Does metoclopramide cause drowsiness. What are the common side effects of metoclopramide. How does metoclopramide work to treat GERD and gastroparesis. What is the FDA black box warning for metoclopramide. When should you seek medical attention while taking metoclopramide.

Understanding Metoclopramide: An Overview of Its Uses and Effects

Metoclopramide is a medication used to treat various gastrointestinal disorders. It’s available as both generic and brand-name drugs, with Reglan and Metozolv ODT being common brand names. This versatile drug comes in multiple forms, including oral tablets, oral solution, and injectable formulations administered by healthcare providers.

The primary uses of metoclopramide include:

• Relieving heartburn caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Treating symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis

Metoclopramide works by increasing muscle contractions in the upper digestive tract, which accelerates stomach emptying and reduces reflux. This mechanism of action makes it effective for addressing various gastrointestinal issues.

Common Side Effects of Metoclopramide: What to Expect

While metoclopramide can be effective in treating certain conditions, it’s important to be aware of potential side effects. Common side effects affecting more than 1 in 100 people include:

• Drowsiness and lack of energy
• Low mood
• Dizziness or feeling faint (due to low blood pressure)
• Diarrhea

These side effects are typically mild and often resolve on their own. However, it’s crucial to understand how to manage them and when to seek medical advice.

Managing Drowsiness and Lack of Energy

Does metoclopramide cause drowsiness? Yes, it can. If you experience sleepiness or fatigue while taking metoclopramide:

• Avoid driving, cycling, or operating machinery
• Refrain from consuming alcohol, as it can exacerbate tiredness
• Consult your doctor if symptoms worsen or persist beyond a few days

Coping with Low Mood

If you notice a decline in your mood after starting metoclopramide:

• Give it a couple of days to see if the symptom resolves
• If low mood persists, speak with your doctor about potentially switching to a different anti-nausea medication

Dealing with Dizziness and Low Blood Pressure

To manage dizziness or feelings of faintness:

• Stop your current activity and sit or lie down until you feel better
• Avoid alcohol consumption
• Allow a few days for your body to adjust to the medication
• Consult your doctor if symptoms persist or worsen after a couple of days

Managing Diarrhea

If you experience diarrhea while taking metoclopramide:

• Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
• Watch for signs of dehydration, such as decreased urination or dark, strong-smelling urine
• Consult a healthcare professional before taking any additional medications to treat diarrhea
• If you’re on contraceptive pills, be aware that severe diarrhea lasting more than 24 hours may affect their efficacy

Serious Side Effects: When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

While rare, some individuals may experience serious side effects when taking metoclopramide. It’s crucial to recognize these symptoms and seek prompt medical attention when necessary.

Stop taking metoclopramide and contact your doctor or emergency services immediately if you experience:

• Unusual or uncontrolled movements of muscles or eyes
• Seizures or fits

Additionally, be alert for signs of a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which requires immediate emergency care. Symptoms may include:

• Sudden swelling of lips, mouth, throat, or tongue
• Rapid breathing or difficulty breathing
• Tightness in the throat or difficulty swallowing
• Skin, tongue, or lip discoloration (blue, grey, or pale)
• Sudden confusion, drowsiness, or dizziness
• Fainting or unresponsiveness
• In children: limpness, unresponsiveness, or difficulty focusing

A swollen, raised, itchy, blistered, or peeling rash may also indicate a serious allergic reaction requiring immediate hospital treatment.

FDA Black Box Warning: Understanding the Risks of Metoclopramide

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a black box warning for metoclopramide, which is the most serious type of warning for prescription drug labeling. This warning highlights potential dangerous effects associated with the medication.

The primary concern addressed in the black box warning is the risk of tardive dyskinesia (TD). What is tardive dyskinesia? It’s a serious movement disorder that can be caused by metoclopramide use. Key points about TD include:

• It is often irreversible
• There is currently no known treatment for TD
• The risk of developing TD increases with longer duration of treatment and higher cumulative doses

Given these risks, healthcare providers typically recommend using metoclopramide for the shortest duration necessary, especially when treating younger patients and women.

Proper Usage and Dosage Guidelines for Metoclopramide

To maximize the benefits of metoclopramide while minimizing potential risks, it’s crucial to follow proper usage and dosage guidelines. How should you take metoclopramide?

• Always follow your doctor’s instructions or the directions on the label
• Take metoclopramide at least 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime, unless directed otherwise
• If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it’s almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular schedule
• Do not double up on doses to make up for a missed one

The typical dosage for adults may vary based on the specific condition being treated. For example:

• For symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: 10 to 15 mg up to four times daily
• For diabetic gastroparesis: 10 mg four times daily, 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime, for 2 to 8 weeks

Remember, these are general guidelines, and your doctor may adjust your dosage based on your individual needs and response to the medication.

Drug Interactions and Precautions with Metoclopramide

Metoclopramide can interact with various medications and substances, potentially altering its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. What should you be aware of when taking metoclopramide?

