How does Pepto-Bismol work to relieve diarrhea. What are the potential side effects of taking Pepto-Bismol. When should you avoid using Pepto-Bismol for digestive issues. What is the recommended dosage of Pepto-Bismol for adults and children. How can Pepto-Bismol be used to prevent traveler’s diarrhea.

Understanding Pepto-Bismol: The Go-To Solution for Digestive Discomfort

Pepto-Bismol, also known by its generic name bismuth subsalicylate, is a widely recognized over-the-counter medication used to treat various digestive issues. This pink wonder has been a staple in medicine cabinets for decades, offering relief from diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach. But what makes Pepto-Bismol so effective, and how does it work its magic on our digestive systems?

The active ingredient, bismuth subsalicylate, works in multiple ways to alleviate digestive discomfort. It coats the stomach and intestinal lining, providing a protective barrier against irritants. Additionally, it reduces inflammation and has mild antibacterial properties, which can help combat certain gastrointestinal infections.

Key Benefits of Pepto-Bismol

• Relieves diarrhea
• Soothes nausea and upset stomach
• Reduces heartburn and indigestion
• Helps with gas and bloating
• Offers protection against traveler’s diarrhea

The Science Behind Pepto-Bismol’s Effectiveness

Have you ever wondered why Pepto-Bismol is so effective at treating a wide range of digestive issues? The secret lies in its unique formulation and mode of action. Bismuth subsalicylate, the active ingredient, works through several mechanisms to provide relief:

1. Coating action: It forms a protective layer over the stomach and intestinal lining, reducing irritation and inflammation.
2. Antibacterial properties: Bismuth has mild antimicrobial effects, helping to combat certain bacterial infections that can cause diarrhea.
3. Antacid effect: It neutralizes excess stomach acid, providing relief from heartburn and indigestion.
4. Anti-inflammatory action: The salicylate component helps reduce inflammation in the digestive tract.
5. Water reabsorption: It promotes the reabsorption of water in the intestines, helping to firm up loose stools.

This multi-faceted approach is what makes Pepto-Bismol such a versatile and effective remedy for various digestive complaints. Its ability to address multiple symptoms simultaneously sets it apart from many other over-the-counter digestive aids.

Dosage Guidelines: Ensuring Safe and Effective Use of Pepto-Bismol

Proper dosing is crucial when using any medication, including Pepto-Bismol. The recommended dosage can vary depending on the form of the product (liquid, chewable tablets, or caplets) and the specific symptoms being treated. Here are some general guidelines for adults:

• Liquid: 30 mL (2 tablespoons) every 30-60 minutes as needed, not to exceed 8 doses in 24 hours
• Chewable tablets: 2 tablets every 30-60 minutes as needed, not to exceed 16 tablets in 24 hours
• Caplets: 2 caplets every 30-60 minutes as needed, not to exceed 16 caplets in 24 hours

Is Pepto-Bismol safe for children? While it can be used for children 12 years and older, it’s important to consult a pediatrician before giving Pepto-Bismol to younger children. The risk of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious condition, is associated with salicylates in children and teenagers with viral infections.

For adults, it’s advisable not to use Pepto-Bismol for more than two days without consulting a healthcare provider. Prolonged use may mask underlying conditions that require medical attention.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions When Using Pepto-Bismol

While Pepto-Bismol is generally considered safe when used as directed, it’s important to be aware of potential side effects and take necessary precautions. Common side effects may include:

• Temporary darkening of the tongue or stools
• Constipation
• Nausea or vomiting

In rare cases, more serious side effects can occur. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Ringing in the ears or hearing loss
• Severe vomiting or stomach pain
• Signs of allergic reaction (hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face or throat)
• Black, bloody, or tarry stools

Are there any contraindications for using Pepto-Bismol? Yes, certain individuals should avoid using this medication or use it with caution:

• People with aspirin allergies or salicylate sensitivities
• Those with a history of stomach ulcers or bleeding disorders
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women (consult a healthcare provider first)
• Individuals taking blood-thinning medications or certain antibiotics

Always read the label carefully and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any concerns or pre-existing medical conditions.

