What are the main symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu transmitted. Which viruses cause viral gastroenteritis. Who is at higher risk of contracting stomach flu. How long do symptoms of norovirus typically last.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Stomach Flu

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu, is a highly contagious intestinal inflammation caused by various viruses. Despite its name, it’s not related to influenza. This condition affects millions worldwide, causing significant discomfort and disruption to daily life.

The primary culprits behind viral gastroenteritis are norovirus and rotavirus, though other viruses like adenovirus and astrovirus can also be responsible. These pathogens inflame the lining of the intestines, leading to a range of unpleasant symptoms.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Stomach Flu

The onset of viral gastroenteritis symptoms can be sudden and intense. Typically, they appear within 12 to 48 hours after exposure, though in some cases, such as with adenoviruses, the incubation period may extend to 3-10 days.

• Watery diarrhea (more than three times daily)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Fever or chills
• Headache
• Muscle aches or joint pain
• Loss of appetite
• Sweating or clammy skin

The duration of symptoms varies depending on the viral strain, typically lasting between 1 to 14 days. It’s important to note that bloody diarrhea is not a common symptom of viral gastroenteritis and may indicate a more severe condition requiring immediate medical attention.

Transmission and Spread of Viral Gastroenteritis

Stomach flu spreads rapidly, especially in close-quartered environments. The virus can transmit through various routes:

1. Consuming contaminated food or water
2. Close contact with infected individuals
3. Sharing utensils or personal items with someone who has the virus
4. Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth
5. Poor hand hygiene, particularly among food handlers

Environments such as childcare facilities, schools, nursing homes, and cruise ships are particularly susceptible to outbreaks due to their close living quarters and shared spaces.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention:

• Diarrhea lasting more than two days without improvement
• Presence of blood in stool
• Signs of dehydration (dry lips, dizziness)
• Infants developing diarrhea

For children, additional warning signs include sunken eyes and lack of tears when crying.

Common Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis

Several viruses can lead to gastroenteritis, each with its own characteristics and patterns of infection.

Norovirus: The Leading Cause

Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It’s highly contagious and can affect people of all ages. In the United States, norovirus outbreaks typically peak between November and April.

Symptoms of norovirus infection include:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Fever
• Body aches

Most people recover from norovirus within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Rotavirus: A Threat to Young Children

Rotavirus primarily affects infants and young children, though it can spread to adults who come into contact with infected individuals. The virus is typically contracted and transmitted orally, with symptoms appearing within two days of exposure.

Adenovirus and Astrovirus

While less common, adenovirus and astrovirus can also cause viral gastroenteritis. Adenovirus infections may have a longer incubation period, with symptoms appearing 3 to 10 days after exposure.

Risk Factors for Viral Gastroenteritis

While anyone can contract viral gastroenteritis, certain factors increase the risk:

• Age: Children under 5 and older adults are more susceptible
• Compromised immune system
• Living or working in group settings (schools, nursing homes, day care centers)
• Malnutrition, particularly low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• Recent travel to developing countries
• Antibiotic or antacid use
• Engaging in anal intercourse

Prevention Strategies for Stomach Flu

Preventing viral gastroenteritis involves a combination of personal hygiene and environmental awareness:

1. Frequent and thorough hand washing, especially before handling food and after using the bathroom
2. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
3. Disinfecting surfaces regularly, particularly in shared spaces
4. Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption
5. Cooking seafood properly, as raw or undercooked seafood can harbor norovirus
6. Staying home when ill to prevent spreading the virus
7. Using separate personal items and avoiding sharing utensils or towels

In addition to these measures, some countries offer rotavirus vaccines for infants, which can significantly reduce the risk of severe rotavirus infections.

Treatment Options for Viral Gastroenteritis

Treatment for viral gastroenteritis primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications:

• Hydration: Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes is crucial. Oral rehydration solutions can be particularly effective.
• Rest: Allowing the body to recover and fight off the infection
• Dietary adjustments: Gradually reintroducing bland, easily digestible foods
• Over-the-counter medications: Antidiarrheal medications may provide relief but should be used cautiously
• Probiotics: Some studies suggest probiotics may help reduce the duration of diarrhea

In severe cases, particularly those involving dehydration, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid administration.

