Does tramadol cause constipation. How common is constipation as a side effect of tramadol. What other gastrointestinal side effects can tramadol cause. How can tramadol-induced constipation be managed effectively.

The Relationship Between Tramadol and Constipation

Tramadol, an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain, is known to cause various side effects, with constipation being one of the most common. Understanding the link between tramadol and constipation is crucial for patients and healthcare providers alike.

How prevalent is constipation among tramadol users?

Studies have shown that constipation affects a significant percentage of tramadol users:

• 9% to 46% of patients reported experiencing constipation
• In some cases, the constipation can be severe
• 10% of patients over 75 years of age discontinued treatment due to constipation

These statistics highlight the importance of addressing this side effect promptly to ensure patient comfort and treatment adherence.

Why does tramadol cause constipation?

Tramadol, like other opioids, affects the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. It slows down the movement of waste through the intestines, leading to harder, drier stools and less frequent bowel movements. This mechanism is a well-known and expected side effect of opioid use.

Other Gastrointestinal Side Effects of Tramadol

While constipation is a primary concern, tramadol can cause various other gastrointestinal issues. These include:

• Nausea (affecting 16% to 40% of users)
• Vomiting (5% to 17%)
• Dry mouth (5% to 13%)
• Heartburn (1% to 13%)

Understanding these potential side effects can help patients and healthcare providers better manage tramadol use and improve overall treatment outcomes.

Managing Tramadol-Induced Constipation

Addressing tramadol-induced constipation is crucial to prevent complications and ensure patient comfort. Here are some strategies to manage this side effect:

1. Increase fluid intake: Drinking plenty of water can help soften stools and promote regular bowel movements.
2. Dietary changes: Consuming a high-fiber diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can improve bowel function.
3. Regular exercise: Physical activity can stimulate bowel movements and improve overall digestive health.
4. Over-the-counter laxatives: Stool softeners or osmotic laxatives may be recommended by healthcare providers.
5. Prescription medications: In severe cases, doctors may prescribe specific medications to counteract opioid-induced constipation.

It’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before making any significant changes to manage constipation, especially when using tramadol for pain management.

Special Considerations for Older Patients

Older adults are particularly susceptible to tramadol-induced constipation and may require additional monitoring and care. Healthcare providers should exercise extra caution when prescribing tramadol to patients over 75 years of age, as studies have shown a higher rate of treatment discontinuation due to constipation in this age group.

Why are older adults more vulnerable to tramadol-induced constipation?

Several factors contribute to the increased risk of constipation in older tramadol users:

• Decreased gastrointestinal motility
• Reduced fluid intake
• Decreased physical activity
• Concurrent use of other medications that may cause constipation

Healthcare providers should carefully assess the risk-benefit ratio when prescribing tramadol to older patients and implement appropriate preventive measures.

Drug Interactions and Constipation Risk

The constipating effect of tramadol can be exacerbated by the concurrent use of other medications. Anticholinergic drugs, in particular, can worsen constipation when taken alongside tramadol. Patients should inform their healthcare providers about all medications they are taking to minimize the risk of drug interactions and severe constipation.

Common medications that may interact with tramadol and increase constipation risk:

• Antidepressants
• Antipsychotics
• Antihistamines
• Certain blood pressure medications
• Parkinson’s disease medications

A comprehensive medication review by a healthcare provider or pharmacist can help identify potential interactions and develop strategies to mitigate constipation risk.

Recognizing and Addressing Severe Constipation

While some degree of constipation is common with tramadol use, severe cases require immediate medical attention. Patients should be aware of the signs of severe constipation and know when to seek help.

When should you contact your healthcare provider about tramadol-induced constipation?

Seek medical attention if you experience:

• No bowel movement for more than three days
• Severe abdominal pain or bloating
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever associated with constipation
• Blood in the stool

These symptoms may indicate a more serious condition and require prompt evaluation and treatment.

Alternative Pain Management Options

For patients experiencing severe or persistent constipation with tramadol use, exploring alternative pain management strategies may be necessary. Healthcare providers can consider various options to balance pain relief with minimizing side effects.

What are some alternatives to tramadol for pain management?

