How do bedbug bites appear on the skin. What are the most effective treatments for bedbug bites. Can bedbug bites cause serious health issues. How to prevent bedbug infestations in your home. When should you seek medical attention for bedbug bites.

Understanding Bedbug Bites: Appearance and Symptoms

Bedbug bites often manifest as red, swollen marks on the skin, typically arranged in lines or clusters. These tiny insects feed on human blood, usually while we sleep, making their presence difficult to detect immediately. Interestingly, bedbugs inject an anesthetic before feeding, which is why you don’t feel the bite when it occurs.

The appearance of bedbug bites can vary from person to person. Common characteristics include:

• Red and swollen marks with a dark spot at the center
• Hive-like or welt-like appearance
• Itchy and burning sensation
• Fluid-filled blisters in some cases
• Blood stains on sheets from scratching

It’s worth noting that not everyone reacts to bedbug bites. In fact, studies suggest that approximately 30 to 60% of people never develop a reaction to these bites. For those who do react, symptoms may take a few days to appear after the initial bite.

Where Do Bedbugs Typically Bite?

Bedbugs can bite any exposed part of your body, but they often target areas that are uncovered during sleep. Common bite locations include:

• Face
• Neck
• Arms
• Hands

If you wear pajamas to bed, you might notice bites along the line of your clothing. This pattern occurs because bedbugs tend to bite areas of exposed skin that are easily accessible to them during their nocturnal feeding.

Treating Bedbug Bites: Home Remedies and Medical Options

In most cases, bedbug bites heal on their own without requiring medical intervention. However, there are several ways to alleviate symptoms and promote faster healing:

Over-the-Counter Treatments

• Steroid creams to reduce inflammation and itching
• Oral antihistamines to relieve itching and burning
• Pain relievers to address swelling and discomfort
• Benadryl before sleep to decrease nighttime itching

Home Remedies

Several home remedies can provide relief from bedbug bites:

• Applying a cold cloth or ice pack wrapped in a towel
• Creating a thin paste of baking soda and water to apply to bites
• Washing the affected area with soap and water to prevent infection

While these treatments can help manage symptoms, it’s crucial to address the underlying bedbug infestation to prevent future bites.

Potential Complications: Allergic Reactions and Infections

While rare, bedbug bites can lead to more serious health issues in some individuals. These complications may include:

Allergic Reactions

In isolated cases, systemic allergic reactions to bedbug bites have been reported. These reactions may manifest as:

• Hives
• Asthma symptoms
• In extremely rare cases, anaphylaxis

Secondary Infections

Constant scratching of bedbug bites can lead to secondary skin infections, such as:

• Impetigo
• Folliculitis
• Cellulitis

To minimize the risk of infection, it’s essential to avoid scratching the bites and to keep the affected areas clean.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Bedbug Bites

While most bedbug bites don’t require medical intervention, there are instances when you should consult a healthcare professional. Seek immediate medical care if you experience any of the following symptoms after being bitten:

• Multiple hives
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Swelling of the throat or mouth
• Fever or chills
• Dizziness or confusion

These symptoms may indicate a severe allergic reaction or infection that requires prompt medical attention.

Caring for Bedbug Bites in Children and Infants

When it comes to treating bedbug bites in babies and young children, extra care is necessary. Here are some tips for managing bites in little ones:

• Wash the affected area with soap and water
• Apply a cold compress for relief
• Use OTC anti-itch creams or low-strength steroids (after consulting a pediatrician)
• Keep the child’s nails short to prevent scratching
• Cover bites with a bandage to discourage scratching

It’s crucial to consult a pediatrician or pharmacist before using any topical steroid creams or oral antihistamines, as some medications may not be safe for infants or young children.

Identifying Bedbug Infestations in Your Home

Recognizing a bedbug infestation early can help prevent widespread problems. Bedbugs are nocturnal creatures that typically hide during the day. Common hiding spots include:

• Cracks and crevices in walls and furniture
• Mattresses and box springs
• Bed frames and headboards
• Spaces under baseboards
• Loose or peeling wallpaper
• Electrical switch plates and conduits
• Luggage and clothing

Bedbugs are attracted to body heat and carbon dioxide, which is why they tend to live near sleeping areas. They typically feed from midnight until dawn and then return to their hiding spots during the day.

