What are the common symptoms of pet allergies. How can pet allergies be effectively managed and treated. What are the main allergens produced by cats and dogs. How do pet allergies impact quality of life. What steps can be taken to reduce exposure to pet allergens in the home.

Understanding Pet Allergies: Causes and Mechanisms

Pet allergies are a common issue affecting millions of people worldwide. These allergies occur when an individual’s immune system reacts sensitively to proteins found in an animal’s skin cells, saliva, or urine. While any animal with fur can potentially cause an allergic reaction, cats and dogs are the most common culprits in household settings.

The primary allergens produced by cats are proteins found in their saliva, urine, and dander (dead skin cells). The most well-known of these is Fel d 1, a protein that is particularly sticky and can remain airborne for extended periods. Dogs also produce several allergenic proteins, with Can f 1 being the most prominent.

How Do Pet Allergies Develop?

When a person with pet allergies comes into contact with these allergens, their immune system mistakenly identifies them as harmful substances. This triggers the release of antibodies, specifically Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which then causes certain cells to release chemicals like histamine into the bloodstream. These chemicals are responsible for the various allergy symptoms experienced.

Recognizing Pet Allergy Symptoms

Pet allergy symptoms can vary in severity from person to person and may affect different parts of the body. Common symptoms include:

• Sneezing and runny nose
• Itchy, red, or watery eyes
• Nasal congestion
• Coughing and wheezing
• Shortness of breath
• Skin reactions (hives, eczema, or itching)

In some cases, individuals may experience more severe symptoms, particularly if they have asthma or other respiratory conditions. These can include chest tightness, difficulty breathing, and in rare cases, anaphylaxis – a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

Can Pet Allergy Symptoms Be Delayed?

While some people experience immediate reactions upon exposure to pet allergens, others may not develop symptoms for several hours or even days. This delayed response can make it challenging to identify the source of the allergy, especially if the person doesn’t have regular contact with pets.

Diagnosing Pet Allergies: Methods and Considerations

Accurate diagnosis of pet allergies is crucial for effective management. Allergists typically use a combination of methods to confirm a pet allergy:

1. Medical history: The doctor will inquire about symptoms, their timing, and potential triggers.
2. Physical examination: This helps rule out other conditions that may mimic allergy symptoms.
3. Skin prick test: Small amounts of pet allergens are introduced to the skin to observe any allergic reactions.
4. Blood tests: These measure the levels of specific IgE antibodies in the blood.

Are There Any New Diagnostic Techniques for Pet Allergies?

Recent advancements in allergy diagnostics include component-resolved diagnostics (CRD), which can identify specific molecular components of pet allergens that a person is allergic to. This detailed information can help in tailoring treatment plans and predicting the severity of allergic reactions.

Managing Pet Allergies: Strategies for Symptom Relief

While complete avoidance of pet allergens is the most effective way to prevent symptoms, it’s not always practical or desirable, especially for pet owners. Fortunately, there are several strategies to manage pet allergies:

Medication Options

• Antihistamines: These drugs block histamine, reducing allergy symptoms.
• Nasal corticosteroids: These sprays help reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
• Decongestants: These can provide short-term relief from nasal congestion.
• Leukotriene modifiers: These oral medications can help control allergy symptoms and asthma.

Immunotherapy

For individuals with severe or persistent pet allergies, allergen immunotherapy may be recommended. This treatment involves exposing the patient to gradually increasing doses of the allergen, either through injections (allergy shots) or sublingual tablets. Over time, this can help desensitize the immune system and reduce allergic reactions.

Environmental Control Measures

Reducing exposure to pet allergens in the home environment can significantly alleviate symptoms. Some effective strategies include:

• Using high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters
• Regularly cleaning and vacuuming with a HEPA-equipped vacuum cleaner
• Keeping pets out of bedrooms and off furniture
• Bathing pets weekly to reduce allergen levels
• Using allergen-proof bedding covers

The Impact of Pet Allergies on Quality of Life

Pet allergies can significantly affect an individual’s quality of life, extending beyond physical symptoms. The emotional and social impacts can be substantial, especially for those who love animals or have pets as part of their family.

Emotional and Social Consequences

People with pet allergies may experience:

• Reduced social interactions due to avoiding homes with pets
• Stress and anxiety about potential exposure to allergens
• Emotional distress if forced to rehome a beloved pet
• Limitations in career choices (e.g., veterinary medicine)
• Sleep disturbances due to nighttime symptoms

How Can Individuals Cope with the Emotional Aspects of Pet Allergies?

Coping strategies may include:

1. Seeking support from friends, family, or support groups
2. Exploring alternative ways to interact with animals (e.g., hypoallergenic breeds, visiting animal sanctuaries)
3. Practicing stress-reduction techniques like mindfulness or meditation
4. Consulting with a mental health professional if the impact is severe

Debunking Pet Allergy Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction

There are several misconceptions about pet allergies that can lead to confusion and misinformation. Let’s address some common myths:

Myth 1: There are hypoallergenic dog and cat breeds

While some breeds are marketed as hypoallergenic, no dog or cat breed is truly allergen-free. Some breeds may produce fewer allergens or shed less, but they can still cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Myth 2: Pet allergies are caused by fur

Contrary to popular belief, pet allergies are not caused by animal fur itself. The allergens are primarily found in an animal’s skin cells (dander), saliva, and urine. However, fur can collect and spread these allergens, as well as other airborne allergens like pollen.