Pepto-Bismol for Traveler’s Diarrhea: A Smart Precaution for Globe-Trotters

Traveler’s diarrhea can quickly turn a dream vacation into a nightmare. Fortunately, Pepto-Bismol has been shown to be an effective preventive measure against this common travel ailment. How can you use Pepto-Bismol to protect yourself while traveling?

For adults, the recommended preventive dosage is:

• 2 chewable tablets or 2 fluid ounces (30 mL) of liquid taken 4 times daily
• Start taking Pepto-Bismol the day before travel and continue throughout the trip and for 1 day after returning

This regimen has been shown to reduce the risk of traveler’s diarrhea by up to 60%. However, it’s important to note that Pepto-Bismol should not be used as a substitute for safe food and water practices while traveling. Always drink bottled water, avoid raw or undercooked foods, and practice good hygiene to further reduce your risk of gastrointestinal issues.

Additional Travel Tips

• Pack Pepto-Bismol in both liquid and tablet form for convenience
• Be aware that Pepto-Bismol can cause false positive results on certain medical tests
• Inform your healthcare provider if you plan to use Pepto-Bismol for an extended period

Beyond Diarrhea: Other Uses for Pepto-Bismol

While Pepto-Bismol is primarily known for its effectiveness against diarrhea, it has several other uses that make it a versatile addition to your medicine cabinet. What other conditions can Pepto-Bismol help manage?

Heartburn and Indigestion

The antacid properties of bismuth subsalicylate make Pepto-Bismol an effective remedy for occasional heartburn and indigestion. It works by neutralizing stomach acid and forming a protective coating on the esophagus and stomach lining.

Nausea

Whether caused by motion sickness, overeating, or a mild stomach bug, Pepto-Bismol can help alleviate nausea symptoms. Its soothing effect on the stomach lining can provide quick relief from queasiness.

Helicobacter pylori Infection

In combination with antibiotics, Pepto-Bismol has been used as part of a treatment regimen for H. pylori infections, which can cause ulcers and chronic gastritis. However, this use should always be under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Upset Stomach

For general stomach discomfort, including bloating and excess gas, Pepto-Bismol can provide relief by reducing inflammation and soothing the digestive tract.

While these additional uses make Pepto-Bismol a versatile medication, it’s important to remember that persistent or severe symptoms should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Interactions and Considerations: Ensuring Safe Use of Pepto-Bismol

When taking any medication, including over-the-counter remedies like Pepto-Bismol, it’s crucial to be aware of potential drug interactions and considerations. How can you ensure you’re using Pepto-Bismol safely?

Drug Interactions

Pepto-Bismol may interact with several medications, potentially affecting their efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects. Some important interactions to be aware of include:

• Anticoagulants (blood thinners) like warfarin
• Certain antibiotics, particularly tetracyclines and quinolones
• Medications for gout, such as probenecid
• Diabetes medications, as Pepto-Bismol may affect blood sugar levels

Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications you’re taking, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, before using Pepto-Bismol.

Special Considerations

Certain health conditions and circumstances require special consideration when using Pepto-Bismol:

• Renal impairment: Individuals with kidney problems should use Pepto-Bismol cautiously, as it may accumulate in the body
• Gout: Pepto-Bismol can interfere with the excretion of uric acid, potentially exacerbating gout symptoms
• Aspirin sensitivity: Those with aspirin allergies or sensitivities should avoid Pepto-Bismol due to its salicylate content
• Bleeding disorders: The salicylate in Pepto-Bismol may increase the risk of bleeding in individuals with clotting disorders

When in doubt, it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional before using Pepto-Bismol, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking other medications.

Alternative Remedies: When Pepto-Bismol Isn’t the Right Choice

While Pepto-Bismol is an effective remedy for many digestive issues, there are situations where it may not be the best choice. What alternatives are available for managing digestive discomfort?