Signs of Bedbug Presence

Even if you don’t see the bugs themselves, you may notice other signs of their presence:

• Drops of blood on sheets or pillowcases
• Small black dots of bug droppings on bedding or furniture
• A sweet, musty odor in heavily infested areas
• Shed bedbug skins

Preventing Bedbug Infestations: Proactive Measures

Preventing bedbug infestations is crucial for maintaining a healthy living environment. Here are some proactive steps you can take:

When Traveling

• Inspect hotel rooms thoroughly before settling in
• Keep luggage off the floor and bed
• Use luggage racks when available
• Check your luggage and clothing before returning home

At Home

• Regularly inspect your bedding and furniture for signs of bedbugs
• Use protective covers on mattresses and box springs
• Reduce clutter to minimize hiding spots
• Vacuum frequently, especially in bedroom areas
• Wash and dry bedding and clothing on high heat settings

When Acquiring Second-hand Items

• Thoroughly inspect used furniture before bringing it into your home
• Consider treating second-hand clothing with high heat before use
• Be cautious when accepting hand-me-down mattresses or upholstered furniture

By implementing these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the risk of introducing bedbugs into your living space.

Professional Bedbug Eradication: When to Call in the Experts

While DIY methods can be effective for small infestations, larger or persistent bedbug problems often require professional intervention. Here are some signs that it’s time to call in pest control experts:

• You’ve tried DIY methods without success
• The infestation has spread to multiple rooms
• You’re experiencing frequent bites despite your efforts
• You live in a multi-unit building where the infestation may have spread

Benefits of Professional Bedbug Treatment

Professional pest control services offer several advantages in dealing with bedbug infestations:

• Access to more potent and effective treatments
• Expertise in identifying and targeting bedbug hiding spots
• Comprehensive treatment plans that address the entire infestation
• Follow-up inspections to ensure complete eradication

When selecting a pest control service, look for companies with specific experience in bedbug eradication and positive customer reviews.

The Psychological Impact of Bedbug Infestations

Bedbug infestations can have significant psychological effects on those affected. The constant worry about being bitten and the stress of dealing with an infestation can lead to:

• Insomnia or sleep disturbances
• Anxiety and paranoia
• Depression
• Social isolation due to embarrassment

It’s important to recognize these psychological impacts and seek support if needed. Some strategies to cope with the stress of a bedbug infestation include:

• Talking to friends, family, or a therapist about your concerns
• Joining support groups for individuals dealing with similar issues
• Practicing stress-reduction techniques like meditation or deep breathing
• Focusing on the steps you’re taking to address the problem

Remember that bedbug infestations are not a reflection of cleanliness or personal hygiene. They can affect anyone, regardless of living conditions or socioeconomic status.

Bedbug Myths and Facts: Separating Truth from Fiction

There are many misconceptions about bedbugs that can lead to ineffective prevention and treatment strategies. Let’s debunk some common myths:

Myth: Bedbugs only infest dirty homes

Fact: Bedbugs are not attracted to dirt or decay. They can thrive in any environment where they have access to human blood meals.

Myth: Bedbugs can fly

Fact: Bedbugs cannot fly. They crawl quickly over floors, walls, and ceilings.

Myth: Bedbugs transmit diseases

Fact: While bedbugs can cause discomfort and psychological distress, there is no evidence that they transmit diseases to humans.

Myth: You can feel bedbugs biting you

Fact: Bedbugs inject an anesthetic when they bite, making it unlikely that you’ll feel the bite as it occurs.

Myth: Pesticides alone can eliminate bedbug infestations

Fact: Effective bedbug control typically requires a combination of chemical and non-chemical approaches, including heat treatments and thorough cleaning.

Understanding these facts can help you approach bedbug prevention and treatment more effectively, reducing the risk of infestation and improving your chances of successful eradication if an infestation occurs.

The Global Impact of Bedbug Resurgence

In recent years, there has been a notable resurgence of bedbug infestations worldwide. This trend has had significant impacts on various sectors:

Travel and Hospitality Industry

The increase in bedbug cases has led to:

• More stringent inspection and prevention protocols in hotels
• Increased costs for pest control and prevention measures
• Potential reputational damage for affected establishments

Public Health

While bedbugs don’t transmit diseases, their resurgence has implications for public health:

• Increased reports of allergic reactions and secondary infections
• Greater awareness and education efforts by health departments
• Potential for sleep disturbances and related health issues in affected individuals

Economic Impact

The bedbug resurgence has led to significant economic consequences:

• Increased demand for pest control services
• Development and marketing of new bedbug prevention and treatment products
• Financial strain on individuals and businesses dealing with infestations

Research and Development

The bedbug resurgence has spurred increased research efforts:

• Studies on bedbug behavior and biology
• Development of new detection and treatment technologies
• Exploration of potential biological control methods

Understanding the global impact of bedbug resurgence highlights the importance of continued efforts in prevention, education, and effective treatment strategies.