Myth 3: You can’t develop pet allergies later in life

While many people develop pet allergies in childhood, it’s possible to develop them at any age. Factors like changes in the immune system, increased exposure, or environmental changes can contribute to the development of allergies later in life.

Myth 4: Regular exposure to pets will cure allergies

While some people may experience a decrease in symptoms over time, this is not true for everyone. In fact, continued exposure without proper management can lead to worsening symptoms and potential complications like asthma.

Emerging Treatments and Future Directions in Pet Allergy Management

The field of allergy research is constantly evolving, with new treatments and management strategies on the horizon. Some promising areas of research include:

Biologics

Biologic drugs, which target specific components of the allergic response, are showing promise in treating various allergies, including pet allergies. These medications can potentially offer more targeted and effective relief for severe cases.

Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy Advancements

Researchers are exploring new delivery methods for immunotherapy, such as intralymphatic immunotherapy, which could potentially offer faster and more effective desensitization.

Gene Therapy

Future treatments may involve modifying the genes responsible for allergic responses or altering the proteins in animals that cause allergic reactions.

Probiotics and the Microbiome

Studies are investigating the role of gut bacteria in allergic diseases, with the potential for probiotic treatments to modulate the immune response to allergens.

Living with Pets Despite Allergies: Practical Tips and Considerations

For many people, the benefits of pet ownership outweigh the challenges of managing allergies. If you’re determined to live with a pet despite allergies, consider the following strategies:

Creating Allergen-Free Zones

Designate certain areas of your home, particularly your bedroom, as pet-free zones. This can provide a safe space where you can retreat to minimize allergen exposure.

Regular Cleaning Routine

Implement a strict cleaning regimen to reduce allergen levels in your home:

• Vacuum carpets and upholstery frequently with a HEPA filter vacuum
• Wash pet bedding weekly in hot water
• Use damp cloths for dusting to trap allergens
• Consider replacing carpets with hard flooring

Pet Grooming

Regular grooming can significantly reduce the amount of allergens your pet produces:

• Brush your pet outdoors to remove loose fur and dander
• Bathe your pet weekly, if tolerated
• Consider having a non-allergic family member or professional groomer handle these tasks

Air Purification

Invest in high-quality air purifiers with HEPA filters for your home, especially in the rooms where you spend the most time.

Medication Management

Work with your allergist to develop a medication plan that allows you to manage your symptoms effectively while living with your pet. This may involve a combination of daily medications and as-needed treatments.

By implementing these strategies and working closely with healthcare professionals, many individuals with pet allergies can successfully coexist with their furry companions. However, it’s crucial to monitor your symptoms closely and be prepared to make changes if your allergies worsen or become unmanageable.

The Role of Allergists in Managing Pet Allergies

Allergists play a crucial role in the diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management of pet allergies. These specialized physicians have extensive training in identifying and treating various allergic conditions, including those related to pets.

Comprehensive Evaluation

An allergist will conduct a thorough evaluation, which typically includes:

• Detailed medical history
• Physical examination
• Allergy testing (skin prick tests or blood tests)
• Pulmonary function tests, if asthma is suspected

Personalized Treatment Plans

Based on the evaluation results, allergists develop customized treatment plans that may include:

• Medication recommendations
• Allergen avoidance strategies
• Immunotherapy options
• Education on self-management techniques

Ongoing Monitoring and Adjustment

Allergists provide continuous care, monitoring the effectiveness of treatments and making adjustments as needed. They can also help patients navigate challenges such as:

• Managing symptoms during high-allergen seasons
• Addressing complications like allergic asthma
• Preparing for potential emergencies (e.g., severe allergic reactions)

When Should You Consult an Allergist for Pet Allergies?

Consider seeing an allergist if:

• You suspect you have pet allergies but are unsure
• Over-the-counter medications aren’t providing adequate relief
• Your symptoms are interfering with daily activities or sleep
• You’re considering getting a pet but have a history of allergies
• You want to explore long-term management options like immunotherapy

By working closely with an allergist, individuals with pet allergies can develop effective strategies to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life, whether they choose to live with pets or not.

Pets, Dog and Cat Allergies | Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

A pet </span>” rel=”tooltip”>allergy can contribute to constant allergy symptoms, as exposure can occur at work, school, day care or in other indoor environments, even if a pet is not present.

