What are the main uses of ceftriaxone. How does ceftriaxone work in the body. What are the common side effects of ceftriaxone. How is ceftriaxone administered. What are the important drug interactions with ceftriaxone. What precautions should be taken when using ceftriaxone. How effective is ceftriaxone in treating various infections.

Understanding Ceftriaxone: A Powerful Antibiotic

Ceftriaxone is a widely used third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that plays a crucial role in treating various bacterial infections. This potent medication is known for its broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, making it a valuable tool in modern medicine.

How does ceftriaxone work? Ceftriaxone functions by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) within the bacterial cell wall, inhibiting the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis. This action leads to cell lysis and ultimately results in the death of the bacteria.

Key Uses of Ceftriaxone in Medical Practice

Ceftriaxone is prescribed for a variety of infections due to its broad-spectrum activity. Some of the primary uses include:

• Lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia)
• Urinary tract infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Bacterial meningitis
• Intra-abdominal infections
• Bone and joint infections
• Sexually transmitted infections (e.g., gonorrhea)
• Surgical prophylaxis

Is ceftriaxone effective against all types of bacteria? While ceftriaxone is highly effective against many bacterial strains, it is not universally effective. Some bacteria have developed resistance to ceftriaxone, and certain types of infections may require alternative antibiotics or combination therapy.

Administration and Dosage Forms of Ceftriaxone

Ceftriaxone is available in various formulations and strengths to accommodate different medical needs. The most common forms include:

• Injection, powder for solution (250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g)
• Injection, solution (0.5 g, 1 g)
• Powder for solution (0.25 g, 0.5 g, 1 g, 2 g, 10 g)

How is ceftriaxone typically administered? Ceftriaxone is usually given as an intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion. The route of administration depends on the severity of the infection, the patient’s condition, and the healthcare setting.

Dosage Considerations

The dosage of ceftriaxone varies based on several factors, including:

• Type and severity of infection
• Patient’s age and weight
• Renal and hepatic function
• Concomitant medications

What is the typical dosage range for ceftriaxone? For most adult infections, the usual dose ranges from 1 to 2 grams per day, given as a single dose or divided into two doses. However, in severe cases or for certain types of infections, higher doses may be necessary.

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

While ceftriaxone is generally well-tolerated, it can cause various side effects. Understanding these potential adverse reactions is crucial for both healthcare providers and patients.

Common Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain)
• Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)
• Rash or itching
• Headache
• Dizziness

Serious Side Effects

Although less common, some serious side effects may occur and require immediate medical attention:

• Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
• Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
• Blood disorders (e.g., neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)
• Gallbladder sludge or stones
• Kidney problems

Can ceftriaxone cause long-term side effects? While most side effects of ceftriaxone are short-term and resolve after discontinuation of the medication, some rare cases of prolonged or permanent adverse effects have been reported. It’s essential to discuss any concerns with a healthcare provider.

Drug Interactions and Precautions

Ceftriaxone can interact with various medications and substances, potentially altering its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Some notable interactions include:

• Calcium-containing products
• Oral anticoagulants
• Probenecid
• Other antibiotics

Why is the interaction with calcium-containing products significant? Ceftriaxone can form precipitates with calcium, potentially leading to serious or fatal reactions, especially in neonates. This interaction is particularly concerning when ceftriaxone and calcium-containing products are administered intravenously.

Special Precautions

Certain patient groups require special consideration when prescribing ceftriaxone:

• Patients with a history of allergic reactions to cephalosporins or penicillins
• Individuals with liver or kidney dysfunction
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women
• Elderly patients
• Neonates, especially those with hyperbilirubinemia

How should ceftriaxone be used in patients with renal impairment? In patients with renal dysfunction, dose adjustment may be necessary to prevent drug accumulation and potential toxicity. Close monitoring of renal function and drug levels is often recommended in these cases.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a growing concern in healthcare. Ceftriaxone, like other antibiotics, is subject to the development of resistance mechanisms in bacteria.