Future Outlook: Innovations in Bedbug Control

As bedbug infestations continue to be a global concern, researchers and pest control experts are exploring innovative approaches to detection and eradication. Some promising developments include:

Advanced Detection Methods

• Bedbug-sniffing dogs trained to detect even small infestations
• Electronic bedbug detectors that can sense the presence of these pests
• AI-powered image recognition systems for early detection

Novel Treatment Approaches

• Biopesticides derived from natural substances toxic to bedbugs
• Targeted heat treatments that eliminate bedbugs without chemical residues
• Genetic modification techniques to reduce bedbug populations

Preventive Technologies

• Fabrics and materials treated with bedbug-repelling compounds
• Smart monitoring systems for early detection in high-risk areas
• Improved travel gear designed to prevent bedbug hitchhiking

These innovations offer hope for more effective and environmentally friendly bedbug control methods in the future. However, it’s important to note that prevention and early detection remain key factors in managing bedbug infestations.

As research continues and new technologies emerge, individuals and businesses will have access to an expanding array of tools to combat bedbug infestations. Staying informed about these developments can help you make better decisions in protecting your home and health from these persistent pests.

What They Look Like, Treatment, and More

Bedbugs are tiny insects that feed on blood from humans or animals. Over-the-counter treatments can help relieve itching and inflammation.

Bedbugs can live in your bed, furniture, carpet, clothing, and other belongings and are most active at night.

Bedbugs typically get into your home after an overnight trip — by hitching a ride in your luggage or clothing. Or they can enter your home if you bring in secondhand furniture that’s infested. They can also travel from one apartment to the next if a building or hotel has an infestation.

Keep reading to learn about bedbug bites, their appearance, and how to treat and prevent them.

Bedbugs excrete anesthetic before feeding on people, so you won’t feel it when they bite you. It may take a few days to develop symptoms.

According to Pest Control Technology, approximately 30 to 60% of people never develop a reaction to a bedbug bite. When symptoms do develop, the bites may be:

• red and swollen, with a dark spot at the center of each bite (they may also look like a hive or welt)
• arranged in lines or clusters, with multiple bites grouped together
• itchy
• burning
• fluid-filled blisters
• you may also find blood stains on the sheets from scratching

Scratching bug bites can cause them to bleed or become infected.

Learn more about the symptoms of an infected bug bite.

Where on the body do bedbug bites occur?

Bedbugs can bite any part of your body. However, they typically bite skin that is exposed while you sleep. This includes your:

• face
• neck
• arms
• hands

If you typically wear pajamas to bed, the bug may bite along the line of the clothing.

Do bedbugs bite every night?

Bedbugs don’t always feed every night and can go several weeks without eating. This can make it more difficult to notice them. It may take a few weeks to realize that the bites are part of a larger pattern. And that’s problematic because bedbugs can multiply very quickly. A female can lay one to three eggs per day.

In most cases, bedbug bites get better on their own. To relieve symptoms, you can try:

• Apply an over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription steroid cream to decrease inflammation and itching.
• Take an oral antihistamine to reduce itching and burning.
• Use an over-the-counter pain reliever to relieve swelling and pain.
• Take a Benadryl before sleep to decrease itching or have a doctor prescribe a stronger antihistamine.

In addition to OTC medications, several home remedies may help relieve symptoms of bedbug bites. Try applying one or more of the following:

• a cold cloth or an ice pack wrapped in a towel
• a thin paste of baking soda and water

Most of the time bedbug bites don’t require medical attention.

Allergic reactions and infections from bedbug bites

Although rare, there have been isolated case reports of systemic allergic reactions to bedbug bites. Reactions typically included hives, asthma, and in rare occasions, anaphylaxis.

In addition, constant scratching of lesions caused by bedbug bites may lead to secondary infections, such as impetigo, folliculitis, or cellulitis. To reduce the risk of infection, wash the bites with soap and water, and try not to scratch them.

If you suspect that you’ve developed an infection or allergic reaction to a bedbug bite, contact a doctor. Get emergency medical care if you develop any of the following after being bitten:

• multiple hives
• difficulty breathing
• wheezing
• swelling of the throat or mouth
• fever
• chills
• dizziness
• confusion

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Washing the bites with soap and water will help treat bedbug bites on your baby or child. For additional relief, consider applying a cold compress, OTC anti-itch creams, or low-strength steroids. Make sure to cut the baby’s nails short so they can’t scratch their skin.

If your child is old enough to understand your instructions, ask them not to scratch the bites. To prevent scratching, it may help to trim your child’s nails and cover the bites with a bandage.

Talk with a pediatrician or pharmacist before using topical steroid creams or oral antihistamines. Some medications may not be safe for babies or young children.

If you suspect there are bedbugs in your home, look for signs of them in your bed and other areas. They usually hide during the day in:

• household cracks or crevices
• walls
• luggage
• bedclothes
• mattresses
• bedsprings
• bed frames
• spaces under baseboards
• loose or peeling wallpaper
• electrical switch plates
• conduits for electrical cables
• sofas (if a person is using the sofa to sleep on)

Bedbugs typically live near where people are sleeping in the house. That’s because bedbugs are attracted to body heat and carbon dioxide. They don’t usually travel to other rooms if people aren’t sleeping there. Bedbugs typically feed from midnight until dawn and then hide during the day in the same place they were prior to biting.

