurinol:

• Patients with kidney disease: May require lower doses
• Individuals with liver disease: Close monitoring of liver function is necessary
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women: Should discuss risks and benefits with their healthcare provider
• Elderly patients: May be more susceptible to side effects and may require lower initial doses

What should patients with a history of allergies consider before taking Allopurinol? Individuals with a history of allergic reactions to medications should inform their healthcare provider before starting Allopurinol. In some cases, alternative treatments may be recommended to minimize the risk of severe allergic reactions.

Lifestyle Modifications to Complement Allopurinol Treatment

While Allopurinol is effective in managing conditions related to high uric acid levels, combining medication with lifestyle changes can enhance treatment outcomes. Consider the following lifestyle modifications:

Dietary Changes

• Reduce intake of purine-rich foods (e.g., organ meats, some seafood)
• Limit alcohol consumption, especially beer
• Decrease consumption of sugary drinks and foods high in fructose
• Increase intake of low-fat dairy products
• Stay hydrated with water and other non-alcoholic, non-sugary beverages

How significant is the impact of diet on uric acid levels? While medication plays a crucial role, dietary changes can significantly influence uric acid production and excretion. A balanced diet low in purines can complement Allopurinol treatment and help manage symptoms more effectively.

Exercise and Weight Management

Maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise and a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of gout attacks and improve overall health. Low-impact exercises like swimming, cycling, or walking are excellent options for individuals with gout.

What type of exercise is best for gout patients? Low-impact activities that don’t put excessive stress on joints are ideal. However, it’s essential to consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new exercise regimen, especially if you have active gout symptoms or other health conditions.

Stress Management

Stress can potentially trigger gout flares in some individuals. Incorporating stress-reduction techniques into your daily routine may help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being. Consider practices such as:

• Meditation or mindfulness exercises
• Deep breathing techniques
• Yoga or tai chi
• Regular relaxation time
• Adequate sleep

How does stress affect gout and uric acid levels? While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, stress can lead to hormonal changes and behaviors that may influence uric acid levels and inflammation in the body. Managing stress effectively can contribute to better overall health and potentially reduce the frequency of gout flares.

Long-Term Management and Monitoring

Successfully managing conditions like gout or recurrent kidney stones with Allopurinol requires ongoing commitment and regular monitoring. Long-term use of the medication necessitates periodic check-ups and adjustments to ensure optimal effectiveness and minimize potential side effects.

Regular Health Assessments

Your healthcare provider will likely recommend regular follow-up appointments to assess your response to Allopurinol treatment. These visits may include:

• Blood tests to monitor uric acid levels
• Liver function tests
• Kidney function assessments
• Evaluation of symptom frequency and severity
• Review of any side effects or concerns

How often should patients have their uric acid levels checked? Initially, uric acid levels may be monitored monthly until they stabilize at the desired range. Once stable, checks may be performed every 6-12 months or as recommended by your healthcare provider.

Adherence to Treatment Plan

Consistent adherence to your prescribed Allopurinol regimen is crucial for long-term success. Skipping doses or stopping the medication abruptly can lead to fluctuations in uric acid levels and potential symptom flares.

What strategies can help improve medication adherence? Consider using pill organizers, setting daily reminders on your phone, or linking medication-taking to a daily routine (e.g., brushing teeth) to help ensure consistent use. If you’re having difficulty adhering to your treatment plan, discuss your concerns with your healthcare provider.

Managing Breakthrough Symptoms

Even with consistent Allopurinol use, some patients may experience occasional breakthrough symptoms or gout flares. Your healthcare provider may prescribe additional medications to manage acute symptoms, such as:

• Colchicine
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Corticosteroids

How should patients respond to breakthrough symptoms? If you experience a gout flare or other symptoms related to high uric acid levels, contact your healthcare provider promptly. They can guide you on managing the acute episode and may need to adjust your long-term treatment plan.

Long-term management with Allopurinol requires a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers. Regular communication about symptoms, side effects, and any challenges with the treatment plan is essential for achieving optimal outcomes and maintaining quality of life.

Side Effects, Dosage, Uses & More

Highlights for allopurinol

1. Allopurinol oral tablet is available as a generic drug and as brand-name drugs. Brand names: Zyloprim and Lopurin.
2. Allopurinol is also given as an injection by a healthcare professional in the hospital.
3. Allopurinol oral tablet is used to treat gout, elevated serum uric acid levels, and recurrent kidney stones.

• Severe skin rash: This drug may cause a severe, life-threatening skin rash. If you have itchiness, trouble breathing, or swelling of your face or throat, stop taking this drug and call your doctor right away.
• Liver injury: This drug may cause changes in liver function test results and liver failure. This may be fatal. If you develop liver problems, your doctor may have you stop taking allopurinol.
• Drowsiness: This drug can cause drowsiness. You shouldn’t drive, use machinery, or do other tasks that require alertness until you know how it affects you.
• Fluid intake: You should drink at least 3.4 liters (14 cups) of fluids each day. This will help you urinate at least 2 liters (2 quarts) per day. This can help prevent uric acid crystals from forming and blocking your urine flow. Ask your doctor how to measure how much you urinate.