Mechanisms of Resistance

Bacteria can develop resistance to ceftriaxone through various mechanisms, including:

• Production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)
• AmpC beta-lactamase production
• Alterations in penicillin-binding proteins
• Decreased permeability of the outer membrane
• Efflux pumps

How can the development of resistance to ceftriaxone be minimized? Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs, which promote the appropriate use of antibiotics, can help slow the development of resistance. This includes proper diagnosis, targeted therapy, and limiting the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics when narrower-spectrum options are available.

Importance of Antibiotic Stewardship

Proper use of ceftriaxone and other antibiotics is crucial for maintaining their effectiveness. Healthcare providers should consider the following principles:

• Prescribing ceftriaxone only when clinically indicated
• Using the appropriate dose and duration of therapy
• Considering local resistance patterns when selecting antibiotics
• Educating patients on the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics
• Monitoring for treatment response and adjusting therapy as needed

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ceftriaxone

Understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ceftriaxone is essential for optimal use of this antibiotic.

Pharmacokinetics

Key pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone include:

• High protein binding (85-95%)
• Long half-life (5.8-8.7 hours in adults)
• Good tissue penetration, including the cerebrospinal fluid
• Primarily excreted unchanged in urine (33-67%) and bile

What makes ceftriaxone’s pharmacokinetic profile unique among cephalosporins? The long half-life of ceftriaxone allows for once-daily dosing in most cases, which can improve patient compliance and reduce healthcare costs associated with drug administration.

Pharmacodynamics

Ceftriaxone exhibits time-dependent killing, meaning that its bactericidal activity is primarily related to the time the free drug concentration remains above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the target organism.

How does the pharmacodynamic profile of ceftriaxone influence dosing strategies? The goal of dosing is to maintain free drug concentrations above the MIC for at least 40-50% of the dosing interval. This understanding helps in optimizing dosing regimens for different types of infections and pathogens.

Clinical Efficacy and Comparative Studies

Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ceftriaxone in treating various bacterial infections. Its broad-spectrum activity and favorable pharmacokinetic profile make it a valuable option in both community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections.

Comparative Efficacy

Studies comparing ceftriaxone to other antibiotics have shown:

• Comparable or superior efficacy to other third-generation cephalosporins in many indications
• Effectiveness against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory tract infections
• High cure rates in urinary tract infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant organisms
• Excellent outcomes in the treatment of bacterial meningitis

Is ceftriaxone always the best choice for empiric therapy? While ceftriaxone is highly effective in many situations, the choice of empiric therapy should be based on local resistance patterns, patient factors, and the suspected pathogens involved. In some cases, alternative antibiotics or combination therapy may be more appropriate.

Cost-Effectiveness

The once-daily dosing regimen of ceftriaxone often makes it a cost-effective option compared to antibiotics requiring multiple daily doses. This can lead to:

• Reduced nursing time for drug administration
• Fewer IV line manipulations, potentially decreasing the risk of catheter-related infections
• Possibility of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) for suitable patients

How does the cost-effectiveness of ceftriaxone compare to newer antibiotics? While newer antibiotics may offer advantages in certain situations, ceftriaxone often remains a cost-effective choice for many common infections, especially when considering its broad spectrum of activity and well-established safety profile.

Future Perspectives and Ongoing Research

As antibiotic resistance continues to be a global health concern, ongoing research and development efforts are focused on maintaining the clinical utility of ceftriaxone and other cephalosporins.

