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Fracture and dislocation. Fractures and Dislocations: Comprehensive Guide to Bone Injuries

by alexxlab

What are the main types of fractures and dislocations. How are fractures and dislocations diagnosed and treated. What are the common symptoms of bone injuries. How long does it take for fractures to heal. What are the potential complications of untreated bone injuries.

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Understanding Fractures: Types and Classifications

Fractures, commonly known as broken bones, come in various forms and severities. Understanding these different types is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Let’s explore the main categories of fractures:

Closed vs. Open Fractures

Fractures are primarily classified into two main categories based on skin integrity:

  • Closed (Simple) Fracture: In this type, the bone breaks but does not pierce through the skin. While less severe than open fractures, they still require prompt medical attention.
  • Open (Compound) Fracture: This occurs when the broken bone penetrates the skin, creating an open wound. Open fractures are more serious due to the increased risk of infection and typically require immediate surgical intervention.

Fracture Patterns

The pattern of the break can provide valuable information about the injury mechanism and guide treatment decisions. Common fracture patterns include:

  • Transverse Fracture: A horizontal break across the bone, often resulting from a direct blow or sudden impact.
  • Oblique Fracture: The break occurs at an angle through the bone, typically caused by a combination of forces.
  • Spiral Fracture: This type results from a twisting force applied to the bone, creating a spiral pattern around the bone shaft.
  • Comminuted Fracture: The bone shatters into multiple fragments, often due to high-energy trauma.

Fracture Stability

The stability of a fracture refers to how well the broken bone ends align and stay in place:

  • Stable Fracture: The broken bone ends remain aligned and barely out of place, often allowing for non-surgical treatment.
  • Unstable Fracture: The bone fragments are significantly displaced or misaligned, usually requiring surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the bone.

Dislocations: When Joints Separate

While fractures involve broken bones, dislocations occur when the bones that form a joint are forced out of their normal positions. This painful condition requires immediate medical attention to prevent further damage to surrounding tissues.

Common Dislocation Sites

Dislocations can occur in various joints throughout the body, but some are more prone to this injury than others:

  • Shoulder: The most frequently dislocated joint due to its wide range of motion
  • Finger: Often occurs during sports or falls
  • Elbow: Common in children and can be associated with fractures
  • Hip: Typically results from high-energy trauma and may require surgical intervention
  • Knee: Often involves damage to ligaments and may occur alongside fractures

Fracture-Dislocations

In some cases, a dislocation occurs simultaneously with a fracture near the joint. These complex injuries, known as fracture-dislocations, require specialized orthopedic care to address both the joint misalignment and the broken bone.

Diagnosing Fractures and Dislocations

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment of bone injuries. Healthcare providers use a combination of physical examination and imaging studies to assess the extent of the damage and determine the best course of action.

Physical Examination

During the initial assessment, the doctor will:

  • Inspect the affected area for visible deformities, swelling, or bruising
  • Gently palpate the region to identify areas of tenderness or abnormal movement
  • Assess neurovascular status by checking sensation, pulses, and motor function
  • Evaluate range of motion, if possible without causing undue pain

Imaging Studies

Various imaging techniques help visualize the injury and guide treatment decisions:

  • X-rays: The primary diagnostic tool for most fractures and dislocations, providing clear images of bone alignment and breaks
  • CT scans: Offer detailed 3D images, particularly useful for complex fractures or when X-rays are inconclusive
  • MRI: Provides excellent soft tissue visualization, helpful in assessing ligament or cartilage damage associated with fractures or dislocations
  • Ultrasound: Sometimes used for pediatric fractures or to guide reduction procedures

Treatment Approaches for Fractures and Dislocations

The treatment of bone injuries aims to restore proper alignment, promote healing, and prevent complications. The approach varies depending on the type and severity of the injury.

Non-Surgical Treatments

Many fractures and some dislocations can be managed without surgery:

  • Immobilization: Using casts, splints, or braces to keep the injured area stable while it heals
  • Closed reduction: Manually realigning bones or joints without surgery, often followed by immobilization
  • Pain management: Medications to control pain and inflammation during the healing process
  • Physical therapy: Exercises to maintain strength and flexibility in unaffected areas during immobilization, followed by rehabilitation as healing progresses

Surgical Interventions

More severe or complex injuries may require surgical treatment:

  • Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF): Surgically realigning the bones and securing them with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods
  • External fixation: Using an external frame to hold bone fragments in place, often for open fractures or severe soft tissue injuries
  • Joint reconstruction: Repairing damaged ligaments or cartilage associated with fracture-dislocations
  • Arthroplasty: In some cases, replacing a severely damaged joint with an artificial one

Healing Process and Recovery

The journey to recovery after a fracture or dislocation involves several stages and can vary in duration depending on the injury’s severity and the patient’s overall health.