• Inform your healthcare provider about all medications you’re taking, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements
• Avoid alcohol consumption, as it can increase drowsiness and dizziness
• Be cautious when taking medications that affect brain chemicals, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics
• Metoclopramide may interact with drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease, potentially reducing their effectiveness

Additionally, certain medical conditions may affect the use of metoclopramide. Inform your doctor if you have:

• A history of depression or mental illness
• Parkinson’s disease
• Kidney or liver problems
• Epilepsy or other seizure disorders
• Pheochromocytoma (a rare tumor of the adrenal glands)

Pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations are also important. While metoclopramide is generally considered safe during pregnancy, always consult your healthcare provider for personalized advice.

Alternatives to Metoclopramide: Exploring Other Treatment Options

While metoclopramide can be effective for many individuals, some may seek alternatives due to side effects or other concerns. What are some alternative treatments for conditions typically addressed by metoclopramide?

For GERD:

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole or esomeprazole
• H2 blockers such as famotidine or ranitidine
• Antacids for quick relief of occasional symptoms
• Lifestyle changes, including dietary modifications and weight management

For Gastroparesis:

• Domperidone (where available and approved)
• Erythromycin, which can help stimulate stomach contractions
• Dietary modifications, such as eating smaller, more frequent meals
• In severe cases, botulinum toxin injections or gastric electrical stimulation may be considered

It’s important to discuss these alternatives with your healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for your specific situation.

Long-Term Use of Metoclopramide: Weighing Benefits and Risks

Given the potential risks associated with prolonged use of metoclopramide, particularly the development of tardive dyskinesia, it’s crucial to carefully consider long-term treatment strategies. How should long-term use of metoclopramide be approached?

• Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is essential
• Periodic reassessment of the need for continued treatment
• Consideration of alternative treatments for chronic conditions
• Vigilance for early signs of movement disorders or other serious side effects

For chronic conditions like gastroparesis, a multidisciplinary approach involving dietary management, lifestyle modifications, and potentially other medications may be more appropriate for long-term management.

Healthcare providers typically aim to use metoclopramide for the shortest duration necessary to achieve symptom control. In cases where long-term use is deemed necessary, the benefits must clearly outweigh the potential risks, and close monitoring is crucial.

Patient Experiences and Quality of Life with Metoclopramide

While clinical data provides valuable information about metoclopramide’s efficacy and safety, patient experiences offer crucial insights into its real-world impact. How does metoclopramide affect patients’ quality of life?

Many patients report significant improvement in symptoms of GERD and gastroparesis, leading to:

• Reduced discomfort and pain associated with acid reflux
• Improved digestion and reduced nausea in gastroparesis
• Better ability to eat and maintain nutrition
• Increased overall well-being and ability to engage in daily activities

However, some patients may experience challenges, including:

• Coping with side effects, particularly drowsiness or mood changes
• Anxiety about potential long-term risks
• The need for regular medical follow-ups and monitoring

Patient support groups and online forums can be valuable resources for individuals to share experiences, coping strategies, and mutual support. These platforms also highlight the importance of individualized treatment approaches, as responses to metoclopramide can vary significantly among patients.

Future Directions in Gastrointestinal Motility Treatments

As medical research advances, new treatments for gastrointestinal motility disorders are being explored. What future developments might offer alternatives or improvements to metoclopramide?

• Novel prokinetic agents with potentially fewer side effects
• Targeted therapies addressing specific aspects of GI motility disorders
• Advancements in neuromodulation techniques for gastroparesis
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic and microbiome profiles

Ongoing clinical trials are investigating various compounds and techniques that may provide more effective and safer options for managing GERD, gastroparesis, and related conditions. These developments hold promise for improving patient outcomes and quality of life in the future.

As research progresses, it’s important for patients and healthcare providers to stay informed about emerging treatment options and participate in shared decision-making regarding the most appropriate management strategies.

Side effects of metoclopramide – NHS

Like all medicines, metoclopramide can cause side effects, although not everyone gets them.

Common side effects

These common side effects of metoclopramide happen in more than 1 in 100 people. They’re usually mild and go away by themselves. There are things you can do to help cope with them:

Feeling sleepy and a lack of energy

Do not drive, cycle or use tools or machinery. Do not drink alcohol, as it will make you feel more tired. If these symptoms get worse or last longer than a few days, talk to your doctor.

Low mood

This should pass after a couple of days but if it does not, speak to your doctor as you may need a different type of anti-sickness medicine.

Feeling dizzy or faint (low blood pressure)

If metoclopramide makes you feel dizzy, stop what you’re doing and sit or lie down until you feel better. Do not drive, ride a bike or use tools or machinery. Do not drink alcohol, as this can make the symptoms worse. This should get better after a few days as your body gets used to the medicine. Speak to your doctor if the problem does not go away after a couple of days or gets worse.

Diarrhoea

Drink lots of fluids, such as water or squash, to avoid dehydration. Signs of dehydration include peeing less than usual or having dark, strong-smelling pee. Do not take any other medicines to treat diarrhoea without speaking to a pharmacist or doctor. If you take contraceptive pills and you have severe diarrhoea for more than 24 hours, your contraception may not protect you from pregnancy. Check the pill packet for advice.

