Why Does AZO Change the Color of My Urine?

Picture this; you’re stressed because you feel a UTI coming on. You don’t know what to do because you can’t see your doctor as soon as you would like, and you’ve got places to go! A friend tells you about AZO Urinary Pain Relief^® and you think to yourself, what the heck, let’s try it!

A couple of hours pass and you’re feelin’ some relief both mentally and physically ‘cause your UTI pain isn’t so bad anymore and you’re thinking, yes, I have got this under control!

On your way out the door you stop in the bathroom to pee, just really quick. Except that quick pee trip turns into a major stress trip because as you go to flush you notice your pee is ORANGE.

WHAT. IS. THIS?

Its ok, chica, no need to worry! This is just a normal side effect of AZO Urinary Pain Relief^®! You still have this under control. Deep breaths…

Treatment for UTI Symptoms

AZO Urinary Pain Relief^® and AZO Urinary Pain Relief^® Maximum Strength don’t just treat your urinary pain like any ordinary pain. They work to relieve your UTI symptoms fast, so you don’t have to miss a thing!¹ There’s just one catch—one of the key ingredients in AZO Urinary Pain Relief^®, responsible for relieving your UTI symptoms so quickly, is also known to dye urine and fabrics orange.² This key ingredient is called Phenazopyridine hydrochloride.

Phenazopyridine and UTIs

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is the number one ingredient prescribed by doctors and recommended by pharmacists specifically for urinary discomfort.¹ Phenazopyridine is a urinary analgesic, or pain reliever, that provides short-term relief of urinary tract symptoms like pain, burning and a more frequent need to go to the bathroom.³ But be careful, babes! Phenazopyridine is NOT an antibiotic and therefore cannot cure a UTI (a prescription is needed for that), it works to relieve UTI symptoms. So be sure to keep that appointment with your doc to get the proper antibiotics!²

Phenazopyridine is also known to change the color of your pee to a reddish-orange color. But like I said, don’t trip, chocolate chip! This is just a fun indication that the drug is in your system doing its job and should go away shortly after stopping use of the product!⁴

In the meantime, make sure you’re not chewing the AZO Urinary Pain Relief^® tablets! They will definitely turn your mouth and teeth orange, and you don’t want to have to keep coming up with explanations for that!⁴

Tips to Remove Dye

Got that orange dye on your clothes or underwear? Don’t throw ‘em out! It’s possible to get the stains out as long as you tend to them ASAP!

To get rid of the stain, try placing the clothing on a flat surface on top of an old piece of cloth, then use a sponge or damp cloth and some laundry detergent to blot the stain until it fades.

You can also try mixing up a white vinegar and baking soda paste! Put the paste directly on the stain and let it set for about 30 minutes, then wash like normal.

Another option is to soak your clothes in a small bucket of water and bleach before washing. ⁵

Keep calm, and carry on chicas! After all, a little orange pee is nothing compared to UTI pain, right?

UTI Symptoms: Cloudy Urine & Other Color Issues

The material provided below is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to replace the diagnosis or
treatment by a qualified healthcare professional. You should always seek medical advice before consuming any new
medicines or supplements. AZO products referenced on this website are not intended to treat, cure, or prevent any
disease such as overactive bladder, urinary tract infections, or vaginal infections.

Here’s a super weird yet interesting fact: your urine says a lot about your health. Both the quantity and clarity of your urine can change based on your health and lifestyle. It’s important to know what’s normal for you in case you start noticing UTI symptoms or other changes that may mean you have to see a doctor. Color, clarity, and frequency can give clues to what’s going on in your body, so let’s take a look at urine!

The Urinary Tract

The urinary tract system removes a type of waste called urea from your blood. After passing through the kidneys, urea combines with water and other waste substances and becomes urine. It then travels down tubes, called ureters, and stored in the bladder until ready to be released.¹

UTI Symptoms and Urine

Under normal circumstances, your body produces urine that is clear or straw-yellow. When you have a UTI, you may notice cloudy urine with traces of blood.² You may even experience feeling the strong urge to go even when your bladder isn’t full, an increase in frequency and a foul smell. In many cases, UTI symptoms include a burning sensation when you pee with pelvic pain.²

Other Urine Colors

There are many other reasons why you may experience a change in the color, consistency or smell of your urine. See below:

• Straw-Yellow: A deep yellow shows a normal, well-hydrated person³
• Amber or Honey: Your body isn’t getting enough water; drink water soon⁴
• Cloudy: This could be a sign of vaginal discharge, extra protein in the urine, or a UTI⁵
• Blue-Green: This may be the result of eating asparagus⁴ or taking cimetidine,⁵ a drug used to treat heartburn
• Orange: You may have consumed carrots or a lot of vitamin C⁶
• Pink to Red: This may be a result of eating beets, or you have blood in your urine from either a UTI or your monthly period³

If you find that you are experiencing symptoms of a UTI and notice blood in your urine we recommend consulting your health care professional as soon as possible

We’ve created a simple infographic to illustrate what your pee says about you. So pay attention to your urine, it’ll help you determine how healthy you really are!

what if azo doesn%27t turn pee orange

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Urine Sample with an Orange to Red Hue, What Should We Do? | Clinical Chemistry

Case Description

A urine sample submitted for a urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio was visually clear but deep orange in color (Fig. 1, left). Acidification of the sample to pH <2.0 with HCl prior to analysis produced a color change in the sample from orange to deep red (Fig. 1, right). The 16-year-old female patient had a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, oligomenorrhea, and vitamin D deficiency and a suspected urinary tract infection.

Urine sample before (left) and after acidification to pH <2.0 (right).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Urine sample before (left) and after acidification to pH <2.0 (right).

Questions

1. What could have contributed to the peculiar color change phenomenon of this patient’s urine sample?

2. What phenomenon in this urine sample differentiates it from the other causes of similarly colored urine?

3. Is this sample suitable for calcium (o-cresolphthalein) and creatinine (Jaffe) analysis?

The answers are on the next page.

Answers

The orange color of this urine sample was due to phenazopyridine, a urinary tract analgesic, prescribed for symptomatic relief of urinary tract infection pain (1). Other compounds that produce a similar urine color (phenindione, rifampin, anthraquinone laxatives) do not demonstrate the same color shift upon acidification. Phenazopyridine, an azo dye, does not demonstrate interference with the calcium or creatinine assays used in this case (o-cresolphthalein and Jaffe, respectively; Roche Modular P) (2). Phenazopyridine can, however, interfere with dipstick urinalysis methods (3).

Author Contributions:All authors confirmed they have contributed to the intellectual content of this paper and have met the following 3 requirements: (a) significant contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; (b) drafting or revising the article for intellectual content; and (c) final approval of the published article.

Authors’ Disclosures or Potential Conflicts of Interest:Upon manuscript submission, all authors completed the author disclosure form. Disclosures and/or potential conflicts of interest:

Employment or Leadership: None declared.

