What is Amoxicillin used for. How does Amoxicillin work. What are the common side effects of Amoxicillin. How should Amoxicillin be taken. Who can take Amoxicillin. What precautions should be taken when using Amoxicillin. How to manage potential allergic reactions to Amoxicillin.

Understanding Amoxicillin: A Powerful Antibiotic for Bacterial Infections

Amoxicillin is a widely prescribed penicillin antibiotic used to combat various bacterial infections. This versatile medication plays a crucial role in modern healthcare, offering effective treatment for a range of conditions affecting different parts of the body.

Why is Amoxicillin so commonly prescribed? Its broad-spectrum activity against many types of bacteria makes it an excellent choice for treating diverse infections. Healthcare providers often turn to Amoxicillin as a first-line treatment due to its proven efficacy and generally well-tolerated nature.

Key Applications of Amoxicillin

• Respiratory tract infections (including pneumonia)
• Dental abscesses
• Ear infections in children
• Urinary tract infections
• Skin infections
• As part of combination therapy for stomach ulcers

Can Amoxicillin treat viral infections? It’s important to note that Amoxicillin is not effective against viral infections such as the common cold or flu. This antibiotic specifically targets bacterial pathogens, highlighting the importance of proper diagnosis before prescription.

Amoxicillin Dosage and Administration: Ensuring Optimal Treatment

Proper dosing of Amoxicillin is crucial for its effectiveness and to minimize the risk of side effects. The appropriate dosage can vary depending on factors such as the type and severity of infection, patient age, and overall health status.

Standard Dosage Guidelines for Adults

For most infections in adults, the typical dosage of Amoxicillin is:

• 250mg to 500mg taken three times daily
• Doses should be spaced evenly throughout the day
• The full course of treatment must be completed, even if symptoms improve

How long does a typical course of Amoxicillin last? Treatment duration can range from 3 to 14 days, depending on the specific condition being treated. Your healthcare provider will determine the appropriate length of treatment based on your individual case.

Pediatric Dosing Considerations

Children often require adjusted dosages based on their weight and the severity of the infection. Amoxicillin for children is commonly available as a liquid formulation, making it easier to administer and adjust doses precisely.

Is Amoxicillin safe for infants? When prescribed by a healthcare professional, Amoxicillin can be safely used in infants and young children. However, close monitoring for any adverse reactions is essential.

Navigating Potential Side Effects of Amoxicillin

While Amoxicillin is generally well-tolerated, like all medications, it can cause side effects in some individuals. Being aware of these potential effects can help patients recognize and report any concerning symptoms promptly.

Common Side Effects

The most frequently reported side effects of Amoxicillin include:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Stomach discomfort
• Headache
• Rash

How can patients manage mild side effects? For most people, these side effects are mild and resolve on their own. Taking Amoxicillin with food can help reduce stomach-related issues. If diarrhea occurs, staying hydrated is crucial.

Serious Side Effects Requiring Immediate Attention

While rare, some individuals may experience more severe reactions to Amoxicillin. These can include:

• Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
• Persistent, severe diarrhea
• Signs of liver problems (yellowing of skin or eyes)
• Unusual bleeding or bruising

When should a patient seek emergency medical care? If any signs of a severe allergic reaction occur, such as difficulty breathing, severe rash, or swelling of the face or throat, immediate medical attention is necessary.

Amoxicillin and Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a significant global health challenge. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics like Amoxicillin contribute to this problem, making some infections increasingly difficult to treat.

Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance

• Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a healthcare professional
• Complete the full course of treatment as directed
• Never share antibiotics with others or use leftover antibiotics
• Practice good hygiene to prevent the spread of infections

How does antibiotic resistance develop? When bacteria are exposed to antibiotics but not completely eliminated, the surviving bacteria can develop mechanisms to resist the antibiotic’s effects. These resistant bacteria can then multiply and spread, making future infections more challenging to treat.

Special Considerations: Amoxicillin Use in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

The safety of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding is a critical concern for many patients and healthcare providers. Amoxicillin is generally considered safe for use during these periods, but careful consideration is still necessary.

Amoxicillin in Pregnancy

Amoxicillin is classified as a Category B drug by the FDA for use in pregnancy. This classification indicates that animal studies have not shown a risk to the fetus, and there are no adequate studies in pregnant women to demonstrate risk.

Is Amoxicillin safe throughout all trimesters of pregnancy? While generally considered safe, the use of any medication during pregnancy should be discussed with a healthcare provider. They will weigh the potential benefits against any risks based on the individual situation.

Amoxicillin and Breastfeeding

Amoxicillin is considered compatible with breastfeeding. Small amounts of the drug may pass into breast milk, but this is not typically harmful to the nursing infant.