Combination Therapies

Research is exploring the potential of combining ceftriaxone with other agents to overcome resistance mechanisms or expand its spectrum of activity. Some areas of investigation include:

• Combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors to combat ESBL-producing organisms
• Synergistic combinations with other antibiotic classes for difficult-to-treat infections
• Novel delivery systems to enhance tissue penetration or prolong antibiotic activity

New Indications and Formulations

Ongoing studies are evaluating ceftriaxone for new indications or in novel formulations, such as:

• Extended-release formulations for even longer dosing intervals
• Topical or inhaled preparations for localized infections
• Combination products with other antibiotics or adjuvants

What potential impact could these new developments have on the clinical use of ceftriaxone? Successful development of new formulations or combination therapies could extend the clinical utility of ceftriaxone, potentially addressing some current limitations and resistance issues.

Monitoring and Surveillance

Continued monitoring of ceftriaxone resistance patterns and the emergence of new resistance mechanisms is crucial. This ongoing surveillance helps guide appropriate use and informs the development of new treatment strategies.

How can healthcare systems contribute to the long-term effectiveness of ceftriaxone? Implementing robust antimicrobial stewardship programs, participating in surveillance networks, and promoting research into new antibiotics and treatment strategies are all essential components of preserving the effectiveness of ceftriaxone and other valuable antibiotics.

Ceftriaxone: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action

Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	1 G/3.5ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	500 MG/2ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous; Parenteral	1 G/10ML
Powder, for solution		2 G
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	0.5 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous; Parenteral	1000 MG/10ML
Injection, powder, for solution		1000 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	1 G/3.5ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/5ml
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	1 gr
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 gr
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	500 mg
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	0. 5 g
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	0.5 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution		250 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	2 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	2 gr
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1.184 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for suspension	Parenteral	1 g
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	250 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g/10mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	10 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	10 g/100mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	100 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	100 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	2 g/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intravenous	100 mg/1mL
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g/1
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g/1
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg/1
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	250 MG/2ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1. 0 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2.0 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous; Parenteral	500 MG/5ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1 G/10ML
Powder, for solution	Parenteral	2 G
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	250 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	500 MG
Powder, for solution	Intravenous	100 g / bag
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	250 MG/2ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	500 MG/2ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 G/10ML
Solution	Intravenous	1000 mg / 50 mL
Solution	Intravenous	2000 mg / 50 mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	2000 mg/bottle
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/vial
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1000 mg/vial
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	500 mg/1
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	0. 25 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	10 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg / vial
Powder, for solution	Intravenous	10 g / vial
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	2 g
Injection
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous
Powder, for solution
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	0. 5 g
Injection	Intravenous	0.5 g
Injection, solution	Intramuscular	1 g
Solution	Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	500 mg
Kit	Intramuscular; Intravenous; Topical
Injection, solution	Intravenous	0.5 g
Injection, solution	Intravenous	1 g
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	0.5 gr
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	0.5 gr
Injection; injection, powder, for solution		1 g
Injection, powder, for solution		1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1000. 0 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2000.0 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1000 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2000 mg
Injection	Intramuscular	1000 mg
Injection	Intravenous	1000 mg
Injection	Intramuscular	250 mg
Injection	Intramuscular	500 mg
Injection	Intramuscular	0.5 g/2ml
Injection	Intravenous	0.5 g/5ml
Injection	Intravenous	1 g/10ml
Injection	Intramuscular	1 g/3.5ml
Injection	Intravenous	2 g
Powder		2 G
Injection		1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	1 MG/3. 5ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Parenteral	1 G
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous; Parenteral	250 MG/5ML
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	500 mg
Injection, solution	Intravenous	1 g/50mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2 g/50mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular	1 g/vial
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 g/vial
Powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 g / vial
Injection, solution	Intramuscular
Injection	Intravenous	1 g
Injection	Intravenous	250 mg
Injection	Intravenous
Injection	Intramuscular
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous; Parenteral	1 G
Powder
Injection, solution	Intramuscular
Injection, solution	Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	0. 25 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	0.5 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 MG
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 gr
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	0.5 gr
Injection		1000 MG
Injection		500 MG
Injection, powder, for solution		2 G
Injection, powder, for solution		500 MG
Injection, powder, for solution		250 mg/1vial
Injection, powder, for solution		500 mg/1vial
Powder		500 mg/1vial
Powder		250 mg/1vial
Powder

Rocephin – Uses, Side Effects, Interactions

How does this medication work? What will it do for me?

