How can you create and customize human body diagrams using Wikimedia Commons resources. What are the different methods available for deriving images. Where can you find organ images for use in body diagrams. What licensing considerations should you be aware of when using these resources.

Understanding Wikimedia’s Human Body Diagrams Collection

The Wikimedia Human Body Diagrams collection is a valuable resource for anyone looking to create visual explanations of medical conditions and anatomical phenomena. This comprehensive set of images serves as a foundation for educational and informative content creation.

One of the key advantages of this collection is its licensing. All images are in the Public Domain, which means:

• You can use them freely without seeking permission
• Modifications and derivatives are allowed
• Commercial use is permitted

This open licensing policy makes the collection an ideal starting point for a wide range of projects, from academic research to public health campaigns.

Methods for Deriving Human Body Diagrams

The Wikimedia Commons offers several approaches to creating customized body diagrams. Each method has its own advantages and is suited to different skill levels and project requirements.

1. Using Raster Images with Pre-included Organs

This method is ideal for those who need a quick and easy solution:

• Images are available in .png format
• Common organs are already included
• Text and lines can be added using most graphics editors

While this approach is the most straightforward, it offers limited customization options for organ placement or selection.

2. Building Diagrams “From Scratch”

For those seeking more control over their diagrams:

• Start with a “plain” body image
• Paste desired organs onto the base image
• Requires a graphics editor capable of handling transparent images

This method allows for greater customization but demands more technical skill in image editing.

3. Using Vector Templates

The most flexible option for creating diagrams:

• Utilizes vector graphics for scalability
• Can be edited with software like Inkscape
• Offers the highest level of customization potential

While this method requires more advanced skills, it provides the greatest flexibility for creating professional-quality diagrams.

Exploring Available Organ Images

A crucial component of creating accurate body diagrams is having access to high-quality organ images. The Wikimedia Commons provides a diverse selection of organ illustrations:

• Brain
• Heart
• Lungs
• Liver
• Kidneys
• Stomach

These images can be found in various formats, including PNG and SVG, allowing for easy integration into your diagrams.

Licensing Considerations for Human Body Diagrams

Understanding the licensing of these resources is crucial for proper usage and attribution. The Wikimedia Human Body Diagrams collection is released under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.

This license essentially means:

• The work is dedicated to the public domain
• All rights are waived worldwide under copyright law
• You can copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work
• Commercial use is allowed
• No permission is required for any use

This generous licensing enables wide-ranging applications of these resources while promoting the free sharing of knowledge.

Contributing to the Collection: Organ Donations

The Wikimedia Commons project welcomes contributions to expand its collection of organ images. If you have suitable images to donate, consider the following guidelines:

• Natural-looking images are preferred over animated ones
• Frontal views are most useful
• Images must be licensed as Public Domain or equivalent

Certain organs are in particularly high demand, including:

• Prostate
• Urinary system (preferably digital versions with accurate proportions)
• Reproductive system (including ovaries and testes)

Contributing to this collection helps improve the resources available to the global community of educators, researchers, and content creators.

Advanced Customization Techniques

For those looking to create highly specialized or unique body diagrams, several advanced techniques can be employed:

Combining Multiple Organ Systems

By layering different organ systems, you can create comprehensive anatomical views that highlight the relationships between various body structures. This technique is particularly useful for educational materials or medical illustrations.

Color Coding for Emphasis

Utilizing different colors for various organs or systems can help draw attention to specific areas of the body. This method is effective for creating diagrams that focus on particular medical conditions or physiological processes.

Adding Annotations and Labels

Incorporating text labels and annotations can greatly enhance the educational value of your diagrams. Be sure to use clear, legible fonts and consider multilingual labeling for broader accessibility.

Practical Applications of Human Body Diagrams

The versatility of these diagrams makes them suitable for a wide range of applications:

• Medical education materials
• Patient information leaflets
• Scientific publications
• Health awareness campaigns
• Fitness and wellness content
• Forensic illustrations

By tailoring the diagrams to specific needs, creators can effectively communicate complex anatomical concepts to diverse audiences.

Best Practices for Creating Effective Body Diagrams

To ensure your diagrams are both accurate and impactful, consider the following best practices:

1. Maintain anatomical accuracy: Even in simplified diagrams, ensure that organ placement and proportions are correct.
2. Use consistent styling: Maintain a uniform style throughout your diagram for a professional appearance.
3. Consider your audience: Tailor the level of detail to your intended viewers’ knowledge and needs.
4. Provide context: Include relevant background information or explanatory text to enhance understanding.
5. Ensure accessibility: Use high-contrast colors and clear labeling to make your diagrams accessible to a wide range of users.

By following these guidelines, you can create diagrams that are not only visually appealing but also highly informative and useful.