What precautions should breastfeeding mothers take when using Amoxicillin? Mothers should monitor their infants for any signs of adverse reactions, such as diarrhea or rash. If concerns arise, consulting with a pediatrician is advisable.

Interactions: Amoxicillin and Other Medications

Understanding potential drug interactions is crucial for safe and effective use of Amoxicillin. While this antibiotic is generally well-tolerated, it can interact with certain medications, altering their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects.

Common Interactions to Be Aware Of

• Oral contraceptives: Amoxicillin may reduce their effectiveness
• Methotrexate: Increased risk of methotrexate toxicity
• Warfarin and other blood thinners: Potential increased bleeding risk
• Probenecid: Can increase Amoxicillin levels in the blood

How can patients minimize the risk of drug interactions? Always inform your healthcare provider and pharmacist about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking. This information allows for proper assessment of potential interactions and necessary adjustments to treatment plans.

Amoxicillin and Alcohol

Unlike some antibiotics, Amoxicillin does not have a direct interaction with alcohol. However, consuming alcohol while fighting an infection can potentially slow down the healing process and exacerbate certain side effects like stomach upset.

Is it advisable to avoid alcohol completely while taking Amoxicillin? While not strictly necessary, limiting alcohol intake during antibiotic treatment is generally recommended to support the body’s healing process and avoid additional stress on the liver.

Proper Storage and Disposal of Amoxicillin

Ensuring the proper storage and disposal of Amoxicillin is essential for maintaining its effectiveness and preventing potential harm to others or the environment.

Storage Guidelines

• Store capsules and tablets at room temperature, away from heat and moisture
• Keep liquid formulations refrigerated and use within 14 days
• Always keep medications out of reach of children and pets

How long can Amoxicillin be safely stored? Unused Amoxicillin should not be kept beyond its expiration date. Expired antibiotics can lose potency and may even become harmful.

Safe Disposal Methods

Proper disposal of unused or expired Amoxicillin is crucial to prevent misuse and environmental contamination. The FDA recommends the following disposal methods:

1. Use community drug take-back programs when available
2. Mix medication with unpalatable substances (e.g., coffee grounds) and seal in a plastic bag before disposing in household trash
3. Remove personal information from prescription bottles before disposal

Why is proper disposal of antibiotics important? Improper disposal can lead to environmental contamination and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, it prevents accidental ingestion by children or pets.

In conclusion, Amoxicillin remains a valuable tool in the fight against bacterial infections. By understanding its proper use, potential side effects, and important considerations, patients can maximize the benefits of this antibiotic while minimizing risks. Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and report any concerns promptly to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Amoxicillin: antibiotic to treat bacterial infections

1. About amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It is used to treat bacterial infections, such as chest infections (including pneumonia) and dental abscesses. It can also be used together with other antibiotics and medicines to treat stomach ulcers.

It’s often prescribed for children, to treat ear infections and chest infections.

Amoxicillin is only available on prescription. It comes as capsules or as a liquid that you swallow. It’s also given by injection, but this is usually only done in hospital.

2. Key facts

• For most infections, you’ll start to feel better in a few days.
• The most common side effects of amoxicillin are feeling sick (nausea) and diarrhoea.
• Liquid amoxicillin can stain your teeth. This does not last and is removed by brushing.
• You can drink alcohol while taking amoxicillin.
• Sometimes, taking amoxicillin can cause thrush.

3. Who can and cannot take amoxicillin

Amoxicillin can be taken by most adults and children.

Find out more about giving amoxicillin to children on the Medicines for Children website.

Amoxicillin is not suitable for everyone. To make sure amoxicillin is safe for you, tell your doctor if you:

• have ever had an allergic reaction to amoxicillin or penicillin or any other medicine
• have liver or kidney problems
• have recently had, or are due to have, any vaccinations

4. How and when to take amoxicillin

Dosage

The usual dose of amoxicillin capsules is 250mg to 500mg, taken 3 times a day. The dose may be lower for children.

Amoxicillin liquid is available in 125mg and 250mg doses.

Important

Carry on taking this medicine until you’ve completed the course, even if you feel better. If you stop your treatment early, the infection could come back.

How to take it

Try to space the doses evenly throughout the day. If you take it 3 times a day, this could be first thing in the morning, mid-afternoon and at bedtime.

You can take amoxicillin before or after food.

Swallow amoxicillin capsules whole with a drink of water. Do not chew or break them.

Amoxicillin is available as a liquid for children and people who find it difficult to swallow capsules.