Consultant or Advisory Role: None declared.

Stock Ownership: None declared.

Honoraria: F.A. Polito, Roche Diagnostics.

Research Funding: None declared.

Expert Testimony: None declared.

References

1.

Amneal Pharmaceuticals

.

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride tablets [Product insert]

. (Accessed April 2012).2.

Sonntag

O

,

Scholer

A

.

Drug interference in clinical chemistry: recommendations of drugs and their concentration to be used in drug interference studies

.

Ann Clin Biochem

2001

;

38

:

376

–

85

.3.

Kerr

J

,

Magee-Nolan

C

,

Schuster

B

.

Interference by phenazopyridine with the leukocyte esterase dipstick

.

JAMA

1986

;

256

:

38

–

9

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© 2012 The American Association for Clinical Chemistry

Unusual Urine Color, Odor, or Appearance

Urine is one of the ways the body removes toxins and unwanted substances from the body. The kidneys work to remove excess water from the bloodstream, along with waste products from other areas of the body and other substances, which may include some medications.

The color of urine can fluctuate throughout the day. The first urine after waking in the morning is often the darkest and most concentrated, with urine lightening in color after the person begins to drink fluids through the day.

Getty Images

Urine as a Way to Measure Hydration

Urine is mostly water.  In fact, urine is typically around 95 percent water, with the rest being minerals, uric acid, vitamins, enzymes, and a bile acid called urobilin that gives urine its yellow color. Urine color is a reliable way to determine if enough water is being taken in during the course of a day. Urine that is a straw color or nearly colorless means adequate hydration, while darker yellow often means that the person is mildly dehydrated.

What Normal Urine Looks Like

Normal urine is clear with a slight tint of yellow, often referred to as “straw-colored.” How much yellow color is present fluctuates with the amount of water in the body. A person who is well hydrated and drinks six to eight glasses of water per day typically has light-yellow urine. A person who drinks less water than they should may have a darker yellow urine. As the body holds water, urine becomes more yellow or concentrated.

A normal individual may use the bathroom six or more times a day, depending on how much water they drink during the course of the day.  More water intake usually means more trips to the bathroom.

There are many reasons the color of the urine may change, or the odor associated with urination may be different than what is typical. Many causes of a change in urine color are common and not indicative of anything serious, although it can be shocking to see strangely colored urine if you do not expect it.

Signs of Urinary Tract Infection

When people start to worry about how their urine looks or smells, they are typically concerned that they may have a urinary tract infection or UTI. A urinary tract infection is an infection affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. It may be present in one location, or it may be in more than one area of the urinary tract.

It is absolutely possible to have unusual-looking or unusual-smelling urine without infection being present. It is also possible to have a condition similar to a urinary tract infection in which there is bacteria in the urine but no symptoms. This condition is called asymptomatic bacteriuria.

 A urinalysis is the test used to examine the color and content of urine and can—along with a urine culture—determine if an infection is present.

Typical urinary tract infections include one or more of the following:

• Urinary frequency: The need to go to the bathroom more frequently than usual
• Foul-smelling urine: A foul odor is sometimes present with this type of infection.
• Painful urination: Burning during urination and sometimes after urination may signal the presence of irritation or infection.
• Hesitancy: Difficulty starting the flow of urine when trying to urinate
• Cloudy urine: A urinary tract infection can cause urine to look cloudy rather than clear.
• Bladder pressure or pain: Some individuals experience pressure or pain from the bladder, which is a few inches below the belly button, when they have an infection.
• Back pain: Pyelonephritis, known more commonly as a kidney infection, can cause back pain (left side, right side, or both) in the area over the kidneys.
• Fever: An elevated temperature is common during a urinary tract infection, but not always present. This can indicate increased severity.
• Fatigue: Having any infection in the body can lead to a fever.
• Delirium: Some people, especially older adults, can experience severe and sudden changes in their ability to think when a urinary tract infection is present. This confusion typically resolves when the infection is treated effectively, but it may take days to improve.
• Sepsis: An untreated urinary tract infection can turn into a more serious systemic infection that moves into the blood called sepsis. This is also referred to as urosepsis and requires antibiotic treatment, often through intravenous therapy and, typically, hospitalization. 

Unusual Urine Appearance

Cloudy urine: Urine can be cloudy due to sediment in the urine, from holding the urine too long before going to the bathroom, prostate problems, sexually transmitted disease such as gonorrhea, or prostate enlargement. Infection may also result in the presence of white or red blood cells and pus, which can also cause clouding. 

Foamy urine: Urine that appears foamy or bubbly is typically the result of a very forceful urine stream. That may mean “pushing” harder than usual to make urine flow, or even elevated blood pressure. If it persists over time, you might want to have a urinalysis test. Foamy urine can also be a sign of elevated protein in the urine, which can be a sign of a kidney problem.

Urine odor: There are many reasons that urine may have an odor. Dehydration makes urine stronger, which can result in an increase in odor. Certain foods, such as asparagus, can make urine smell. There are also conditions that can result in unusual urine odor, such as maple syrup urine disease, which causes the urine to smell like pancake syrup. The following are some conditions associated with particular urine odors:

• Sweet smelling urine may indicate diabetes.
• Musty-smelling urine is often the result of liver disease or liver failure.
• Foul-smelling urine is usually associated with the presence of a urinary tract infection.

In general, urine odor should be concerning if it persists without explanation or is foul in nature. If it is food-related or due to dehydration, it should pass over the course of the day as you drink water and the urine returns to normal.

Blue or green urine: This is most frequently caused by the presence of food dye. Strongly colored foods, such as dark blue frosting, can result in a urine color change, as can asparagus. Green urine can also indicate the presence of pseudomonas bacteria, a very rare condition called porphyria, or dyes used for medical testing.

Some medications, including Propofol, Tagamet, methylene blue, amitriptyline, and Indocin, are known to cause a green-blue urine color. This is not typically a sign of a kidney problem, but may still be alarming to the unsuspecting patient taking these medications.

There is also a rare inherited condition that increases calcium levels and can cause blue urine: it is commonly known as “blue diaper syndrome.”

Amber or brown urine: The most common cause of dark urine is dehydration, with urine darkening as dehydration worsens, but this color can also be the result of kidney disease or liver disease. Rhabdomyolysis, a condition that results from muscle damage, can also darken urine, which is often referred to as “tea colored.” Fava beans and rhubarb can also cause darkened urine.

When the liver is too sick to do its job removing bilirubin from the bloodstream, the kidneys may help with the process. Bilirubin is typically removed from the body in stool and is the reason stool is brown. When the kidneys help remove bilirubin from the body, the urine is also a shade of brown.

Orange urine: The most common cause of orange urine is a medication called Pyridium. Also known as Azo in its over-the-counter formulation, Pyridium is used to reduce the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Carrots, other bright-orange foods, and vitamin C can also result in orange urine.