Troubleshooting Common Issues in Diagram Creation

When working with human body diagrams, you may encounter some challenges. Here are solutions to common problems:

Dealing with Image Resolution

If your final diagram appears pixelated or blurry, consider using vector-based images or higher resolution raster images. Vector graphics can be scaled without loss of quality, making them ideal for print and digital use.

Aligning Organs Correctly

Precise organ placement can be tricky. Use alignment tools in your graphics software and refer to accurate anatomical references to ensure proper positioning of organs within the body outline.

Managing File Sizes

Large file sizes can be problematic for web use or sharing. Optimize your images by using appropriate file formats (e.g., PNG for transparency, JPEG for photographs) and compressing files without significant loss of quality.

Ensuring Consistency Across Multiple Diagrams

When creating a series of related diagrams, maintain consistency in style, color scheme, and labeling. Consider creating a template or style guide to ensure uniformity across your work.

By addressing these common issues, you can improve the quality and usability of your human body diagrams, making them more effective tools for communication and education.

Human body diagrams – Wikimedia Commons

Male shadow/silhouette template.

The Wikimedia Human body diagrams is a collection of images whose main purpose is to provide a way of explaining medical conditions and other phenomena.

All images in the source collection are in the Public Domain, meaning that you can make derivatives without asking permission.

Diagrams[edit]

Human body diagrams[edit] Main article at: Human body diagrams Template location:Template:Human body diagrams How to derive an image[edit] Derive directly from raster image with organs[edit] The raster (.png format) images below have most commonly used organs already included, and text and lines can be added in almost any graphics editor. This is the easiest method, but does not leave any room for customizing what organs are shown. Adding text and lines: Derive “from scratch”[edit] By this method, body diagrams can be derived by pasting organs into one of the “plain” body images shown below. This method requires a graphics editor that can handle transparent images, in order to avoid white squares around the organs when pasting onto the body image. Pictures of organs are found on the project’s main page. These were originally adapted to fit the male shadow/silhouette. Organs: More organs are found at: Human body diagrams/Organs Derive by vector template[edit] The Vector templates below can be used to derive images with, for example, Inkscape. This is the method with the greatest potential. See Human body diagrams/Inkscape tutorial for a basic description in how to do this. Female shadow/silhouette. Examples of derived works[edit] More examples Licensing[edit]   This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1. 0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse Donating organs[edit] Please leave a message if you have pictures of organs suitable for inclusion, preferably natural-looking ones rather than animated ones, and preferably be frontal view. All kind of organs are appreciated, but the following are especially wanted: Prostate Urinary system (preferably like the digital other version of the displayed, painted one, but with the proportions of the painted version) Reproductive system ( ovaries and testes) You must be prepared to give the image(s) a Public Domain license or equivalent. Think of it as a digital version of HLA-matching used in organ transplantation. Public Domain matches everything and can be used in any other derived work, regardless of its license. Organs in other formats[edit] Click the arrow at the right to view each format respectively. More versions of the organ may be available by clicking on each image.

Human body diagrams – Wikimedia Commons

Male shadow/silhouette template.

The Wikimedia Human body diagrams is a collection of images whose main purpose is to provide a way of explaining medical conditions and other phenomena.

All images in the source collection are in the Public Domain, meaning that you can make derivatives without asking permission.

Diagrams[edit]

Human body diagrams – Wikimedia Commons

Male shadow/silhouette template.

The Wikimedia Human body diagrams is a collection of images whose main purpose is to provide a way of explaining medical conditions and other phenomena.

All images in the source collection are in the Public Domain, meaning that you can make derivatives without asking permission.

Diagrams[edit]

Human body diagrams[edit] Main article at: Human body diagrams Template location:Template:Human body diagrams How to derive an image[edit] Derive directly from raster image with organs[edit] The raster (.png format) images below have most commonly used organs already included, and text and lines can be added in almost any graphics editor. This is the easiest method, but does not leave any room for customizing what organs are shown. Adding text and lines: Derive “from scratch”[edit] By this method, body diagrams can be derived by pasting organs into one of the “plain” body images shown below. This method requires a graphics editor that can handle transparent images, in order to avoid white squares around the organs when pasting onto the body image. Pictures of organs are found on the project’s main page. These were originally adapted to fit the male shadow/silhouette. Organs: More organs are found at: Human body diagrams/Organs Derive by vector template[edit] The Vector templates below can be used to derive images with, for example, Inkscape. This is the method with the greatest potential. See Human body diagrams/Inkscape tutorial for a basic description in how to do this. Female shadow/silhouette. Examples of derived works[edit] More examples Licensing[edit]   This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1. 0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.enCC0Creative Commons Zero, Public Domain Dedicationfalsefalse Donating organs[edit] Please leave a message if you have pictures of organs suitable for inclusion, preferably natural-looking ones rather than animated ones, and preferably be frontal view. All kind of organs are appreciated, but the following are especially wanted: Prostate Urinary system (preferably like the digital other version of the displayed, painted one, but with the proportions of the painted version) Reproductive system ( ovaries and testes) You must be prepared to give the image(s) a Public Domain license or equivalent. Think of it as a digital version of HLA-matching used in organ transplantation. Public Domain matches everything and can be used in any other derived work, regardless of its license. Organs in other formats[edit] Click the arrow at the right to view each format respectively. More versions of the organ may be available by clicking on each image.