If you or your child are taking liquid amoxicillin, it will usually be made up for you by your pharmacist. The medicine will come with a plastic syringe or spoon to help you measure out the right dose. If you do not have one, ask your pharmacist for one. Do not use a kitchen teaspoon as it will not measure the right amount.

If you forget to take it

If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember, unless it’s nearly time for your next dose. In this case, just leave out the missed dose and take your next dose at the usual time.

Never take 2 doses at the same time. Never take an extra dose to make up for a forgotten one.

If you forget doses often, it may help to set an alarm to remind you. You could also ask your pharmacist for advice on other ways to remember your medicines.

If you take too much

Taking an extra dose of amoxicillin is unlikely to harm you or your child, but speak to your pharmacist or doctor if you’re worried.

Urgent advice: Contact 111 for advice now if:

You have taken more than your prescribed dose of amoxicillin and have symptoms including:

• stomach pain or you’re being sick
• blood in your pee
• difficulty peeing or producing less pee than usual

Go to 111.nhs.uk or call 111

5. Side effects

Like all medicines, amoxicillin can cause side effects, although not everyone gets them.

Common side effects

These common side effects happen in around 1 in 10 people. Keep taking the medicine, but talk to your doctor or pharmacist if these side effects bother you or do not go away:

• feeling sick (nausea)
• diarrhoea

Serious side effects

Serious side effects are rare and happen in less than 1 in 1,000 people.

Call a doctor or call 111 now if you get:

• diarrhoea (possibly with stomach cramps) that contains blood or mucus or severe diarrhoea that lasts for more than 4 days
• pale poo and dark pee, and the whites of your eyes or your skin turn yellow (although this may be less obvious on brown or black skin) – these can be signs of liver or gallbladder problems
• bruising or changes in your skin colour
• joint or muscle pain that comes on after 2 days of taking the medicine
• a skin rash with circular red patches (this may be less obvious on brown or black skin)

Some of these serious side effects can happen up to 2 months after finishing the amoxicillin.

Serious allergic reaction

Around 1 in 15 people have an allergic reaction to amoxicillin.

In most cases, the allergic reaction is mild and can take the form of a skin rash.

Mild skin rashes can usually be treated by taking antihistamines.

In rare cases, amoxicillin can cause a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).

Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E now if:

• you get a skin rash that may include itchy, red, swollen, blistered or peeling skin
• you’re wheezing
• you get tightness in the chest or throat
• you have trouble breathing or talking
• your mouth, face, lips, tongue or throat start swelling

You could be having a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital.

These are not all the side effects of amoxicillin. For a full list, see the leaflet inside your medicines packet.

Information:

You can report any suspected side effect using the Yellow Card safety scheme.

Visit Yellow Card for further information.

6. How to cope with side effects of amoxicillin

What to do about:

• feeling sick – stick to simple meals and do not eat rich or spicy food. It might help to take your amoxicillin after a meal or snack.
• diarrhoea – drink plenty of fluids, such as water or squash, to avoid dehydration. Signs of dehydration include peeing less than usual or having dark, strong-smelling pee. Do not take any other medicines to treat diarrhoea without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor. If you take contraception and you have severe diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, your contraceptive pills may not protect you from pregnancy. Check the pill packet to find out what to do.

7. Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Amoxicillin and pregnancy

It is safe to take amoxicillin during pregnancy.

Amoxicillin and breastfeeding

It is OK to take amoxicillin while breastfeeding. Information shows that only tiny amounts of amoxicillin get into breast milk. Such levels would not be expected to cause side effects in your baby.

Talk to your doctor, pharmacist, health visitor or midwife if:

• your baby is not feeding as well as usual
• they have sickness or diarrhoea
• your baby has oral thrush, or a skin rash
• you have any other concerns about your baby

For more information about how amoxicillin can affect you and your baby during pregnancy, visit the Best Use of Medicines in Pregnancy (BUMPS) website.

8. Cautions with other medicines

There are some medicines that do not mix well with amoxicillin.

Tell your doctor if you’re taking any of these medicines before you start taking amoxicillin:

• methotrexate, used to treat arthritis and psoriasis
• warfarin, a medicine to prevent blood clots
• gout medicines called probenecid or allopurinol
• other antibiotics

Tell your doctor if you’ve recently had, or are due to have, an oral typhoid vaccine. Amoxicillin can make it less effective.

Mixing amoxicillin with herbal remedies and supplements

There is little information about taking herbal remedies and supplements alongside amoxicillin.

Important:
Medicine safety

Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you’re taking any other medicines, including herbal medicines, vitamins or supplements.

9. Common questions about amoxicillin

How does amoxicillin work?

Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic. It works by killing the bacteria that cause the infection.