Pet Allergy Symptoms

• Sneezing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Facial pain (from nasal congestion)
• Coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing
• Watery, red or itchy eyes
• Skin rash or hives

Pet Allergy Management and Treatment

• Avoid being around dogs and cats; if you have a pet at home, take specific steps to limit exposure.
• Nasal sprays, antihistamines and bronchodilators can help relieve symptoms.
• Consider allergy shots ( Immunotherapy involves giving gradually increasing doses of the substance, or allergen, to which the person is allergic. The incremental increases of the allergen cause the immune system to become less sensitive to the substance, perhaps by causing production of a particular \"blocking\" antibody, which reduces the symptoms of allergy when the substances is encountered in the future."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Immunotherapy is a form of preventive and anti-inflammatory treatment of allergy to substances such as pollens, house dust mites, fungi, and stinging insect venom. Immunotherapy involves giving gradually increasing doses of the substance, or allergen, to which the person is allergic. The incremental increases of the allergen cause the immune system to become less sensitive to the substance, perhaps by causing production of a particular "blocking" antibody, which reduces the symptoms of allergy when the substance is encountered in the future. </span>” rel=”tooltip”>immunotherapy).

Do you want to know if it’s Fluffy or Fido causing you to wheeze and sneeze?

It’s time for an allergist.

Cat Allergies

If your nose runs and your eyes water or you start sneezing and wheezing after petting or playing with a cat, you likely have a cat allergy. A cat allergy can contribute to constant allergy symptoms, as exposure can occur at work, school, day care or in other indoor environments, even if a cat is not present.

Cats produce multiple allergens (proteins that can cause allergy). These allergens are found on the fur and skin and in saliva. All cats produce allergens; studies have not shown that cats can be hypoallergenic (meaning that they don’t cause allergy). Homes with more than one cat have higher levels of cat allergens. Characteristics such as the length of a cat’s hair, its sex and the amount of time a cat spends indoors are not associated with cat allergen levels.

Dust and pollen in a cat’s coat can also cause allergy symptoms. In those cases, the allergy is to the dust or pollen, not to the cat.

Of all the pollen, and mold, and animal dander, dust mites that we have studied, the cat dander is absolutely the smallest dander. And what that means is that allergen remains airborne for at least 30 minutes after you disturb it in the room. That just allows the allergic patient to have a constant exposure to that allergen.

Allergist Dana Wallace, MD

Cat Allergy Symptoms

Cat allergy symptoms range from mild to severe, depending on an individual’s sensitivity and the level of exposure to allergens. Those variables may also influence how quickly symptoms develop after exposure. Highly sensitive people can develop symptoms, including breathing problems or a rash, within minutes of touching a cat or entering a house with a cat.

Cat allergy symptoms may include:

• Sneezing or a runny or stuffy nose
• Facial pain (from nasal congestion)
• Coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and wheezing
• Watery, red or itchy eyes
• Skin rash or hives

Some people may also develop a rash or hives after being scratched by a cat.

Diagnosing Cat Allergies

Do you suspect you’re suffering from cat allergies? An allergist can provide you with a diagnosis and treatment.

A skin-prick test is the most common way of diagnosing a cat allergy. For this test, a small amount of an extract of cat allergen is placed on your skin. Your skin is then pricked with a small, sterile probe, allowing the liquid to seep under the skin’s surface. You’ll then be monitored for swelling and redness or other signs of a reaction, signaling an allergy. Results typically become evident within 15 to 20 minutes.

Even if you’re sure your symptoms are caused by a cat, it’s a good idea to be tested, since the symptoms may actually be caused by other environmental exposures.

Cat Allergy Management and Treatment

Avoidance is the best way to manage a cat allergy. If you have a cat and are allergic to cats, consider removing the cat from the home.

If you have a cat but don’t want to find it a new home, or if your family wants a cat even though someone in the household is allergic, here are some strategies that may help keep symptoms at bay:

• Keep the cat out of your bedroom and restrict it to only a few rooms. Be advised that keeping the cat in only one room will not limit the allergens to that room.
• Don’t pet, hug or kiss the cat; if you do, wash your hands with soap and water.
• High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaners run continuously in a bedroom or living room can reduce allergen levels over time.
• Regular use of a high-efficiency vacuum cleaner or a central vacuum can reduce allergen levels.
• Giving your cat a bath at least once a week can reduce airborne cat allergen.

Treatments for cat allergy vary, depending on the symptoms.

Your allergist can help determine what treatment would be best to treat your cat allergy. Nasal symptoms often are treated with steroid nasal sprays, oral antihistamines or other oral medications. Eye symptoms are often treated with antihistamine eyedrops. Respiratory or People with asthma have acute episodes or when the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. Sometimes episodes of asthma are triggered by allergens, although infection, exercise, cold air and other factors are also important triggers."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems. People with asthma have acute episodes where the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. Sometimes episodes of asthma are triggered by allergens, although infection, exercise, cold air and other factors are also important triggers.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>asthma symptoms can be treated with inhaled corticosteroids or bronchodilators to either prevent or relieve respiratory symptoms.

Allergy shots (immunotherapy) are an effective treatment of allergies by building tolerance over time through gradually injecting increasing doses of an allergen.

Is there an allergy-free cat?

Cats produce multiple allergens (proteins that can cause allergy). These allergens are found on the fur and skin and in saliva. All cats produce allergens; studies have not shown that cats can be hypoallergenic. Homes with more than one cat have higher levels of cat allergens. Characteristics such as the length of a cat’s hair, its sex and the amount of time a cat spends indoors are not associated with cat allergen levels.