Allopurinol oral tablet is a prescription drug that’s available as the brand-name drugs Zyloprim and Lopurin. It’s also available as a generic drug. Generic drugs usually cost less. In some cases, they may not be available in every strength or form as the brand-name version.

Allopurinol also comes in an intravenous (IV) form, which is only given by a healthcare professional.

Allopurinol may be used as part of a combination therapy. This means you may need to take it with other medications.

Why it’s used

Allopurinol is used to decrease uric acid levels in the blood and urine of people with high uric acid levels. High uric acid levels may be caused by the following:

• gout
• kidney stones, kidney damage, or treatment with dialysis
• cancer chemotherapy
• psoriasis
• use of diuretics (water pills)
• a diet high in soft drinks, beef, steak, salami, or beer

How it works

Allopurinol belongs to a class of drugs called xanthine oxidase inhibitors. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.

Allopurinol decreases blood and urine uric acid levels by blocking xanthine oxidase. This is an enzyme that helps make uric acid. High levels of uric acid in your blood or urine can cause gout or kidney stones.

Allopurinol oral tablet may cause drowsiness. You shouldn’t drive, use machinery, or do other tasks that require alertness until you know how allopurinol affects you. It can also cause other side effects.

More common side effects

The more common side effects of allopurinol oral tablet can include:

• skin rash
• diarrhea
• nausea
• changes in your liver function test results
• gout flare-up (if you have gout)

If you develop a skin rash, talk your doctor right away. You should not continue taking allopurinol if you develop a rash. Other mild side effects may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Serious side effects

Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:

• Severe skin rash. Symptoms can include:
  • itchy hives (raised bumps on your skin)
  • red or purple-colored spots on your skin
  • scaly skin
  • fever
  • chills
  • trouble breathing
  • swelling of your face or throat
• Liver injury. Symptoms can include:
  • tiredness
  • lack of appetite
  • weight loss
  • right upper abdominal area pain or discomfort
  • jaundice (dark-colored urine or yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes)

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible side effects. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always discuss possible side effects with a healthcare professional who knows your medical history.

Allopurinol oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.

To help avoid interactions, your doctor should manage all of your medications carefully. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, or herbs you’re taking. To find out how this drug might interact with something else you’re taking, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects

• Side effects from allopurinol: Taking allopurinol with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from allopurinol. This is because the amount of allopurinol in your body is increased. Examples of these drugs include:
  • Ampicillin or amoxicillin. You may have an increased risk of a skin rash.
  • Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide. You may have an increased risk of allopurinol side effects. These include skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, changes in your liver function test results, and gout flare-ups.
• Side effects from other drugs: Taking allopurinol with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from these drugs. Examples of these drugs include:
  • Mercaptopurine. Allopurinol can increase the blood levels of mercaptopurine in your body. It does this by blocking one of the enzymes used to break down mercaptopurine. This can cause severe side effects from mercaptopurine. Your doctor may reduce your mercaptopurine dose.
  • Azathioprine. Allopurinol can increase the blood levels of azathioprine in your body. It does this by blocking one of the enzymes used to break down azathioprine. This can cause severe side effects from azathioprine. Your doctor may reduce your azathioprine dosage.
  • Cyclosporine. Taking allopurinol with cyclosporine may increase cyclosporine levels in your body. Your doctor should monitor your cyclosporine levels and adjust your dose if needed.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs interact differently in each person, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible interactions. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your healthcare professional about possible interactions with all prescription drugs, vitamins, herbs and supplements, and over-the-counter drugs that you are taking.

This drug comes with several warnings.

Allergy warning

Allopurinol can cause a severe allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:

• itchy hives (raised bumps on your skin)
• red or purple-colored spots on your skin
• scaly skin
• fever
• chills
• trouble breathing
• swelling of your face or throat

If you have an allergic reaction, call your doctor or local poison control center right away. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room. Don’t take this drug again if you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to it. Taking it again could be fatal (cause death).

When to call your doctor

Call your doctor if your gout symptoms get worse while you’re taking this drug. When you first start taking this medication, it can cause your gout to flare up. Your doctor may give you nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or colchicine to treat the flare-up and prevent more flares. You may need to take these drugs for up to 6 months.

Warnings for certain groups

For people with kidney problems: If you have kidney problems or a history of kidney disease, you may not be able to clear this drug from your body well. This may increase the levels of allopurinol in your body and cause more side effects. This medication may also decrease your kidney function. This would make your kidney disease worse.

For pregnant women: Allopurinol is a category C pregnancy drug. That means two things:

1. Research in animals has shown adverse effects to the fetus when the mother takes the drug.
2. There haven’t been enough studies done in humans to be certain how the drug might affect the fetus.

Talk with your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant. This drug should only be used if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

For women who are breastfeeding: Allopurinol passes into breast milk and may cause side effects in a child who is breastfed. Talk with your doctor if you breastfeed your child. You may need to decide whether to stop breastfeeding or stop taking this medication.

For seniors: The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

For children: This medication hasn’t been studied and shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years for the treatment of gout or kidney stones.