You may not see the bugs themselves, but you may find drops of blood or small black dots of bug droppings in your bed. If you find bedbugs, call your landlord or a pest control company.

It’s very difficult to find bedbugs unless you’re professionally trained to do so. Most pest control companies will do a check free of charge. If they find bedbugs, they’ll typically provide several options to remove them.

Remember, until you’ve eliminated the infestation, do not visit or sleep at someone else’s house or a hotel as this may potentially spread the bugs to their home or hotel room.

Risk factors for getting bedbugs

Bedbugs can live in any home or public area. But they’re common in places that have a lot of people, a lot of turnover, and close quarters. You may be at increased risk for encountering bedbugs if you live or work in a:

• hotel
• hospital
• homeless shelter
• military barrack
• college dorm
• apartment complex

Bringing secondhand furniture into your home is another risk factor as is having visits from friends or relatives who may have bedbugs in their home.

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To contain and eliminate a bedbug infestation, it helps to:

• Vacuum and steam-clean your floors, mattresses, furniture, and appliances.
• Launder your linens, drapes, and clothing using the hottest settings of your washing machine and dryer.
• Seal items that can’t be laundered in plastic bags and store them for several days at 0°F (-17°C) or for several months at warmer temperatures.
• Heat items that can be safely heated to 115°F (46°C).
• Fill gaps around your baseboards and cracks in furniture with caulking.

It’s almost impossible to get rid of bedbugs without an exterminator. Many exterminators today use nonchemical eradication, such as very high heat or very cold liquid nitrogen. These options may be the most effective way to eliminate bedbugs as bedbugs are resistant to most pesticides.

Find more tips for managing bedbug infestations and learn when to call a professional.

Bedbugs travel from place to place by hiding in items, such as furniture, clothing, blankets, and luggage.

You can take some steps to help prevent bedbugs:

• If you’re concerned about bedbugs, you can decontaminate luggage, clothes, and belongings upon returning home using mechanical methods (brushing, vacuuming, heating, washing, or freezing).
• Use luggage racks when you travel to keep your clothes off the floor and away from hotel furniture.
• Keep your suitcase away from your bed when you return home and run clothes through a dryer cycle before putting them away.
• Store your clothing in vacuum-sealed bags when traveling.
• When you return home, seal items that can’t be washed in a plastic bag for several weeks.
• If you’re a frequent traveler, you can get a device that heats your suitcase to a temperature that will kill any bedbugs.
• Inspect secondhand furniture, linen, or clothing for signs of bedbugs before bringing them into your home.
• If you use a shared laundry room, transport your laundry in plastic bags, and don’t fold it until you return home.

Bedbug bites and bites from other bugs may appear similar.

Bedbug bites vs. fleas

Bedbug bites and fleabites can cause red bumps on your skin, although flea bites are typically smaller. Both can be itchy.

When fleas bite you, they typically bite the lower half of your body or warm, moist areas around joints. This includes:

• feet
• ankles or legs
• armpits
• the inside of elbows or knees

Bedbugs tend to bite the upper parts of your body.

Bedbug bites also occur at night and can look like hives. But later in the day, they get smaller and look more like a pimple.

You can also check for signs of the bugs in your home. Fleas tend to live on family pets and in carpets or upholstered furniture, while bedbugs often hide around beds.

A dermatologist can examine the bites and help determine the cause.

Learn more about the difference between a flea bite and a bedbug bite.

Share on PinterestFlea bites tend to occur on the feet, ankles, or lower leg. Source: Getty Images (Dermnet, Wikimedia, etc.)

Bedbug bites vs. mosquito bites

Bedbug and mosquito bites can be red, swollen, and itchy. If you have a line of bites that appear in a small area of your body, they’re more likely to be bedbug bites. Bites that appear in no apparent pattern are more likely to be mosquito bites.

Both tend to get better on their own within 1 or 2 weeks.

Find out more about the differences between these types of bites.

Share on PinterestMosquito bites cause raised, itchy welts. They typically don’t appear in a line or pattern. Source: Wikimedia Commons

Bedbug bites vs. hives

Sometimes, people mistake hives for bedbug bites. Hives are red bumps that can develop on your skin due to an allergic reaction or other causes. Like bedbug bites, they’re often itchy.

Bedbug bites may initially look like hives with small central bumps or bites. However, bedbug bites don’t stay in the same place for more than 24 hours. They tend to migrate to other locations or go away.

If you develop red bumps on your skin that get larger, change shape, or spread from one part of your body to another quickly, they’re more likely to be hives.

A small group or line of bumps that appear on one part of your body without changing shape or location are more likely to be bedbug bites.