Ceftriaxone belongs to the family of antibiotics known as cephalosporins. It is used to prevent or treat certain infections caused by bacteria. It is given by injection only into a muscle or vein.

Ceftriaxone is often used to treat infections of the lung, urinary tract, skin, abdomen, bone, joint, and lining of the brain (meningitis), depending on the bacteria causing them. It can also be used to treat gonorrhea (a sexually transmitted infection).

Your doctor may have suggested this medication for conditions other than those listed in these drug information articles. As well, some forms of this medication may not be used for all of the conditions discussed here. If you have not discussed this with your doctor or are not sure why you are taking this medication, speak to your doctor. Do not stop taking this medication without consulting your doctor.

Do not give this medication to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people to take this medication if their doctor has not prescribed it.

What form(s) does this medication come in?

Rocephin is no longer being manufactured for sale in Canada. For brands that may still be available, search under ceftriaxone. This article is being kept available for reference purposes only. If you are using this medication, speak with your doctor or pharmacist for information about your treatment options.

How should I use this medication?

To treat bacterial infections, the recommended dose and dosing schedule of ceftriaxone varies according to the specific infection being treated, the response to therapy, and other medications or treatments being used. The dose administered is also based on age, body size, and kidney and liver function. For moderate to severe infections in adults, the dose ranges from 1 g to 2 g daily given once every 24 hours or divided into 2 equal doses and given every 12 hours.

For uncomplicated gonorrhea in adults, one dose of 250 mg is injected into a muscle.

For children 12 years of age and under, the dose is based on body weight and is given every 12 hours. The maximum daily dose for adults and children is 4 g. The duration of treatment depends on the type of infection and usually ranges from 4 to 14 days. Some infections require only one dose while others require treatment for several weeks.

Ceftriaxone is injected into a vein or into a muscle by a health care professional under the supervision of your doctor.

Many things can affect the dose of medication that a person needs, such as body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications. If your doctor has recommended a dose different from the ones listed here, do not change the way that you are taking the medication without consulting your doctor.

It is important to take this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor.

Store this medication (as unmixed vials) at room temperature, protect it from light, and keep it out of the reach of children.

Do not dispose of medications in wastewater (e.g. down the sink or in the toilet) or in household garbage. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medications that are no longer needed or have expired.

Who should NOT take this medication?

Do not use this medication if you:

• are allergic to ceftriaxone or any ingredients of this medication
• are allergic to other cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin) or penicillins (e.g., penicillin, amoxicillin)
  • the risk of developing a reaction to ceftriaxone given a history of cephalosporin or penicillin allergy is relatively low, but check with your health care provider before starting treatment

Do not give this medication to a newborn or premature infant who has high amounts of bilirubin in their blood.

Do not give this medication to a newborn who is receiving (or expected to receive) calcium-containing intravenous solutions (calcium-containing solutions should not be given within 5 days of ceftriaxone in infants up to 10 weeks of age).

What side effects are possible with this medication?

Many medications can cause side effects. A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. Side effects can be mild or severe, temporary or permanent.

The side effects listed below are not experienced by everyone who takes this medication. If you are concerned about side effects, discuss the risks and benefits of this medication with your doctor.

The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking this medication. Many of these side effects can be managed, and some may go away on their own over time.

Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome. Your pharmacist may be able to advise you on managing side effects.

• dizziness
• headache
• mild diarrhea

Although most of the side effects listed below don’t happen very often, they could lead to serious problems if you do not seek medical attention.

Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:

• chills
• fever
• pain, redness, and swelling at site of injection
• rash

Stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur:

• severe, persistent diarrhea
• symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, e.g.:
  • difficulty breathing
  • hives
  • swelling of the mouth, throat, or tongue

Some people may experience side effects other than those listed. Check with your doctor if you notice any symptom that worries you while you are taking this medication.