Keep taking the medicine, but talk to your doctor or pharmacist if the advice on how to cope does not help and these side effects bother you or do not go away.

Serious side effects

Some people may have serious side effects when taking metoclopramide, but these are rare.

Stop taking metoclopramide and call your doctor or call 111 now if:

• your muscles or eyes start moving in an unusual or uncontrolled way

Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E now if:

• you’ve had a seizure or fit

Serious allergic reaction

In rare cases, metoclopramide may cause a serious allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).

Immediate action required: Call 999 now if:

• your lips, mouth, throat or tongue suddenly become swollen
• you’re breathing very fast or struggling to breathe (you may become very wheezy or feel like you’re choking or gasping for air)
• your throat feels tight or you’re struggling to swallow
• your skin, tongue or lips turn blue, grey or pale (if you have black or brown skin, this may be easier to see on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet)
• you suddenly become very confused, drowsy or dizzy
• someone faints and cannot be woken up
• a child is limp, floppy or not responding like they normally do (their head may fall to the side, backwards or forwards, or they may find it difficult to lift their head or focus on your face)

You or the person who’s unwell may also have a rash that’s swollen, raised, itchy, blistered or peeling.

These can be signs of a serious allergic reaction and may need immediate treatment in hospital.

Other side effects

These are not all the side effects of metoclopramide. For a full list, see the leaflet inside your medicine packet.

Information:

You can report any suspected side effect using the Yellow Card safety scheme.

Visit Yellow Card for further information.

Page last reviewed: 9 March 2023

Next review due: 9 March 2026

Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More

Highlights for metoclopramide

1. Metoclopramide oral tablet is available as both a generic and brand-name drugs. Brand names: Reglan and Metozolv ODT.
2. Metoclopramide also comes in an oral solution as well as injectable forms that are only given to you by a healthcare provider.
3. Metoclopramide oral tablet is used to relieve heartburn caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It’s also used to treat symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis.

FDA Warning: Abuse and dependence

• This drug has a black box warning. This is the most serious warning from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A black box warning alerts doctors and patients about drug effects that may be dangerous.
• Reglan can cause a serious movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia (TD). This condition is often irreversible. There’s no known treatment for TD. The risk of developing TD is increased with longer treatment and increased dosage. To help prevent TD, this drug shouldn’t be used for longer than 12 weeks. If you have symptoms of TD (see below), stop taking this drug and call your doctor right away.

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Other warnings

• Nervous system disorder warning: This drug may cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). This is a rare nervous system disorder that may be fatal (cause death). Symptoms include a high body temperature, stiff muscles, confusion, abnormal pulse or blood pressure, fast heart rate, and sweating. Call your doctor right away if you have these symptoms. You’ll have to stop taking this drug if you have this condition.
• Uncontrolled spasms warning: This drug may cause muscle spasms in your face, neck, body, arms, and legs. These spasms can cause abnormal movements and body positions. These are more likely to happen during the first 2 days of your treatment. The risk is higher in children and adults younger than 30 years of age.
• Depression warning: This drug may cause depression. This effect can happen even if you don’t have a history of depression. Your symptoms may be mild to severe, and may include thoughts of suicide. Call your doctor right away if you have signs of depression.

Metoclopramide oral tablet is a prescription drug that’s available as the brand-name drugs Reglan and Metozolv ODT. It’s also available as a generic drug. Generic drugs usually cost less than brand-name versions. In some cases, they may not be available in all strengths or forms as a brand-name drug.

Metoclopramide also comes in an oral solution as well as injectable forms that are only given by a healthcare provider.

Why it’s used

Metoclopramide is used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that causes symptoms. GERD occurs when acid flows up from your stomach. This causes heartburn. It may also harm your esophagus (the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach). This drug is used to relieve heartburn and heal sores in your esophagus when other treatments haven’t worked.

Metoclopramide is also used to treat diabetic gastroparesis. Gastroparesis happens when your stomach takes too long to empty its contents. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, heartburn, loss of appetite, and feeling full long after meals.

This drug may be used as part of a combination therapy. This means you may need to take it with other medications to treat your condition.

How it works

Metoclopramide belongs to classes of drugs called antiemetics and prokinetics. Antiemetics are used to reduce nausea and vomiting, and prokinetics are used to empty the contents of your stomach faster. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions.

This drug works by emptying the contents of your stomach. It does this by increasing your stomach muscle contractions. This speeds up the movement of food through your stomach and intestines. It also increases the tightness of your lower esophageal sphincter (the muscle connecting your esophagus and stomach). This stops stomach acid from flowing back up to your esophagus.

This drug also prevents nausea and vomiting. It does this by blocking receptors in your body that are responsible for triggering nausea and vomiting.

Metoclopramide oral tablet may cause drowsiness. Some people may have dizziness, nervousness, or headaches after they stop taking this drug. It can also cause other side effects.