Dog Allergy

If your nose runs or you start sneezing and wheezing after petting or playing with a dog, you may be allergic to dogs.

Dogs produce multiple allergens, or proteins that can cause allergy. These allergens are found in dog hair, dander, saliva and urine. All dogs produce allergens; studies have not shown that dogs can be hypoallergenic (not cause allergy). Dog allergen levels increase if the dog lives indoors and are higher in the rooms where a dog is allowed.

Dust and pollen in a dog’s coat can also cause allergy symptoms. In those cases, the allergy is to dust or pollen, not to the dog.

If you remove a cat from a home, you clean all the walls down, do the laundry, do the draperies, it still takes six months for the level of cat protein to get down to normal.

Allergist Warner Carr, MD

Dog Allergy Symptoms

Do you suspect you’re suffering from dog allergies? An allergist can provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms may include:

• Sneezing or a runny or stuffy nose
• Facial pain (from nasal congestion)
• Coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and wheezing
• Watery, red or itchy eyes
• Skin rash or hives

Some people may also develop a rash or hives after being scratched or licked by a dog.

Diagnosing Dog Allergies

Do you suspect you’re suffering from dog allergies? An allergist can evaluate whether can provide proper diagnosis and treatment.

A skin-prick test is the most common way of diagnosing a dog allergy. For this test, a small amount of an extract of dog allergen is placed on your skin. Your skin is then pricked with a small, sterile probe, allowing the liquid to seep under the skin’s surface. You’ll then be monitored for swelling and redness or other signs of a reaction, signaling an allergy. Results typically become evident within 15 to 20 minutes.

Even if you’re sure your symptoms are caused by a dog, it’s a good idea to be tested, since the symptoms may actually be caused by other environmental exposures.

Dog Allergy Management and Treatment

Avoidance is the best way to manage a dog allergy. If you have a dog and are allergic to dogs, consider removing the dog from the home.

If you have a dog but don’t want to find it a new home, or if your family wants a dog even though someone in the household is allergic, here are some strategies that may help keep symptoms at bay:

• Keep the dog out of your bedroom and restrict it to only a few rooms. Be advised that keeping the dog in only one room will not limit the allergens to that room.
• Don’t pet, hug or kiss the dog; if you do, wash your hands with soap and water.
• High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaners run continuously in a bedroom or living room can reduce allergen levels over time.
• Regular use of a high-efficiency vacuum cleaner or a central vacuum can reduce allergen levels.
• Giving your dog a bath at least once a week can reduce airborne dog allergen.

Treatments for dog allergy vary, depending on the symptoms.

Your allergist can help determine what treatment would be best to treat your dog allergy. Nasal symptoms are often treated with steroid nasal sprays, oral antihistamines or other oral medications. Eye symptoms are often treated with antihistamine eyedrops. Respiratory or asthma symptoms can be treated with inhaled corticosteroids or bronchodilators to either prevent or relieve respiratory symptoms.

Allergy shots (immunotherapy) are an effective treatment of allergies by building tolerance over time through gradually injecting increasing doses of an allergen.

Is there an allergy-free dog?

While poodles, Portuguese water dogs and a number of other breeds (including several types of terriers) have a reputation for being hypoallergenic, a truly allergy-free breed does not exist. A 2011 study compared dust samples from homes with dog breeds reported to be hypoallergenic and those of homes with other dogs. The levels of dog allergen in homes with “hypoallergenic” dogs did not differ from the levels in homes with other breeds.

This page was reviewed for accuracy 4/23/2018.

Insect Sting Allergies | Symptoms & Treatment

Diagnosing

If you are concerned that you may have an "}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Allergies are inappropriate or exaggerated reactions of the immune system to substances that, in the majority of people, cause no symptoms. Symptoms of the allergic diseases may be caused by exposure of the skin to a chemical, of the respiratory system to particles of dust or pollen (or other substances), or of the stomach and intestines to a particular food.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>allergy to insect venom, your best option is to see an allergist.

Your allergist should take a detailed medical history, including questions about previous stings (how many there have been and where you were stung), your reaction to those stings (what you experienced, how long the reaction lasted and what you did to get relief) and any additional symptoms.

Your allergist may perform one or more tests to diagnose allergy to insect venom, such as a skin-prick test, an intradermal skin test or a blood test.

In the skin-prick test, a small amount of a liquid containing insect venom is placed on the back or forearm, which is then pricked with a small, sterile probe to allow the liquid to seep into the skin. If a raised, reddish spot forms within 15 to 20 minutes, that can indicate an allergy. In the blood test, a blood sample is sent to a laboratory to test for the presence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to insect venom.

If the skin prick test is negative or inconclusive your allergist will likely recommend an intradermal skin test, in which a small amount of venom extract is injected just under the skin. The site is examined after about 15 minutes for signs of an allergic reaction. This test is considered more accurate than the skin-prick or blood tests in determining the presence of IgE antibodies. If both skin prick and intradermal skin tests are negative then your allergist may recommend a blood test.

The strength of a reaction to a skin or blood test does not indicate how severe your allergic reaction will be the next time you are stung.