If you develop hives, breathing difficulties, mouth and throat swelling, wheezing, rapid heart rate, or confusion, get medical help immediately. Learn more about anaphylaxis and other potential causes of hives.

Share on PinterestThe itchy red bumps from hives may spread from one part of your body to another. Source: Panther Media GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo

Bedbug bites vs. spider bites

Spider bites can be red and itchy, much like bedbug bites. But unlike bedbugs, spiders rarely bite more than once. If you only have one bite on your body, it’s probably not from bedbugs.

Spider bites often take longer to heal than other bug bites. Some spider bites can cause serious damage to your skin, especially if they get infected. To reduce the risk of infection, wash any bug bites with soap and water.

Some spiders are poisonous. If you suspect a poisonous spider has bitten you, get medical help right away.

Share on PinterestSpiders rarely bite more than once, so you typically won’t see a line or pattern of bites. Photography courtesy of David~O/Flickr

Bedbugs don’t just bite humans. They can also feed on family pets.

If you have a pet who’s been bitten by bedbugs, the bites will likely get better on their own. But in some cases, they might become infected. Make an appointment with a veterinarian if you suspect your pet has an infected bite.

If you hire a pest control expert to get rid of bedbugs in your home, let them know if you have a pet. Some insecticides may be safer for your pet than others. It’s also important to wash your pet’s bed, stuffed toys, and other accessories where bedbugs live.

Bedbugs are tiny insects that feed on blood. Although the initial bite won’t hurt, it can leave behind itchy, red bumps in a cluster or line.

Most bites will heal on their own in a week or so. You can treat bedbug bites with soap, water, and calming lotions. In some cases, bites can get infected and need medical attention.

Removing bedbugs from your home can be difficult once they’ve gotten in. You will most likely need the help of pest control to get rid of them.

If you are unsure about what type of rash or bites you have, visit a doctor or dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

Flea Bites vs. Bedbug Bites: Which Is It?

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Are there any similarities?

If you notice a group of small dots on your skin, they could be either bedbug bites or flea bites. It can be difficult to tell the difference between them. Flea bites are usually found on the lower half of your body or in warm, moist areas like the bends of elbows and knees. Bedbug bites are often on the upper half of your body, around the face, neck, and arms.

Keep reading to learn about the symptoms, risk factors, and treatments of each type of bite.

Fleas are tiny, blood-sucking insects. Five percent of the flea population lives on pets, which is generally how humans get flea bites. Fleas can’t fly, but they can jump up to 18 centimeters. As soon as they latch on to a host, they begin biting.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of flea bites include small red marks on your skin and intense itching. The bites are sometimes grouped together in threes.

Flea bites generally occur on or near the:

• feet and lower legs
• waist
• ankles
• armpits
• elbows and knees (in the bend)
• other skin folds

Risk factors

If you’re allergic to fleas, you may develop hives or a rash. The affected area may also swell and blister. If a blister appears and breaks, it may lead to an infection. If you scratch the affected area and break open the skin, you may also get a secondary infection from the bites.

Fleas can infest your skin. For example, burrowing fleas can cause an infestation called tungiasis. It almost always occurs around the feet and toes. This tropical or subtropical flea can dig under your skin to feed. The flea will die after two weeks, but it often causes a complicated skin infection afterward.

First-line treatment for flea bites includes washing the bites with soap and water and, if needed, applying a topical anti-itch cream. A lukewarm bath with oatmeal can also relieve itchiness. You should avoid showering or bathing with hot water, which can make itching more severe.

If you suspect that you’re allergic, take an antihistamine to reduce your chances of an allergic reaction.

See your doctor if you suspect you may have an infection or if the bites don’t clear up after a few weeks. If your bites become infected, your doctor can prescribe antibiotics or other medication.

You can reduce the chances of fleas in your home by:

• keeping your floors and furniture clean by vacuuming
• cleaning your carpet with steam
• mowing your lawn if your pets spend time outdoors
• using a pest control service
• washing your pet with soap and water
• examining your pets for fleas
• putting a flea collar on your pet or treating your pet with a monthly medication

Like fleas, bedbugs also survive on blood. They are small, reddish brown, and oval shaped. You may not see them during the day because they hide in dark places. They tend to bite people when they’re sleeping. This is because they’re attracted to your body heat and the carbon dioxide produced when you exhale.

Bedbugs like to hide in:

• mattresses
• bed frames
• box springs
• carpets

Bedbugs are often found in facilities with heavy use, such as hotels and hospitals. They can also be found in homes and apartments.

Symptoms

Bedbugs tend to bite on the upper half of the body, including the:

• face
• neck
• arms
• hands

Bedbug bites are small and have a dark red spot in the middle of a raised area of the skin. They may appear in a cluster or in a line, and they often get worse if you scratch them.

Risk factors

Some people may have a serious reaction to bedbug bites. The affected area may swell or become irritated, resulting in a blister. You may even develop hives or a more severe rash.