Stages of Bone Healing

Understanding the natural progression of bone healing can help patients appreciate the importance of following their treatment plan:

  1. Inflammation: The initial response to injury, characterized by swelling and pain, lasting a few days
  2. Soft callus formation: New cartilage forms around the fracture site, providing some stability (2-3 weeks)
  3. Hard callus formation: The cartilage is gradually replaced by new bone tissue (3-4 months)
  4. Bone remodeling: The final stage where the healed bone is reshaped and strengthened (can continue for years)

Factors Affecting Healing Time

Several factors can influence how quickly a fracture or dislocation heals:

  • Age: Generally, younger individuals heal faster than older adults
  • Nutrition: Adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, and protein supports bone healing
  • Smoking: Tobacco use can significantly delay healing and increase complication risks
  • Medical conditions: Diabetes, osteoporosis, and certain medications can affect bone healing
  • Severity of the injury: More complex fractures typically require longer healing times

Complications and Long-Term Considerations

While most fractures and dislocations heal well with proper treatment, complications can arise. Being aware of potential issues allows for early intervention and better outcomes.

Potential Complications

Some complications that may occur during or after treatment include:

  • Malunion: The bone heals in an improper position, potentially affecting function
  • Nonunion: Failure of the bone to heal despite adequate treatment
  • Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone, more common in open fractures
  • Avascular necrosis: Loss of blood supply to the bone, particularly in certain hip fractures
  • Post-traumatic arthritis: Accelerated joint degeneration following injury
  • Complex regional pain syndrome: Persistent pain and sensitivity in the affected limb

Long-Term Management

After the initial healing period, ongoing care may be necessary to optimize recovery and prevent future injuries:

  • Rehabilitation: Continued physical therapy to restore strength, flexibility, and function
  • Follow-up imaging: Periodic X-rays or other scans to monitor healing progress
  • Lifestyle modifications: Adapting activities or using assistive devices to protect the healed injury
  • Bone health management: Addressing underlying conditions like osteoporosis to reduce future fracture risk

Prevention Strategies for Fractures and Dislocations

While not all injuries can be prevented, taking proactive steps can significantly reduce the risk of fractures and dislocations.

Lifestyle Factors

Incorporating healthy habits into daily life can strengthen bones and improve overall resilience:

  • Regular exercise: Weight-bearing and resistance training activities help build and maintain bone density
  • Balanced diet: Ensure adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other bone-supporting nutrients
  • Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: Both can negatively impact bone health
  • Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight increases stress on joints, while being underweight can lead to decreased bone density

Safety Measures

Taking precautions during daily activities and sports can prevent many common injuries:

  • Use proper protective equipment during sports and high-risk activities
  • Practice good form and technique when exercising or lifting heavy objects
  • Create a safe home environment by removing tripping hazards and installing handrails where needed
  • Use caution on slippery surfaces, especially in winter conditions

Regular Health Check-ups

Staying on top of your overall health can help identify and address risk factors for bone injuries:

  • Bone density screenings: Recommended for older adults to detect and treat osteoporosis early
  • Vision and hearing tests: Good sensory function helps prevent falls and accidents
  • Medication reviews: Some medications can affect balance or bone density; discuss alternatives with your healthcare provider if needed

By understanding the various types of fractures and dislocations, their treatment approaches, and prevention strategies, individuals can better navigate the challenges of bone injuries and maintain optimal skeletal health throughout their lives. Remember, prompt medical attention and adherence to treatment plans are key to successful recovery from any bone or joint injury.

Types of Broken Bones | Orthopedics | Henry Ford Health

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The term “fracture” generally refers to a break in a bone, but even the smallest fractures are broken bones. All bone breaks and traumas require timely, expert treatment so they can heal properly. Whether you have a hairline fracture, dislocated shoulder or other broken bone, trust Henry Ford Health for complete orthopedic care.