More common side effects

The more common side effects of metoclopramide can include:

• headache
• confusion
• trouble sleeping
• dizziness
• restlessness
• sleepiness
• exhaustion

If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Serious side effects

Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:

• Depression and suicide. Symptoms can include:
  • sadness
  • lack of motivation
  • thoughts of harming or killing yourself
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (nervous system disorder). Symptoms can include:
  • high fever
  • stiff muscles
  • trouble thinking
  • fast or irregular heart rate
  • increased sweating
• Tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder that can be permanent. Symptoms can include repeated, uncontrollable movements such as:
  • movement in the face, such as blinking, grimacing, or sticking out your tongue
  • slow or fast, jerky movements of the arms and legs
• Parkinsonism (symptoms similar to those caused by Parkinson’s disease). Symptoms can include:
  • shaking
  • body stiffness
  • slow movement
  • trouble keeping your balance
  • blank stare with an open mouth
• Allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:
  • rash
  • hives
  • trouble breathing
  • swelling of your tongue, lips, or throat
• Hyperprolactinemia (increased levels of the hormone prolactin). Symptoms can include:
  • menstrual problems or vaginal dryness in women
  • erectile dysfunction, decreased body hair and muscle mass, and increased breast size in men
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t there)

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible side effects. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always discuss possible side effects with a healthcare provider who knows your medical history.

Metoclopramide oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.

To help avoid interactions, your doctor should manage all of your medications carefully. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, or herbs you’re taking. To find out how this drug might interact with something else you’re taking, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Examples of drugs that can cause interactions with metoclopramide are listed below.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects from metoclopramide

Taking metoclopramide with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from metoclopramide. Examples of these drugs include:

• Sedatives, hypnotics, narcotics, antihistamines, and tranquilizers. These include:
  • diazepam
  • lorazepam
  • hydroxyzine
  • phenobarbital
  • promethazine
  • scopolamine
  • eszopiclone
  • temazepam
  • zaleplon
  • zolpidem
  • meperidine
  • propofol
  • meprobamate

Taking any of these drugs with metoclopramide may increase drowsiness.

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). These include:
  • isocarboxazid
  • phenylzine
  • rasagiline
  • selegiline
  • tranylcypromine

Taking these drugs with metoclopramide may increase your blood pressure.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects from other drugs

Taking metoclopramide with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from these drugs. Examples of these drugs include:

• Tetracycline. Metoclopramide increases how much tetracycline your body absorbs. This may increase your risk of side effects of tetracycline, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
• Cyclosporine. Metoclopramide may increase the levels of cyclosporine in your body. This may raise your risk of kidney problems, digestion problems, and tingling (pins and needles) feeling caused by damage to your nerves.
• Insulin. Metoclopramide affects how food moves through your body. This may change your blood sugar levels. You may have higher blood sugar levels because food is moving through your stomach and entering your bloodstream faster. Your doctor may adjust your dose of insulin.

Interactions that can make your drugs less effective

When metoclopramide is used with certain drugs, it may not work as well to treat your condition. Examples of these drugs include:

• Anticholinergics. These include atropine, benztropine, darifenacin, dicyclomine, fesoterodine, glycopyrrolate, hyoscyamine, methscopolamine, oxybutynin, tolterodine, scopolamine, solifenacin, trihexyphenidyl, and trospium.
• Narcotics (pain drugs). These include codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, and oxycodone.

When certain drugs are used with metoclopramide, they may not work as well. This is because the amount of these drugs in your body may be decreased. Examples of these drugs include:

• Digoxin. Your doctor should monitor your digoxin blood levels closely.
• Levodopa. Metoclopramide reduces the effect that levodopa has on your body. Your doctor may avoid using this drug with metoclopramide.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs interact differently in each person, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible interactions. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your healthcare provider about possible interactions with all prescription drugs, vitamins, herbs and supplements, and over-the-counter drugs that you are taking.

Metoclopramide oral tablet comes with several warnings. Call your doctor if your symptoms don’t improve after taking this drug.

Allergy warning

Metoclopramide can cause a severe allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:

• trouble breathing
• rash
• hives
• swelling of your throat or tongue

If you have an allergic reaction, call your doctor or local poison control center right away. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room.

Don’t take this drug again if you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to it. Taking it again could be fatal (cause death).

Alcohol interaction

Drinking alcohol can increase the side effects of sleepiness, dizziness, and confusion from metoclopramide. If you drink alcohol, talk to your doctor.

Warnings for people with certain health conditions

For people with stomach or intestinal problems: This drug increases the movement of food in your digestive tract. If you have bleeding, tears or holes, or a blockage in your stomach or intestines, taking this drug may be dangerous. Ask your doctor if this drug is safe for you.

For people with pheochromocytoma (tumor that releases hormones): You shouldn’t use this drug. This drug increases your risk of dangerously high blood pressure. This puts you at risk for a stroke.

For people with seizures: If you have a history of seizures, you shouldn’t use this drug. It may cause you to have more seizures.

For people with drug-induced movement disorders: If you’re taking medications for drug-induced movement disorders, you shouldn’t use this drug. It may increase the severity of the movement disorders.