Pink or red urine: Pink urine can often be blamed on food intake. Beets, in particular, are known to cause urine output that ranges from pink to red in color. Blackberries and rhubarb can also produce this effect. The tuberculosis medication Rifampin and senna, a stool softener, can also result in pink or red urine.

Blood in the urine can cause a change in urine colors ranging from pink to dark red. A very small amount of blood can change the color of the urine, but blood in the urine can also be a sign of a significant problem with the urinary tract. If there is no clear explanation for why blood may be present in the urine, such as a menstrual period, medical attention should be sought with a urologist for a hematuria workup, according to the American Urological Association.

Bright-yellow urine: B12 vitamins are known to cause a bright or highlighter-yellow urine color, and beta carotene (found in foods such as carrots) can also cause this result. Sometimes the color may be more orange than yellow.

Purple urine: There is a very rare condition called purple urine bag syndrome, that, as you might imagine, is typically found in people who have a Foley catheter to assist with urine drainage and collection. Oddly enough, the purple urine only happens when a patient has highly alkaline urine and a catheter in place. The urine doesn’t actually change in color—it only appears purple in the collecting bag. I f the catheter and collecting bag are changed, the urine again appears its normal color. 

Porphyria, a very rare condition, can also result in a purple color.

White urine: Chyluria, or white urine, is typically caused by lymphatic fluid mixing with urine. It can also be caused by a filarial infestation, a type of parasitic disease.

Black urine: The medications Macrobid, Flagyl, and Robaxin are all known to cause black urine. The sweetener/laxative sorbitol can also result in black urine. Iron injections, used to treat certain types of anemia, can also lead to urine being black, but oral iron does not.

Black urine disease, also known as alkaptonuria, is a rare condition in which the body cannot process specific amino acids.

Fluorescent urine: In adults, fluorescence is a hallmark of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning and typically only lasts for a few hours after the poisoning. Under a black light, the urine of someone poisoned with antifreeze will glow blue if the sample is obtained in the first four hours after poisoning.  In children, it can be suggestive of antifreeze poisoning, but, oddly enough, may be found in perfectly healthy children and should not be used alone to diagnose poisoning in younger patients.

A Word From Verywell

Urine color can be most helpful when trying to determine if you are drinking enough water on a regular basis. Whether it is hot or cold, sunny or rainy, the need for more fluids will show up in the color of urine. If it is darker than straw-colored, it is probably time for more water.

Many times, alarming urine colors are the result of natural or artificial food colors and are a curiosity, not a medical issue. That said, don’t ignore changes in the urine: they may be a sign of a medical problem that should be addressed.

Phenazopyridine tablets

What is this medicine?

PHENAZOPYRIDINE (fen az oh PEER i deen) is a pain reliever. It is used to stop the pain, burning, or discomfort caused by infection or irritation of the urinary tract. This medicine is not an antibiotic. It will not cure a urinary tract infection.

This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

COMMON BRAND NAME(S): AZO, Azo-100, Azo-Gesic, Azo-Septic, Azo-Standard, Phenazo, Prodium, Pyridium, Urinary Analgesic, Uristat, Uristat Ultra

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:

• glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• kidney disease
• an unusual or allergic reaction to phenazopyridine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?

Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take after meals. Take your doses at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed. Do not skip doses or stop your medicine early even if you feel better. Do not stop taking except on your doctor’s advice.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What if I miss a dose?

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, take only that dose. Do not take double or extra doses.

What may interact with this medicine?

Interactions are not expected.

This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

What should I watch for while using this medicine?

Tell your doctor or health care professional if your symptoms do not improve or if they get worse.

This medicine colors body fluids red. This effect is harmless and will go away after you are done taking the medicine. It will change urine to an dark orange or red color. The red color may stain clothing. Soft contact lenses may become permanently stained. It is best not to wear soft contact lenses while taking this medicine.

If you are diabetic you may get a false positive result for sugar in your urine. Talk to your health care provider.

What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?

Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:

• allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
• blue or purple color of the skin
• difficulty breathing
• fever
• less urine
• unusual bleeding, bruising
• unusual tired, weak
• vomiting
• yellowing of the eyes or skin

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):

• dark urine
• headache
• stomach upset

This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Where should I keep my medicine?

Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Protect from light and moisture. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

NOTE: This sheet is a summary. It may not cover all possible information. If you have questions about this medicine, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care provider.

3 Changes in Urine & What They Mean

Checking your urine for changes in color, odor and consistency provides a quick snapshot of your urological health. Healthy urine ranges in several shades of yellow with a slight odor, depending on your hydration level. Unusual colors or consistency changes, on the other hand, can indicate an underlying health problem. 

While these issues can be temporary, they may be indicative of a more serious issue within the urinary tract that requires examination by a specialist. Because of this, it’s important to check your urine frequently for any notable changes.

Here is a complete breakdown of the potential changes in urine to look for, what they mean, and what you can do to make sure your urinary system is healthy overall.

1. Color Changes in Urine

It’s important to note that changes in the color of urine are extremely common and can be caused by several factors. The most common colors you might notice are shades of brown, red or orange. Unusual, but still common, pigments that can appear in urine include blue or green.  

Red/Brown Urine Color

A red or brown tint in your urine is a common symptom that usually points to dehydration or blood in the urinary tract, among other causes. 

Medical Causes

Red or brown-colored urine may be caused by a number of medical reasons. Some of the most common include: dehydration, urinary tract infections, blood in the urinary tract (also known as hematuria) and kidney stones. Certain types of cancer, as well as lead or mercury poisoning, may also result in red or brown urine. 

Food Causes

Some common foods that can temporarily produce a red or brown tint in urine: beets, blackberries, rhubarb, along with any food or drink containing a large amount of artificial coloring. 

Medication Causes

There are many over-the-counter and prescribed medications that can also cause red or brown urine. Some of the most well-known medications include:

• Ex-Lax (Sennosides)
• Thorazine (Chlorpromazine)
• Mellaril (Thioridazine)
• Aralen (Chloroquine)
• Primaquine
• Flagyl (Metronidazole)
• Macrobid, Furadantin, Macrodantin (Nitrofurantoin)

Orange Urine Color

Orange-colored urine is most commonly seen after taking UTI medications and goes away once the medication is stopped. As a result, these medications will oftentimes list urine discoloration as a symptom on the packaging.  

Medical Causes

Dehydration and concentration of urine in the bladder is a common source of orange-colored urine. However, more serious conditions such as liver dysfunction and bile duct dysfunction can also be factors. 

Food Causes

Carrots and carrot juice are the main culprits of orange-colored urine due to the concentrated number of beta carotenes. Consuming a significantly large amount of food high in Vitamin C may also create a slight orange tint in urine. 