Are there any other precautions or warnings for this medication?

Before you begin using a medication, be sure to inform your doctor of any medical conditions or allergies you may have, any medications you are taking, whether you are pregnant or breast-feeding, and any other significant facts about your health. These factors may affect how you should use this medication.

Allergic reactions: Ceftriaxone can cause severe allergic reactions. If you develop symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of the mouth, tongue, or throat), get immediate medical attention.

Anemia: Although rare, certain drugs can cause a blood condition called hemolytic anemia, where people have low red blood cells due to premature destruction of this type of blood cell. If you have a history of cephalosporin-related hemolytic anemia, you should talk to your doctor before starting treatment.

Blood tests: Depending on various factors, including how long you will be receiving treatment, your doctor may order blood tests while you are taking ceftriaxone.

Calcium-containing solutions: The interaction with calcium-containing solutions has only been reported for newborns. For all other people, ceftriaxone can be administered before or after calcium-containing solutions provided that the infusion lines are flushed well in between the solutions. In newborns, calcium-containing solutions should not be given within 5 days for infants up to 10 weeks of age.

Gallbladder disease: If you have gallbladder disease, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.

Kidney problems: Ceftriaxone may cause kidney stones. If you have high calcium levels in your urine or a history of kidney stones, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.

Low vitamin K: People with impaired vitamin K synthesis or low vitamin K stores (e.g., chronic liver disease and malnutrition) may require monitoring of blood clotting during treatment, as ceftriaxone may decrease clotting ability.

Overgrowth of organisms: Treatment with this antibiotic may allow normal fungus or types of bacteria not killed by the antibiotic to overgrow, causing unwanted infections.

Stomach and bowel disorders: If you have stomach and bowel problems (especially colitis), discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.

Pregnancy: This medication should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, contact your doctor immediately.

Breast-feeding: Ceftriaxone passes into breast milk in small amounts. If you are a breast-feeding mother and are taking ceftriaxone, it may affect your baby. Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast-feeding.

Children: Newborn and premature infants (up to the age of 10 weeks) should not receive calcium-containing solutions within 5 days of receiving ceftriaxone.

What other drugs could interact with this medication?

There may be an interaction between ceftriaxone and any of the following:

• anticoagulant medications (e. g., warfarin)
• solutions injected into a vein that contain calcium
• typhoid vaccine

If you are taking any of these medications, speak with your doctor or pharmacist. Depending on your specific circumstances, your doctor may want you to:

• stop taking one of the medications,
• change one of the medications to another,
• change how you are taking one or both of the medications, or
• leave everything as is.

An interaction between two medications does not always mean that you must stop taking one of them. Speak to your doctor about how any drug interactions are being managed or should be managed.

Medications other than those listed above may interact with this medication. Tell your doctor or prescriber about all prescription, over-the-counter (non-prescription), and herbal medications you are taking. Also tell them about any supplements you take. Since caffeine, alcohol, the nicotine from cigarettes, or street drugs can affect the action of many medications, you should let your prescriber know if you use them.

All material copyright MediResource Inc. 1996 – 2023. Terms and conditions of use. The contents herein are for informational purposes only. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Source: www.medbroadcast.com/drug/getdrug/Rocephin

Cheap analogs of expensive antibiotics: analogs of expensive drugs

Antibiotics are one of the most expensive groups of drugs. And if the cost of “old” antibiotics is more or less acceptable, then new broad-spectrum antibiotics are incredibly expensive, which is not surprising, because the development of one new antibiotic costs approximately 1 billion US dollars.

If you think about this topic, you can understand that there are not so many new antibiotics, because not only do development and clinical studies take decades, but also the cost of the project is equal to the cost of space flight. In this regard, very few pharmaceutical companies in the US and Europe can conduct such expensive research.