Depending on the individual’s condition and medical history, alternatives may include:

• Non-opioid pain medications (e.g., NSAIDs, acetaminophen)
• Topical pain relievers
• Physical therapy and exercise
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy for pain management
• Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage

A comprehensive pain management plan should be developed in consultation with a healthcare provider to address both pain relief and potential side effects.

Long-Term Effects of Tramadol Use on Digestive Health

While constipation is often considered an acute side effect of tramadol use, long-term use of the medication can have lasting impacts on digestive health. Understanding these potential long-term effects is crucial for patients and healthcare providers when considering tramadol as a long-term pain management solution.

How can prolonged tramadol use affect digestive function?

Extended use of tramadol may lead to:

• Chronic constipation
• Reduced gut motility
• Increased risk of gastrointestinal disorders
• Potential damage to the intestinal lining
• Altered gut microbiome composition

These long-term effects underscore the importance of regular monitoring and reassessment of pain management strategies for patients on prolonged tramadol therapy.

Patients using tramadol for extended periods should work closely with their healthcare providers to monitor digestive health and adjust treatment plans as necessary. This may involve regular check-ups, stool tests, and periodic evaluations of overall gastrointestinal function to ensure optimal health outcomes.

Patient Education and Proactive Management

Educating patients about the potential side effects of tramadol, including constipation, is crucial for effective pain management and overall treatment success. Healthcare providers play a vital role in empowering patients to take an active part in managing their health while using tramadol.

What strategies can healthcare providers use to educate patients about tramadol-induced constipation?

Effective patient education may include:

• Providing clear, written information about tramadol and its side effects
• Discussing preventive measures and management strategies during consultations
• Encouraging patients to keep a symptom diary to track bowel movements and other side effects
• Offering resources for dietary and lifestyle modifications to promote digestive health
• Scheduling regular follow-up appointments to address concerns and adjust treatment plans

By fostering open communication and providing comprehensive education, healthcare providers can help patients better manage tramadol-induced constipation and improve overall treatment outcomes.

Proactive management of tramadol-induced constipation involves a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers. This may include:

1. Implementing preventive measures from the start of tramadol therapy
2. Regular monitoring of bowel function and adjusting treatment as needed
3. Exploring complementary therapies to support digestive health
4. Considering prophylactic use of laxatives or stool softeners in high-risk patients
5. Periodically reassessing the need for continued tramadol use and exploring alternative pain management strategies

By taking a proactive approach, patients and healthcare providers can work together to minimize the impact of constipation and other side effects, ensuring optimal pain management and quality of life.

Understanding the relationship between tramadol and constipation is essential for effective pain management. While constipation is a common side effect, it can be managed through various strategies, including lifestyle modifications, medication adjustments, and alternative therapies. Patients should work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive plan that addresses both pain relief and potential side effects, ensuring the best possible outcomes for their overall health and well-being.

Does tramadol cause constipation?

Medically reviewed by Leigh Ann Anderson, PharmD. Last updated on Nov 7, 2022.

Yes, tramadol can cause constipation and is one of the most common side effects with this drug. In studies, constipation was reported in 9% to 46% of patients. In some cases it may be severe. Call your healthcare provider if you have any tramadol symptoms and they are severe.

• Constipation is a well-known and expected side effect of opioid use. It should be addressed quickly to prevent further complications.
• Use extra caution in older patients and monitor more closely. In studies, constipation resulted in discontinuation of treatment in 10% of those over 75 years of age.
• The use of other drug therapies that lead to constipation, such as anticholinergic drugs, can worsen the constipating effect of tramadol. If you are not sure if you are taking other medicines that may worsen constipation, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

To learn more: Treatment of Opioid-Induced Constipation: The Hard Facts

Tramadol (Ultram) is commonly associated with other stomach (gastrointestinal) side effects such as:

• nausea (16% to 40%)
• vomiting (5% to 17%)
• dry mouth (5% to 13%)
• heartburn (1% to 13%)

Tramadol side effects (in more detail)

Bottom Line

• Tramadol can cause constipation in 9% to 46% of patients. Stomach side effects in general are common with tramadol.
• Constipation is a well-known side effect of opioid pain treatment, and it should be addressed quickly to prevent further complications. Call your doctor if you have constipation with opioid treatment.