Medication Causes

Certain chemotherapy medications may also produce orange-colored urine, however, patients are usually alerted to this beforehand. Other common medications that may produce orange-colored urine include:

• Phenazopyridine (Over-the-counter UTI medications; AZO, Pyridium, etc.)
• Rifadin (Rifampin)
• Coumadin, Jantoven (Warfarin)

Green/Blue Urine Color

A green or blue tint in urine can be more shocking than the other colors listed above, however it’s usually not a cause for concern. In general, a green, blue, or even purple shade in urine commonly happens after taking certain medications, such as popular antacid reducers like Tums or Pepto-Bismol. 

Medical Causes

One serious cause of blue or green tinted urine can be due to the presence of Pseudomonas Bacteria. This bacteria can sometimes present itself as a urinary tract infection, however, not all UTIs are caused by Pseudomonas Bacteria.

Medication Causes

Medical dyes used for specific bladder and kidney tests can result in the urine turning a blue or green color. Vitamin B supplements are another common cause of green-colored urine. Blue or green urine can also be caused by these medications:

• Phenadoz, Phenergan, Promethegan (Promethazine)
• Tivorbex (Indomethacin)
• Elavil (Amitriptyline)
• Tagamet HB, HeartBurn Relief, Acid Reducer (Cimetidine)

2. Odor Changes in Urine

Urine will almost always have a slight odor caused by the waste filtered out of the body through the kidneys. Ultimately, if an odor persists, you may need to check your symptoms with a doctor.

Medical Causes

Dehydration can produce a strong smell of ammonia in urine, which can generally be corrected through rehydration. Other common causes for odor changes in urine include UTIs or liver dysfunction. For women, odor changes can specifically be caused by a yeast infection or inflammation in the urethra, also known as urethritis.

Food Causes

Most people are aware of the effect eating asparagus can have on urine odor. However, the consumption of brussels sprouts, pineapple, coffee, and alcohol can have similar effects as well.

3. Consistency Changes in Urine

Cloudy Urine Consistency

If you notice a cloudy appearance in your urine, this may point to an infection. This cloudy or milky appearance is sometimes caused by an excess of white blood cells entering the urinary system. 

Medical Causes

Urinary tract infections and kidney stones may cause cloudy urine. Men might notice a cloudy change in urine if they are experiencing prostatitis, which is inflammation of the prostate gland. In addition, Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are two sexually transmitted infections that may produce this symptom.

Foamy Urine Consistency

Foam is sometimes caused by forceful urination when emptying a full bladder. Foamy urine may also be caused by excess protein not being filtered out by the kidneys, which could indicate renal damage.

Medical Causes

Besides the emptying of a full bladder, foam might indicate kidney disease or a rare condition in men called retrograde ejaculation, where semen travels backwards and enters into the bladder, rather than ejaculating through the penis. 

Related: How To Relieve Kidney Pain at Home

Medication Causes

Phenazopyridine is a urinary tract medication that may create a foamy consistency. Additionally, AZO and Pyridium are common brands of over-the-counter UTI medications that can cause changes in urine consistency.

Oily Urine Consistency

You may notice a layer of oil floating at the surface of the water when urinating. This can be caused by a low-carb diet, and is not serious unless other symptoms such as abdominal pain, blood in urine, or vomiting occur. 

Medication Causes

Oil in urine can be caused by water-soluble vitamins that don’t properly absorb and empty into the urine.

A weakened stream when urinating can also be a cause for concern and point to an enlarged prostate or urinary tract infection. If you believe you’re suffering from urinary retention, here’s what you can do. 

When to See a Doctor

One of the most common causes of a change in urine is due to dehydration. To see if these changes in urine can be resolved at home, try drinking several cups of water and check if your urine goes back to normal after a few hours. Keep in mind, your urine should be slightly yellow in color and a subtle odor is completely normal. 

If symptoms aren’t improving, or you’re experiencing difficulty with urinating, you can check out our After Hours and Emergency Services page for more guidance on what to do next. 

However, if you’re experiencing severe pain, schedule an appointment with one of our expert Urologists to check your symptoms further. 

Request An Appointment

Urine analysis with test strips (U-strip) – SYNLAB Eesti

Indication:

• Urinary tract infection detection and control
• Detection and monitoring of non-infectious diseases of the urinary tract
• Detection of glycosuria in certain groups of patients, for example, in pregnant women and diabetics

The test strip analysis allows up to 10 different parameters to be measured simultaneously:

• Glucose
• Ketone bodies
• Specific gravity
• Erythrocytes
• pH
• Protein
• Nitrite
• Leukocytes
• Bilirubin
• Urobilinogen

GLUCZA

Glycosuria occurs if the glucose content in the urine exceeds the reabsorption capacity of the kidneys.Threshold values ​​for glycosuria are usually blood glucose values ​​of 8.3-10 mmol / L. In older people and patients with diabetes for years, this threshold is often increased.

Analysis method: Reaction glucose oxidase + peroxidase

Reference value: Negative

Result interpretation:

• Diabetes. Used for early detection and monitoring of diabetes. The absence of glycosuria does not exclude the presence of impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes.It should be borne in mind that glycosuria can occur in other conditions.
• Renal glycosuria. If the reabsorption threshold of the renal tubules is significantly reduced, then glucose in the urine can be found even when the blood glucose is normal. Glycosuria often occurs in pregnant women (5-10%) and disappears after childbirth.
• Alimentary glycosuria. May occur after consuming large amounts of carbohydrates.
• Glycosuria accompanying renal failure. Occurs when kidney function drops to 30% of normal. It can also be seen in acute renal failure.
• False negative results: salicylate metabolites in large quantities.
• False positive results: cleaning chemicals

KETONE BODIES

Keton bodies (acetoacetate, alpha-hydroxybutyrate and acetone) appear in the urine as a result of increased lipid breakdown if carbohydrates do not provide enough energy, for example, in diabetic ketoacidosis, vigorous exercise, fasting, intestinal inflammation and vomiting.

In diabetics, a similar finding indicates metabolic decompensation. It occurs, as a rule, in a precomatose and comatose state.

In a screening study, it is not decisive, but it is a necessary analysis for patients with diabetes, pregnant women with toxicosis and patients in an acute condition (especially children) during their examination and monitoring of treatment. The method is very sensitive; mild ketosis can be detected after a night of abstinence from food.

Analysis method: Acetoacetic acid and acetone react with sodium nitroprusside and glycine to form a violet-colored complex. The reaction is specific to these two ketones. Alpha-hydroxybutyrate does not react with sodium nitroprusside.

Reference value: Negative

Result interpretation:

Ketone bodies can occur in urine under the following conditions:

• Fasting
• Protein-rich diet
• Vomiting
• Infection proceeding with an increase in temperature
• Congenital metabolic diseases
• False positive results: phenyl ketones and phenylphthalein, captopril and other substances containing a sulfhydryl group

SPECIFIC WEIGHT

The specific gravity of urine directly depends on the amount of fluid consumed; low temperature, certain medications and increased sweating also affect.