For example, Linezolid (trade name Zyvox) is the latest antibiotic to enter the market and is patented by Pfizer. At the same time, it was synthesized back in 1990, and only in 2000 was it first put into practice.

And what about other pharmaceutical companies, including domestic ones, who cannot afford such expenses? The answer is simple – they produce generics, that is, analogues of long-known antibiotics, with the same active ingredient as the original drug, but under a different trade name. The cost of such drugs is often lower than the cost of the original drug, but there are also opposite cases.

When prescribing antibiotic therapy, doctors can prescribe both the original drug – an expensive antibiotic (occurs less often), and its analogue – a cheap antibiotic (in most cases). The reason for this is the work of medical representatives of pharmaceutical companies and distributors. So if the doctor prescribed you an expensive antibiotic, do not rush to buy it at the expense of the budget. Most likely, he has a cheaper analogue, which a pharmacist in a pharmacy can also advise you if you ask him about it. However, it is worth remembering that from January 1, 2023 in Ukraine, you can buy an antibiotic only with an electronic prescription, which is pre-written to you by a doctor. The Doc.ua service also provides an opportunity to get an electronic prescription for antibiotics in just a few clicks. You can also buy all the necessary prescription drugs at the Doc.ua Pharmacy.

In this article we have provided a list of analogues of the most famous and widely used antibiotics.

Antibiotics for colds list Ukraine

Antibiotics of the penicillin group

Flemoxin Solutab cases of bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, peptic ulcer, cystitis and other

The average cost of Flemoxin Solutab and Ospamox is 80-150 UAH. Its analogue is Amoxil (amoxicillin analogues, amoxiclav analogues). The average cost is 50-70 UAH (inexpensive antibiotics for colds).

Antibiotics of the group of inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins

Flemoclav Solutab , Augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid).

This antibiotic is used to treat mild and uncomplicated cases of bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, peptic ulcer, cystitis, etc. caused by b-lactamase producing bacteria.

The average cost of Flemoclav Solutab is 100-150 UAH, Augmentin is 130-190 UAH.

Flemoclav Solutab analogues, Augmentin analogues ( cheap broad-spectrum antibiotics):

Bactoclav is the cheapest antibiotic, the average price is 60 – 70 UAH.

Amoxil K, Medoklav, Abiklav, Amoksiklav 2x, Betaklav, are also inexpensive antibiotics for colds.

Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group

Emsef , Diacef , Denicef ​​ (ceftriaxone analogues in tablets) – Lorakson, Medakson (ceftriaxone analogue in tablets), Ceftriaxone-Darnitsa, Ceftriaxone-KMP, Ceftriaxone-Lekhim.

Antibiotics treat diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, disseminated Lyme borreliosis (early and late stages of the disease), infections of the abdominal cavity, etc. 27 (cefuroxime) – Aksetin, Aksef , Auroxetil.

Antibiotics treat urinary tract infections – cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis; skin and soft tissues – furunculosis, pyoderma, impetigo, etc.

Quadrocef , Roxipim , Abipim , Denipim 900 26, Exipim , Septipim (cefepime) – Cefepim-Lekhim, Cefepim Abryl, Cefepim Aurobindo.

Antibiotics treat respiratory diseases (pneumonia and bronchitis), urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections.

Eurosidim , Ceftazidime-Vista (ceftazidime) – Ceftazidime Yuria-pharm, Ceftum, Zacef, Ceftazidime-BHFZ.

These antibiotics are used to treat meningitis, sepsis and other illnesses.

Sorcef , Cefinac , Suprax Solutab (cefixime) – Lopraks, Opticef, Cefix.

Antibiotics treat diseases such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, otitis media, and urinary tract infections.