Long-term Impact and Complications

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve without long-term effects, certain complications can arise:

• Dehydration: The most common and potentially serious complication, particularly in young children and older adults
• Malnutrition: Prolonged illness can lead to nutritional deficiencies
• Lactose intolerance: Temporary lactose intolerance may develop following a bout of gastroenteritis
• Irritable bowel syndrome: Some studies suggest a link between severe gastroenteritis and subsequent development of IBS

Understanding these potential complications underscores the importance of proper management and prevention of viral gastroenteritis.

Impact on Vulnerable Populations

Certain groups face higher risks from viral gastroenteritis:

• Infants and young children: At risk for severe dehydration and developmental impacts
• Older adults: May experience more severe symptoms and prolonged recovery
• Immunocompromised individuals: Higher risk of complications and prolonged illness

These populations often require closer monitoring and may need more aggressive treatment approaches.

Global Impact and Seasonal Patterns

Viral gastroenteritis has a significant global impact, with patterns varying by region and virus type:

• Norovirus: Tends to peak in winter months in temperate climates
• Rotavirus: More common in cooler, drier months in tropical climates
• Economic impact: Causes substantial healthcare costs and lost productivity worldwide

Understanding these patterns helps in predicting outbreaks and implementing preventive measures.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

Ongoing research in viral gastroenteritis focuses on several areas:

• Vaccine development: Expanding vaccine options beyond rotavirus
• Novel treatments: Exploring antiviral medications specific to gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Diagnostic tools: Developing rapid, accurate tests for quicker identification of specific viral strains
• Prevention strategies: Investigating new approaches to interrupt transmission in high-risk settings

These research directions hold promise for improved management and prevention of viral gastroenteritis in the future.

Public Health Measures and Education

Effective control of viral gastroenteritis requires coordinated public health efforts:

1. Public awareness campaigns: Educating the public about symptoms, transmission, and prevention
2. Outbreak management: Rapid response protocols for containing outbreaks in schools, healthcare facilities, and communities
3. Food safety regulations: Enforcing strict hygiene standards in food service and production
4. Water treatment: Ensuring safe drinking water supplies to prevent waterborne transmission
5. Surveillance systems: Monitoring disease patterns to identify and respond to outbreaks quickly

These measures play a crucial role in reducing the overall burden of viral gastroenteritis on society.

Role of Healthcare Providers

Healthcare professionals play a vital role in managing viral gastroenteritis:

• Accurate diagnosis: Differentiating viral gastroenteritis from other gastrointestinal conditions
• Patient education: Providing clear instructions on home care and when to seek further medical attention
• Appropriate treatment: Balancing symptom management with prevention of unnecessary antibiotic use
• Infection control: Implementing measures to prevent spread within healthcare settings

Continuous education and updated guidelines for healthcare providers ensure optimal management of viral gastroenteritis cases.

Psychological and Social Aspects

The impact of viral gastroenteritis extends beyond physical symptoms:

• Anxiety: Fear of recurrence or spreading the illness to others
• Social isolation: Temporary withdrawal from social activities during illness
• Work and school disruptions: Lost productivity and educational challenges
• Family stress: Caring for ill family members, especially in households with young children

Addressing these aspects is crucial for comprehensive management of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks.

Coping Strategies for Patients

Individuals recovering from viral gastroenteritis can benefit from various coping strategies:

1. Gradual return to normal activities
2. Maintaining a balanced diet to support recovery
3. Staying connected with friends and family, even if remotely
4. Practicing stress-reduction techniques
5. Seeking support if experiencing prolonged anxiety or depression following illness

These strategies can aid in both physical recovery and emotional well-being post-infection.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

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Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Intestinal infections. – Ulyanovsk Regional Center for Occupational Pathology. Maksimchuk V.M.

Intestinal infections are acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with manifestations of general intoxication and the enteral mechanism of infection (through the entry of the infectious agent into the GIT).

The disease is extremely common in both adults and children. Intestinal infections pose a significant threat to the health of children, especially young children. Features of their physiology, biochemical reactions, immaturity of the immune system cause a rapid and sometimes lightning-fast course of the disease, leading to significant complications and consequences. There is no seasonality in intestinal infections. They are observed throughout the year, with a predominance of bacterial pathogens in the spring-summer period, and viral etiology – in the autumn-winter period.