Analysis method: Determination of ion concentration. Non-ionic particles such as glucose and urea are not measured.

Reference value: 1.010-1.030

Result interpretation:

• An important parameter in the interpretation of test strip results is the determination of drugs and doping. Low specific gravity may indicate sample tampering.
• A sample with a low specific gravity with a borderline positive result is given greater clinical significance than a sample with a high specific gravity.
• In a sample with a specific gravity <1.010, the cells in the urine disintegrate more rapidly and microscopic examination of the sediment may give a false negative result.
• Specific gravity is not suitable for assessing the concentration of the kidneys.

Erythrocytes

Hematuria occurs in many pathological conditions, so it is always necessary to find out the reason for a positive test result.

Analysis method: Hemoglobin and myoglobin, having peroxidase properties, change the color of the indicator.The reaction is sensitive to both hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Reference value: Negative

Result interpretation:

• Erythrocytes appear in urine in case of prerenal, renal and posttrenal diseases, the cause can also be a large physical activity.
• Myoglobin appears in urine with muscle necrosis and myositis.
• Analysis by test strips can be positive even when no erythrocytes are microscopically detected.This can be if the erythrocytes were lysed after taking the analysis or even in the body, as well as if the analysis was delayed.
• The most common causes of hematuria:
  • Stones of the urinary tract
  • Tumors
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Coagulation disorders
  • Myoglobinuria occurs when muscle trauma or necrosis occurs (for example, during exercise, burns, progressive muscle disease).
  • False positive results: microbial peroxidase, oxidizing detergents, menstrual contamination.

pH

The pH of urine ranges from 5 to 9. Concentrated morning urine is usually acidic. In children, urine is more often alkyl, that is, alkaline. Bacteria increase the pH of urine as it metabolizes urine to ammonia.

Method of analysis: The reaction of urine is determined using a mixture of three indicators – methylene red, bromothymol blue and phenolphthalein.

Reference value: 5-7

Result interpretation:

• In alkaline and non-concentrated urine, the preservation of leukocytes is significantly reduced (typical for urinary tract infections in children).Also, cylinders die quickly in alkaline urine.
• The pH of urine is influenced by: nutrition, starvation, drugs, poisoning, various diseases.

PROTEIN

Proteinuria is a common nonspecific symptom of renal disease. The detection of protein in urine should always be followed by a careful differential diagnosis.

Method of analysis: Color reaction based on changes in pH. Urine test strips are sensitive to albumin levels starting at 0.06 g / L.For early detection of damage to the renal glomeruli, the determination of albumin in the urine is carried out by the immune method.

Reference value: Negative

Result interpretation:

• Benign proteinuria – occurs more often in persons under 30 years of age. Reasons: physical activity, emotional stress, orthostasis, lordosis, hypothermia, pregnancy, the use of vasoconstrictors. Benign proteinuria is unstable.In the first portion of morning urine, the protein content is normal. This makes it relatively easy to distinguish benign proteinuria from a symptom of a disease.
• Extrarenal proteinuria – can occur in acute diseases: colitis, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, postoperative period, fever.
• Renal proteinuria – due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane. Usually constant, regardless of circadian rhythms.
• Postrenal proteinuria – with inflammation of the bladder or prostate gland, as well as with bleeding from the urinary tract.
• False negative results: globulins, immunoglobulin light chains.
• False-positive results: disinfectants containing an ammonium group.

NITRITES

Nitrites are formed in urine from nitrates under the action of the enzyme nitrate reductase, which is produced by most Gram-positive uropathogenic microorganisms.

Reference value: Negative

Result interpretation:

• Detection of nitrites in urine is one of the important signs of uroinfection. Enterococci and staphylococci do not produce nitrate reductase and the analysis for nitrite content will be negative, regardless of the presence of bacteria in the urine. A prerequisite for a positive analysis may also be the consumption of such an amount of plant foods that nitrates get into the urine and the urine would be in the bladder for a long time (4-8 hours).
• A single negative result does not exclude urinary tract infection. If an infection is suspected, a microbiological test should be performed regardless of the nitrite test result.
• False-negative results: the subject did not eat plant products, a short incubation period in the bladder, Gram-positive bacteria, a sample that stood for more than 4 hours.
• False positive: sample contamination.

LEUKOCYTES

Test strips detect the activity of granulocyte esterase, also react to destroyed neutrophils, which cannot be identified by microscopic examination of the sediment. The method does not detect lymphocytes.

Result interpretation:

• The appearance of leukocytes in urine is an important symptom indicating an inflammatory process in the kidneys and urinary tract.The reasons may be:
  • Infections
  • Glomerulopathy
  • Poisoning
  • Disorders of emptying the bladder
  • Tumors
• False negative results: protein> 5 g / l, glucose> 20 g / l, high doses of cephalexin, gentamicin and boric acid.
• False-positive results: preservatives (formaldehyde), imipenems, clavulanic acid, vaginal discharge contamination in women.

BILIRUBIN

When conjugated with glycuronic acid, bilirubin becomes water-soluble and is excreted from the body through the kidneys.

Analysis method: Bilirubin forms a complex with diazonium salt

Reference value: Negative (<3.4 μmol / L)

Result interpretation:

• In all pathological conditions, when the content of conjugated bilirubin in the blood increases, it can also be excreted in the urine in significant quantities (for example, with damage to the liver parenchyma, cholestasis, cholangitis, cholecystitis)
• Today, due to the availability of blood tests, the determination of bilirubin in urine has lost its previously important role in the diagnosis of liver diseases.
• False negative results: exposure to light, vitamin C in large quantities.
• False-positive results: drugs that stain the urine red.

UROBILINOGEN

Urobilinogen is formed in the intestine by bacteria from bilirubin excreted in the bile. After that, it is resorbed back into the bloodstream, broken down in the liver and partially excreted in the urine.

Method of analysis: Urobilinogen forms complexes with the diazonium salt. The method is specific for urobilinogen.

Reference value: Negative (<17 μmol / L)

Result interpretation:

• There are two possible reasons for the appearance of urobilinogen in urine:
  • Liver diseases
  • Intensive breakdown of hemoglobin (hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, intravascular hemolysis, polycythemia)
• False negative results: light exposure, formaldehyde in urine
• False-positive results: drugs that stain the urine red.

90,000 Prehepatic jaundice. Parenchymal jaundice.

Prehepatic jaundice. Parenchymal jaundice.

A literature review was conducted by KazNMU resident A. Hasanov

Prehepatic jaundice includes:

b) mild prehepatic jaundice, which can also occur with massive blood breakdown (pulmonary infarctions or large hematomas).