This is not all the information you need to know about tramadol for safe and effective use. Review the full tramadol information here, and discuss this information and any questions with your doctor or other health care provider.

References

• Tramadol monograph. Drugs.com. Accessed Nov. 16, 2020 at https://www.drugs.com/ppa/tramadol.html
• Ultram [product information]. Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Updated July 16, 2020. Accessed Nov. 16, 2020 at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=45f59e6f-1794-40a4-8f8b-3a9415924468

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Medical Disclaimer

Tramadol Side Effects: Nausea, Constipation, and More

Tramadol is an opioid painkiller used to treat chronic pain. When taken as prescribed, this medication is ingested every 4-6 hours; however, people who struggle with tramadol addiction may take it more often and at higher doses. Doctors adjust prescription doses so their patients do not consume more than 400 mg of tramadol per day.

More than this amount can cause severe side effects, including addiction, tolerance, and dependence.

While a person who takes tramadol as prescribed may develop some side effects, they are more likely to develop in people who struggle with addiction. General side effects from tramadol include:

• Flushing
• Dizziness
• Fatigue or sleepiness
• Sore throat
• Congestion
• Headache
• Itching
• Constipation
• Appetite changes or stomach upset
• Nausea or vomiting
• Physical weakness

Per the National Library of Medicine, in a double-blind study regarding the general side effects from tramadol, about 26 percent of people taking the medicine as directed developed diarrhea; 24 percent experienced nausea and vomiting; 18 percent had headaches; and 16 percent experienced excessive fatigue. Other side effects, like vomiting, itching, and sweating, occurred in less than 10 percent of study participants; dry mouth, indigestion, and diarrhea occurred in about 5 percent of study participants.

Tramadol can cause changes in the central nervous system, which could be disturbing or detrimental. These include:

• Anxiety
• Physical tremors
• Muscle spasms
• Emotional changes
• Hallucinations

These are very rare when tramadol is taken as directed; however, people who struggle with addiction to this narcotic may experience these side effects.

Some people may develop an allergy to tramadol, and this can cause symptoms like hives, difficulty breathing, mouth sores, rash, itchy eyes, and even convulsions. While this is rare, symptoms should be reported to doctors for emergency treatment immediately.

Other rare side effects include:

• Excess gas
• Urinary retention
• Frequent urination
• Bloating
• Blurry vision
• Trouble performing routine tasks
• Numbness or tingling, especially in the hands or feet
• Changes to physical sensations, especially decreased sensation
• Chest pain or discomfort
• Loss of balance
• Fainting
• Pain in the arms, jaw, legs, or back
• Trembling or shaking in the hands and feet
• Severe cramping
• Hallucinations, typically auditory
• Lack of oxygen to the extremities, leading to blue or clammy hands, feet, or nose
• Menstrual irregularities
• Vasodilation

If too much vasodilation occurs, blood pressure will drop, and the person may faint, suffer damage to the heart and blood vessels, and potentially experience organ damage, including brain damage from lack of oxygen.

People who abuse tramadol are at risk of suffering an opioid overdose. If a person survives opioid overdose, they may suffer liver failure, although this could be associated with taking acetaminophen at the same time as the narcotic. It is rare for opioid painkillers like tramadol to cause liver damage, but it has occurred in a small percent of cases.

Tramadol may also increase the risk of serotonin syndrome in people who take antidepressants, including SSRIs. It is unclear how this occurs, but it appears that tramadol enhances the effects of the antidepressant on releasing serotonin and preventing it from being reabsorbed. This causes serotonin to remain in the brain for too long. Many cases of serotonin syndrome clear up on their own, but very serious instances can cause high fever, irregular heartbeat, unconsciousness, or seizures.

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Last Updated on Jul 10, 2023

TRAMOL is an effective centrally acting analgesic

TRAMOL

is a tramadol preparation manufactured by Brahma Drug (India), which has been used in clinical practice for a long time to relieve moderate to severe pain.

Tramadol is an opioid receptor agonist, interacting mainly with the m-subtype, and also inhibits the reuptake of certain monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin), which contributes to the development of an analgesic effect. The active metabolite of tramadol, o-demethyltramadol, significantly exceeds the parent substance in affinity for m-opioid receptors, and 2–4 times in analgesic activity. The antinociceptive effect of tramadol is partially eliminated by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone.