A 2012 study in Clinical Microbiology Reviews suggests that although 40 pathogens have been found in bedbugs, they don’t appear to cause or transmit any diseases.

Bedbug bites usually go away after a week or two. You should contact your doctor if:

• the bites don’t go away after a few weeks
• you develop a secondary infection from scratching the bites
• you experience signs of an allergic reaction, such as hives

You can use a topical steroid to treat bedbug bites on the skin. If you have an allergic reaction, it may be necessary to take oral antihistamines or steroids. Your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic in the case of an infection.

If you believe the bedbug bites occurred in your home, you need to treat your living space. To remove bedbugs, you should:

• Vacuum and clean your floors and furniture.
• Launder your bed linens and other upholstery. Use a hot washer and dryer to kill the bugs.
• Take things out of your room and set them in below-freezing temperatures for several days.
• Hire a pest control service to treat your living space.
• Remove infested items from your home permanently.

If you have flea bites or bedbug bites, there are a few things you can do now:

• Monitor your bites for signs of infection or allergic reaction.
• Use a topical anti-itch cream to relieve inflammation and irritation.
• Call your doctor if your symptoms continue or get worse after a few weeks.
• Take steps to remove the fleas or bedbugs from your living space.

Keep reading: Flea infestations »

Allergy to insect stings: symptoms, first aid

There are about one billion species of insects in the world – these are the most common living creatures on the planet. Contact with them is often unpredictable, unnoticeable, and can lead to the development of insect allergies¹. The result is either a mild local or systemic reaction that can even cause death¹.

Insect allergens can cause a reaction if they enter the body together with poison when stinging bees, wasps and other hymenoptera, with saliva when bitten by insects of the Diptera order (mosquitoes, mosquitoes, etc.), by contact and inhalation2.

4–8%

is the level of allergy
to stinging insects among the population in a number of regions of Russia³

The venom of stinging insects consists of many biologically active substances, which cause allergic and toxic (poisonous) effects . The biogenic amines present in it lead to the expansion and increase in the permeability of blood vessels, causing pain. Peptides and phospholipids lead to the development of toxic effects. And the cause of allergic reactions are high-molecular proteins and enzymes¹,⁴.

For example, bee venom, when it enters the body of a healthy person, can lead to the development of local reactions – redness, swelling and pain at the site of the lesion, which resolve after a few hours, such a reaction is due to the toxic effect of the poison.

In persons sensitized to insect venom, a local allergic reaction manifests itself in the form of redness and swelling up to 10 centimeters or more at the site of the sting. These manifestations of allergy are accompanied by severe itching and persist for at least a day⁴.

A systemic allergic reaction is accompanied by damage to the skin, respiratory, cardiovascular and digestive systems, as well as the nervous system. A weak form of the reaction manifests itself in the form of a rash, itching, general malaise, feelings of anxiety; in a pronounced degree, angioedema, dizziness, pain in the heart and abdomen can be added to the symptoms. A severe reaction is characterized by laryngeal edema, hoarseness, bronchospasm¹,⁴. Within moments of stinging, anaphylactic shock¹,⁴ may develop.

There is an important pattern: the faster the reaction starts, the more difficult it is¹.

12 proteins

found in mosquito saliva that can provoke the development of allergies⁵.

Allergic reactions to blood-sucking insects usually occur six to eight hours after exposure, increasing over two days¹. Most often, they proceed according to the following scheme: when foreign proteins enter the human body, they form immune complexes with antibodies that activate the synthesis of mediators responsible for the development of allergy symptoms. Sometimes the reaction can proceed according to type IV.

In most cases, this “close acquaintance” results in local allergic reactions – swelling, redness and rash, which differ somewhat from each other depending on the type of insect: when bitten by a midge, the rash becomes erysipelatous , and the bite of a mosquito appears itchy nodular rash¹.

Systemic allergic reactions to blood-sucking insect bites are extremely rare. They manifest as urticaria, angioedema or bronchospasm, sometimes anaphylactic shock¹.

In addition to poison and saliva, an allergic reaction can be caused by waste products or structural proteins of butterflies, cockroaches and other insects. Their allergens, getting on the mucous membranes, cause the development of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. The reaction can also develop upon contact with insect particles¹,⁴. Also, people who constantly work with bee products may develop specific allergic dermatitis. Allergic people who react to bee and bumblebee stings develop a cross-allergic reaction to bee products – propolis, wax, royal jelly, honey, cosmetics and medicines that contain these substances¹,⁶.

Insect allergy can occur as type I, III or IV
allergic reactions¹.