Broken bones, fractures and dislocations we treat

No one plans to break a bone. Bone trauma is unsettling, and you want the best care to get you back on your feet. The orthopedic experts at Henry Ford offer treatments for the full range of bone traumas, including:

  • Closed/simple fracture: A break in the bone with the skin still intact
  • Open/compound fracture: A broken bone that pokes through the skin
  • Stable fracture: A fracture with broken ends that are still in place
  • Segmental/comminuted fracture: A bone that is broken at two or more places
  • Malunion fracture: A fracture that does not heal in the correct alignment
  • Nonunion fracture: A broken bone that does not heal
  • Avulsion fracture: A broken bone at the spot where a tendon or ligament attaches to the bone
  • Transverse fracture: A fracture with a horizontal fracture line across the bone
  • Oblique fracture: A fracture with an angled pattern through the bone
  • Dislocation: An injury that occurs when a joint is forced out of its original location

All-inclusive orthopedic care

The Level I trauma center at Henry Ford Hospital ensures complete care for all bone traumas, from simple to complex. Our orthopedic trauma surgeons handle the most complicated types of fractures such as open fractures, joint fractures, and pelvic or hip socket fractures.

Our multispecialty team also includes acute care surgeons, neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons and plastic surgeons who treat head, skull, rib and jaw trauma. If you experience bone healing complications, we can often help you regain mobility and function.

Our orthopedic doctors use advanced diagnostic technology and physical examinations to quickly diagnose your condition and determine the best course of treatment. Our depth of expertise makes sure you receive the right care quickly. If an orthopedic issue affects other parts of your body, we work with the right specialists to make sure you receive complete care. Discover more about bone treatments  we offer at Henry Ford. If you’ve been diagnosed with a fracture, we have some tips about how to care for broken bones.

Begin healing now

Ready to learn more? Visit frequently asked questions  from patients at Henry Ford or contact us to make an appointment with one of our top orthopedic doctors.  

Fracture–dislocation | pathology | Britannica

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Treatment of fractures and dislocations in St.

Petersburg at an affordable price

Prices Doctors Reviews Popular questions Our centers

Signs of fractures and dislocations Methods of treatment

A bone fracture is a violation of the anatomical integrity of the bone, complete or partial, accompanied by damage to the soft tissues surrounding the bone and impaired function of the damaged segment.

Dislocation – complete and permanent displacement of the articular surfaces of the bones with loss of contact in the joint area.

Signs of fractures and dislocations

A fracture can be recognized by the following features:

  • pain in the injured limb;
  • bones crunching when trying to move;
  • inability to actively move a limb or vice versa pathological mobility and unusual range of motion;
  • swelling of the skin due to bleeding into internal tissues.

Dislocation has the following symptoms:

  • sharp pain when trying to move;
  • edema develops around the injured joint;
  • low sensitivity in nerve injury;
  • tingling and numbness;
  • pale skin.

Treatment

The choice of a method for treating fractures and dislocations is selected by a doctor, taking into account the nature of the injury, the age of the patient, and the degree of his activity. To obtain a complete picture of the injury, X-rays are taken in our clinic. In cases where the displacement is extremely unstable, surgery may be necessary. In the SM-Clinic, experienced surgeons, if necessary, fasten the broken parts of the bone with metal rods or plates and apply a plaster cast. If dislocations are mostly treated by reduction, then pathological dislocations, which are the result of diseases such as rickets, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, tumors, syphilis, etc., require surgical treatment, as well as treatment of the disease that caused them. In our clinic, trauma surgeons treat all types of dislocations.

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Reduction of dislocation of the joint I cat. difficulty

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Reviews

IRINA 04.01.2016 08:56

Mutchenko Ivan Vladimirovich My brother had a serious fracture of his arm and had to undergo surgery. It was done under local anesthesia and everything went well. Thanks to the specialists and true professionals of the SM-clinic!

Frequently Asked Questions

In case of a broken bone, you should first contact an orthopedic traumatologist. After the examination, the doctor will definitely refer the patient to a radiologist who will take a picture to accurately determine the presence of a fracture and its features. Treatment, for example, the imposition of plates and a plaster cast, is carried out by the surgeon. Further monitoring of the patient’s recovery is also carried out by a surgeon or orthopedic traumatologist. The SM-Clinic surgery center employs experienced specialists who quickly conduct examinations and qualitatively treat fractures and dislocations with a minimal risk of complications.

A fracture causes severe pain, which sometimes drives people into dangerous activities. Improper behavior during a fracture can significantly aggravate the injury and cause serious complications. When an arm or leg is broken, never try to straighten the bone or push it back into the soft tissue if the fracture is open and the fragment is peeking out. You can not pull the limbs and try to correct the deformity. If we are talking about a suspected fracture of the spine or pelvis, you should not try to seat the patient, put him on his feet, transport him without proper fixation. The main thing is to call for medical help as soon as possible.