Natural Remedies

• Ginger: Known for its anti-nausea properties, ginger can be consumed as tea, candied, or in supplement form
• Peppermint: Helps soothe the digestive tract and can alleviate symptoms of indigestion and bloating
• Chamomile tea: Has anti-inflammatory properties that can help calm an upset stomach
• Probiotics: Can help restore balance to the gut microbiome, potentially reducing diarrhea and other digestive issues

Other Over-the-Counter Options

• Loperamide (Imodium): Specifically for diarrhea, it works by slowing down intestinal motility
• Simethicone: Effective for gas and bloating
• Calcium carbonate antacids: For heartburn and indigestion
• Oral rehydration solutions: To prevent dehydration during bouts of diarrhea

Remember, persistent or severe digestive symptoms should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional to rule out more serious underlying conditions.

In conclusion, while Pepto-Bismol is a versatile and effective remedy for many common digestive complaints, it’s important to use it responsibly and be aware of its limitations. By understanding how it works, when to use it, and when to seek alternatives or medical advice, you can make informed decisions about managing your digestive health. Always prioritize prevention through good hygiene and dietary practices, and don’t hesitate to consult with a healthcare provider for persistent or concerning symptoms.

Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate) – Side Effects, Interactions, Uses, Dosage, Warnings

Reviewed: June 23, 2020

Bismuth subsalicylate is used to treat diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, indigestion, gas, or upset stomach.

Bismuth subsalicylate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

uses

What is Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate) used for?

• Diarrhea — Chronic
• Dyspepsia
• Helicobacter pylori Infection
• Pseudomembranous Colitis
• Salmonella Enteric Fever
• Strongyloidiasis
• Traveler’s Diarrhea
• Infectious Diarrhea/Enterocolitis/Gastroenteritis
• Diarrhea

warnings

What is the most important information I should know about Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate)?

You should not use bismuth subsalicylate if you are allergic to it, or if you have:

• black or bloody stools;
• a stomach ulcer;
• bleeding problems; or
• if you are allergic to salicylates such as aspirin, Doan’s Extra Strength, Salflex, Tricosal, and others.

Do not give this medicine to a child or teenager with a fever, flu symptoms, or chickenpox. Salicylates can cause Reye’s syndrome, a serious and sometimes fatal condition in children.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if this medicine is safe to use if you have:

• mucus in your stools; or
• if you currently have a fever.

Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Do not give this medicine to a child younger than 12 years old without medical advice.

Side Effects

What are the side effects of Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate)?

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Stop taking this medicine and call your doctor at once if you have:

• changes in behavior with nausea and vomiting;
• hearing loss or ringing in your ears;
• diarrhea lasting longer than 2 days; or
• worsened stomach symptoms.

Bismuth subsalicylate can cause you to have a black or darkened tongue. This is a harmless side effect.

Common side effects include:

• constipation; or
• dark colored stools.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Can I take Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate) if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Interactions

What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate)?

Ask a doctor or pharmacist before taking other antacids or diarrhea medicine, or taking medicine that may contain a salicylate (such as aspirin, salsalate, magnesium salicylate, choline salicylate, diflunisal, Ecotrin, Tricosal, Trilisate, and others).

Dosage Guidelines & Tips

How to take Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate)?

Use Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

What should I do if I missed a dose of Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate)?

Since bismuth subsalicylate is used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. Skip any missed dose if it’s almost time for your next dose. Do not use two doses at one time.

Do not take more than 8 doses per day.

Overdose Signs

What happens if I overdose on Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate)?

Overdose symptoms may include weakness, depression, anxiety, feeling irritable, problems with balance or coordination, confusion, tremors, or jerky muscle movements.

If you think you or someone else may have overdosed on: Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate),  call your doctor or the Poison Control center

(800) 222-1222

If someone collapses or isn’t breathing after taking Pepto-Bismol (Bismuth Subsalicylate), call 911

911

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Drugs A-Z provides drug information from Everyday Health and our partners, as well as ratings from our members, all in one place. Cerner Multum™ provides the data within some of the Overview, Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Pregnancy, Interactions, Dosage, Overdose, and Images sections. The information within all other sections is proprietary to Everyday Health. 