This dosage information is for allopurinol oral tablet. All possible dosages and drug forms may not be included here. Your dosage, drug form, and how often you take the drug will depend on:

• your age
• the condition being treated
• how severe your condition is
• other medical conditions you have
• how you react to the first dose

Forms and strengths

Generic: Allopurinol

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 100 mg, 300 mg

Brand: Zyloprim

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 100 mg, 300 mg

Brand: Lopurin

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 100 mg, 300 mg

Dosage for gout

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical starting dose: 100 mg per day
• Dose adjustments: Your doctor may increase your dose by 100 mg per week until you’ve reached the desired level of serum uric acid.
• Usual dose:
  • Mild gout: 200–300 mg per day
  • Moderate to severe gout: 400–600 mg per day
• Maximum dose: 800 mg per day taken in divided doses

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

This medication hasn’t been studied and shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years for this condition.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

• For people with kidney disease: Depending on how well your kidneys are working, your doctor will lower your dosage. Your doctor will decide your dosage based on your creatinine clearance. This is a measure of your kidney function.

Dosage for elevated serum uric acid levels due to cancer treatments

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

600–800 mg per day for 2 or 3 days.

Child dosage (ages 11–17 years)

600–800 mg per day for 2 or 3 days

Child dosage (ages 6–10 years)

300 mg per day. Your doctor will adjust your dose as needed based on your serum uric acid level.

Child dosage (ages 0–5 years)

150 mg per day. Your doctor will adjust your child’s dose as needed based on your serum uric acid level.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

• For people with kidney disease: Depending on how well your kidneys are working, your doctor will lower your dose. Your doctor will decide your dosage based on your creatinine clearance. This is a test that measures your kidney function.

Dosage for recurrent kidney stones

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

Typical dosage is 200–300 mg per day taken in a single or divided doses.

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

This medication hasn’t been studied and shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years for this condition.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

• For people with kidney disease: Depending on how well your kidneys are working, your doctor will lower your dose. Your doctor will decide your dosage based on your creatinine clearance. This is a test that measures your kidney function.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this list includes all possible dosages. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always to speak with your doctor or pharmacist about dosages that are right for you.

Allopurinol oral tablet is used for long-term treatment. It comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.

If you stop taking the drug suddenly or don’t take it at all: The uric acid levels in your blood or urine will stay high. If you have gout or kidney stones, you’ll still have symptoms of your condition.

If you miss doses or don’t take the drug on schedule: Your medication may not work as well or may stop working completely. For this drug to work well, a certain amount needs to be in your body at all times.

If you take too much: You could have dangerous levels of the drug in your body. Symptoms can include:

• skin rash
• diarrhea
• nausea
• changes in your liver function test results
• gout flare-up (if you have gout)

If you think you’ve taken too much of this drug, call your doctor or local poison control center. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away.

What to do if you miss a dose: Take your dose as soon as you remember. But if you remember just a few hours before your next scheduled dose, take only one dose. Never try to catch up by taking two doses at once. This could result in dangerous side effects.

How to tell if the drug is working: Your doctor will test your uric acid levels to check if this drug is working. Your blood uric acid levels will decrease about 1–3 weeks after you start taking this drug. Your doctor will also ask you about how much fluids you drink and how much fluids you urinate.

Right after you start taking this drug, you may have gout flares. Over time, your symptoms of gout may start to go away.

Keep these considerations in mind if your doctor prescribes allopurinol oral tablet for you.

General

• Take this drug at the time(s) recommended by your doctor.
• You can take allopurinol with or without food.
• Taking this drug after a meal and with lots of water may reduce your chance of upset stomach.
• You can cut or crush the allopurinol tablet.
• Not every pharmacy stocks this drug. When filling your prescription, be sure to call ahead to make sure your pharmacy carries it.

Storage

• Store allopurinol at room temperature. Keep it between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C).
• Keep it away from light.
• Don’t store this medication in moist or damp areas, such as bathrooms.

Refills

A prescription for this medication is refillable. You should not need a new prescription for this medication to be refilled. Your doctor will write the number of refills authorized on your prescription.

Travel

When traveling with your medication:

• Always carry your medication with you. When flying, never put it into a checked bag. Keep it in your carry-on bag.
• Don’t worry about airport X-ray machines. They can’t hurt your medication.
• You may need to show airport staff the pharmacy label for your medication. Always carry the original prescription-labeled box with you.
• Don’t put this medication in your car’s glove compartment or leave it in the car. Be sure to avoid doing this when the weather is very hot or very cold.

Clinical monitoring

You and your doctor should monitor certain health issues. This can help make sure you stay safe while you take this drug. These issues include:

• Kidney function. Your doctor may do blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working. If your kidneys aren’t working well, your doctor may lower your dose of this drug.
• Liver function. Your doctor may do blood tests to check how well your liver is working. If your liver isn’t working well, your doctor may lower your dose of this drug.
• Uric acid levels. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your uric acid. This will help your doctor tell how well this drug is working.

Your diet

If you have repeat kidney stones, your doctor may tell you to eat a special diet. This diet will be low in animal protein (meat), sodium, sugar, and oxalate-rich foods (such as, spinach, beets, celery, and green beans).

Your diet should also be high in fiber, and you should drink plenty of water. You may also need to watch your calcium intake.

There are other drugs available to treat your condition. Some may be better suited for you than others. Talk with your doctor about other drug options that may work for you.

Disclaimer: Healthline has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up-to-date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or other healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses.