They are characteristic of the consequences of attacks by stinging insects, less often observed with mosquito bites or contact with insect body fragments1. After recognition of the allergen, immunoglobulins E (Ig E) are produced. They are attached to mast cells – thereby creating a state of sensitization. Upon repeated exposure, the allergen combines with immunoglobulins E (Ig E) on mast cells, which causes the release of histamine, heparin and other inflammatory mediators that are responsible for the manifestation of allergic reactions⁷. This mechanism underlies the occurrence of anaphylactic shock, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, Quincke’s edema. Characteristic symptoms may develop within an hour¹.

Insect saliva allergens and antibodies form immunocomplexes¹,⁷, under the influence of which mediators are activated. Mediators ensure the utilization of immune complexes, however, when overproduced, they have a damaging effect on surrounding tissues7. Type III reactions manifest as vasculitis, arthritis, nephritis¹.

They appear 24-48 hours after contact with insect waste or biting by a blood-sucking insect⁷.
In response to an allergen, sensitized T-lymphocytes are formed. On their surface there are receptors that can interact with the corresponding antigens. When the allergen re-enters, it combines with sensitized lymphocytes, this leads to the release of mediators that cause the development of allergy symptoms⁷. According to type IV, contact dermatitis occurs, infiltrates (swelling) from bites¹.

The scheme of first aid for local allergic reactions to the bites of blood-sucking and stinging insects does not fundamentally differ
from each other.

The first step is to protect the victim from contact with
allergen.

If it is a sting, then the stinger should be removed so that
does not squeeze the poison sac, otherwise this will accelerate the flow of poison into the wound.

Skin decontamination with hydrogen peroxide.

Cool the affected area and provide rest and an elevated position¹,³.

Further treatment tactics depend on the patient’s condition. If he does not feel a general malaise, the swelling at the site of the bite is small, the body temperature is normal, then the problem can be dealt with by one’s own efforts, using antihistamines and ointments with glucocorticoids¹.

Systemic reactions (high fever, breathing problems, extensive swelling, etc.) require urgent hospitalization.

Text: Tatyana Sokolenko

Illustrations: Nina Magradze

safety measures and help in case of bites time for walks in nature must be limited attentive. In children, insect bites can fester, because the child does not control himself, and can comb the wound with dirty fingers. Don’t forget about allergies!

So, who can bite us: what are the security measures and what to do if, nevertheless, they “bite”.

How to recognize who has bitten you?

Not all insects bite us, but many do. Sometimes you don’t understand who exactly bitten. And this can be important and fundamental! Let’s figure it out.

Moshka

Where and when. Favorite places – near fast rivers, where their larvae develop. They bite, as a rule, on hot sunny days.

Bite. We often do not feel the moment of a bite – the midge simultaneously injects saliva – “freeze”.

How does it manifest itself? After a few minutes there is a burning sensation, severe itching and a large red swelling (sometimes the size of a palm).

Why is it dangerous? The saliva of midges is poisonous. The swelling subsides after a few days, but the unbearable itching can bother you for several weeks. Children usually scratch the bite sites for blood, before the sores appear. Multiple bites sometimes lead to fever and signs of general poisoning. Those who are allergic to insect bites should be especially careful.

What to do? Wipe the skin with ammonia, then apply ice. You can take an antihistamine.

Midge bite protection. Treat skin with repellent.

Mosquito

Where and when? Mosquitoes are especially numerous near ponds with stagnant water. They atrocity around the clock from the end of May to September, especially at night and before the rain.

Bite. You may not feel it.

How does it manifest itself? White itchy blister with redness around.

Why is it dangerous? In general, a mosquito is far from a harmless creature. There are mosquitoes, carriers of malaria and some viral infections. Plus, bites are allergic.

What to do? Itching relieves lotion from a soda solution.

Mosquito bite protection. Treat all exposed areas of the body with a repellant, which is better to buy at a pharmacy. For children, special products are sold: be sure to look at the age restrictions!

Wasp or bee

Where and when. All summer during daylight hours in glades, meadows, in the garden.

Bite . Sharp pain and burning, the left sting (black) is visible in the wound. Insect venom causes severe swelling in the bite area. The sore spot turns red and becomes hot

What is dangerous? An allergic reaction, especially if bitten to the head, can be life threatening! If a small child is bitten, in any case, it must be shown to the doctor, call an ambulance.

What to do? Remove the sting with tweezers, wash the wound with alcohol. Take an antihistamine, apply ice in a towel to the bite.

What attracts them? Everything sweet, bouquets of flowers, perfumes with a floral scent, clothing in “neon” colors.

Insect bite protection. Do not leave sweets, fruits on the table, wipe your mouth after eating with a damp cloth, do not walk barefoot in clover fields.

Tick

Bite. Insensitive, the tick anesthetizes the wound with saliva and sticks to the skin.

How does it manifest itself? Redness appears around the bite, the wound does not itch.

Why is it dangerous? Ticks carry deadly diseases – borreliosis or Lyme disease and encephalitis.