Macrolide antibiotics

Sumamed , Azax , Azitrox , Aztec , Hemomycin , 9002 6 Zybax (azithromycin analogues are expensive, sumamed analogues) – Azibiot, Azipol, Zitrox, Ormax, Azimed (the best analogue sumamed) Azicin, Zoxy, Azithromycin-Astrapharm, Azithromycin-Health, Azithromycin-BHFZ, Azithromycin-Red Star, Ziomycin (azithromycin analogues of the drug).

These name antibiotics are used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, otitis media, as well as acute bronchitis, pneumonia. 9Ora dro (clarithromycin analogs) – Aziklar, Clarithromycin-Health, Clarithromycin-Astrafarm, Clarithromycin-Darnitsa, Clarithromycin-Arterium, Clubax.

Antibiotics treat diseases such as infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs: tonsillopharyngitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis, as well as infections of the lower respiratory tract: acute bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and others.

Antibiotics of the tetracycline group

Unidox Solutab (doxycycline) – its inexpensive antibiotics – analogues: Doxycycline-Teva, Doxycycline-Darnitsa, Doxycycline-BHFZ (inexpensive antibiotic).

Antibiotics are used to treat pharyngitis, bronchitis, tracheitis, bronchopneumonia, as well as otitis media, tonsillitis, sinusitis and others.

Antibacterial drugs of the fluoroquinolone group

Ofloxin (ofloxacin) – Ofloxacin-Darnitsa, Ofloxacin-Lekhim (inexpensive antibiotic).

Antibiotics treat infectious and inflammatory diseases of bones and joints, abdominal cavity, diseases of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) and urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis.

Abiflox , Levaksela, Lebel , Levoksimed, Levomak , Tigeron (levofloxacin) – Levokilz, Levofloxacin-Lekhim, Levofloxacin-Health, Floxium, Leflok.

Antibiotics are used to treat acute sinusitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, complicated urinary tract infections.

Avelox , Moxicum, Timoksi, Moxifloxacin-Sandoz (moxifloxacin) – Moxifloxacin-Lekhim, Moflaxa, Moxifloxacin-Pharmex, Atovax.

Antibiotics are used to treat acute sinusitis, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia.

Cifran , Tsiprinol , Tsiprolet analogues , Flaprox, 900 26 Ciprobel (ciprofloxacin analogues are expensive) – Ciprofloxacin-Euro, Ciprofloxacin-Lekhim, Ciprofloxacin-Astrapharm, Citeral.

An antibiotic is used to treat sepsis and peritonitis and to prevent and treat infections in immunosuppressed patients.

Nitroimidazole antibacterials

Strong antibiotics in tablets

Trichopolum , Efloran (metronidazole) – Metrogyl, Metressa, Metronidazole-Health, Metronidazole-Darnitsa, Metronidazole-Infusion, Metronid Zol-Yuria Pharm, Metronidazole Lubnypharm.

Antibiotics treat protozoal infections: extraintestinal amoebiasis, including amoebic liver abscess, intestinal amoebiasis (amebic dysentery), trichomoniasis, giardiasis, balantidiasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, trichomonas vaginitis, trichomonas urethritis, and others.

Ornigil , Ornizol, Ornimac (ornidazole) – Ornidazol-Darnitsa, Ornidazol-Novofarm, Ornidazol-Infusion.

Antibiotics are used to treat trichomoniasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, and a mild antibiotic is used to prevent postoperative complications.

Antibiotic analogues table

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The most effective antibiotics for pneumonia, treatment regimen for children and adults

Publication date: 02/04/2021

CONTRAINDICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE. SPECIALIST CONSULTATION IS NECESSARYAntibiotics in capsulesAntibiotics in tabletsWet coughFor immunityAntibiotic ointmentsAnti-inflammatory dropsAntibiotic solutions for external useDry coughPillsPillsPillsPills against inflammationPills against temperatureImmunity strengthening