Side Effects, Dosage, Uses & More

Highlights for allopurinol

1. Allopurinol oral tablet is available as a generic drug and as brand-name drugs. Brand names: Zyloprim and Lopurin.
2. Allopurinol is also given as an injection by a healthcare professional in the hospital.
3. Allopurinol oral tablet is used to treat gout, elevated serum uric acid levels, and recurrent kidney stones.

• Severe skin rash: This drug may cause a severe, life-threatening skin rash. If you have itchiness, trouble breathing, or swelling of your face or throat, stop taking this drug and call your doctor right away.
• Liver injury: This drug may cause changes in liver function test results and liver failure. This may be fatal. If you develop liver problems, your doctor may have you stop taking allopurinol.
• Drowsiness: This drug can cause drowsiness. You shouldn’t drive, use machinery, or do other tasks that require alertness until you know how it affects you.
• Fluid intake: You should drink at least 3.4 liters (14 cups) of fluids each day. This will help you urinate at least 2 liters (2 quarts) per day. This can help prevent uric acid crystals from forming and blocking your urine flow. Ask your doctor how to measure how much you urinate.

Allopurinol oral tablet is a prescription drug that’s available as the brand-name drugs Zyloprim and Lopurin. It’s also available as a generic drug. Generic drugs usually cost less. In some cases, they may not be available in every strength or form as the brand-name version.

Allopurinol also comes in an intravenous (IV) form, which is only given by a healthcare professional.

Allopurinol may be used as part of a combination therapy. This means you may need to take it with other medications.

Why it’s used

Allopurinol is used to decrease uric acid levels in the blood and urine of people with high uric acid levels. High uric acid levels may be caused by the following:

• gout
• kidney stones, kidney damage, or treatment with dialysis
• cancer chemotherapy
• psoriasis
• use of diuretics (water pills)
• a diet high in soft drinks, beef, steak, salami, or beer

How it works

Allopurinol belongs to a class of drugs called xanthine oxidase inhibitors. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.

Allopurinol decreases blood and urine uric acid levels by blocking xanthine oxidase. This is an enzyme that helps make uric acid. High levels of uric acid in your blood or urine can cause gout or kidney stones.

Allopurinol oral tablet may cause drowsiness. You shouldn’t drive, use machinery, or do other tasks that require alertness until you know how allopurinol affects you. It can also cause other side effects.

More common side effects

The more common side effects of allopurinol oral tablet can include:

• skin rash
• diarrhea
• nausea
• changes in your liver function test results
• gout flare-up (if you have gout)

If you develop a skin rash, talk your doctor right away. You should not continue taking allopurinol if you develop a rash. Other mild side effects may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Serious side effects

Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:

• Severe skin rash. Symptoms can include:
  • itchy hives (raised bumps on your skin)
  • red or purple-colored spots on your skin
  • scaly skin
  • fever
  • chills
  • trouble breathing
  • swelling of your face or throat
• Liver injury. Symptoms can include:
  • tiredness
  • lack of appetite
  • weight loss
  • right upper abdominal area pain or discomfort
  • jaundice (dark-colored urine or yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes)

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible side effects. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always discuss possible side effects with a healthcare professional who knows your medical history.

Allopurinol oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.

To help avoid interactions, your doctor should manage all of your medications carefully. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, or herbs you’re taking. To find out how this drug might interact with something else you’re taking, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects

• Side effects from allopurinol: Taking allopurinol with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from allopurinol. This is because the amount of allopurinol in your body is increased. Examples of these drugs include:
  • Ampicillin or amoxicillin. You may have an increased risk of a skin rash.
  • Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide. You may have an increased risk of allopurinol side effects. These include skin rash, diarrhea, nausea, changes in your liver function test results, and gout flare-ups.
• Side effects from other drugs: Taking allopurinol with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from these drugs. Examples of these drugs include:
  • Mercaptopurine. Allopurinol can increase the blood levels of mercaptopurine in your body. It does this by blocking one of the enzymes used to break down mercaptopurine. This can cause severe side effects from mercaptopurine. Your doctor may reduce your mercaptopurine dose.
  • Azathioprine. Allopurinol can increase the blood levels of azathioprine in your body. It does this by blocking one of the enzymes used to break down azathioprine. This can cause severe side effects from azathioprine. Your doctor may reduce your azathioprine dosage.
  • Cyclosporine. Taking allopurinol with cyclosporine may increase cyclosporine levels in your body. Your doctor should monitor your cyclosporine levels and adjust your dose if needed.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs interact differently in each person, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible interactions. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your healthcare professional about possible interactions with all prescription drugs, vitamins, herbs and supplements, and over-the-counter drugs that you are taking.

This drug comes with several warnings.

Allergy warning

Allopurinol can cause a severe allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:

• itchy hives (raised bumps on your skin)
• red or purple-colored spots on your skin
• scaly skin
• fever
• chills
• trouble breathing
• swelling of your face or throat

If you have an allergic reaction, call your doctor or local poison control center right away. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room. Don’t take this drug again if you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to it. Taking it again could be fatal (cause death).

When to call your doctor

Call your doctor if your gout symptoms get worse while you’re taking this drug. When you first start taking this medication, it can cause your gout to flare up. Your doctor may give you nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or colchicine to treat the flare-up and prevent more flares. You may need to take these drugs for up to 6 months.