Infections that affect the intestinal tract can originate from people, animals or contaminated food. And not only patients with obvious manifestations of the disease, but also latent carriers of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria. The causative agents of infections can be both bacterial pathogens and conditionally pathogenic flora, viruses, protozoa, helminths, fungi. A combination of several pathogens leading to diarrhea is possible.

Why is an intestinal infection dangerous?

Intestinal infection is characterized by two main manifestations: intoxication (poisoning) and damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Both of these conditions are especially dangerous for babies due to the rapid development of life-threatening conditions – dehydration and toxicosis.

Dehydration (dehydration) is the rapid loss of body fluids due to vomiting and/or diarrhea when these losses are not adequately replenished. Dry lips and mucous membranes, thirst or abrupt refusal to drink, weakness, decreased urination in older children, and dry diapers in infants should be alarming symptoms for parents.

Intoxication, being a characteristic symptom of many infections and other diseases associated with the presence of bacteria and toxins in the body, is characterized by universal manifestations – weakness, fever, loss of appetite, headache, heart palpitations.

Symptoms of an intestinal infection

The main intestinal manifestations that you should pay attention to are dyspepsia (nausea, discomfort, heaviness in the stomach), vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea / diarrhea. The severity of the course of the disease, the likelihood and severity of complications, and the features of the treatment of the infectious process will depend on the severity of these manifestations. An increase in body temperature is a frequent, but by no means obligatory manifestation of intestinal infections. Some dangerous infections can occur without fever.

Treatment of intestinal infection

Compliance with the correct drinking regimen and compliance with the rules of feeding will ensure a reduction in the duration of the disease and in most cases will allow treatment at home, comfortable and familiar conditions. Drug therapy is prescribed only after a doctor’s examination, taking into account the existing additional symptoms and their severity. Adsorbents and membrane protectors, antiemetics, probiotics or prebiotics, antibacterial or intestinal antiseptics may be added to the treatment.

When should I see a doctor?

The following are symptoms that should prompt medical attention:

• blood in stool;
• refusal to drink for several hours or uncontrollable vomiting;
• decreased number of urination, dry diapers for children;
• frequent multiple copious stools;
• abdominal pain;
• behavioral changes, including marked drowsiness, slower reactions to external stimuli, fever that is not well reduced after taking antipyretic drugs.

Prevention of intestinal infections in adults and children

The first and basic rule for the prevention of intestinal infections is personal hygiene. It is necessary to control the quality of the products used for cooking, thoroughly washing vegetables / fruits, eggs. Do not eat products from dubious markets and “home” production. It is necessary to control the communication of the child with pets. Timely vaccination plays a significant role in the prevention of intestinal infections. Thus, the rotavirus vaccine is becoming routine in preventing the disease. There are also vaccines that are used according to vital and epidemiological indications for the most dangerous infections in the intestines: dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera.

Adenovirus infection – causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Lymphadenopathy

Conjunctivitis

SARS

Pharyngitis

Rhinitis

7232

May 19

Adenovirus infection: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Definition

Adenovirus infections are a group of acute viral diseases that affect the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines and lymphoid tissue. An increased risk of infection exists in children and young people: adenovirus is registered in 25-30% of young children from the total number of viral respiratory diseases.

Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1953 from human adenoids, hence the name. More than 50 serotypes of human adenoviruses are known, which are part of 7 subgroups (A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F). Virus particles contain DNA, have a diameter of 70 to 100 nm, they lack lipids and an envelope.

Adenoviruses are stable in the external environment: they remain at room temperature for 2 weeks, withstand low temperatures and drying. At the same time, the causative agent of adenovirus infection is inactivated under the influence of ultraviolet rays and chlorine-containing disinfectants.

Causes of adenovirus infection

The source of infection is sick people with an overt or latent form of the disease, as well as virus carriers. The most dangerous are patients in the acute period of the disease, when adenoviruses are found in high concentrations in nasopharyngeal swabs, scrapings from the affected conjunctiva, blood and feces. The mechanism of infection transmission is airborne, but the alimentary route of infection (fecal-oral mechanism) is also possible, through household items, pool water, medical supplies (contact mechanism). According to the epidemiological classification of infectious diseases, adenovirus infection is classified as an airborne and intestinal infection.

Adenovirus enters the body through the upper respiratory tract, the conjunctiva of the eyes or the intestines.