Preventing Diarrhea Before It Starts

Don’t Wait Until It’s Too Late—Diarrhea is Often Preventable

When you have to go, you have to go. But what if we told you there were some ways that you could stop diarrhea in its tracks? Make sure to bookmark this article because we are sharing some of the best ways for getting rid of diarrhea or, better yet, avoiding it in the first place. Before we do, let’s take a closer look at the top causes of diarrhea and what you can do about it:

What Causes Diarrhea?

The best way to prevent diarrhea is to avoid the triggers. The causes of diarrhea vary from person to person but in many cases the condition is triggered by a medication, a bacterial infection, a certain food/beverage, or an allergy. Recurrent bouts of diarrhea can be a sign of an underlying sensitivity or intolerance to a food component, such as:

• Lactose
• Gluten (celiac disease)
• Fructose

Recurring episodes of diarrhea may also indicate an underlying chronic condition, such as diabetes or Crohn’s disease. No matter the cause, persistent and chronic diarrhea should be treated by a professional as the side effects—including severe dehydration—can be extremely dangerous if left unmonitored. If you have a mild case of the runs, however, there are some ways that you can treat the condition yourself.

How to Get Rid of Diarrhea

An upset stomach and loose, watery stools are the most common symptoms of acute diarrhea. An individual may also experience bloating, nausea, fever, and abdominal cramps before the watery stools begin. If you’re experiencing these symptoms, try these at-home solutions:
Take an OTC Medication

Some over-the-counter (OTC) medications can provide convenient and fast relief from an acute bout of diarrhea. These include:

• Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate) – If you have an upset stomach and/or diarrhea, this medication can help by killing the harmful bacteria in your gut.
• Imodium (loperamide) – Imodium is a stronger medication for diarrhea that actually slows digestion, helping your body firm up stools.

Adjust Your Diet
Making immediate and long-term changes to your diet can help keep diarrhea at bay. For quick relief, stick to a BRAT diet. This effective guideline stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. These bland, starchy, and low-fiber foods can help bind stools in your digestive tract and are easy on your stomach. You’ll want to stay away from foods and beverages that can worsen your symptoms, including:

• Caffeinated beverages (sorry, coffee lovers)
• Alcoholic beverages
• Fatty, fried, and spicy foods
• Sugary juices and other drinks

Stay Hydrated
Diarrhea can quickly evolve into dehydration, as loose and watery stools cause the body to rapidly lose fluids and electrolytes. To prevent dehydration and its complications, stay hydrated by drinking at least one cup of clear fluid after each bowel movement. If you start experiencing any of the following signs of severe dehydration, call 911 immediately:

• Low urine output
• Increased thirst
• Dizziness
• Confusion

Tips for Preventing Diarrhea

You can’t avoid the unavoidable, and there are unfortunately some types of diarrhea that can’t be prevented—such as those that are caused by an underlying health condition. Infectious diarrhea, however, can be avoided. Some of the best ways to prevent contracting bacterial infections and foodborne illnesses that can lead to diarrhea include:

• Washing your hands and practicing good hygiene
• Cleaning fruits and vegetables
• Cooking raw meat and seafood thoroughly
• Drinking clean, filtered water

DispatchHealth Provides In-Home Medical Care

If your diarrhea lasts for longer than three days or you begin showing signs of dehydration, it’s time to seek professional treatment. That’s where DispatchHealth can help. An upset stomach can make it seemingly impossible to visit your primary care team or travel to the nearest ER. By bringing the treatment to your doorstep, DispatchHealth makes the process of receiving care for acute and advanced medical conditions easy. Upon request, our certified team will arrive at your home with a medical kit that contains roughly all of the tools and technologies you’d find at a traditional ER. What’s more, we’re in-network with most insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid. [availability_widget] You can learn more about DispatchHealth’s in-home medical service by exploring our site or requesting care today. We’re rapidly growing and covering new markets across the country!