For people with Parkinson’s disease: This drug may make your Parkinson’s disease symptoms worse.

For people with hypertension (high blood pressure): This drug may increase your blood pressure. Ask your doctor if this drug is safe for you.

For people with liver damage or congestive heart failure: This drug may make liver damage or heart failure worse. It increases fluid buildup in your body. If this happens, call your doctor and stop taking this drug.

For people with kidney problems: You may not be able to clear this drug from your body well. This may increase the levels of this drug in your body. This can cause more side effects. Your doctor may start you on a lower dose.

For people with breast cancer: This drug increases prolactin levels in your body. Prolactin is a hormone that may be responsible for cancerous breast tumors. Tell your doctor if you have a history of breast cancer before starting this drug.

Warnings for other groups

For pregnant women: Studies of metoclopramide in pregnant animals haven’t shown a risk to the fetus. However, there aren’t enough studies done in pregnant women to show if the drug poses a risk to the fetus.

Talk to your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant. This drug should be used only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

For women who are breastfeeding: Metoclopramide passes into breast milk and may cause side effects in a child who is breastfed.

Talk to your doctor if you breastfeed your child. You may need to decide whether to stop breastfeeding or stop taking this medication.

For seniors: The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

If you’re older than 65 years of age, you should take the lowest dose of metoclopramide that is effective for you. As your dose increases, your risk of symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease (shaking, body stiffness, moving slowly, and staring blankly with your mouth open) increases. You’re also at a greater risk for uncontrolled movements of your face, tongue, arms, and legs. This effect may be permanent. This drug can also cause confusion in seniors.

For children: This drug hasn’t been studied in children. It shouldn’t be used in people younger than 18 years. This drug may be more likely to cause movement disorders in children than in adults.

This dosage information is for metoclopramide oral tablet. All possible dosages and drug forms may not be included here. Your dosage, drug form, and how often you take the drug will depend on:

• your age
• the condition being treated
• how severe your condition is
• other medical conditions you have
• how you react to the first dose

Forms and strengths

Generic: Metoclopramide

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg

• Form: orally disintegrating tablet
• Strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg

Brand: Reglan

• Form: oral tablet
• Strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg

Brand: Metozolv ODT

• Form: orally disintegrating tablet
• Strength: 5 mg

Dosage for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical starting dosage: 10–15 mg taken up to four times per day. You should take this drug 30 minutes before each meal and at bedtime.
• Dosage changes: Your doctor may change your dosage depending on your symptoms, side effects, and response to the drug.
• Length of treatment: You shouldn’t take this drug for longer than 12 weeks.

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

It hasn’t been confirmed that this drug is safe and effective for use in people younger than 18 years of age.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of the drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects. Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Dosage for diabetic gastroparesis

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical starting dosage: 10 mg taken up to four times per day. You should take this drug 30 minutes before each meal and at bedtime.
• Dosage changes: Your doctor may decrease your dosage depending on your symptoms, side effects, and response to the drug.
• Length of treatment: 2–8 weeks

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

It hasn’t been confirmed that this drug is safe and effective for use in people younger than 18 years of age.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, more of the drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects. Your doctor may start you on a lowered dose or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special considerations

If your creatinine clearance is below 60 mL/min, your doctor will give you about half of the typical starting dosage. They may change your dosage based on how your body responds to the drug.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this list includes all possible dosages. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your doctor or pharmacist about dosages that are right for you.

Metoclopramide oral tablet is used for short-term treatment. It comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.

If you stop taking the drug suddenly or don’t take it at all: Your symptoms may not get better. They may get worse.

If you miss doses or don’t take the drug on schedule: Your medication may not work as well or may stop working completely. For this drug to work well, a certain amount needs to be in your body at all times.

If you take too much: You could have dangerous levels of the drug in your body. Symptoms of an overdose of metoclopramide can include:

• drowsiness
• confusion
• abnormal body movements
• muscle stiffness
• uncontrolled movements of your face, tongue, or arms and legs

If you think you’ve taken too much of this drug, call your doctor or local poison control center. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away.

What to do if you miss a dose: Take your dose as soon as you remember. If you remember just a few hours before your next scheduled dose, take only one dose. Never try to catch up by taking two doses at once. This could result in dangerous side effects.

How to tell if the drug is working: Your symptoms should improve.

Keep these considerations in mind if your doctor prescribes metoclopramide oral tablet for you.

General

• You shouldn’t take this drug with food. Take it 30 minutes before each meal.
• Take this drug 30 minutes before meals and at bedtime.
• Not every pharmacy stocks metoclopramide disintegrating tablets.

Cutting the tablet

• You can cut the oral tablets.
• You shouldn’t cut the disintegrating tablets. If the tablet breaks or crumbles when you take it out of the package, you should throw it away. Take a new, intact tablet.

Storage

• Store metoclopramide at room temperature. Keep it between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C).
• Keep this drug away from light.
• Don’t store this medication in moist or damp areas, such as bathrooms.