Management and Treatment

Insect sting allergy is treated in a two-step approach:

1. The first step is the emergency treatment of the symptoms of a serious reaction when they occur.
2. The second step is preventive treatment of the underlying allergy with venom immunotherapy.

Life-threatening allergic reactions can progress very rapidly and require immediate medical attention. Emergency treatment usually includes administration of certain drugs, such as epinephrine, antihistamines, and in some cases, corticosteroids, intravenous fluids, oxygen and other treatments. Once stabilized, these patients sometimes require close observation in the hospital overnight.

Injectable epinephrine for self-administration is often prescribed as emergency rescue medication for treating an allergic reaction. People who have had previous allergic reactions and rely on epinephrine must remember to carry it with them at all times. Also, because one dose may not be enough to reverse the reaction, recent guidelines recommend keeping two doses of injectable epinephrine available and to activate emergency medical services if used. Even if symptoms improve after a single dose of epinephrine, immediate medical attention following an insect sting is recommended.

Venom Immunotherapy

The long-term treatment of insect sting allergy is called venom immunotherapy, a highly effective program administered by an allergist, which can prevent future allergic reactions to insect stings.

Venom immunotherapy involves administering gradually increasing doses of venom to decrease a patient’s sensitivity to the venom. This can reduce the risk of a future allergic reaction to that of the general population. In a matter of weeks to months, people who previously lived under the constant threat of severe reactions to insect stings can return to leading normal lives.

If you think you might be allergic to insect stings, talk to your allergist. Based on your past history and certain tests, the allergist will determine if you are a candidate for skin testing and immunotherapy.

Avoiding Insect Stings

Knowing how to avoid stings from fire ants, honeybees, wasps, hornets and yellow jackets leads to a more enjoyable summer for everyone. Stinging insects are most active during the late spring, summer, summer and early fall. Insect repellents do not work against stinging insects.

Yellow jackets will nest in the ground and in walls. Hornets and wasps will nest in bushes, trees and on buildings. Use extreme caution when working or playing in these areas. Avoid open garbage cans and exposed food at picnics, which attract yellow jackets. Also, try to reduce the amount of exposed skin when outdoors.

Effective methods for insecticide treatment of fire ant mounds use attractant baits. These baits often contain soybean oil and corn grits combined with chemical agents. The bait is picked up by the worker ants and taken deeper into the mound to the queen. It can take weeks for these insecticides to work.

Allergists recommend the following additional precautions to avoid insect stings:

• Avoid wearing sandals or walking barefoot in the grass. Honeybees and bumblebees forage on white clover, a weed that grows in lawns throughout the country.
• Never swat at a flying insect. If need be, gently brush it aside or patiently wait for it to leave.
• Do not drink from open beverage cans. Stinging insects will crawl inside a can attracted by the sweet beverage.
• When eating outdoors, try to keep food covered at all times.
• Garbage cans stored outside should be covered with tight-fitting lids.
• Avoid sweet-smelling perfumes, hair sprays, colognes and deodorants.
• Avoid wearing bright-colored clothing.
• Yard work and gardening should be done with caution. Wearing shoes and socks and using work gloves will prevent stings on hands and feet and provide time to get away from an unexpected mound.
• Keep window and door screens in good repair. Drive with car windows closed.
• Keep prescribed medications handy at all times and follow the instructions if you are stung. These medications are for immediate emergency use while en route to a hospital emergency room for observation and further treatment.

If you have had an allergic reaction to an insect sting, it’s important that you see an allergist.

Fire Ant Sting

Fire ant sting allergy treatment

Fire ant sting allergy is treated in a two-step approach:

• The first step is the emergency treatment of the symptoms of a serious reaction when they occur.
• The second step is preventive treatment of the underlying allergy with whole body extract immunotherapy.

Life-threatening allergic reactions can progress very rapidly and require immediate medical attention. Emergency treatment usually includes administration of certain drugs, such as epinephrine, antihistamines, and in some cases, corticosteroids, intravenous fluids, oxygen and other treatments. Once stabilized, these patients sometimes require close observation in the hospital overnight.

Injectable epinephrine is often prescribed as emergency rescue medication for treating an allergic reaction. People who have had previous allergic reactions and rely on epinephrine must remember to carry it with them at all times.

Also, because one dose may not be enough to reverse the reaction, recent guidelines recommend keeping two doses of injectable epinephrine available and to activate emergency medical services if used. Even if symptoms improve after a single dose of epinephrine, immediate medical attention following an insect sting is recommended.

What is a normal reaction to a fire ant sting, and how is it treated?

The severity of a fire ant sting reaction varies from person to person. One of the main differences between fire ants and other insects is that a usual sting event consists of multiple fire ants stinging. This is because when a fire ant mound is disturbed hundreds to thousands of fire ants respond. In addition, each ant can sting repeatedly. Each ant will bite and hold on with its mandibles (jaw) and sting several times. If not removed, this results in a little semi-circular pattern of stings. Since fire ants hold on with their mandibles, they often have to be pulled off individually and are not easily brushed off when they are stinging.