Warnings for certain groups

For people with kidney problems: If you have kidney problems or a history of kidney disease, you may not be able to clear this drug from your body well. This may increase the levels of allopurinol in your body and cause more side effects. This medication may also decrease your kidney function. This would make your kidney disease worse.

For pregnant women: Allopurinol is a category C pregnancy drug. That means two things:

1. Research in animals has shown adverse effects to the fetus when the mother takes the drug.
2. There haven’t been enough studies done in humans to be certain how the drug might affect the fetus.

Talk with your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant. This drug should only be used if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

For women who are breastfeeding: Allopurinol passes into breast milk and may cause side effects in a child who is breastfed. Talk with your doctor if you breastfeed your child. You may need to decide whether to stop breastfeeding or stop taking this medication.

For seniors: The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

For children: This medication hasn’t been studied and shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years for the treatment of gout or kidney stones.

This dosage information is for allopurinol oral tablet. All possible dosages and drug forms may not be included here. Your dosage, drug form, and how often you take the drug will depend on:

• your age
• the condition being treated
• how severe your condition is
• other medical conditions you have
• how you react to the first dose

Forms and strengths

Generic: Allopurinol

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 100 mg, 300 mg

Brand: Zyloprim

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 100 mg, 300 mg

Brand: Lopurin

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 100 mg, 300 mg

Dosage for gout

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical starting dose: 100 mg per day
• Dose adjustments: Your doctor may increase your dose by 100 mg per week until you’ve reached the desired level of serum uric acid.
• Usual dose:
  • Mild gout: 200–300 mg per day
  • Moderate to severe gout: 400–600 mg per day
• Maximum dose: 800 mg per day taken in divided doses

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

This medication hasn’t been studied and shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years for this condition.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

• For people with kidney disease: Depending on how well your kidneys are working, your doctor will lower your dosage. Your doctor will decide your dosage based on your creatinine clearance. This is a measure of your kidney function.

Dosage for elevated serum uric acid levels due to cancer treatments

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

600–800 mg per day for 2 or 3 days.

Child dosage (ages 11–17 years)

600–800 mg per day for 2 or 3 days

Child dosage (ages 6–10 years)

300 mg per day. Your doctor will adjust your dose as needed based on your serum uric acid level.

Child dosage (ages 0–5 years)

150 mg per day. Your doctor will adjust your child’s dose as needed based on your serum uric acid level.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

• For people with kidney disease: Depending on how well your kidneys are working, your doctor will lower your dose. Your doctor will decide your dosage based on your creatinine clearance. This is a test that measures your kidney function.

Dosage for recurrent kidney stones

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

Typical dosage is 200–300 mg per day taken in a single or divided doses.

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

This medication hasn’t been studied and shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years for this condition.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

• For people with kidney disease: Depending on how well your kidneys are working, your doctor will lower your dose. Your doctor will decide your dosage based on your creatinine clearance. This is a test that measures your kidney function.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this list includes all possible dosages. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always to speak with your doctor or pharmacist about dosages that are right for you.

Allopurinol oral tablet is used for long-term treatment. It comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.

If you stop taking the drug suddenly or don’t take it at all: The uric acid levels in your blood or urine will stay high. If you have gout or kidney stones, you’ll still have symptoms of your condition.

If you miss doses or don’t take the drug on schedule: Your medication may not work as well or may stop working completely. For this drug to work well, a certain amount needs to be in your body at all times.

If you take too much: You could have dangerous levels of the drug in your body. Symptoms can include:

• skin rash
• diarrhea
• nausea
• changes in your liver function test results
• gout flare-up (if you have gout)

If you think you’ve taken too much of this drug, call your doctor or local poison control center. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away.

What to do if you miss a dose: Take your dose as soon as you remember. But if you remember just a few hours before your next scheduled dose, take only one dose. Never try to catch up by taking two doses at once. This could result in dangerous side effects.

How to tell if the drug is working: Your doctor will test your uric acid levels to check if this drug is working. Your blood uric acid levels will decrease about 1–3 weeks after you start taking this drug. Your doctor will also ask you about how much fluids you drink and how much fluids you urinate.

Right after you start taking this drug, you may have gout flares. Over time, your symptoms of gout may start to go away.

Keep these considerations in mind if your doctor prescribes allopurinol oral tablet for you.

General

• Take this drug at the time(s) recommended by your doctor.
• You can take allopurinol with or without food.
• Taking this drug after a meal and with lots of water may reduce your chance of upset stomach.
• You can cut or crush the allopurinol tablet.
• Not every pharmacy stocks this drug. When filling your prescription, be sure to call ahead to make sure your pharmacy carries it.

Storage

• Store allopurinol at room temperature. Keep it between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C).
• Keep it away from light.
• Don’t store this medication in moist or damp areas, such as bathrooms.

Refills

A prescription for this medication is refillable. You should not need a new prescription for this medication to be refilled. Your doctor will write the number of refills authorized on your prescription.

Travel

When traveling with your medication:

• Always carry your medication with you. When flying, never put it into a checked bag. Keep it in your carry-on bag.
• Don’t worry about airport X-ray machines. They can’t hurt your medication.
• You may need to show airport staff the pharmacy label for your medication. Always carry the original prescription-labeled box with you.
• Don’t put this medication in your car’s glove compartment or leave it in the car. Be sure to avoid doing this when the weather is very hot or very cold.