The exact timing of injury healing depends on many factors: location, degree and nature of the fracture, age of the patient, presence of bone diseases, complications. An important role is played by a properly selected treatment regimen and rehabilitation measures. In some cases, the fracture grows together within 4-6 weeks, in others, the recovery lasts up to six months. If by this time the fracture has not healed, and the bone has not restored its integrity, this indicates a delayed union and possible complications.

The terms of rehabilitation and restoration of motor activity depend on the area of ​​damage. The injury can be in the foot, ankle, leg bones, patella, hip joint. For example, with an ankle fracture, you can walk in about 1.5-2 months. In general, stepping on an injured leg is possible only after the cast has been removed, subject to minimal loads. At first, there will be pain and weakness. Exercise bikes and treadmills will help strengthen weakened muscles. In any case, leg fractures are complex injuries that require a long recovery and are accompanied by a long period of freedom of movement.

Specialists in this field 27 doctors

Leading doctors 8 doctors

Giniyatov Anvar Rinatovich

Sports doctor, orthopedic traumatologist. Traumatologist of the volleyball club “Zenith”

Work experience: 8 years

Dunaysky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Kozlov Igor Andreevich

Tra vmatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 5 years

Marshal Zakharov, 20

m. Leninsky pr-t

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

metro Prosveshcheniya

Make an appointment

Dergulev Igor Olegovich

Orthopedic traumatologist

Work experience: 11 years

Dunaysky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Andrey Skulkin

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 31 years

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

Prospect Prosveshcheniya metro station

0003 Belousov Evgeny Ivanovich

Orthopedic traumatologist

Work experience: 33 years

Udarnikov, 19

Ladozhskaya metro station

Make an appointment

90 146 Urbanovich Sergey Ivanovich

Traumatologist, burn surgeon

Work experience: 12 years

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

Prosveshcheniya metro station

Make an appointment

Alexey Danilkin

Traumatologist, pediatric surgeon

Work experience: 15 years

Udarnikov, 19

Ladozhskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Garifulin Marat Sagitovich

Orthopedic traumatologist

Work experience: 19 years

Dunaysky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Make an appointment

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+19 doctors

Other doctors 19 doctors

Angelcheva Tatyana Avramovna

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 8 years

Dybenko, 13k4

m. Dybenko street

Make an appointment

Antonov Ilya Alexandrovich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 9 years

Marshala Zakharova, 20

Leninsky Prospect metro station

Make an appointment

Borisova Olga Mikhailovna

Pediatric surgeon

Work experience: 16 years

Dunaysky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Gvozdev Maxim Alexandrovich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 11 years

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

m.
Grebenyuk Mikhail Viktorovich

Orthopedist-traumatologist

Work experience: 18 years

Vyborg highway, 17

Prospekt Prosveshcheniya metro station

Make an appointment

Drach Elvis Kwaku

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 7 years

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

metro Prosveshcheniya

Make an appointment

Ezhovsky Vyacheslav Yurievich

Traumatologist-orthopedist. Doctor of the highest category.

Work experience: 23 years

Malaya Balkanskaya, 23

Kupchino metro station

Make an appointment

Islamov Magomedgadzhi Magomedhabibovich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 7 years

Dunaisky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Karapetyan Sergey Vazgenovich

Orthopedist-traumatologist, podologist

Work experience: 15 years

Dunaysky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Malaya Balkanskaya, 23

9000 2 m. Kupchino

Make an appointment

Kikaev Adlan Olkhozurovich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 9years

Udarnikov, 19

Ladozhskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Kovalenko-Klychkova Nadezhda Alexandrovna

Traumatologist-orthopedist. Operating pediatric orthopedist. Doctor of the first category. Candidate of Medical Sciences.

Work experience: 13 years

Malaya Balkanskaya, 23

Kupchino metro station

Make an appointment

Kolyadin Maxim Alexandrovich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 15 years

Dunaisky, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

Malaya Balkanskaya, 23

Kupchino metro station

Make an appointment

Kustikov Anton Aleksandrovich

Traumatologist, pediatric surgeon

Work experience: 7 years

Marshala Zakharova, 20

Leninsky Prospect metro station

Make an appointment

Mitin Andrey Viktorovich

Orthopedic traumatologist, pediatric surgeon, pediatric urologist

Work experience: 24 years

Udarnikov, 19

Ladozhskaya metro station

Make an appointment

Mikhailov Alexander Pavlovich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 5 years

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

Prospekt Prosveshcheniya metro station

Malaya Balkanskaya, 23

metro Kupchino

Make an appointment

Panfilov Artyom Igorevich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 10 years