Tramadol is not an opium derivative or a semi-synthetic derivative of morphine or thebaine, although its analgesic effect is due to opiate receptor agonism.

Dependence and withdrawal symptoms are possible with tramadol, but are less severe than with other opiate agonists, as well as adverse effects such as nausea, lethargy, constipation, dry mouth, excessive sweating, and pruritus. Respiratory depression compared to morphine is usually not pronounced, but may occur when the drug is used in high doses. In this regard, tramadol is prescribed with caution to patients with a threat of developing respiratory depression. Side effects are usually rare; from the side of the cardiovascular system, the development of arterial hypotension, syncope and sinus tachycardia is possible.

TRAMOL

is widely used to relieve acute and chronic pain syndrome of moderate to severe intensity of various etiologies in patients after various surgical interventions, including orthopedic, gynecological operations, caesarean section, dental surgical procedures (for example, extraction of molars).

When administered parenterally at a daily dose of 100–250 mg (lumbago, neuropathy, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as when used in maxillofacial surgery), the drug is not inferior in effectiveness to repeated use of combined oral analgesics, including those containing codeine.

The use of TRAMOLA is indicated for pain in patients with cancer with insufficient effectiveness of non-narcotic analgesics. The drug is inferior in effectiveness to morphine derivatives, however, it causes the development of serious side effects much less frequently.

TRAMOL

is also used to eliminate severe myalgia in leptospirosis, pain syndrome in enterovirus infections, colitis of infectious etiology.

TRAMOL

is administered at a dose of 50-100 mg subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously (slowly). The maximum analgesic effect develops approximately within 1 hour after the administration of the drug, its duration is 3-6 hours. If necessary, it is administered again at a dose of 50 mg after 30-60 minutes.

The most common side effects that develop during treatment with tramadol are dose-dependent: dizziness or nausea, headache, lethargy; from the digestive tract – constipation. Vomiting is less common, especially after rapid intravenous administration, as well as a feeling of dry mouth, dyspepsia, very rarely – skin rash, decreased blood pressure, syncope, tachycardia, urination disorders.

With caution, the drug should be used simultaneously with carbamazepine, opiate analgesics – it is possible to potentiate the side effects characteristic of these drugs.

The drug may have an adverse effect on the ability to drive vehicles and potentially dangerous machinery. Alcohol should be avoided while using the drug.

Use during pregnancy only if the expected benefit to the expectant mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.

Tramadol is excreted in breast milk. Data on the safety of its use during breastfeeding are not available.

Clinical manifestations of tramadol overdose are similar to those of opiate poisoning – miosis, vomiting, respiratory depression, convulsions, collapse.

In such cases, supportive treatment is carried out, aimed primarily at ensuring adequate respiratory function (ALV). Naloxone (an opiate antagonist) reverses some of the effects of tramadol. The effectiveness of hemodialysis is low.

Subject to the recommendations for the use of , TRAMOL is an effective and safe analgesic in the treatment of pain syndrome of various origins.

Publication prepared
based on materials provided
by Jenom Biotek

Medznat

Tramadol – pain reliever
centrally acting drug with a unique dual mechanism of action,
implemented in the central nervous system (CNS).

INTRODUCTION

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic
with a unique dual mechanism of action implemented in the central nervous
system (CNS). It has an agonistic effect on opiate receptors
and prevents the reuptake of neurotransmitters. Tramadol is also weak
binds to µ-opiate receptors, blocking the transmission of pain signals in
brain. Tramadol effectively controls postoperative pain, however
not suitable for use as an adjuvant to anesthesia in
associated with weak sedative properties.

Pharmacological
class: Opioid
analgesic

Indications for use

• Moderate or severe pain
• Pain
• Acute musculoskeletal pain

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION

Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic. Although its mechanism of action is not fully understood, based on animal studies, at least two complementary mechanisms are possible: binding of the parent substance and the M1 metabolite to μ-opioid receptors and weak inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. The opioid activity is due to the low affinity of the parent compound and the high affinity of the O-demethylated metabolite M1 for μ-opioid receptors. The relative role of tramadol and M1 in human pain relief is determined by the plasma concentration of each substance. Tramadol inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in vitro , similar to other opioid analgesics. These mechanisms may play an independent role in the overall analgesic effect of tramadol.