When will I feel better?

For most infections, you should feel better within a few days.

It’s very important that you keep taking amoxicillin until your course is finished. Do this even if you feel better. It will help stop the infection coming back.

What if I do not get better?

Tell your doctor if you do not start feeling better after taking amoxicillin for 3 days. Also tell them if, at any time, you start to feel worse.

Will it give me thrush?

Some people get a fungal infection called thrush after taking a course of antibiotics like amoxicillin. If you think you have thrush, speak to your pharmacist or ask your doctor for advice.

How does amoxicillin compare with other antibiotics?

Amoxicillin and other penicillins, like phenoxymethylpenicillin, are antibiotics that are widely used to treat a variety of infections, including skin, dental, throat and chest infections.

Not all antibiotics are suitable for every infection. Your doctor will choose an antibiotic that’s suitable for the type of infection you have. Speak to your pharmacist or doctor if you have any questions.

Will it affect my contraception?

Amoxicillin does not stop contraceptive pills working, including the combined pill or emergency contraception.

However, if amoxicillin makes you sick (vomit) or have severe diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, your contraceptive pills may not protect you from pregnancy. Check the pill packet to find out what to do.

Find about more about what to do if you’re on the pill and you’re being sick or have diarrhoea.

Will it affect my fertility?

There’s no evidence to suggest that taking amoxicillin reduces fertility in either men or women.

Does it stain teeth?

If you or your child take amoxicillin as a liquid medicine, it can stain your teeth. This does not last and should go after brushing your teeth well.

Amoxicillin capsules do not stain teeth.

Can I drive or ride a bike?

Yes. Amoxicillin should not affect you being able to drive or cycle.

Is there any food or drink I need to avoid?

You can eat and drink normally while taking amoxicillin.

Can I drink alcohol with it?

Yes, you can drink alcohol with amoxicillin.

Amoxicillin Pill Images – What does amoxicillin look like?

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What does Amoxicillin look like?

Note: Multiple pictures are displayed for those medicines available in different strengths, marketed under different brand names and for medicines manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies. Multi ingredient medications may also be listed when applicable.
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Further information

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Medical Disclaimer

Amoxicillin – Together by St. Jude

Antibiotic

Trademarks:

Moxatag®, Amoxil®

Other names:

p-Hydroxyampicillin

Often used for:

Infections

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic. Its action is aimed at the destruction of bacteria that cause infections. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic of the penicillin group. Amoxicillin is available in various dosage forms. Follow dosage instructions carefully.

Oral chewable tablets

Oral capsules

Oral liquid form

• Diarrhea
• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Abdominal pain
• Taste disturbance

Symptoms of an allergic reaction may occur: rash, hives, itching, chills, fever, headache, muscle pain, shortness of breath, cough, tightness in the throat, swelling of the face or neck

The listed side effects are not observed in all patients who are prescribed amoxicillin. The most common side effects are highlighted in bold, but others are not excluded. Report all possible side effects to your doctor or pharmacist.

Be sure to discuss these and other recommendations with your doctor or pharmacist.

• Tell your doctor if you have severe diarrhea while taking this drug.
• It is important to drink plenty of fluids while taking the drug. Drink the amount of fluid recommended by your doctor.
• Amoxicillin may interfere with some laboratory tests, especially in patients with high blood sugar (diabetes). Ask your doctor or pharmacist how to properly use the urine glucose test strips and how to interpret the results.
• Amoxicillin may increase or decrease the effectiveness of other medicines. Tell your doctor or pharmacist about all medicines you are taking, especially if it is methotrexate or probenecid.
• Pregnant or breastfeeding patients should notify their physician.
• The use of amoxicillin may reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills and other hormonal methods of contraception. During therapy, patients who are sexually active should use other methods of contraception, such as condoms.
• The course of taking the drug must be completed completely in accordance with the recommendations of the attending physician or pharmacist.

Taking amoxicillin at home:

• It should be taken at the same time every day.
• Long-acting tablets: must be swallowed whole. It is not allowed to break, grind or chew them before taking. The extended-release tablets should be taken within 1 hour after a meal.
• Amoxicillin in other dosage forms can be taken with or without food. If the drug causes stomach upset, it must be taken with food.
• In liquid form: shake well before use, use the measuring device provided to measure the dosage. The drug in liquid form can be mixed with milk, juice, water or other cool drinks immediately before taking.
• Chewable tablet should be chewed or broken before swallowing.
• Take your dose as soon as possible if you miss it. Do not do this only if there is little time left until the next appointment. In no case do not double the dose at the next dose!
• Store amoxicillin at room temperature.
• Liquid amoxicillin may be stored at room temperature or in the refrigerator. After opening, store no more than 14 days.
• Do not use an expired drug.
• Follow instructions for safe storage and disposal of the drug.