Sources

DispatchHealth relies only on authoritative sources, including medical associations, research institutions, and peer-reviewed medical studies. Sources referenced in this article:

1. https://my. clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4108-diarrhea
2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352241
3. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-get-rid-of-diarrhea-fast
4. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-stop-diarrhea-fast

How to get rid of oncoming empty runs of railway cars

Fresh number

RG-Nedelya

Motherland

Thematic applications

Union

Fresh number

Economics

09/27/2018 19:42

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Pavel Ivankin , Chairman of the Expert Council of the Institute for Research on Railway Transport Problems.

According to the specialists of the Institute for Research on Railway Transport Problems, an important issue requiring consideration at the International Transport and Logistics Forum “PRO//Movement.1520”, which will be held in early October, is the creation of an information system for exchanging data on free applications and free empty cars .

Rejection of cars owned by Russian Railways led to a change in the technology of running empty cars. Wagon owners do not see a common database of applications for the carriage of goods and therefore send their empty wagons under their contracts. This approach led to an increase in oncoming runs of empty cars. On the one hand, reducing empty runs is the task of rolling stock operators, and Russian Railways is not involved in this process. On the other hand, oncoming empty runs seriously reduce the throughput and carrying capacity, and this already affects the quality of the service provided by Russian Railways. The recently widespread argument that an empty car is an additional income for Russian Railways does not take into account the fact that the load on infrastructure is growing.

Today, railways provide the movement of oncoming empty car flows, which account for 30% of the total volume. These volumes could be used to promote laden car traffic.

Development investment projects take into account only loaded car traffic, and for them the throughput and carrying capacity are calculated. What is not done for universal wagons that can carry various types of cargo. These “generalists” ensure the transportation of only one cargo and, after its delivery to the place, they return, waving long distances (more than 4 thousand kilometers) for loading in an empty state. And why? Because the rolling stock operator is not interested due to various factors in the delivery of goods that could be transported in the direction of passing an empty car. This approach does not provide non-discriminatory access for cargo owners to the infrastructure. The client, having the volume of cargo and the desire to transport it by rail, is not able to do this due to the unwillingness of the rolling stock operator to interact with him.

In addition to this, the unproductive work of stations where loading and unloading is carried out is growing.

If, when using the cars of Russian Railways, the client could use the gondola car released from unloading for his own loading, then when using the cars of other owners, such a scheme often does not work. The client sends empty gondola cars from raw materials and orders empty gondola cars for transportation of finished products. With this scheme, the railway station is forced to serve twice as many cars with a constant volume of unloading and loading. This increases the unproductive loading of stations and personnel by almost 35%, and also leads to an increase in the loading of infrastructure, which becomes unable to master the transportation of the goods themselves.

Creation of a technology for information exchange of data on free empty wagons, free requests for transportation will reduce the load on infrastructure by 25-28% in the first year of operation of such a system. It is by this amount that it will be possible to increase the volume of acceptance of goods for transportation without restrictions. And this, in turn, will allow the use of investments in other areas.

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Economics

0002 Studying urban traffic with the help of drones and big data analysis helps to find new solutions to the eternal problem of traffic jams

When the city gets stuck in traffic jams (especially due to the “unexpected” winter), every driver is an expert. And both practitioners and theorists. He gives practical advice on how to equip the Moscow highways for Sergei Sobyanin, theoretically argues that the owner of the car does not owe anything to anyone, except to comply with traffic rules. Opponents object: even if the city is completely covered with asphalt, it will not be able to cope with the flow of cars if it continues to grow at the same speed. And in addition to traffic rules, it is worth observing human norms of behavior on the road. They talk about the development or phasing out of public transport, the acceptability of entering a busy intersection or risky driving with frequent lane changes, underground passages as an alternative to traffic lights.