The author of the article

Grishina Alexandra Nikolaevna,

Therapist

All authors

Contents of the article

• What is pneumonia
• Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults, general principles
• Types of antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia
• Regimen for the treatment of pneumonia in adults with antibiotics
• The most effective antibiotics in the treatment of viral pneumonia
• Why antibiotics are ineffective

A hundred years ago, pneumonia was rightfully considered an extremely dangerous disease, as it often led to the death of the patient. The disease still poses a threat today. But thanks to the advent of antibacterial drugs, its danger has significantly decreased. When used properly as prescribed by a doctor, antibiotics provide recovery and prevent the complications of pneumonia. Conversely, the uncontrolled use of these drugs can cause irreparable harm to the health of the patient.

What is pneumonia

This is a lung disease, mainly of an infectious nature, affecting the alveoli (terminal sections of the lungs) and disrupting gas exchange at their level.

The disease is manifested by:

• Chest pain
• Cough with phlegm
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath, shortness of breath
• High fever

Symptoms range from mild to severe. It depends on the type of microorganism that caused the disease, the age of the patient and the general state of health. In adults who do not have serious pathologies, the disease is milder. It poses the greatest danger to young children, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems.

If pneumonia is suspected, laboratory tests of blood and sputum, chest X-ray are performed. For a more detailed examination, CT (computed tomography) of the lungs is used. If the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor prescribes antibiotics. Their use is necessary to prevent further development of infection and prevent complications.

Antibiotics for pneumonia in adults, general principles

Treatment begins immediately after radiological confirmation of the diagnosis. For therapy, doctors use broad-spectrum antibiotics. After an accurate determination of the microbial pathogen in the sputum, the treatment plan can be adjusted: a drug is prescribed to which the identified microorganism is most sensitive.

Also, the replacement of one antibacterial agent with another is carried out if:

• After taking the drug, improvement does not occur within 3 days.
• Significant side effects have occurred from the use of a particular agent.
• The antibiotic is too toxic for a certain group of patients (children, pregnant women).

A decrease in temperature, a decrease in shortness of breath, signs of intoxication, and the amount of sputum 72 hours after the start of treatment indicates the correct prescription of the drug.

Types of antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia

When prescribing drugs of this group, the following is taken into account:

• Type of pneumonia (lobar, aspiration, focal, hilar)
• Patient’s age
• Severity of the condition

Antibiotics of the new generation are considered to be the most effective. Their advantage lies in the rapid impact on pathogenic microorganisms, fewer side effects, and better tolerance by patients. Modern drugs have a long duration of action, so they are taken only 1-2 times a day. While antibacterial agents of the 1st and 2nd generations – up to four.

Each group of antibacterial agents is effective against a specific type of pathogen. So, to combat pneumococci, the penicillin series is used. With pneumonia caused by chlamydia and mycoplasmas, macrolides, fluoroquinols are prescribed. And E. coli destroy cephalosporins.

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Treatment regimen for pneumonia in adults with antibiotics

Mild to moderate illness can be treated at home. Therapy is carried out with antibiotics in tablets, capsules, in the form of a suspension or syrup. In severe and complicated forms, injections are prescribed. If the disease is very difficult, in the first days the drugs are administered intravenously, and later – intramuscularly. And only after the condition improves, the patient is transferred to a tablet intake. This transition from one form of drug administration to another is called a “stepped” course of treatment.

Prescribe antibacterial agents for at least 7 days. Depending on the result of the control X-ray examination, then they are either canceled or a treatment course is prescribed with new antibiotics.

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The most effective antibiotics in the treatment of viral pneumonia

For the treatment of viral pneumonia, completely different drugs are used than with therapy for other forms of this disease. This is due to the fact that its pathogens are viruses that are not sensitive to antibacterial drugs. Therefore, their use is not only useless, but also dangerous. The use of antibiotics for other purposes causes the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria. And when the drugs are really needed, they may not have the desired effect. Antibiotics are used only with a mixed nature of pneumonia or the development of purulent complications.