Clinical monitoring

You and your doctor should monitor certain health issues. This can help make sure you stay safe while you take this drug. These issues include:

• Kidney function. Your doctor may do blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working. If your kidneys aren’t working well, your doctor may lower your dose of this drug.
• Liver function. Your doctor may do blood tests to check how well your liver is working. If your liver isn’t working well, your doctor may lower your dose of this drug.
• Uric acid levels. Your doctor may do blood tests to check your uric acid. This will help your doctor tell how well this drug is working.

Your diet

If you have repeat kidney stones, your doctor may tell you to eat a special diet. This diet will be low in animal protein (meat), sodium, sugar, and oxalate-rich foods (such as, spinach, beets, celery, and green beans).

Your diet should also be high in fiber, and you should drink plenty of water. You may also need to watch your calcium intake.

There are other drugs available to treat your condition. Some may be better suited for you than others. Talk with your doctor about other drug options that may work for you.

Disclaimer: Healthline has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up-to-date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or other healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses.

Allopurinol instructions for use: indications, contraindications, side effects – description of Allopurinol tab. 100 mg: 50 pcs. (18035)

💊 Composition of Allopurinol ✅ Use of Allopurinol Save Search for analogues Interaction Description of the active ingredients of the preparation Allopurinol (Allopurinol) The scientific information provided is general and cannot be used to make decisions. decisions about the use of a particular drug. Update date: 2020.03.30 Marketing authorization holder: ORGANIKA JSC (Russia) ATX code: M04AA01 (Allopurinol) Active substance: allopurinol (allopurinol) Rec.INN WHO registered Dosage form Allopurinol Tab. 100 mg: 50 pcs. reg. No.: LSR-001485/08 dated 14.03.08 – Indefinitely Date of re-registration: 02. 11.16 Release form, packaging and composition drug Allopurinol Tablets white or off-white, flat cylindrical shape with a bevel. Excipients : sucrose (refined granulated sugar) – 20 mg, potato starch – 77.68 mg, magnesium stearate (magnesium stearate) – 1 mg, food gelatin – 1.32 mg. 10 pcs. – cellular contour packings (5) – packs of cardboard. 50 pcs. – jars of dark glass (1) – packs of cardboard. Clinical and pharmacological group: A drug that affects the metabolism of uric acid. Antigout drug Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antigout agent, xanthine oxidase inhibitor Pharmacological action Agent that disrupts the synthesis of uric acid. It is a structural analogue of hypoxanthine. Inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which is involved in the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. This is due to a decrease in the concentration of uric acid and its salts in body fluids and urine, which contributes to the dissolution of existing urate deposits and prevents their formation in tissues and kidneys. When taking allopurinol, the excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the urine increases. Pharmacokinetics After oral administration, almost completely (90%) is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolized with the formation of alloxanthin, which retains the ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase for a sufficiently long time. C max of allopurinol in blood plasma is achieved on average after 1.5 hours, alloxanthin – 4.5 hours after a single dose. T 1/2 allopurinol is 1-2 hours, alloxanthin – about 15 hours. About 20% of the dose taken is excreted through the intestines, the rest – by the kidneys. Indications of the active substances of the drug Allopurinol Treatment and prevention of gout and hyperuricemia of various origins (including in combination with nephrolithiasis, renal failure, urate nephropathy). Recurrent mixed calcium oxalate kidney stones in the presence of hyperuricosuria. Increased formation of urates due to enzyme disorders. Prevention of acute nephropathy with cytostatic and radiation therapy of tumors and leukemia, as well as with complete therapeutic starvation. Open list of ICD-10 codes E79 Purine and pyrimidine metabolism disorders M10 Gout N20 Kidney and ureter stones N21 Lower urinary tract stones Y43.1 Antitumor antimetabolites Y43.2 Anticancer natural preparations Y43. 3 Other anticancer drugs Y84.2 Radiological procedure and radiotherapy Dosage regimen The method of administration and dosing regimen of a particular drug depends on its form of release and other factors. The optimal dosage regimen is determined by the doctor. Compliance of the dosage form of a particular drug with indications for use and dosing regimen should be strictly observed. Set individually, under the control of the concentration of urates and uric acid in the blood and urine. Adults when taken orally – 100-900 mg / day, depending on the severity of the disease. The frequency of administration is 2-4 times / day after meals. Children under the age of 15 – 10-20 mg / kg / day or 100-400 mg / day. Maximum doses: for violations of kidney function (including those caused by urate nephropathy) – 100 mg / day. An increase in the dose is possible in cases where, against the background of ongoing therapy, an increased concentration of urates in the blood and urine remains. Side effects From the side of the cardiovascular system: in isolated cases – arterial hypertension, bradycardia. From the digestive system: possible dyspepsia (including nausea, vomiting), diarrhea, transient increase in transaminase activity in the blood serum; rarely – hepatitis; in isolated cases – stomatitis, liver dysfunction (transient increase in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase), steatorrhea. From the side of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system: in isolated cases – weakness, fatigue, headache, dizziness, ataxia, drowsiness, depression, coma, paresis, paresthesia, convulsions, neuropathy, visual disturbances, cataracts, changes in the visual papilla nerve, taste disturbances. On the part of the hematopoietic system: in some cases – thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia, leukopenia (most likely in patients with impaired renal function). From the urinary system: rarely – interstitial nephritis; in isolated cases – edema, uremia, hematuria. From the endocrine system: in isolated cases – infertility, impotence, gynecomastia, diabetes mellitus. From the side of metabolism: in isolated cases – hyperlipidemia. Allergic reactions: skin rash, flushing, itching; in some cases – angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, fever, eosinophilia, fever, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Lyell’s syndrome. Dermatological reactions: in isolated cases – furunculosis, alopecia, hair discoloration. Contraindications for use Severe liver and/or kidney dysfunction, pregnancy, lactation, hypersensitivity to allopurinol. Use during pregnancy and lactation Contraindicated for use during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). Use for violations of liver function Contraindication: severe violations of liver function. Allopurinol should be used with caution in violation of liver function (dose reduction is necessary). Use in disorders of kidney function Contraindication: severe impairment of kidney function. With caution, allopurinol should be used for impaired renal function (dose reduction is necessary). Use in children In children, it is used only for malignant neoplasms (especially leukemia), as well as for certain enzyme disorders (Lesch-Nychen syndrome). The dosage regimen is set individually, under the control of the concentration of urates and uric acid in the blood and urine: children under the age of 15 years – 10-20 mg / kg / day or 100-400 mg / day. Special instructions Allopurinol should be used with caution in case of impaired liver and / or kidney function (in both cases, dose reduction is necessary), hypothyroidism. In the initial period of the course of therapy with allopurinol, a systematic assessment of liver function indicators is necessary. During the period of treatment with allopurinol, the daily amount of fluid consumed should be at least 2 liters (under the control of diuresis). At the beginning of the treatment of gout, an exacerbation of the disease may occur. For prophylaxis, NSAIDs or colchicine (0.5 mg 3 times / day) can be used. It should be borne in mind that with adequate allopurinol therapy, it is possible to dissolve large urate stones in the renal pelvis and their subsequent entry into the ureter. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is not an indication for the use of allopurinol. In children, it is used only for malignant neoplasms (especially leukemia), as well as for certain enzyme disorders (Lesch-Nychen syndrome). For the correction of hyperuricemia in patients with neoplastic diseases, allopurinol is recommended before starting treatment with cytostatics. In such cases, the lowest effective dose should be used. In addition, in order to reduce the risk of xanthine deposition in the urinary tract, measures must be taken to maintain optimal diuresis and alkalinization of the urine. With the simultaneous use of allopurinol and cytostatics, more frequent monitoring of the peripheral blood picture is necessary. Do not drink alcohol while taking allopurinol. Influence on the ability to drive vehicles and mechanisms Use with caution in patients whose activities require a high concentration of attention and fast psychomotor reactions. Drug interactions With the simultaneous use of allopurinol, it enhances the effect of coumarin anticoagulants, adenine arabinoside, and hypoglycemic drugs (especially in case of impaired renal function). High doses of uricosuric agents and salicylates reduce the activity of allopurinol. With the simultaneous use of allopurinol and cytostatics, a myelotoxic effect is more often manifested than with separate use. With the simultaneous use of allopurinol and azathioprine or mercaptopurine, the latter accumulate in the body, because due to the inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity by allopurinol, which is necessary for the biotransformation of drugs, their metabolism and elimination slows down. Keep If you want to place a link to the description of this drug – use this code Allopurinol . Description of the drug in the reference book Vidal.