Male Reproductive System (for Teens)

What Is Reproduction?

Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems, it’s not essential to keeping an individual alive.

In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes (pronounced: GAH-meetz), are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female’s reproductive system. When sperm fertilizes (meets) an egg, this fertilized egg is called a zygote (pronounced: ZYE-goat). The zygote goes through a process of becoming an embryo and developing into a fetus.

The male reproductive system and the female reproductive system both are needed for reproduction.

Humans, like other organisms, pass some characteristics of themselves to the next generation. We do this through our genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes that parents pass along are what make their children similar to others in their family, but also what make each child unique. These genes come from the male’s sperm and the female’s egg.

What Is the Male Reproductive System?

The male has reproductive organs, or genitals, that are both inside and outside the pelvis. The male genitals include:

• the testicles (pronounced: TESS-tih-kulz)
• the duct system, which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens
• the accessory glands, which include the seminal vesicles and prostate gland
• the penis

In a guy who has reached sexual maturity, the two oval-shaped testicles, or testes (pronounced: TESS-teez) make and store millions of tiny sperm cells.

The testicles are also part of the endocrine system because they make hormones, including testosterone (pronounced: tess-TOSS-tuh-rone). Testosterone is a major part of puberty in guys. As a guy makes his way through puberty, his testicles produce more and more of it. Testosterone is the hormone that causes boys to develop deeper voices, bigger muscles, and body and facial hair. It also stimulates the production of sperm.

Alongside the testicles are the epididymis and the vas deferens, which transport sperm. The epididymis (pronounced: ep-uh-DID-uh-miss) and the testicles hang in a pouch-like structure outside the pelvis called the scrotum. This bag of skin helps to regulate the temperature of testicles, which need to be kept cooler than body temperature to produce sperm. The scrotum changes size to maintain the right temperature. When the body is cold, the scrotum shrinks and becomes tighter to hold in body heat. When it’s warm, it gets larger and floppier to get rid of extra heat. This happens without a guy ever having to think about it. The brain and the nervous system give the scrotum the cue to change size.

The accessory glands, including the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland, provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm. The urethra (pronounced: yoo-REE-thruh) is the channel that carries the sperm (in fluid called semen) to the outside of the body through the penis. The urethra is also part of the urinary system because it is also the channel through which pee passes as it leaves the bladder and exits the body.

The penis is actually made up of two parts: the shaft and the glans. The shaft is the main part of the penis and the glans is the tip (sometimes called the head). At the end of the glans is a small slit or opening, which is where semen and pee exit the body through the urethra. The inside of the penis is made of a spongy tissue that can expand and contract.

All boys are born with a foreskin, a fold of skin at the end of the penis covering the glans. Some boys are circumcised, which means that a doctor or clergy member cuts away the foreskin. Circumcision is usually done during a baby boy’s first few days of life. It’s not medically necessary, but parents who choose to have their sons circumcised often do so based on religious beliefs, concerns about hygiene, or cultural or social reasons. Guys who have circumcised penises and those who don’t are no different: All penises work and feel the same, regardless of whether the foreskin has been removed.

How Does the Male Reproductive System Work?

The male reproductive system:

• makes semen (pronounced: SEE-mun)
• releases semen into the reproductive system of the female during sexual intercourse
• produces sex hormones, which help a boy develop into a sexually mature man during puberty

When a baby boy is born, he has all the parts of his reproductive system in place, but it isn’t until puberty that he is able to reproduce. When puberty begins, usually between the ages of 9 and 15, the

pituitary gland— located near the brain — secretes hormones that stimulate the testicles to produce testosterone. The production of testosterone brings about many physical changes.

Although the timing of these changes is different for every guy, the stages of puberty generally follow a set sequence:

• During the first stage of male puberty, the scrotum and testes grow larger.
• Next, the penis becomes longer and the seminal vesicles and prostate gland grow.
• Hair begins to grow in the pubic area and later on the face and underarms. During this time, the voice also deepens.
• Guys also have a growth spurt during puberty as they reach their adult height and weight.

What Do Sperm Do?

A male who has reached puberty will produce millions of sperm cells every day. Each sperm is extremely small: only 1/600 of an inch (0.05 millimeters long). Sperm develop in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules. At birth, these tubules contain simple round cells. During puberty, testosterone and other hormones cause these cells to transform into sperm cells. The cells divide and change until they have a head and short tail, like tadpoles. The head contains genetic material (genes). The sperm move into the epididymis, where they complete their development.