DOSAGE
needed for pain relief

Children: 1-2.5 mg/kg orally every 8 hours when
necessary for pain relief

PHARMACOKINETICS

Absorption of tramadol is 34%±34. Volume of distribution
is 2.71 l / kg, binding to plasma proteins – 20%. With urine
30% of the drug is excreted (in unchanged form), 60% (in the form of metabolites),
the plasma half-life is 6.3 hours.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Hypersensitivity to opioids
• Situations where opioids are contraindicated, including acute
  intoxication with the following substances: alcohol, sleeping pills,
  centrally acting painkillers, opioids or psychotropic
  drugs. In such patients, the drug may exacerbate CNS depression and
  breathing.
• Combination of tramadol and MAO inhibitors (either in
  within 14 days after discontinuation of such therapy) is contraindicated

OTHER DRUG INTERACTIONS

• Concomitant use of CYP2D6 and/or CYP3A4 inhibitors,
  e.g. quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and amitriptyline (inhibitors
  CYP2D6), ketoconazole and erythromycin (CYP3A4 inhibitors) may reduce
  metabolic clearance of tramadol, increasing the risk of serious
  adverse events, including seizures and serotonin syndrome
• Patients taking carbamazepine may experience
  significantly weaker analgesic effect of tramadol hydrochloride

SIDE EFFECTS

Common (> 1/10, < 1/100):

• Abdominal disorders (diarrhea, constipation,
  nausea or abdominal pain)
• Depression
• Skin disorders (itching, rash or sweating)
• Generalized pain or pain in the muscles and joints

Uncommon (> 1/100, < 1/100 0):

• Joint swelling
• Change in body weight
• Severe headache
• Fall
• Confusion
• Severe cough

Very rare (< 1/10000):

9 0088 Blistering under the skin
• Blood in the urine
• Chest pain
• Convulsions Precaution0077
  • Pre-existing diseases of the kidneys, liver, epilepsy,
    history of lung disease, drug dependence or allergy
  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding
  • Use of drugs such as
    tranquilizers, sleeping pills or other pain medications containing
    opiates
  • Acute diseases of the abdominal organs
    cavities subject to clinical evaluation

  Clinical data

  • Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic,
    which is similar in structure to codeine and morphine. Its effect in
    relief of the postoperative share is comparable to that
    pethidine. The analgesic effect of tramadol is increased in combination with
    non-opioid analgesics. Tramadol is effective and well tolerated
    patients when used to relieve pain after trauma, renal or
    hepatic colic or during childbirth. The drug is also used to treat
    chronic pain of malignant or non-malignant origin, in
    features in neuropathic pain. Tramadol is less likely to cause constipation and
    dependence compared to powerful opioids in similar analgesics
    doses.
  • The effectiveness of tramadol in the treatment
    moderate or severe postoperative pain has been shown in outpatient and
    surgical conditions. Unlike other opioids, tramadol does not
    has clinically significant effects on respiratory and cardiovascular
    indicators. This drug may be particularly suitable for patients with
    impaired cardiopulmonary function, including elderly patients, patients with
    obese and smokers, for patients with impaired liver or kidney function, and
    also for patients who are receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
    (NSAIDs) are not recommended or should be used with caution. Tramadol
    for parenteral or oral administration has proven to be effective and
    tolerance for anesthesia during operations.
  • Tramadol is effective for the treatment
    various types of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain, including neuropathic
    pain, back pain, osteoarthritis and uncontrolled pain. The
    the drug also causes fewer side effects that are characteristic of opioids,
    including nausea, drowsiness, vomiting, dry mouth and constipation. Although the study
    literature data showed the presence of an immunostimulating effect
    tramadol, some studies also suggest that
    that the immunosuppressive effect of tramadol is less pronounced compared with
    morphine. Due to pharmacological properties, tramadol is more
    more suitable for patients with gastrointestinal and renal disorders than NSAIDs. Apart from
    proven clinical efficacy, tramadol is a safe drug,
    because it causes respiratory depression to a lesser extent, cardiovascular
    side effects, abuse and dependence compared to others
    opioids.