Refills

A prescription for this medication is refillable. You should not need a new prescription for this medication to be refilled. Your doctor will write the number of refills authorized on your prescription.

Travel

When traveling with your medication:

• Always carry your medication with you. When flying, never put it into a checked bag. Keep it in your carry-on bag.
• Don’t worry about airport X-ray machines. They can’t hurt your medication.
• You may need to show airport staff the pharmacy label for your medication. Always carry the original prescription-labeled box with you.
• Don’t put this medication in your car’s glove compartment or leave it in the car. Be sure to avoid doing this when the weather is very hot or very cold.

Clinical monitoring

You and your doctor should monitor certain health issues. This can help make sure you stay safe while you take this drug. These issues include:

• Mental health and behavioral problems. You and your doctor should watch for any unusual changes in your behavior and mood. This drug can cause new mental health and behavior problems. It may also make problems you already have worse.
• Blood pressure. This drug can increase your blood pressure.
• Weight. This drug may make you lose weight or gain weight.

There are other drugs available to treat your condition. Some may be better suited for you than others. Talk to your doctor about other drug options that may work for you.

Disclaimer: Healthline has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up-to-date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or other healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses.

Metoclopramide – description of the substance, pharmacology, use, contraindications, formula

Contents

• Structural formula

• Russian name

• English name

• Latin name

• chemical name

• Gross formula

• Pharmacological group of the substance Metoclopramide

• Nosological classification

• CAS code

• pharmachologic effect

• Characteristic

• Pharmacology

• The use of the substance Metoclopramide

• Contraindications

• Application restrictions

• Use during pregnancy and lactation

• side effects of metoclopramide

• Interaction

• Overdose

• Dosage and administration

• Precautionary measures

• Trade names with the active substance metoclopramide

Structural formula

Russian name

Metoclopramide

English name

Metoclopramide

Latin name

Metoclopramide ( born Metoclopramidi)

Chemical name

4-Amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide (as hydrochloride)

Gross formula

C _{14 90 074 H 22 ClN 3 O 2}

Pharmacological group of the substance Metoclopramide

Antiemetics

Nosological classification

ICD-10 code list

CAS code

364-62-5

Pharmacological action

Pharmacological action –

prokinetic , anti-hiccup , antiemetic .

Characteristics

Metoclopramide hydrochloride is a white crystalline substance, odorless, soluble in water, ethanol. pKa – 0.6 and 9.3. Molecular weight 354.3.

Pharmacology

Is a dopamine antagonist (D ₂ ) receptors, as well as serotonin (5-HT ₃ ) receptors (in high doses). Stimulates the motor activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract (including regulates the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter at rest) and normalizes its motor function. It enhances the tone and amplitude of gastric contractions (especially in the antrum), relaxes the sphincter of the pylorus and duodenal bulb, increases peristalsis and accelerates gastric emptying. Normalizes the separation of bile (increases pressure in the gallbladder and bile ducts), reduces spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, eliminates dyskinesia of the gallbladder.

Antiemetic activity is due to the blockade of central and peripheral D ₂ -dopamine receptors, resulting in inhibition of the trigger zone of the vomiting center and a decrease in the perception of signals from afferent visceral nerves. As an antiemetic, it is effective for nausea and vomiting of various etiologies, incl. due to cancer chemotherapy (prevention), associated with anesthesia, side effects of drugs (digitis, cytostatics, anti-tuberculosis drugs, antibiotics, morphine), with liver and kidney diseases, with uremia, craniocerebral injury, with vomiting of pregnant women, with a violation of the diet. In migraine, metoclopramide is used to prevent gastric stasis and nausea, as well as to stimulate the absorption of antimigraine drugs taken orally. Metoclopramide is ineffective in vestibular vomiting.

Suppresses the central and peripheral action of apomorphine, increases the secretion of prolactin, causes a transient increase in the level of aldosterone (a short-term fluid retention is possible), increases the sensitivity of tissues to acetylcholine (the action does not depend on vagal innervation, but is eliminated by anticholinergics).

Quickly and well absorbed after oral administration, max “> C _max is achieved 1-2 hours after taking a single dose, bioavailability is 60-80%. Plasma protein binding is approximately 30%. Easily passes through histohematic barriers, including through the BBB, the placental barrier, penetrates into breast milk. The volume of distribution is 3.5 l / kg. It is biotransformed in the liver. 1/2 “\u003e T _1/2 with normal renal function is 4-6 hours, with impaired renal function – up to 14 hours. Excreted by the kidneys (when taken orally, approximately 85% of the dose appears in the urine unchanged within 72 hours and in the form of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates).

Begins to act 1-3 minutes after IV administration, 10-15 minutes after IM administration, 30-60 minutes after oral administration; effect lasts 1-2 hours

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effect on fertility

In a 77-week study, rats given oral doses of approximately 40 times the MRHD showed an increase in prolactin levels, which remained elevated with chronic administration. An increase in the frequency of neoplasms of the mammary glands in rodents was found with chronic administration of prolactin-stimulating neuroleptics and metoclopramide. However, in clinical and epidemiological studies, no relationship was found between the intake of these drugs and the formation of tumors.