Allopurinol (Allopurinol). Pills Reference book of medicines. Tomsk

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Pack

Tablets

Indications for use

Gout.

Formulation

tablets 100 mg; jar (jar) of dark glass 50, cardboard pack 1.

tablets 100 mg; blister pack 10, carton pack 5.

tablets 100 mg; jar (jar) polymer 50, cardboard pack 1.

tablets 100 mg; jar (jar) 50.

tablets 100 mg; blister pack 10, carton pack 5.

tablets 100 mg; jar (jar) 50, cardboard pack 1.

tablets 100 mg; blister packaging 10.

Pharmacodynamics

Allopurinol is a drug that disrupts the synthesis of uric acid. Allopurinol and its main derivative oxypurinol have a urostatic effect. The mechanism of action of allopurinol is associated with its ability to inhibit the activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and its further conversion into uric acid. Violating, thus, the synthesis of uric acid, allopurinol reduces its level in the body, and also contributes to the dissolution of urates.

Pharmacokinetics

When taken orally, allopurinol is well absorbed in the digestive tract, reaching peak plasma concentrations within 1.5 hours (the peak plasma concentration of the main metabolite is observed 3-5 hours after ingestion).

Absorption of allopurinol takes place mainly in the duodenum and small intestine.

Given the long period of elimination of allopurinol, cumulation of the drug is possible at the beginning of therapy.

The half-life of allopurinol is 2 hours. The half-life of oxypurinol is characterized by significant individual variability and can range from 18 to 43 hours, and in rare cases up to 70 hours.

Oxypurinol, the main metabolite of allopurinol, has pharmacological activity similar to the unchanged substance, but binds to the enzyme somewhat more slowly.