Differentiation based on laboratory data: found in prehepatic jaundice, serum bilirubin is free bilirubin loosely bound to blood proteins (mainly albumin).Hepatic bilirubin is a bilirubin glucuronide. Bilirubin in various forms of jaundice is characterized by the following indicators.

Parenchymal jaundice.

In parenchymal jaundice, due to the disturbed structure of the liver cells, bilirubin only partially enters the bile capillaries, and partially, after the conversion of free bilirubin into bilirubin-glucuronide, is released back into the blood capillaries.

General differential diagnosis of parenchymal jaundice. Clinical symptoms suggesting parenchymal jaundice: with parenchymal jaundice, the icteric coloration of the skin has a rather reddish, ruby ​​tint, and with mechanical jaundice, it is greenish.This sign, however, is unreliable. With any more or less prolonged jaundice, a greenish tint appears. Rubin icterus corresponds rather to initial jaundice (from 1 to 3 weeks), and verdin icterus to jaundice lasting a number of weeks.

Palpation of the liver often does not provide a basis for the differential diagnosis. In both parenchymal and obstructive jaundice, the liver is usually enlarged and indurated. According to Naegeli, 4 degrees of liver density can be distinguished: I degree corresponds to the normal consistency of the liver, II and III degrees (hepatitis before liver cirrhosis) are observed with parenchymal jaundice, and IV degree – mostly with cancer.The presence of limited nodes on palpation clearly speaks against parenchymal jaundice.

The most important clinical distinguishing feature is the condition of the spleen. With parenchymal jaundice, the spleen is palpated very often. However, it should be recalled that in the elderly, the enlargement of the spleen is less pronounced than in the young, which somewhat limits the differential diagnostic value of this symptom. A palpable large spleen almost reliably excludes obstructive jaundice.

Other symptoms, such as the development of venous collateral circulation (jellyfish head, esophageal varicose veins, hemorrhoids), appear only in chronic forms with a transition to cirrhosis and the mechanical obstruction of hepatic circulation caused by it.

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Burn disease (Resident of KazNMU named after S.D. Asfendiyarova Valov K.)

Burn disease

Resident of KazNMU named after S.D. Asfendiyarova Valov K.

The course of burn disease is divided into four periods: burn shock, acute burn toxemia, burn septicotoxemia, recovery period.

Burn shock lasts from 1 to 3 days, it is replaced by a period of acute toxemia, lasting on average 10-15 days and gradually turning into septicopyemia. The beginning of the septicopyemia period coincides with the beginning of the rejection of dead tissues, its duration varies and depends on the duration of the healing of the burn wound.The healing period begins after the skin has healed. In young and middle-aged people, burn shock develops, as a rule, with II-IV degree burns on an area of ​​more than 15-16% of the body surface. As with other types of shock, erectile and torpid phases are distinguished during burn shock.

In the first minutes, less often hours after a burn injury (erectile phase), general excitement and motor restlessness are noted. The victim’s consciousness is usually preserved. Chills, muscle tremors are expressed, the burned moan, complain of pain in the burned areas.There is an increase in blood pressure, increased respiration and heart rate. Body temperature usually does not rise, and in severe shock it is lowered. This phase is not always pronounced enough.

After 2-6 hours, the erectile phase of shock is replaced by a torpid one – the phenomena of inhibition come to the fore. Thirst is expressed in the first 1-2 days. Nausea is often noted, repeated vomiting is possible, including “coffee grounds”, which indicates gastric bleeding. On the part of the respiratory system, shortness of breath is observed, in the lungs against the background of hard breathing, dry, and later moist rales are heard.Impaired renal function is characteristic of burn shock, which is clinically manifested by oliguria or anuria, while urine is rich yellow or dark brown. Timely therapy is essential, as it can significantly alleviate the course or even prevent the development of the torpid phase of shock. At the same time, additional traumatization of the burned and delayed medical care contributes to the development and more severe course of the torpid phase. The severity of the clinical manifestations of burn shock is determined by the depth and area of ​​the thermal injury, the age and general health of the victim, timely and adequate anti-shock treatment.According to the severity, mild burn shock, severe and extremely severe shock are distinguished.

Mild burn shock develops when the total area of ​​the lesion is no more than 20% of the body surface, including deep ones – no more than 10%. Consciousness remains clear, sometimes short-term excitement is noted. The skin of the affected is pale, thirst, muscle tremors, “goose bumps” are noted, sometimes chills occur. Nausea and vomiting are rare. Patients are often calm, sometimes excited, euphoric. Breathing, as a rule, does not speed up, the pulse reaches 100-110 beats per minute, blood pressure remains within normal limits.Urination is not impaired.

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Diarrhea (diarrhea)

Diarrhea (diarrhea) – increased (more than 2 times a day) excretion of liquid feces associated with the accelerated passage of intestinal contents due to increased peristalsis, impaired absorption of water in the large intestine and the release of a significant amount of inflammatory secretion or transudate by the intestinal wall.In most cases, diarrhea is a symptom of acute or chronic colitis, enteritis.

Infectious diarrhea is noted with dysentery, salmonellosis, foodborne toxic infections, viral diseases (viral diarrhea), amoebiasis, etc. Alimentary diarrhea can be due to improper diet or allergy to certain foods. Dyspeptic diarrhea is observed when the digestion of food masses is impaired due to secretory insufficiency of the stomach, pancreas of the liver, or insufficient secretion of certain enzymes by the small intestine.Toxic diarrhea accompanies uremia, mercury and arsenic poisoning. Drug-induced diarrhea can be the result of suppression of the physiological flora of the intestine, the development of dysbiosis. Neurogenic diarrhea occurs when the nervous regulation of intestinal motor activity is impaired (for example, diarrhea arising under the influence of excitement, fear).

Stool frequency varies, bowel movements are watery or mushy. The nature of the bowel movements depends on the disease. So, with dysentery, the feces at first have a dense consistency, then it becomes liquid, scanty, mucus and blood appear in it; with amebiasis – contains vitreous mucus and blood, sometimes blood soaks the mucus and feces take the form of raspberry jelly.With diarrhea, there may be abdominal pain, rumbling, transfusion, bloating, tenesmus. Light and short-term diarrhea has little effect on the general condition of patients, severe and chronic lead to exhaustion, hypovitaminosis, pronounced changes in the organs.

To establish the cause of diarrhea, scatological and bacteriological research is carried out. The severity of diarrhea can be judged by the speed of passage (advancement) through the intestine of carbolene (the appearance of a black color of feces after taking carbolene in 2-5 hours instead of the normal 20-26 hours) or barium sulfate on X-ray examination.

In case of suspicion of cholera, sapmonellosis, food toxico-coinfection, the ball points are subject to immediate hospitalization in the infectious diseases department.