Metoclopramide was not mutagenic in the Ames test.

In experiments on mice, rats and rabbits with intravenous, intramuscular, s / c and oral administration of metoclopramide at doses 12-250 times higher than the human dose, no violations of fertility were detected.

Use of the substance Metoclopramide

Nausea, vomiting, hiccups of various origins (in some cases it can be effective for vomiting caused by radiation therapy or cytostatics), functional digestive disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease, atony and hypotension of the stomach and duodenum ( including postoperative), biliary dyskinesia, flatulence, exacerbation of peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum (as part of complex therapy), preparation for diagnostic studies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, pyloric stenosis, mechanical intestinal obstruction, perforation of the wall of the stomach or intestines (including conditions when increased motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract is undesirable), glaucoma, pheochromocytoma (hypertensive crisis is possible due to release of catecholamines from the tumor), epilepsy (the severity and frequency of epileptic seizures may increase), Parkinson’s disease and other extrapyramidal disorders (possible exacerbation), prolactin-dependent tumors, early childhood up to 2 years (increased risk of dyskinetic syndrome).

Restrictions for use

Bronchial asthma (increased risk of bronchospasm), arterial hypertension (with intravenous administration, the condition may worsen due to the release of catecholamines), liver and / or kidney failure, old age, children under 14 years of age (for parenteral administration ).

Use in pregnancy and lactation

In experiments on mice, rats and rabbits with intravenous, intramuscular, s / c and oral administration of metoclopramide at doses 12–250 times higher than the human dose, fetus was not identified.

In pregnancy, use only if necessary (adequate and strictly controlled studies in humans have not been conducted).

FDA fetal category B.

Although no complications have been reported in humans, use with caution during breastfeeding (passes into breast milk).

Side effects of the substance Metoclopramide

The frequency of side effects correlates with the dose and duration of the drug.

From the nervous system and sensory organs: restlessness (about 10%), drowsiness (about 10%, more often when taking high doses), unusual fatigue or weakness (about 10%). Extrapyramidal disorders, incl. acute dystonic reactions (0.2% at doses of 30-40 mg / day), such as convulsive twitching of the facial muscles, trismus, opisthotonus, muscle hypertonicity, spastic torticollis, extraocular muscle spasm (including oculogeric crisis), rhythmic protrusion language, bulbar type of speech; rarely – stridor and dyspnea, possibly due to laryngospasm. Parkinsonian symptoms: bradykinesia, tremor, muscle rigidity – a manifestation of dopamine-blocking action, the risk of development in children and adolescents increases when the dose exceeds 0.5 g / kg / day. Tardive dyskinesia, including involuntary movements of the tongue, puffing of the cheeks, uncontrolled chewing movements, uncontrolled movements of the arms and legs (see also “Precautions”). Insomnia, headache, dizziness, disorientation, depression (symptoms were moderate to severe and included suicidal thoughts and suicide), anxiety, confusion, tinnitus; rarely – hallucinations. There are rare reports of the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, impaired consciousness, autonomic disorders) (see also “Precautions”).

From the side of the cardiovascular system and blood (hematopoiesis, hemostasis): hypotension/hypertension, tachycardia/bradycardia, fluid retention.

From the digestive tract: constipation/diarrhea, dry mouth; rarely – hepatotoxicity (jaundice, impaired liver function – if metoclopramide was used together with other hepatotoxic drugs).

Allergic reactions: urticaria.

Others: frequent urination, urinary incontinence, with long-term use in high doses – gynecomastia, galactorrhea, menstrual irregularities, asymptomatic mild hyperemia of the nasal mucosa, agranulocytosis.

Methemoglobinemia has been reported in preterm and term neonates treated intramuscularly with metoclopramide 1–2 mg/kg/day for 3 or more days.

Interactions

Antipsychotics (especially phenothiazines and butyrophenone derivatives) increase the likelihood of developing extrapyramidal disorders. With simultaneous use reduces the effectiveness of levodopa. When taken with drugs that cause CNS depression – increased sedation. When co-administered with cyclosporine, the reduction in gastric emptying time caused by metoclopramide may increase the bioavailability of cyclosporine (monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations may be necessary). May reduce gastric absorption of digoxin (adjustment of digoxin dose may be necessary). May accelerate the absorption of mexiletine. Accelerates the absorption of paracetamol, tetracycline. Co-administration with alcohol may enhance the inhibitory effect of alcohol or metoclopramide on the central nervous system, as well as accelerate the removal of alcohol from the stomach, thus probably increasing the rate and extent of its absorption in the small intestine. Combined use with drugs containing opioids can block the effect of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal motility. Simultaneous use with metoclopramide may reduce the effect of cimetidine due to a decrease in its absorption.

Overdose

Symptoms: hypersomnia, confusion, extrapyramidal disorders.

Treatment: discontinuation of the drug (symptoms disappear within 24 hours after the end of the dose).