Almost all people stung by fire ants develop an itchy, localized hive or lump at the sting site, which usually subsides within 30 to 60 minutes. This is followed by a small blister within four hours. This usually appears to become filled with pus-like material by eight to 24 hours. However, what is seen is really dead tissue, and the blister has little chance of being infected unless it is opened. When healed, these lesions may leave scars.

Fire ant sting treatment is aimed at preventing secondary bacterial infection, which may occur if the pustule is scratched or broken. Clean the blisters with soap and water to prevent secondary infection. Do not break the blister. If a blister is accidentally opened, careful attention to keeping the area clean with soap and water should still prevent infection. Topical corticosteroid ointments and oral antihistamines may relieve the itching associated with these reactions.

symptoms, causes, types, treatment and complications – consultation of experienced dermatologists and allergists of the MEDSI clinic

Urticaria is an allergic disease (dermatosis), which is manifested by the formation of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Its symptoms, according to statistics, are experienced by about 25% of the world’s population. At the same time, only 2–7% are children, the rest are adults. The onset of the disease often occurs before the age of 40. Under the condition of constant contact with the allergen, the disease becomes chronic. Pathology is dangerous because it can cause Quincke’s edema.

Classification of diseases

Urticaria can be acute and chronic.

In the first case, it is manifested by the rapid (within one hour) appearance of numerous bright pink blisters. After some time, they either disappear completely, or a second wave sets in with the formation of new ones. Chronic urticaria is characterized by a long course. Moreover, it can occur not only in contact with an allergen, but also in diseases of the liver and digestive organs.

Also, depending on the location of the rash, the following forms of urticaria are distinguished:

• Localized. In this case, the rash forms only on certain parts of the body
• Generalized. Rash spread all over body

Depending on the causes, the following types of pathology are distinguished:

• Allergic urticaria
• Endocrine
• Solar
• Cold
• Medicinal
• Infectious
• Reactogenic etc.

Urticaria in children

This pathology is also called strofulus. It usually occurs in children who are breastfed or on an age-inappropriate diet. Insect bites, contact with allergens, infectious infections, and the appearance of parasites in the body can provoke the disease. Blisters in children quickly transform into pink-brown nodules with a small bubble. The affected skin itches and itchs. Often, bloody crusts form on it. Skin folds and limbs are often affected. Gradually, the rash can spread throughout the body. Babies under 3 years of age additionally develop symptoms such as diarrhea or constipation and vomiting. If the pathology becomes chronic, the child may become drowsy and lethargic, suffer from sleep disturbances and loss of appetite. Interestingly, after 7 years, almost all children have it without a trace.

Other types of diseases

Symptoms of urticaria in some women appear before menstruation, the cause of the pathology in this case is hormonal changes. Usually, formations are noticeable on the chest and in the face area. They do not cause pronounced discomfort, they can only cause slight swelling and slight itching.

There is also a toxic form of the disease. It occurs upon contact with certain insects, animals, fish, marine life (for example, jellyfish) and plants (including poisonous ones).

Chronic sluggish urticaria can develop in the presence of a pet.

Causes of disease

Urticaria in adults and children occurs against the background of:

• Insect bites
• Use of certain drugs
• Eating new food
• Vaccinations
• Blood transfusions
• Direct contact with allergen

A rash occurs as a result of a reaction to high temperatures or cold, vibration, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, mechanical friction, etc. Infectious agents (fungi, bacteria, etc.) also lead to the development of pathology. In about 30% of patients, it is not possible to find out the causes of urticaria.

Symptoms

The main signs of a pathological condition include:

• Rash on body
• Itching
• Transformation of rash into blisters

Usually the rash is concentrated on the limbs, face and scalp. In some cases, it also appears on the mucous membranes. In addition, the symptoms of urticaria include headache and drowsiness, a feeling of weakness and nausea. In some cases, patients complain of an increase in body temperature.

Important! With a favorable course, the symptoms disappear very quickly.

If the disease has acquired a chronic form, then it is characterized by less pronounced symptoms, but a long course.

Diagnostics

Before determining how to treat hives, a doctor needs to identify its symptoms and causes. Usually, the diagnosis is made on the basis of a survey of patients and a study of clinical manifestations. If necessary, identify the allergen. For this, special tests are carried out.

Methods of treatment of urticaria in children and adults

The most effective method of therapy is to eliminate contact with the allergen. If it cannot be detected, the patient is prescribed antihistamines that prevent the risks of developing the disease.

Treatment of acute urticaria

To quickly eliminate symptoms, not only antihistamines are recommended, but also avoiding contact with household chemicals, cosmetics, perfumes and other potentially hazardous substances. Patients are also prescribed a special diet. Thanks to it, it is possible to eliminate the risks of occurrence of factors that provoke unpleasant symptoms of the disease.

The diet is selected individually, while there are general principles.

These include an exception to the diet:

• Products that can provoke an allergic reaction
• Lots of protein food
• Products that are unknown to the patient and have not been previously tried by him
• Sauces and condiments
• Complex dishes with many components (especially unknown ones)
• Alcohol
• Spicy dishes
• Pickles and marinades

It is also important for the patient to limit the consumption of table salt and sugar, to use only fresh proven products for cooking.