Marshala Zakharova, 20

Leninsky Prospect metro station

Make an appointment

Petrov Artem Viktorovich

Orthopedic traumatologist

Work experience: 10 years
Polukhin Aleksey Alekseevich

Traumatologist-orthopedist

Work experience: 4 years

Malaya Balkanskaya, 23

m. Kupchino

Make an appointment

Popov Evgeniy Sergeevich

Work experience: 22 years

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17

metro Prosveshcheniya

Make an appointment

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Reviews

Leave feedback

Anastasia

03.03.2021

Many thanks to Marat Sagitovich for his attentive, sensitive attitude towards my mother, who was in the hospital with a very complex fracture of her arm. Thank you for the excellent operation, fast highly professional help. Thank you from the bottom of my heart!

01/04/2016

My brother went to the CM clinic to the surgeon Ivan Vladimirovich Smutchenko. My brother had a serious fracture of his arm and had to undergo surgery. It was done under local anesthesia and everything went well. Thanks to the specialists and true professionals of the SM-clinic!

Our offices in St. Petersburg

6 branches

Center for Surgery Dunayskaya metro station

Dunaisky avenue, 47

Dunayskaya metro station

daily from 09:00 to 22:00

Center for Surgery Ladozhskaya metro station

Udarnikov Avenue, 19/1

Ladozhskaya metro station

daily from 09:00 to 22:00

Center for Surgery Metro station “Leninsky Prospekt”

st. Marshal Zakharov, d.
daily from 09:00 to 22:00

Center for Surgery Prospekt Prosveshcheniya metro station

Vyborgskoe shosse, 17/1

Prospect Prosveshcheniya metro station

daily from 09:00 to 22:00

Center for Surgery Kupchino metro station

Malaya Balkanskaya street, 23

Kupchino metro station

daily from 09:00 to 22:00

Center for Surgery Dybenko Street

Dybenko Street, 13k4

m. Dybenko street

daily from 09:00 to 22:00

Fractures and dislocations | MEDILUX

Fracture – is a condition in which the integrity of the bone is broken as a result of a sudden fall, bruise, twisting or as a result of a pathological process in the bone (tumor, inflammation). Fractures are either closed or open.

Signs of a closed fracture

  • Severe pain that increases with movement and touch.
  • Deformity in the area of ​​the fracture.
  • Unnatural limb position.
  • Rapidly increasing swelling of the injured area.
  • Cracking at the fracture site (crepitus).

With an open fracture the skin at the site of injury is damaged, that is, there is contact between the bone and the environment. Open fractures are much more dangerous, because they can potentially lead to the development of osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone marrow).

Causes of fractures and dislocations

Excessive load on the bone, for which it is not ready, leads to a violation of its integrity. Risk factors for fractures:

  • Sedentary lifestyle.
  • Irrational diet.
  • Pathologies of the parathyroid glands, manifested by hyperparathyroidism (for example, parathyroid adenoma).
  • Calcium deficiency, which is usually manifested by osteoporosis (bone erosion).

Different types of fractures are typical for all ages. Children often break their arms, and old people break their hips. Children often develop green branch fractures, when the periosteum remains intact on one side.

There is also a certain correlation depending on profession and hobby. For example, boxers are often prone to fractures of the jaw and bones of the hand.

What to do with fractures?

  • Do not try to return the limbs to their normal position.
  • Apply something cold to the affected area for 25-30 minutes.
  • Call an ambulance.

It is strictly forbidden:

  • Move the victim until the injured limb is immobilized.
  • To set a fracture, massage, rub, heat or lubricate the limb with something.

What is a dislocation?

Dislocation – complete permanent displacement of the articular surfaces of the ends of the bones beyond their normal position.

Dislocation symptoms:

  • Intense pain in the joint area.
  • A sharp increase in pain in the joint when trying to move.
  • Deformity in the area of ​​the damaged joint, unnatural position.
  • Change in limb length.
  • Movement restriction.
  • Swelling in the affected area.

What should not be done in case of dislocations?

  • Try to correct the dislocation yourself.
  • Rub the joint.
  • Lubricate the joint with any ointment.
  • Warm the injured joint.

What should be done in case of dislocations?

  • Immobilize the joint with improvised means.
  • Cold for 25-30 minutes.
  • When fixing an injured joint, immobilize the affected limb in a position that will minimize pain.
  • If necessary, give pain medication (paracetamol or ibuprofen).
  • Deliver the victim to MEDILUX for additional examination.

Traumatologists at MEDILUX

Our prices for trauma services in Vinnitsa

Traumatology consultation

Repeated consultation within a month (on the recommendation of a doctor)