The sperm then move to the vas deferens (pronounced: VAS DEF-uh-runz), or sperm duct. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland make a whitish fluid called seminal fluid, which mixes with sperm to form semen when a male is sexually stimulated. The penis, which usually hangs limp, becomes hard when a male is sexually excited. Tissues in the penis fill with blood and it becomes stiff and erect (an erection). The rigidity of the erect penis makes it easier to insert into the female’s vagina during sex. When the erect penis is stimulated, muscles around the reproductive organs contract and force the semen through the duct system and urethra. Semen is pushed out of the male’s body through his urethra — this process is called ejaculation. Each time a guy ejaculates, it can contain up to 500 million sperm.

What Is Conception?

If semen is ejaculated into a female’s vagina, millions of sperm “swim” up from the vagina through the cervix and uterus to meet the egg in the fallopian tube. It takes only one sperm to fertilize the egg.

This fertilized egg is now called a zygote and contains 46 chromosomes — half from the egg and half from the sperm. Genetic material from the male and female combine so that a new individual can be created. The zygote divides again and again as it grows in the female’s uterus, maturing over the course of the pregnancy into an embryo, a fetus, and finally a newborn baby.

Male Reproductive System | BioNinja

Skill:

•  Annotate diagrams of the male reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions

    
The male reproductive system includes all the organs responsible for the production of sperm (the male gamete)

• It also includes the organs that are involved in synthesising the semen in which the sperm is transported during copulation

Male Reproductive System  (Front View)

⇒  Click on the diagram to show / hide labels

Structures of the Male Reproductive System

The following structures all contribute to the production of sperm and semen as part of the reproductive process in males

• Structures are organised according to the path taken by sperm (from production to release)

Testis

• The testis (plural: testes) is responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone (male sex hormone)

Epididymis

• Site where sperm matures and develops the ability to be motile (i. e. ‘swim’) – mature sperm is stored here until ejaculation

Vas Deferens

• Long tube which conducts sperm from the testes to the prostate gland (which connects to the urethra) during ejaculation

Seminal Vesicle

• Secretes fluid containing fructose (to nourish sperm), mucus (to protect sperm) and prostaglandin (triggers uterine contractions)

Prostate Gland

• Secretes an alkaline fluid to neutralise vaginal acids (necessary to maintain sperm viability)

Urethra

• Conducts sperm / semen from the prostate gland to the outside of the body via the penis (also used to convey urine)

Male Reproductive System  (Side View)

⇒  Click on the diagram to show / hide labels

Human anatomy: Definition and overview of the organs

The human body is a complex and intricate piece of engineering in which every structure plays a precise role. There are approximately 200 bones, 650 muscles, 79 organs, and enough blood vessels to circle the Earth twice!

Medical schools typically teach the anatomy of these structures in approximately one academic year. However, what does human anatomy actually entail?

In this article, we’ll take a look at what this subject means and how you can tackle it in the most logical way.

Basics and terminology

First things first, what is anatomy and where did it all begin? The term ‘anatomy’ derives from ancient Greek meaning ‘dissection’ or ‘to dissect’ and involves the study of the structure of the human body. This 2000 year old scientific discipline sprung to life in Ancient Egypt and was increasingly developed across the ages by anatomy heavyweights like Galen, Leonardo da Vinci, Vesalius, and many others.

Learning such a complex subject can only be accomplished by taking small and logical steps. What’s the best place to start? By mastering the basics, such as directions, movements, body planes, and overall anatomical terminology.

In a nutshell, three main anatomical planes divide the body into frontal, lateral, and transverse views. These views showcase the position and relations between anatomical structures, which are described by precise terms, for example superior, inferior, lateral, and many others. Movements can also be described by standardly accepted terms, such as flexion and extension. With this vocabulary up our sleeves, it’s time to dive deeper into the subject and find out more about its learning approaches. Human anatomy consists of two main divisions:

• Macroscopic or gross anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy

Feeling brave today? Jump into your first quiz about the directional terms and body planes of the human body!

Regional anatomy

Let’s begin by taking a look at macroscopic or gross anatomy. As the name suggests, this branch deals with large structures that are mostly seen with the naked eye. It describes where every human body structure is located (topography), similar to how a geographic map of an area shows all the landmarks in a particular perimeter. Not only that, but it also describes how the structures are connected to each other, their starting and end points, their layering, and so on. There are two fundamental approaches to studying gross anatomy: a regional and a systemic one.

Regional anatomy organizes the body into several body parts or regions: upper limbs, lower limbs, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis, back), head, and neck. This approach divides teaching and learning into discrete regional didactic areas, each one containing its respective bones, joints, muscles, arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics, and organs. Let’s take a look at all these regions and learn some basics about each one.

Upper limb

Let’s begin by talking about the extremities, the structures responsible for interacting with the environment, locomotion, weight bearing, and many more. The upper limb consists of four main parts: shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. In turn, the mobility of the limb is provided by the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints onto which various muscles act. However, their action depends on innervation, and their viability on proper nutrition and blood supply. Do you know the name of the vein punctured by the needle when you have your blood drawn? How about the name of the nerve that can lead to tingles if you lean on your elbows for a long time?