Allopurinol and its derivative practically do not bind to plasma proteins.

The active component and its metabolite are excreted mainly by the kidneys. About 20% of allopurinol is excreted by the intestines within 48-72 hours.

In patients with impaired renal function, there is a significant increase in the half-life of oxypurinol.

Absolute bioavailability when taking 100 mg of allopurinol is 67%, when taking 300 mg of allopurinol – 90%.

Use in Pregnancy

Allopurinol has not been studied in pregnant women and is not recommended for use during pregnancy.

Allopurinol is found in breast milk. Taking the drug Allopurinol during lactation is undesirable.

Contraindications

Allopurinol should not be used in patients with intolerance to allopurinol or any of the other tablet components.

Allopurinol is contraindicated in severe hepatic impairment, as well as renal failure with creatinine clearance less than 2 ml / min.

In pediatrics, Allopurinol is used only for the treatment of children over 15 years of age.

Allopurinol is not used in cases where plasma uric acid levels can be controlled by diet.

Caution should be observed when prescribing Allopurinol to patients with renal and hepatic insufficiency, as well as to patients with previously established hematopoietic disorders.

Allopurinol should be used with caution in patients with heart failure and hypertension who are receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or diuretics.

Allopurinol is not prescribed to patients with acute attacks of gout (therapy can be started only after the patient’s condition improves). In addition, caution should be exercised in patients with gout during the first weeks of therapy due to the risk of exacerbations (in the first weeks of treatment with allopurinol, patients with gout may need to prescribe colchicine or analgesics).

Caution should be exercised in driving and operating potentially unsafe machinery while taking Allopurinol due to the risk of drowsiness and dizziness.

Side effects

Allopurinol rarely causes side effects. Predominantly at the beginning of treatment, patients may develop attacks of gout.

When taking the drug Allopurinol, the possibility of developing such an undesirable effect cannot be excluded:

On the blood system: agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis, leukopenia, eosinophilia.

On the hepatobiliary system: increased activity of liver enzymes, acute cholangitis, xanthine stones, granulomatous hepatitis, liver necrosis.

Metabolism: hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia.

On the nervous system: depressive states, peripheral neuritis, ataxia, headache, paralysis, neuropathy. In addition, the development of coma, drowsiness and paresthesia is possible.

On the senses: decreased visual acuity, retinal degeneration, cataracts, changes in taste sensations.

On the heart and blood vessels: lowering blood pressure, bradycardia.

On the reproductive system: erectile dysfunction, infertility, gynecomastia.

Allergic reactions: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, urticaria, purpura, exfoliative dermatitis, Lyell’s syndrome, vasculitis, epidermal necrolysis, joint pain, chills, anaphylactic shock, angioedema.

Others: sore throat, vomiting with blood, stomatitis, steatorrhea, stool disorders, nausea, alopecia, hair discoloration, furunculosis, myalgia, uremia, hematuria, edema and asthenia.

The risk of side effects is higher in patients with renal and hepatic insufficiency, as well as in patients receiving ampicillin or amoxicillin.

It should be borne in mind that if there are large urate stones in the renal pelvis when taking allopurinol, they can partially dissolve and enter the ureter or bladder.

With the development of side effects, it is necessary to stop taking Allopurinol and consult a doctor.

Method of administration and dosage

Inside, after eating, drinking plenty of water. The daily volume of urine should be more than 2 liters, and the urine reaction is neutral or slightly alkaline. A daily dose of more than 300 mg should be divided into several doses.

Adults: the appointment of the drug with a mild course of the disease is carried out in a daily dose of 100-200 mg / day; with diseases of moderate severity – 300-600 mg / day; in severe cases – 700-900 mg / day. The dose of the drug is selected individually, the effectiveness of therapy is controlled at the initial stages by re-determining the level of uric acid in the blood (desirable level

To reduce the risk of exacerbation of gout, treatment begins with a dose of 100-300 mg / day, with weekly, if necessary, increasing the dose by 100 mg / day.

To prevent urate nephropathy during antitumor therapy, allopurinol is prescribed in a daily dose of 600–800 mg and treatment is continued for 2–3 days.

With recurrent oxalate kidney stones in patients with hyperuricosemia, the dose of the drug is 200-300 mg / day.

Children: from 10 to 15 years old, 10-20 mg / kg / day or 100-400 mg per day are prescribed; up to 10 years – 5-10 mg / kg / day.

In patients with impaired renal excretory function, the daily dose of allopurinol should be reduced. The first 6-8 weeks of treatment requires a regular study of liver function, with blood diseases, regular laboratory monitoring is required.

In chronic renal failure, it is necessary to start with a daily dose of not more than 100 mg / day with an interval of more than 1 day, increasing it only with insufficient therapeutic effect. When added to uricosuric drugs, the dose of allopurinol is gradually increased, and the dose of uricosuric drugs is reduced. During treatment, it is necessary to ensure a daily diuresis of at least 2 liters, maintain the pH of the urine at a neutral or slightly alkaline level.

When Cl creatinine> 20 ml / min, the usual doses of allopurinol are prescribed; at Cl creatinine

Overdose

When taking 20 g of allopurinol in a patient with normal renal function, the development of vomiting and nausea, as well as dizziness and stool disorders, was noted.