Even with restrictions, you need to try to make the diet as diverse as possible. It is desirable to include in it: yellow or green (not red) apples, lean meat, mild cheese, grain bread, cabbage, herbs, white currants, peas, beans.

Important! It should be understood that an allergy can occur to almost any product. Therefore, they should be introduced into the diet in small portions and a special food diary should be kept, describing in it the reactions to the use of products. This will allow you to plan a complete, but safe meal.

Treatment of chronic urticaria

Therapy requires special attention from the doctor. He needs to carefully select the initial set of drugs. It is determined by the severity of the pathology and the symptoms of the disease. If a negative reaction occurs to any of the means, the reception is immediately stopped. It is also important to cleanse the intestines and remove potentially dangerous substances from the body.

Important! The patient needs to be prepared for the fact that the treatment of urticaria is often delayed for months. In this case, there is always a chance that all symptoms will suddenly disappear.

Treatment of urticaria in children

The therapy is carried out in the same way as in adults. Special preparations are prescribed to reduce the body’s sensitivity to the allergen, remove the skin reaction and ensure the prevention of exacerbations.

Important! If necessary, gastroenterologists, gynecologists and other narrow specialists are involved in the treatment of urticaria in adults and children. This is due to the fact that in some cases the pathology develops against the background of diseases of internal organs and systems and requires an integrated multidisciplinary approach.

Prevention

Patients prone to urticaria need to reduce contact with potential allergens. It is also important to adhere to the following recommendations:

1. Use antihistamines before vaccination and local anesthesia
2. Keep a food diary
3. Wear loose-fitting clothing to ensure adequate ventilation and avoid the risk of skin irritation
4. Avoid emotional stress
5. Treat all chronic diseases in a timely manner

Important! The doctor will tell you about all preventive measures. If there is a predisposition to the disease, it is very important to visit a dermatologist and an allergist immunologist to receive all the recommendations and identify the causes of the pathology.

Benefits of contacting MEDSI

• Modern expert class equipment. It provides fast and accurate diagnosis. The patient can undergo a comprehensive examination with the identification of allergens and the determination of the general condition of the body
• Multidisciplinary approach. It allows you to identify all possible causes of the pathology and select adequate treatment for various symptoms of urticaria
• Therapy according to the latest recommendations (including international ones). It is carried out taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient’s body, his current condition, the type of pathology and the factors that provoke it

To clarify the conditions for the treatment of urticaria or make an appointment, just call +7 (495) 7-800-500. Our specialist will answer all questions. Recording is also possible through the SmartMed application.

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• Urticaria treatment
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symptoms, what they look like, causes and treatment in adults and children

Published: 03.11.2021 10:00:00 Updated: 03.07.2023 Views: 566355

Urticaria is an allergic disease, the causes of which in children and adults can be very different. The main symptom of the disease is the appearance on the skin of rashes in the form of blisters, which are very itchy and resemble a nettle burn.

According to statistics, 25% of the entire population of the planet at least once in their life faced with this pathology, mostly children, women under the age of 40 years. With constant contact with the allergen, the disease becomes chronic, and in half of all cases it is accompanied by Quincke’s edema.

Causes of urticaria

Urticaria never develops on its own, there must be a reason for this. In some cases, it is not difficult to identify it, but sometimes it is difficult to do so.

Most often, urticaria in children occurs after the use of certain drugs in the treatment or the consumption of certain foods. The most allergenic for babies are honey, nuts, fish, food additives in foods, spices, sausages, semi-finished products. Therefore, they are not recommended for children under 3 years of age.

Also provoking factors include:

• insect bites;
• the presence of parasites in the body;
• plant pollen;
• mold;
• chemicals, including household chemicals;
• latex;
• ultraviolet;
• vibration.

However, it is not always possible to find out what exactly the patient developed allergic urticaria for. In about a third of all patients with this diagnosis, the causes of the disease, even after numerous tests and analyzes, remain unknown.

Urticaria symptoms

The main manifestation is the appearance on the skin of spots of red or pink color, of various shapes, and blisters, the size of which can reach several centimeters. A slight swelling may appear, which gradually disappears during the day, rarely two.

If the swelling affects the deeper layers of the skin or mucous membranes, angioedema may occur – a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Allergic urticaria rash is always accompanied by unbearable itching, and some patients describe it as an unbearable burning sensation. Violent combing of such areas can lead to infection of the epidermis with a further complication in the form of pustules and wounds.

Minor manifestations of urticaria include:

• headache;
• fever;
• sleep disorder;
• anxiety;
• loss of appetite.

According to the nature of the course, an allergic disease is divided into two types.

Acute urticaria is the most commonly diagnosed. Blisters and puffiness of the skin with this form appear quite suddenly, sometimes against the background of a person’s well-being. Most often caused by some external causes, food. It also happens after the use of drugs, especially when self-medicating. Symptoms resolve on their own within a few days to a few weeks.

Chronic urticaria is a condition in which symptoms persist for more than 6 weeks from the first skin rash. This variant is characterized by an undulating course, when periods of complete absence of symptoms (recovery) are abruptly replaced by exacerbations with the appearance of a new portion of spots and blisters. This is accompanied by unbearable itching and the rapid development of Quincke’s edema. The elements of the rash that appear can merge with each other, covering more and more new areas of the skin.