The answers and more information can be read in the following study units.

Lower limb

The lower limb has four main parts, called the hip, thigh, leg, and foot. The flexibility is provided by the hip, knee, and ankle joints which allow you to kick, jump, squat, and shake it on the dance floor. The lower extremity contains some of the most powerful muscles in the human body, which are organized into various compartments. Significant vessels like the femoral artery and the longest nerve in the human body, the sciatic nerve, supply this limb.

The following materials contain more details about the neurovasculature of the lower limb.

Trunk and back

The upper and lower limbs are attached to an anatomical structure called the trunk, commonly known as the torso. The trunk is composed of several regions called the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and back. Running through the center of the back is the vertebral column which contains the spinal cord. Large back muscles such as the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and rhomboids as well as deeper, smaller ones are attached to various points of the vertebral column. The musculature of the back helps you maintain your posture, bend your trunk, move your arms, shrug your shoulders, and much more.

Large abdominal muscles, for example the rectus abdominis also contribute to the trunk. This is the famous ‘six-pack’ that many fitness enthusiasts strive for.

Thorax

In the previous section we’ve learned about the regions comprising the trunk, three of which were the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Let’s discuss each one very briefly. You’ve probably heard the expression ‘my heart is beating out of my chest’. However, what is the chest? In the world of anatomy, the chest is called the thorax and it is located between the neck and the abdomen. This region can be considered the epicentre of the circulatory system and the primary player in breathing, the latter function being mainly controlled by the diaphragm. The thoracic wall protects the internal contents and also supports the breasts.

The thorax is as complex on the inside as it is on the outside. Internally it consists of the thoracic cavity that, first and foremost, houses the lungs. These two vital organs are enveloped by membranes called the pleura and they are responsible for breathing. Altogether, the lungs occupy a surface area equivalent to the size of a tennis court. Sandwiched between the lungs is the mediastinum, a space that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and most importantly, the heart. This vital organ is enclosed inside a sac called the pericardium and pumps 5 liters of blood every minute of your waking day through the entire body.

Abdomen and pelvis


Continuing inferiorly to the thorax, we come across the abdomen and pelvis. These two regions are often taught separately for didactic purposes, but their contents blend together into one large abdominopelvic cavity. Internally, it is lined by a membrane called the peritoneum which wraps around many structures, making them intraperitoneal. The ones located outside the membrane are named extraperitoneal. The largest organ system located here is the gastrointestinal tract. The intestines, which are mainly responsible for absorption, snail through these regions for a total of 7.5 meters, the equivalent of four human beings stacked upright on top of each other.

Four accessory organs that help the gastrointestinal tract to perform its functions are located inside the abdominopelvic cavity. These are the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. They help especially with the digestion of proteins and fats, as well as metabolic processing.

It’s easy to think that the abdomen and pelvis are overfilled with the gastrointestinal tract, but there’s even more! Organs like the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and female and male reproductive structures are also located here. They form entire systems that work in unison to ensure that you eliminate wastes, react to stressful or scary situations, and reproduce.

Your abdomen and pelvis are the home to some of the body’s largest blood vessels. Since they supply major organs and even more distal body parts, they are large caliber structures transporting liters of blood. For example, if either the aorta or a renal artery ruptures during a traumatic event, the person would die in several minutes. Important nerves can also be found in these regions, controlling the activity of the abdominopelvic organs and allowing you to feel pain.

Head and neck

In addition to the limbs, two more regions extend from the trunk that work in perfect harmony; a strong and mobile neck that supports a five-kilogram head, which also includes the brain. Vital nerves and blood vessels pass through the neck while traveling between the head and the rest of the body, so mastering these regions is important.

Now that we know some basics, let’s focus on the head. It consists of several bones joined together that form the bony skull, or cranium, parts of which enclose the brain and some that form the facial skeleton. The head has several associated structures, such as eyes, nose, ears, and mouth. They have a variety of functions, for instance, vision, smell, hearing, eating, and speaking, to name a few.

Do you know why you can taste nasal drops or why you blow your nose after crying? That’s because some of the previously mentioned structures are directly communicating with each other. Read on to find out how!

The neck serves as a passageway between the head and thorax. The nasal and oral cavities are continued by the pharynx, commonly called the throat. This muscular passage facilitates the movement of liquids, food, and air towards your windpipe (trachea) and food pipe (esophagus), respectively. In addition to the pharynx, the neck also houses many cartilages, muscles, organs, blood vessels, and nerves. Important structures include the larynx (voice box), thyroid gland, hyoid muscles, carotid arteries, jugular veins, and cervical plexus.