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Toxicosis of pregnant women

PREGNANT TOXICOSIS occurs during pregnancy and usually ends after pregnancy. There are numerous theories explaining their development (allergic, toxic, immunological, neuroreflex, humoral, etc.)). Conventionally, toxicoses are divided into early and late. The most common clinical form of early toxicosis is vomiting of pregnant women. Less common are salivation, dermatoses, bronchial asthma, jaundice of pregnant women. Late toxicosis include dropsy of pregnancy, nephropathy, preeclampsia, eclampsia.

Vomiting of pregnant women is often observed against the background of salivation, accompanied by nausea, decreased appetite, change in taste. The mild form does not negatively affect the general condition of the pregnant woman.With toxicosis of moderate severity, weakness, weight loss, decreased urine output, and loss of appetite are noted. The most severe form of toxicosis is indomitable vomiting. Vomiting occurs up to 20 or more times a day, often regardless of food intake. Pregnant women lose weight dramatically, blood pressure decreases, pulse quickens, body temperature rises, severe dehydration sets in, acetone is determined in urine. There is a danger to the patient’s life. In these cases, it is necessary to terminate the pregnancy.

Treatment. Mild forms do not require hospitalization and special treatment.With toxicosis of moderate severity and especially with indomitable vomiting, hospitalization is required. Sleeping pills are prescribed at night. Ethaperazine has a pronounced antiemetic property (0.004-0.008 g 2-3 times a day after meals). Also used splenin 1 ml 1-2 times a day i / m for 10 days, cocarboxylase i / m 50-100 mg 1-2 times a day, a complex of vitamins, novocaine i / v daily 10 ml 0.5 % solution, diathermy of the solar plexus, hypnosis. Meals should be frequent (after 2-3 hours) and in small portions.If it is impossible to keep food in the stomach of a pregnant woman, nutritional enemas or parenteral administration of nutritional mixtures should be prescribed. It is necessary to inject daily large amounts of liquid (up to 3 l / day), glucose (30-40 ml of a 40% solution in / in), insulin (5 units per 100 ml of glucose). Emaciated patients are shown fractional transfusions of 80-100 ml of Rh-compatible single-group blood. If treatment is ineffective and toxicosis progresses (persistent vomiting, persistent low-grade fever, severe tachycardia, sudden weight loss, proteinuria, acetonuria, jaundice), abortion is indicated.

Dropsy of pregnant women is characterized by edema, negative diuresis, a rapid increase in the body weight of the pregnant woman (more than 300 g per week). There are no pathological elements in urine, blood pressure is not increased. The course is short-term or long-term. In some pregnant women, the disease progresses and turns into nephropathy. The diagnosis is based on the detection in the second half of pregnancy of edema not associated with extragenital diseases. Latent edema is detected during the systematic weighing of a pregnant woman in an antenatal clinic (once every 2 weeks).

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Symptoms and treatment of hemolytic anemia

Symptoms and treatment of hemolytic anemia

The concept of hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemias are a group of diseases, the main symptom of which is an increased breakdown of red blood cells. Under physiological conditions, the life span of erythrocytes is 100-120 days.Aging red blood cells are destroyed in the sinuses of the spleen as well as in the bone marrow.

The pigment bilirubin formed as a result of physiological breakdown of erythrocytes circulates in the blood in the form of free (indirect) bilirubin, which is transported to the hepatic cell, where, with the participation of enzymes, it penetrates from the liver cells into the bile ducts and is excreted together with bile into the intestine.

With hemolytic anemias due to increased destruction of erythrocytes, their life expectancy is shortened to 12-14 days.Accelerated hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) can be predominantly intracellular or intravascular. Intracellular breakdown of erythrocytes occurs in the cells of the reticulohistiocytic system, mainly in the spleen, and is accompanied by an increase in indirect bilirubin, which is excreted in urine and feces. With intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobin enters the blood plasma in an increased amount and is excreted in the urine unchanged or in the form of hemosiderin, which can be deposited in internal organs and cause hemosiderosis.

Variants of hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia downstream can be acute or chronic. All hemolytic anemias are divided into congenital (hereditary) and acquired.

Hereditary hemolytic anemias are the result of various genetic defects in erythrocytes, which become functionally defective and unstable.

Acquired hemolytic anemias are associated with the influence of various factors that contribute to the destruction of erythrocytes (the formation of antibodies, hemolytic poisons, mechanical stress, etc.)).

The group of hereditary hemolytic anemias includes:

hemolytic anemias associated with disruption of the erythrocyte membrane (microspherocytosis, ovalocytosis, stomatocytosis)

hemolytic anemias associated with impaired enzyme activity in erythrocytes 944 structure or synthesis of globin chains (thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, carriage of abnormal hemoglobin)

The group of acquired hemolytic anemias includes:

hemolytic anemias associated with exposure to antibodies (isoimmune, autoimmune autoimmune, associated hemolytic) 9000 with a change in the structure of the erythrocyte membrane due to osmotic mutation

hemolytic anemias associated with mechanical damage to the erythrocyte membrane (prosthetic heart valves, march hemoglobinuria)

hemolytic anemias associated with chemical damage to erythrocytes (hemolytic poisons, lead, heavy metals, organic acids)

hemolytic anemias associated with a lack of vitamin E

hemolytic anemias associated with exposure to parasites (malaria)

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🧬 How to understand the urine test results?

We tell you what you can find out about your health by receiving a form with the results of the study.

It is better to decipher a general urine test together with a doctor. The fact is that the indicators of this analysis for different diseases can be quite similar. To make an accurate diagnosis, you need to take into account the patient’s complaints and pay attention to the external signs of a specific disease. This task is impossible without a doctor.

“It is necessary to evaluate different indicators of urine in a complex manner. It rarely happens that only one indicator is changed, usually several change at once, – the urologist of the 1st Danilovsky Multidisciplinary Medical Center Rinaz Kamaletdinov.- And in order to understand what exactly is happening with the patient, it is necessary to take into account the patient’s complaints, his symptoms and apply additional diagnostic methods. After all, we are not treating the analysis, but the patient. ”

In addition, there are situations when test results deviate from the norm, not due to illness, but due to physical exertion, changes in the menu or taking certain medications. For example, after several hours in the gym, the number of leukocytes in the blood may increase, the beets eaten the day before can turn urine pink, and the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin – blue-green.Therefore, having received a “non-standard” urine test, you need to discuss its results with the attending physician: to make sure that the problem exists, the doctor will prescribe a second urine test, or send for some other test.

However, there are a few things you can figure out on your own. The main thing is not to draw far-reaching conclusions from this and not to run to the pharmacy without talking to a specialist beforehand. In the forms from different laboratories, the results of urine analysis may be presented slightly differently, but almost everywhere they will be grouped by the appearance of urine, its chemical properties and the results of examination under a microscope.

Appearance

Colour. Normal urine color is yellow: from straw yellow to dark amber. The shade depends on the concentration of urochrome – a coloring pigment in the urine. In concentrated urine, which has accumulated in the bladder all night, there is more urochrome, so the urine will be more amber. And if a person has recently drunk water, then the color will be rather straw.