Method of administration and doses

Inside, in / m, in / in. Adults: Orally, 5-10 mg 3 times daily before meals; IM or IV – 10 mg; the maximum single dose is 20 mg, the maximum daily dose is 60 mg (for all routes of administration). Children over 2 years old – depending on age. For patients with hepatic insufficiency, the initial dose is reduced by 2 times due to an increase in 1/2 “\u003e T _1/2 . In case of impaired renal function, the dose is selected depending on creatinine clearance.

Precautions

Patients with hypersensitivity to procaine or procainamide may be hypersensitive to metoclopramide.

Should not be given after gastrointestinal surgery (such as pyloroplasty or intestinal anastomosis) as muscle contractions prevent suture healing.

Metoclopramide should only be used in patients with a history of depression if the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk.

Extrapyramidal disorders may occur with the use of metoclopramide at therapeutic doses in patients of any age (see also “Side Effects”). However, more often they occur when taking high doses. Extrapyramidal symptoms, expressed mainly as acute dystonic reactions, manifested in the first 24-48 hours of treatment, more often occurred in adolescents and adults under 30 years of age.

Parkinson’s symptoms usually occur within the first 6 months of starting treatment, but may occur over a longer period of time. These symptoms disappeared, as a rule, within 2-3 months after discontinuation of metoclopramide.

Treatment with metoclopramide may lead to tardive dyskinesia , often irreversible (see also “Side Effects”). The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia and the likelihood that it will become irreversible increases with the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose. If patients develop symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, metoclopramide therapy should be discontinued. In some patients, symptoms may disappear partially or completely within a few weeks or months after drug withdrawal. No specific studies have been conducted regarding the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia with metoclopramide therapy, but one published study reports that the prevalence of this complication is approximately 20% among patients treated with metoclopramide for at least 12 weeks. In this regard, the duration of continuous treatment should not exceed 12 weeks, except in rare cases when the therapeutic effect is believed to outweigh the risk of developing this serious complication. Tardive dyskinesia often develops in elderly patients, women and patients with diabetes mellitus.

There have been rare reports of a potentially fatal symptom complex – neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NZS) associated with treatment with metoclopramide (see also “Side Effects”). Clinical manifestations of NZS include hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, impaired consciousness, and autonomic instability (irregular pulse or unstable blood pressure, tachycardia, increased sweating, arrhythmia). With the development of NSD, immediate cancellation of metoclopramide and other drugs that are not necessary for concomitant therapy, intensive symptomatic therapy and monitoring is necessary.

In the presence of metoclopramide, laboratory parameters may be distorted, such as liver function tests, aldosterone and prolactin levels in blood serum.

During treatment with metoclopramide, alcoholic beverages should not be consumed to avoid the risk of complications.

The possibility of reduced concentration and increased reaction time during treatment should be taken into account (it is better to refuse to drive a car and work with potentially dangerous equipment).

Trade names with active substance Metoclopramide

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All manufacturers Akrikhin JSC Beijing Tayang Pharmaceutical Industry Co. Biochemical and Synthetic Product Biosintez JSC Biochemist JSC Biochemist JSC Biochemist JSC Borisov Plant of Medicinal Products JSC (JSC “BZMP”) Bryntsalov-A JSC Bryntsalov-A JSC Bryntsalov-A PJSC Welfarm LLC Ipka Laboratories Ltd. Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals Itali S.p.A Merkle Moscow Endocrine Plant FSUE Novosibhimfarm AO Novosibhimfarm OAO Renovation of PFC JSC Renewal of PFC ZAO Ozon OOO Ozon Pharm OOO Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o. Polpharma S.A., Poland Pharmaceutical plant Promed Exports Pvt. Ltd. CSP Oui Pharmaceutical Co. Sotex PharmFirma Teva Pharmaceutical plant JSC Ellara LLC Eskom NPK JSC

Strange reaction to metoclopramide – 23 neurologist answers to question #951812

Neurologist’s consultation /

Hello, dear doctors. Two years ago I was admitted to the hospital with migraine status (I have migraine with visual aura). And among other drugs, metoclopramide was injected for nausea. And something strange began to happen to me – I could not lie still, my body muscles spasmed, I had to move all the time, I sat down, lay down, turned around, touched my head with my hands. My muscles seemed to go crazy. Lying still, albeit with a severe headache, as I lay before the injection, was simply unbearable. The doctor even wanted to call a psychiatrist to me, I barely convinced him that I was out of my mind. This went on for several hours. Then I did not connect these strange spasms with the medicine, but six months ago I was again injected with metoclopramide in the hospital and I began to twist again. Now I realized that it was from the medicine, I told the doctor, but he did not believe me, invited a psychiatrist and they injected me with something that made me feel even worse for some reason, then they injected me with something else and I fell asleep. I woke up with almost no symptoms. But since this second time, with migraines, poisoning or intestinal disorders, and just with very strong excitement, in addition to the symptoms of the diseases themselves, similar spasms began to occur, not as strong as they were from injections, but it becomes very uncomfortable for me to sit and lie motionless, I want to either sway, or move, or get up and stomp from foot to foot, despite the headache or poisoning.