Learn more details about the neurovasculature of the head and neck from the following articles:

Neuroanatomy

Knowing the anatomy of each region of the human body is essential. However, how does the brain communicate with other regions, for instance the hand, to produce a movement or to sense objects? Through nerves, a concept explained by neuroanatomy. The nervous system controls every function of the human body. For example, it is involved in physiological processes like body temperature, voluntary movements, and higher-order thinking such as consciousness and emotional behaviour. 

The nervous system has two structural divisions, central and peripheral. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord, which are protected by layers called meninges and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is the master regulator of the body and has four main parts: cerebrum, subcortical structures, brainstem, and cerebellum. The cerebrum is divided into five lobes and forms the largest part of the human brain, being responsible for cognition.

However, every part of the brain is equally important. Do you know the main hero keeping a patient alive during a ‘vegetative state’ or a coma?  It’s solely the brainstem, as the cerebrum is dysfunctional.

The spinal cord is the continuation of the brainstem, travelling through the vertebral column. It consists of five regions called cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx. Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord through the vertebrae, carrying nerve impulses to and from the periphery. The brain and spinal cord communicate via neural pathways called tracts. Ascending tracts carry peripheral information up towards the brain, while descending tracts transport information back down from the brain.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) refers to all neural tissue located outside the CNS. It consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the 31 pairs of spinal nerves mentioned previously, and all their branches. The PNS reaches and innervates every single anatomical structure of the human body.

As you can see, the regions of the human body are extremely complex. Starting from the top, the head allows you to gather information via sensorial structures, but not only, while the brain integrates and controls everything via the nervous system. The head rests on the neck, which provides a passageway for structures traveling to and from the thorax. Below the neck is the trunk, which is composed of the thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, and back regions. The trunk supports the body, facilitates movements, and protects various anatomical structures, such as internal organs, blood vessels, and nerves which are situated inside the respective cavities. Attached to it are two upper and lower limbs, which allow you to function as a human being, move, interact with your environment, and many more.

Systemic anatomy

We’ve covered regional anatomy, dividing our body into discrete areas. However, the human body also consists of physiological systems that span multiple regions and are composed of many anatomical structures. Systemic anatomy, the second branch of human anatomy, subdivides the body into discrete organ systems that work together towards a common goal or function. The ten systems are called integumentary, musculoskeletal (skeletal, muscular), nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, and lymphatic.

In contrast to its previous counterpart, the systemic approach divides studying into areas dealing with specific functions rather than locations or proximity. This approach covers anatomy from a more physiological perspective, studying structures that accomplish one body function together. For example, the nervous system covers all nerves in the body, which span different regions from the brain to the lower limb.

Integumentary system

The integumentary system consists of the skin and its associated appendages, such as hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. It is involved in a variety of functions, including protection, tactile and thermal sensation, as well as temperature regulation through sweating.

Musculoskeletal system

The 200 bones of the human body act as a scaffold, providing support, protection, facilitating locomotion, and even storing various cells and substances. The bones are the pulley systems onto which muscles act, the latter being capable of contracting and relaxing, ultimately producing movement.

Nervous system

Nerves are responsible for transporting electrical impulses, which permit communication between the brain, spinal cord, our senses, and every peripherical anatomical structure. This communication allows humans to interact with their environment, sense, feel emotions, think, and perform many other complex cognitive tasks.

Endocrine system

The endocrine system consists of glands that release substances called hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones allow chemical communication between anatomical structures, inducing various regulatory effects upon reaching their targets.

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is responsible for keeping us alive by providing oxygenated, arterial blood, to every part of the human body. The key player is the heart, an organ that pumps oxygenated blood into arteries, which then returns back to the heart via veins as deoxygenated blood.

Respiratory system

The main function of the respiratory system is to keep us alive via the inhalation of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide. The lungs and alveoli represent the site of gas exchange, which involve a series of convoluted air passages and membranes.

Digestive system

The digestive system is essentially a hollow system with two openings consisting of several organs. Food is ingested via the mouth, it is processed and absorbed inside the system, and the resulting solid wastes called feces are eliminated via the anus.

Urinary system

The urinary (excretory) system is the major filtering unit of the human body, being responsible for purifying the blood and eliminating wastes. The entire blood is continuously passed through the kidneys and the resulting unwanted or toxic substances are passed to the bladder, ultimately being eliminated via the urethra.

Reproductive system

The main responsibility of the reproductive system is to facilitate the generation of new offspring and to pass on our genes. The female system produces the eggs and nourishes the developing fetus until birth, while the male system synthesizes sperm and delivers it towards the egg to aid fertilization.

Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system is involved in the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues, the transport of absorbed fats after digestion, and in protection. Immune cells and substances travel via the lymphatic system, sampling lymph for any potential invaders and mounting an immune response if needed.