In this case, urine can be painted in almost all colors of the rainbow.Moreover, an unusual shade can either be a variant of the norm or speak of a disease. Moreover, urinary tract infections can give different shades of urine – the color depends on the specific type of pathogens.

“Sometimes a patient’s urine turns red,” says Svetlana Artemova, Candidate of Medical Sciences, nutritionist and nephrologist at GMS Clinis. Without analysis, it is impossible to understand why this is happening. This may be due, for example, to eating beets, to treatment with sulfonamides, or to rhabdomyolysis, a condition in which muscle tissue breaks down. “

Reasons why urine can change color

Transparency.Normal urine should be clear. The cause of the cloudiness is determined by chemical and microscopic analyzes. As a rule, this is not the norm: it may be, for example, bacteria, salts, mucus, or a large number of leukocytes.

Specific gravity. This indicator reflects the concentration of substances dissolved in the urine. In healthy people, during the day, it fluctuates 1.008-1.025 g / l. If the specific gravity decreases, this may indicate that the person simply drank a lot of water, and problems with the concentrating ability of the kidneys – this can happen, for example, with type I diabetes or severe inflammation of the kidneys.If glucose appears in the urine, its specific gravity also decreases. And if protein appears in the urine (this happens with inflammation in the urinary system) or keto acid (this happens with type I diabetes), the specific gravity, on the contrary, increases. To figure it out, you need to take into account the results of a chemical analysis of urine.

“A low specific gravity of urine indicates that the patient’s renal concentration function is impaired. Perhaps we are talking about chronic renal failure, says Kamaletdinov.”But at the same time, this indicator often decreases in patients who have reached a solid age.”

NS. Normal urine in most people is slightly acidic: pH in the range of 5.5-7.0. Diet can affect pH. If a person eats a lot of acidic berries and protein foods, the pH of the urine decreases, that is, it becomes acidic. And if you prefer citrus fruits and a low-carb diet, then the pH, on the contrary, will increase, and the urine will become alkaline.

pH by itself is not a very informative indicator.As a rule, they pay attention to it if kidney stones are suspected: if the urine is acidic, there is a chance that the case, for example, in uric acid, and if alkaline – in oxalate or calcium phosphate. This is important for making a diagnosis: a person also needs to get rid of stones of different origins in different ways.

Chemical properties

Protein. Normally, it should not be in the urine, or there is very little – less than 0.002 g / l. Sometimes in healthy people it still appears – for example, if they ate meat, or experienced serious physical exertion or emotional stress the day before – but if a person stops eating meat, rests and calms down, protein secretion stops.If it continues to be excreted with urine (this is established by repeating the analysis over and over again), it may be due to inflammation of the kidneys or urinary tract.

Glucose. Healthy, non-pregnant people should not have glucose in their urine. As we already wrote, “sugar” enters the urine when glucose metabolism is impaired – for example, in type II diabetes.

Ketone bodies. These substances accumulate in the body if the body lacks carbohydrates, and in order to obtain energy, it is forced to destroy fat stores.Since it is not normal for us to eat them, there should not be ketone bodies in the urine of healthy non-pregnant people. As a rule, ketone bodies appear in the urine of starving people or due to heavy physical exertion, but most often – against the background of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes.

Bilirubin. Healthy non-pregnant people should not have bilirubin in their urine. As we already wrote, bilirubin enters the urine if the liver cannot cope with its utilization. This happens with hepatitis and with a violation of the outflow of bile – this can happen if the biliary tract, for example, is blocked by a gallstone.

Urobilinogen. It is a colorless product of “neutralization” of harmful bilirubin by the liver and intestinal bacteria. Up to 10 mg / L of urobilinogen is excreted in the urine. If the level of this substance is high, it is highly likely that a person has liver problems – from viral hepatitis to liver failure. But it is possible that the matter is in the accelerated decay of hemoglobin – this happens, for example, with hemolytic anemia and some other diseases.

Nitrite.Together with urine, the body gets rid of nitrogen compounds – nitrates, so that healthy people always have them in it. But if pathogenic bacteria settle in the urinary tract – for example, E. coli, enterobacteria or Klebsiella – nitrites appear in the urine. The fact is that these bacteria feed on nitrates and convert them into nitrites, so the presence of these substances in urine is always a bad sign. However, the absence of nitrites does not mean the absence of infection. Some staphylococci and streptococci are indifferent to nitrates, so they have to be detected by examining the urine under a microscope.

Results of microscopic examination

Squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells are called cells that line the surface of our body from the inside and outside. Squamous epithelium lines the outer surface of the urethra. If there are more than 15-20 epithelial cells in the urine analysis, it means that the analysis was taken incorrectly.

“A large number of desquamated epithelial cells can indicate trauma, an ongoing inflammatory process, and, for example, transplant rejection,” says Kamaletdinov.

However, if epithelial cells lie in layers in a woman’s urine, the doctor may suspect squamous cell carcinoma. But just to suspect – in order to confirm the diagnosis, you will need to consult a doctor and pass several other tests.

Transitional epithelium. Lines the walls of the renal pelvis, bladder, ureters and prostate ducts. Normally, they should not be. If a lot of these cells appear in the general analysis of urine, the doctor may suspect urolithiasis, inflammation or neoplasms of the urinary tract.

Renal epithelium. Lines the inside of the kidneys. Normally, it should not be, these cells appear only with kidney disease. Which ones – only a doctor can say.

Leukocytes. Normally, these cells should not be present. If more than five cells are visible under a microscope (or more than 2000 per ml of urine), the doctor may suspect an inflammatory process in the urinary tract, which may be associated with bacteria or, for example, with glomerulonephritis. What exactly has become inflamed and what is the reason for this, it will be possible to say only after consultation with the attending physician.

Red blood cells. Normally, these cells should not be present, however, sometimes red blood cells enter the urine by accident – so the doctor has the right to prescribe a second test. If the red blood cells from the urine do not disappear, the cause may be damage to the kidneys or bladder, which can be caused by dozens of reasons – from bruising and urolithiasis to chronic kidney failure. To clarify the analysis, you need to consult your doctor.

Cylinders.As we have already said, the casts are protein “imprints” of the renal tubules. In healthy people, they either do not occur at all, or are found in extremely small numbers. If there are a lot of cylinders – something is wrong with the kidneys – the matter may be in inflammation, poisoning, or some other reason.

Salt. Normally, there should be no salts in the urine, or there are single crystals. As a rule, they appear if a person has a tendency to urolithiasis, or with a kidney infection.If amorphous phosphates or urates, uric acid crystals, oxalates, tripel phosphates are found in the urine, you should consult your doctor.

Bacteria. Normally, urine is sterile – that is, there should not be any microorganisms in it (or no more than 2 × 103 per ml).