What to do? It is best to immediately go to the nearest emergency room – they will remove the tick and tell you the procedure. If this is not possible, you can try to carefully remove the tick with tweezers (so that the head does not remain in the skin). Treat the wound with alcohol. And – still running to the doctor! Together with the tick (in a jar), it will also need to be passed to the doctors for analysis. If your area is endemic for encephalitis (that is, there have been cases of detection of this disease in ticks), then an injection of immunoglobulin is necessary. Prevention of infection with borreliosis – taking antibiotics, strictly according to the doctor’s prescription.

Security measures. Tightly close the body: a stand-up collar, cuffs on trousers and sleeves will protect the body, a cap or scarf – the head. Examine the skin after each foray into the forest. Treat clothes (not skin!) with special tick repellents – again, attention to age restrictions.

Important ! Before the start of the season, vaccinate against tick-borne encephalitis – this is the most reliable protection against a dangerous infection.

Ant

Where and when. From spring to autumn in forests and parks.

Bite . The ant does not bite, but shoots with a stream of poisonous formic acid. The victim feels a burning pain, the affected area turns red, a tiny blister may appear – a trace of a burn. Possible dermatitis, allergic reactions.

Why is it dangerous? Nothing – if you were “bitten” by one ant. If it’s too much, it’s best to see a doctor.

What to do? Neutralize the acid with a solution of soda, if it is not at hand, simply moisten with saliva. Ice can be applied at home.

Insect bite protection. Keep away from anthills with children, repellents do not work on ants.

• Ice may be applied to the bite site. It acts as a “local anesthetic”, relieves swelling.
• If there is no wound, smear the bite with iodine and brilliant green.
• You can apply a cotton pad moistened with calendula tincture to the wound. The tincture acts as an antiseptic and can relieve inflammation.
• If a midge has bitten or the victim has a tendency to allergies, you can take an antihistamine inside: tablet, drops, syrup.
• Anti-itch cream or gel.

• Tea tree oil is considered a good remedy for mosquito and midge bites. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral properties, fights swelling and itching.

When should I see a doctor?

• If a wasp, a bee or a bumblebee has bitten a small child, in any case, he should be shown to the doctor, call an ambulance.
• If a person has a severe allergic reaction to an insect bite, an ambulance must be called.
• If there are more than 10 bites on the body.
• If the lymph nodes are enlarged after the bite.
• If bitten by a tick, contact with the tick itself. It must be taken to the laboratory and checked for infections.
• If, after being bitten, an adult or a child has a sharp rise in temperature, severe poor health, nausea, vomiting.
• If a tumor has developed at the site of the bite and does not subside.
• If pus appears at the site of the bite.

Popular Questions and Answers

We discussed with pediatrician Ekaterina Morozova the danger of insect bites, reasons for visiting a doctor and possible complications.

Which doctor should I contact for an insect bite?

The tactics of action depends on the type of insect that caused the bite. As a rule, with the bite of stinging insects (bee, wasp, bumblebee, hornet), with the development of anaphylactic shock, you must immediately call an ambulance. If there are no allergic reactions, then treatment can be carried out under the supervision of a therapist or pediatrician, while giving the person first aid: pull out the sting, apply cold to the damaged area and then, removing the cold compress, apply antihistamine ointment.

If the swelling is large, it will not be superfluous to take an antihistamine by mouth, according to the instructions.

A tick bite requires an appointment with a traumatologist, if, according to the results of the tick examination, the laboratory detects an infection, for example, borreliosis, the patient is sent for treatment to a neurologist or infectious disease specialist.

An infectious disease specialist will treat a patient for a spider bite. This patient specialist should be contacted for tropical insect bites (sand fleas, mosquitoes, tropical mosquitoes) received as a result of trips to Thailand, Sri Lanka, Africa, Vietnam and other hot countries.

Common mosquito bites are most often self-limiting with zinc-based antipruritic ointments.

Are any diseases transmitted by insect bites?

Unfortunately, yes. Tick ​​bites transmit Lyme disease and encephalitis. Steppe mosquitoes, which, as a rule, live in Asian countries, the former Soviet republics, carry tularemia, a dangerous infectious disease. Tropical insects, including sand fleas, through a bite, can lay eggs in the upper layer of human skin, the larvae of which then form passages in human skin. A tropical mosquito bite can cause dengue fever.

How to avoid insect bites?

Repellents and appropriate clothing and footwear will help protect yourself and loved ones from dangerous insects.

If a person plans to travel to a tropical country, it is necessary to buy a repellent in advance, and on the territory of an exotic country to move in closed clothes and closed shoes with rubber soles, even on a sandy beach.

If a person is planning to go outdoors, especially in the period from mid-spring to June (the peak of tick activity), it is necessary to have high shoes, a hat or scarf that cover the maximum part of the head, clothes that almost completely cover the body.