There are a lot of systems, so let’s quickly summarize them. The integumentary system covers the entire body, protecting it from damage and regulating body temperature. The scaffold is provided by the skeletal system onto which the muscles act, ultimately facilitating movement. The nervous and endocrine systems are the main regulators, controlling the activity of almost everything via nerves and hormones, respectively. The respiratory and circulatory systems keep us alive by facilitating breathing and pumping blood around the body, while the digestive systems permits feeding. The resulting wastes are removed and excreted from the body by the urinary system. Last but not least, the reproductive system prevents humanity from going extinct, while the lymphatic system transports lymph and plays a role in the protection from microorganisms.

Microscopic anatomy

Up until now, we’ve discussed gross anatomy, which deals with the macroscopic or large structures of the human body. However, what happens at the microscopic level, where structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye? Microscopic anatomy, the second branch of human anatomy, is the study of tissues and their organization into organs and organ systems. Since this subdivision of anatomy deals with structures that are barely visible to the naked eye, such as microscopic arteries, veins, capillaries, and nerves, it exploits the magnifying power of microscopes. 

Microscopic anatomy and histology are often used interchangeably, but they are quite distinct. Histology has a much broader scope, dealing with the structure and organization of tissues at all levels, from the intracellular components, to cells, and all the way to organs. In contrast, microscopic anatomy has a narrower scope, dealing only with ‘microstructures’ and the organization of tissues into organs. Let’s use the example of the skeletal muscle motor unit to put it into context. Microscopic anatomy describes skeletal muscle as consisting of fascicles and subsequent fibers, while neurons consisting of axons. However, histology explains much more, including the internal structure of the fibers, of each muscle cell, of the axons, as well as the appearance of the nuclei, and so on.

Get started with your first histology quiz to boost your knowledge!

Alternative learning approaches 

Teaching anatomy according to either regions or systems is the classical, standard approach used to teach the subject worldwide. In this way, you learn the fundamental knowledge and details about every anatomical structure. However, it lacks context. You need other methods that can relate structures to each other and place the knowledge in a clinical context, ultimately facilitating learning and long term retention. There are two such methods that can achieve this; case reports and cross-sections.

Clinical and applied anatomy through case reports

Clinical and applied anatomy is an interesting and powerful way to learn difficult anatomical aspects in a clinical context. Case reports describe real-life scenarios encountered by physicians during their daily practice. The cases are structured systematically, starting with the patient’s complaints, followed by the diagnostic and management approaches. These aspects are then integrated with your anatomy knowledge to put the entire case into context and help you learn the importance of various anatomical structures encountered during your daily studies. Therefore, clinical cases are excellent learning tools!

Cross-sections


The second learning approach includes cross-sections, which can add a lot of depth to your learning. They are created by transverse cuts, resulting in a view that adds a dimension of depth to the typical frontal and lateral views used in standard anatomy learning. This combination of height, width, and depth ultimately builds a complete 3D picture of the precise location of every anatomical structure. 

Without cross-sections, you wouldn’t be able to truly understand how muscles are layered, how organs are wedged or contact one another, or how neurovascular structures twist and turn along their course, for example. Therefore, they add a lot of context to your anatomy learning! They are also used by physicians on a daily basis, for example when looking at CT scans, during surgeries, or while performing standard maneuvers. When draining excess fluid from a patient’s thorax or abdomen, it’s important to know how deep you can safely advance the needle without puncturing a vital organ or blood vessel, right?

Here’s a quiz for you to get familiar with the perspective of cross-sections!

Therefore, human anatomy is a vast subject. It consists of two main divisions, called macroscopic (gross) and microscopic anatomy. The former deals with large structures that can be learned according to either regions or systems, which can be placed into context by using case reports and cross-sections. The latter studies anatomical structures that require microscopes for visualization. Mastering this subject requires excellent fundamental anatomical terminology and vocabulary as well, so it’s important not to overlook this aspect. Good luck in your anatomy learning endeavours from all of us at Kenhub!

Sources

Illustrators:

• Human body (anterior view) – Irina Münstermann
  
   

1.4A: Anatomical Position – Medicine LibreTexts

When an organism is in its standard anatomical position, positional descriptive terms are used to indicate regions and features.

Learning Objectives

• Describe the standard position in human anatomy

Key Points

• In standard anatomical position, the limbs are placed similarly to the supine position imposed on cadavers during autopsy.
• The anatomical position of the skull is the Frankfurt plane. In this position, the lower margins of the orbitals (eye sockets), the lower margin of the orbits, and the upper margins of the ear canals (poria) lie in the same horizontal plane.
• Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environments and appendages can change position with respect to the body, positional descriptive terms refer to the organism only in its standard anatomical position to prevent confusion.

Key Terms

• appendage: A limb of the body.
• supine: Lying on its back, reclined.
• anatomical position: The standard position in which the body is standing with feet together, arms to the side, and head, eyes, and palms facing forward.

The Need for Standardization

Standard anatomical position is the body orientation used when describing an organism’s anatomy. Standardization is necessary to avoid confusion since most organisms can take on many different positions that may change the relative placement of organs. All descriptions refer to the organism in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism’s appendages are in another position. Thus, the standard anatomical position provides a “gold standard” when comparing the anatomy of different members of the same species.