Meet me at the traffic lights

Meanwhile, none of these questions lies in the plane of opinion: they can be solved by fairly accurate methods if we know what we want from the solution. Usually we want one thing: to ensure the fastest (but comfortable and safe) movement of the maximum number of citizens.

adv.rbc.ru

But how? The science of cities has many faces and can consider both the transport system of the city as a whole (but such experience is poorly transferred from one city to another), and individual aspects of the behavior of road users – drivers and pedestrians. So, researchers from the Virginia Polytechnic University tried to put an end to a long-standing and heated debate – to “grind” or not at a traffic light to the car in front.

adv.rbc.ru

In Moscow, the answer is unambiguous – “yes”. Those who allow themselves too much distance, at best, will receive a horn from a neighbor behind them, and at worst, someone will try to wedge themselves into the resulting gap. Especially in traffic jams: drivers are sure that the more tightly they pack before the traffic lights, the more cars will have time to cross the intersection before the red lights up again, as common sense suggests.

Virginia urbanists studied one of the intersections in the vicinity of the university in detail using video cameras on drones. Ten volunteer drivers imitated different behaviors at the intersection. Having collected a sufficient amount of data, the scientists moved on to analyzing the behavior of drivers. It turned out that reducing the distance between cars while waiting for a green traffic light is completely eaten up by time, which then has to be spent on restoring a comfortable interval for movement. Before reaching it, drivers still cannot accelerate.

So tail hovering does not actually provide any advantage in crossing the intersection. But it can cause problems: the shorter the distance in standby mode, the more collisions occur when the cars move off.

There can be no error in observations: scientists recorded the patterns of movement of cars starting from different distances between each other – from 3.7 to 150 m. m. The researchers even drew a parallel between this process and thermodynamics – the heat of the phase transition. Drivers in front of the intersection are as if in a state of ice, and a fixed amount of energy is needed to melt it, regardless of the melting mode – only after “melting” can cars cross the intersection.

Through traffic

This small but precise and elegant piece of work could spark a new wave of the road safety movement. Based on proven scientific results, regulators will be able to justifiably impose sanctions to motivate drivers to “don’t grind in”. Perhaps nothing will change, but not a fact – many of the innovations that seem obvious now on the road came from the academic environment.

For example, in 2008, researchers at the University of California at Berkeley, together with several private companies, developed the Mobile Millennium traffic monitoring system, which collected data from GPS receivers and then redistributed them in accordance with the request of users – they had the opportunity to build a route with traffic jams. In 2009This feature also appeared in the Russian Yandex.Traffic service, which recently “pleased” Muscovites with a study stating that traffic problems in the capital had reached a five-year high.

The development of the Internet and big data analysis technologies for the first time made it possible to look at the transport infrastructure as a whole: before that, the police saw cars, the city – streets, the region – intercity highways. In fact, the movement of people is a single process, regardless of what kind of transport (by plane or on foot) they move. In California, the Connected Corridors project, implemented by the state Department of Transportation together with the same University of Berkeley, is trying to bring together absolutely all the flows. In Paris, quite a long time ago and very effectively solved the problem of integrating elements of the city’s transport system, simultaneously including the nearest region of Ile-de-France, from where many go to work in the capital. We decided to start from the end – to unite not departments or companies, but their interface for the passenger. Back at 19In 1993, work began on creating a single standard for smart cards for all modes of transport in the city and region. In the early 2000s, the system started operating in Paris and a number of other cities in France, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium. A similar idea was implemented in Moscow 15 years later in the form of the Troika card.

However, the separation of the infrastructure of metro trains, electric trains and long-distance trains, which is so natural in Moscow, is already becoming an anachronism. At Berlin Central Station, all these flows are integrated into a single five-level system, which allows you to minimize the time for a transfer. Berlin, when building infrastructure, took advantage of the consequences of the division of the city during the years of the Cold War, everything could be built anew – in accordance with modern models of traffic flows.

A scientific approach to cities is not a hipster whim. Cities occupy 4% of the earth’s land area, and more than half of the population lives in them. These systems are artificial from the very beginning, in the city one cannot talk about the “natural course of events” or “life in harmony with nature”, the city requires saving resources and reducing the useless “mileage” of residents. Otherwise, force majeure with any of the elements of the environment will lead to its immediate complete collapse – like a house of cards.