More about amoxicillin

Tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease) – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Infectious pathology proceeds according to the standard algorithm, which includes 3 stages, corresponding to the peculiarities of pathogenesis. Stages I and II are conventionally combined into the early phase of infection, and stage III represents the late phase of the disease. Each of the stages of Lyme borreliosis has a special symptom complex. In a separate category, a latent form is distinguished, in which there are no clinical signs, but the pathogen is in the body.

Stage I

At the initial stage, a person experiences signs of general intoxication: fever, chills, headaches and body aches occur. Less common are sore throat, dry cough and runny nose. Intense muscle pain and stiffness of the neck muscles are possible. The symptoms are similar to the flu and other respiratory infections.

The pathognomonic sign of borreliosis is erythema migrans annulare (ME), which manifests itself at the site of a tick bite. First, a red spot appears, which increases in size within a few days. Its edges remain bright red and slightly swollen, and the center turns pale, which is why the redness looks like a ring. The condition is accompanied by an increase in the lymph nodes, which are located near the bite. ME has a diameter of up to 20 cm, in rare cases it reaches a size of 50-60 cm. Redness is most often located on the legs, in the axillary and inguinal regions. If there have been several tick bites, a corresponding number of annular elements may occur. Erythema persists for 2-3 weeks, after which it disappears through the stage of residual pigmentation and desquamation.

In 30% of patients, the symptoms of tick-borne borreliosis are not accompanied by the appearance of ME. In this case, a small inflamed area is formed at the site of suction of the parasite. Occasionally, the disease is accompanied by benign lymphoplasia of the skin, which is also called lymphocytoma. It is manifested by painful bluish-red nodes, which are mainly localized on the face, around the mammary glands, in the genital area. Reactive lymphoproliferation persists for several months and resolves spontaneously.

The duration of stage I is 3-30 days. With the timely start of treatment, it is possible to completely remove the symptoms and eliminate negative long-term consequences. If therapy has not been carried out, the disease passes to stage II of development.

Stage II

Symptoms of the second stage of the disease occur in 10-15% of patients. This stage proceeds with the involvement of 3 body systems: nervous, cardiovascular, osteoarticular. In typical cases, borreliosis is manifested by the pathology of one of the 3 above-mentioned systems, but occasionally combined pathologies develop.

When the nervous system is involved in the process, the following symptoms of borreliosis occur:

1. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Infectious damage to the brain is manifested by severe headaches, repeated vomiting, increased susceptibility to bright light and loud sounds. Characterized by soreness of the occipital muscles, pain when moving the eyes. About a third of patients complain of drowsiness during the day and constant insomnia at night, memory impairment, emotional instability.
2. Neuritis of the cranial nerves. Most often, with Lyme borreliosis, the facial nerves are affected, which is accompanied by numbness of half of the face, drooping of the corner of the mouth, and speech disorders. Less often, the oculomotor, abducens, and optic nerves are involved in the process, which leads to complex disorders in the work of the visual analyzer.
3. Bannwart’s meningoradiculoneuritis. This is a disease specific to tick-borne borreliosis, in which the patient has a combination of signs of meningitis, damage to the cranial nerves and roots extending from the spinal cord. In addition to typical meningeal signs, intense pain in the neck and chest, paresis and paralysis of skeletal muscles, impaired coordination of movements and the ability to maintain balance develop.

Cardiovascular pathologies are registered in 10% of patients after 5-6 weeks from the onset of the infectious symptom complex. They are represented by pain in the left side of the chest, increased heart rate, a feeling of fading and interruptions in the work of the heart. Shortness of breath and dizziness caused by circulatory failure are also observed. In severe cases, pericarditis, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy are possible.

Lyme disease typically involves the musculoskeletal system. Lyme arthritis occurs with damage to the large joints of the body as arthralgia, recurrent benign or chronic arthritis. These forms can pass into each other or appear in isolation. A feature of arthritis is inflammation of one or two large joints, in contrast to rheumatoid diseases, which primarily affect small joints and are characterized by symmetrical inflammation. The differential signs of Lyme arthritis include the same intensity of pain and stiffness, which does not depend on the time of day and the patient’s physical activity. Symptoms have an undulating course with periods of exacerbation lasting from several days to several weeks.

More rare symptoms include:

• red rash on palms;
• rashes in the form of wheals;
• benign skin lymphocytoma;
• myositis;
• generalized lymphadenopathy;
• hepatitis;
• jade;
• bronchitis;
• orchitis in men.