Sometimes periods of complete well-being without symptoms can last for a long time – up to 10 years.

Children’s urticaria is an allergic skin disease that most often develops against the background of an already existing exudative diathesis and appears due to foods introduced as complementary foods.

It has been observed that this type of allergy mainly develops in babies who are bottle-fed or eat foods that are not appropriate for their age.

Complications of urticaria

It is important to know what urticaria looks like and to be able to properly provide first aid. This will help prevent the development of serious complications that can lead to death.

Urticaria is often accompanied by Quincke’s edema, which is also called angioedema. Its development in the larynx is especially dangerous, as it can compress the trachea and disrupt breathing.

Another serious complication is anaphylactic shock. This is a life-threatening allergic reaction of the immediate type, which occurs when the human body is hypersensitive to a particular allergen. It usually develops upon repeated contact with the allergen and requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis of urticaria

Before starting treatment, it is important to understand what exactly a person has such a strong allergic reaction to. Only by removing this provocative factor from habitual life, one can not be afraid that the symptoms of urticaria will appear again, and this is possible even after the correct therapy has been carried out.

Most often, this type of allergy appears on food. It is possible to establish from what exactly the rash appeared by a blood test: the level of IgE antibodies to a mixture of food allergens is detected. First of all, you need to diagnose the presence of an allergic reaction to:

• nuts;
• vegetables and legumes;
• citrus fruits and fruits;
• seafood;
• cereal and sesame flour;
• fruits and gourds;
• infant formula;
• fish;
• meat;
• mushrooms;
• leaf tea;
• goat milk.

In addition to food, allergic manifestations can also be on other substances that surround us in life almost everywhere:

• molds;
• pollen from early flowering trees;
• pollen from late flowering trees;
• weed pollen;
• epithelium of domestic animals;
• house dust;
• house dust mite;
• poultry feather.

To identify the exact type of allergen, allergy tests are carried out for certain foods. It often happens that rashes appear due to seasonings and herbs used in cooking: paprika, cumin, cloves, basil, ginger, tarragon, thyme, marjoram, dill, bay leaf, black pepper, vanilla.

Some fish species may also be allergenic: cod, halibut, mackerel, and squid meat. But sometimes an allergic reaction in the form of hives develops on such familiar products as:

• cucumber;
• apricot;
• cherry;
• tomato;
• plum;
• grapes;
• persimmon;
• carrots;
• beets;
• watermelon.

All tests are carried out only by a specialist laboratory assistant. It is impossible to independently determine the presence of an allergy in the form of urticaria to a particular food or substance. This can be life-threatening, as it is possible to develop not only Quincke’s edema, but also anaphylactic shock.

First aid for urticaria

It is important that allergy medications are always in the home first aid kit, since urticaria in adults, and in a child, too, can appear at any time. Allergy medications can be in the form of drops or tablets. Modern drugs do not cause drowsiness and they have virtually no side effects.

Doctors recommend having Fenistil drops in the home medicine cabinet to eliminate urticaria and itching, which can be used from childhood, Erius tablets, which have a long antihistamine effect after taking, Loratadine, which helps to cope with Quincke’s edema, which often accompanies urticaria.

It is important to take the medicine at the first symptoms, without waiting for the general condition to worsen. If after 20 minutes from the moment of admission there was no improvement, you should call an ambulance.

Urticaria treatment

The only way to get rid of the disease is to avoid contact with the allergen, which is previously detected by laboratory tests. If the testing did not reveal a provocative factor, and the urticaria is episodic, then taking antihistamines will quickly eliminate the symptoms.

During treatment, it is recommended to follow a diet that will help prevent the recurrence of the disease in case of urticaria. The menu should include only hypoallergenic foods: lean boiled meat, soups with secondary meat broth or vegetarian. From cereals it is better to choose rice, buckwheat, oatmeal. Low-fat cottage cheese, natural yogurt, apples, dried fruit compote, with the exception of raisins, whole grain bread are recommended.

Citrus fruits, nuts, fish and all seafood, chocolate products, smoked meats, coffee, eggs, honey, store-bought muffins should be excluded from the menu for the duration of treatment.

Treatment is carried out by a dermatologist and an allergist-immunologist. For topical application, urticaria ointments will be effective, which not only relieve itching, but also eliminate swelling, redness and burning sensation on the skin. One of the most effective is Dimetinden gel, which must be applied in a thin layer to the affected area of ​​the skin up to 4 times a day.

A course of antihistamines is prescribed in the form of tablets. Also, the doctor may prescribe calcium gluconate or calcium chloride preparations for hives. They help to reduce the manifestations of allergies, but they should only be administered under the supervision of a doctor in the treatment room.

If antihistamines do not respond quickly, or for severe urticaria, corticosteroids are used, which can be applied to the skin or taken as a tablet or injection.

How long does it take to cure urticaria

Within 4-6 weeks, acute urticaria disappears in almost all patients with this diagnosis.