During the incubation period, the virus reproduces in epithelial cells and lymph nodes. After the death of the affected cells, viral particles are released and penetrate into the bloodstream, spread throughout the body, which can lead to inflammation of the bronchi, kidneys, liver, spleen, digestive tract, etc.

Disease classification

It is customary to distinguish three forms of adenovirus:

• mild – affects the upper respiratory tract and throat;
• moderate – manifested by lymphadenopathy (inflammation of the lymph nodes), hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue;
• severe – caused by a secondary infection or generalization of the virus.

The clinical classification takes into account the localization of the process:

• pharyngoconjunctival fever;
• keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis;
• acute respiratory disease;
• adenovirus pneumonia.

Symptoms of adenovirus infection

Adenovirus incubation period is 2 to 12 days (usually 5-7 days). Usually the disease begins acutely, but the various symptoms of the disease do not appear simultaneously, but sequentially. The first signs are more often a gradual increase in body temperature to 38-39 ° C (less often up to 40 ° C) by the 2-3rd day and catarrhal phenomena in the upper respiratory tract. There is a slight lethargy, general weakness, loss of appetite, a headache is possible, and muscle and joint pains are rare.

With pharyngoconjunctival fever , pharyngitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, general toxic syndrome (headache, weakness, aches, chills) are noted.

In keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis the process begins acutely and is difficult. High temperature lasts up to 10 days. Peripheral lymph nodes are enlarged, especially cervical.

At picture of acute respiratory disease general toxic syndrome is observed: headache, weakness, aches, chills. Subfebrile temperature (within 37.1-38 ° C) lasts a long time.

Adenovirus pneumonia is characterized by undulating fever, worsening cough and symptoms of intoxication. There is shortness of breath, acrocyanosis (blue fingertips).

Adenovirus infection can occur in the intestinal form, which is accompanied by fever, paroxysmal abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea.

Symptoms of adenovirus infection are similar to influenza. But there is a difference – damage to the eyes and conjunctiva. Patients complain of burning, pain, sensation of a foreign body in the eyes. The skin of the eyelids is moderately edematous, hyperemic, the eyes are half-open.

Conjunctivitis is the “calling card” of adenovirus infection.

Diagnosis of adenoviral infection

Clinically, adenoviral infection is diagnosed by the presence of conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, lesions of the lymph nodes against the background of fever. The blood picture in adenovirus infection is nonspecific and has no diagnostic value. Methods for rapid diagnosis of adenovirus infection are the immunofluorescence reaction: adenovirus, diarrheal syndrome and respiratory adenovirus (a method by which specific antibodies to adenovirus in blood serum are detected), as well as immune electron microscopy.

Adenovirus (Adenovirus), diarrheal syndrome, antigen test (Adenovirus. One step rapid immunochromotographic assay)

Adenovirus is the main cause of infectious gastroenteritis in newborns and young children, and they also occur in adults. …

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Serological diagnostics is used for retrospective interpretation of the etiology of SARS. Serological studies are widely used: RTGA (hemagglutination inhibition reaction) and RSK (compliment binding reaction).

Which doctors to contact

Diagnostics and treatment of adenovirus infection
pediatrician,
therapist or
general doctor.

Treatment of adenovirus infection

Most cases are treated at home. Bed rest, a complete and balanced diet, and plenty of fluids are prescribed.

Topical therapy for adenovirus infection includes the use of eye drops, application of antiviral ointments behind the eyelid, the introduction of antiviral ointments into the nasal passages, instillation of interferons into the nose, irrigation of the throat. Focusing on the symptom complex, expectorants, vasoconstrictors, multivitamins are prescribed.

Antibacterial therapy is necessary only in case of bacterial infection.

Children of early age with a severe form of adenovirus infection and complications are subject to hospitalization. Note that the infection is especially dangerous for children under 3 years old, therefore, in order to avoid complications, it is necessary to consult a doctor at the first symptoms of the disease.

Complications

Complications, as a rule, arise due to the addition of a bacterial infection:

• sinusitis; pneumonia;
• bowel dysfunction;
• damage to the heart, kidneys.

Prevention of adenovirus infection

Specific prevention (vaccination) has not yet been developed, therefore, non-specific measures are used to increase the body’s resistance to infectious diseases.