Relative location in the anatomical position: Many terms are used to describe relative location on the body. Cranial refers to features closer to the head, while caudal refers to features closer to the feet. The front of the body is referred to as anterior or ventral, while the back is referred to as posterior or dorsal. Proximal and distal describe relative position on the limbs. Proximal refers to a feature that is closer to the torso, while distal refers to a feature that is closer to the fingers/toes. Medial and lateral refer to position relative to the midline, which is a vertical line drawn through the center of the forehead, down through the belly button to the floor. Medial indicates a feature is closer to this line, while lateral indicates features further from this line.

Standard Anatomical Position in Humans

The standard anatomical position is agreed upon by the international medical community. In this position, a person is standing upright with the lower limbs together or slightly apart, feet flat on the floor and facing forward, upper limbs at the sides with the palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body, and head and eyes directed straight ahead. In addition, the arms are usually placed slightly apart from the body so that the hands do not touch the sides. The positions of the limbs, particularly the arms, have important implications for directional terms in those appendages.

The basis for the standard anatomical position in humans comes from the supine position used for examining human cadavers during autopsies. Dissection of cadavers was one of the primary ways humans learned about anatomy throughout history, which has tremendously influenced the ways by which anatomical knowledge has developed into the scientific field of today.

Standard anatomical position: The regions of the body in standard anatomical position, in which the body is erect.

In humans, the standard anatomical position of the skull is called the Frankfurt plane. In this position, the orbitales (eye sockets), lower margins of the orbits, and the poria (ear canal upper margins) all lie in the same horizontal plane. This orientation represents the position of the skull if the subject were standing upright and looking straight ahead.

It is important to note that all anatomical descriptions are based on the standard anatomical position unless otherwise stated.

90,000 transformation of a fat and crippled male body

Ben Barry
(Ben Barry) – Manager
and adjunct professor of the department
equal opportunities, cultural
diversity and inclusion in the School
Ryerson University Fashion.
He is researching
gender inequality issues
and fashion as a tool
identity transformation;
received his doctorate
at the University of Cambridge.

A fashionable men’s suit and a fashionable male body have a symbiotic relationship.Although the standards of male fashion and physicality in Western culture have changed over time, men’s clothing has invariably designed, emphasized and accentuated certain components of the male body in such a way as to bring it closer to the ideal adopted at one time or another. In the 1940s and 1950s, men wore dull, monotonous suits; this fashion distracted attention from the body: the mind was considered the main thing for a man. During the peacock revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, this changed. Designers came up with bright, tight-fitting suits.Advertisements exposed the slender bodies of young models (McCauley Bowstead 2018). In the 1980s and 1990s, however, the pendulum swung in the opposite direction: men’s clothing became conservative again; she conveyed the idea of ​​masculinity, emphasizing large, muscular forms; the models here were industrial tycoons in suits with wide shoulders or athletes with beautifully pumped bodies (Edwards 1997). Despite these shifts in men’s fashion and men’s physicality, fashion and physicality themselves are still associated with women and femininity and thus opposed to the ideals of hegemonic masculinity (Kaiser 2012).

This article will focus on the practices through which men struggle with those bodily and sartorial restrictions that modern standards of everyday wardrobe dictatorially impose on them. I focus on the results of the 3-year research project Transformed Masculinity, which explored how men embody and reinterpret masculinity through fashion. The material I used was the stories of informants about their wardrobes, as well as fashion shows.Fifty men from Toronto (Canada) took part in the project. The informants belonged to different age and gender groups, to different races, had different body types and different social origins, and preferred different styles of clothing. This article will focus on the disabled and fat people. Although these people did not appear to fit the fashionable ideal of a lean or muscular healthy male body, they did not neglect fashion and used a number of strategies designed to make fashion and the media work for them.Moore argues that queer and trans communities practice “great style” by creating extravagant outfits and turning their bodies into a tool for gender empowerment (Moore 2018). Based on Moore’s theory of “great style”, I will try to show that my informants practice what I call “great masculinity”: they design, collect, photograph and wear outfits that emphasize their physique; this is how a new relationship is created between the clothed body and masculinity. These men are marginalized by the fashion industry; they do not fit into the ideals and constructions of hegemonic masculinity. At the same time, they regain their agent functions in the space of masculine fashion and turn to their advantage the stereotypes of the patriarchal system, where physicality and appearance are not considered significant attributes of masculinity.

This article is a contribution to the theory of “gorgeous style” and is devoted to the study of men, masculinity gorgeous masculinity and fashion.I clarify the concept of “great style” in relation to its masculine incarnations. The presentation of masculinity implies the implementation of relevant stereotypes and standards within and through the human body and social activities (Shuttleworth 2004). Clothing and accessories are fundamentally important tools for gender mainstreaming in the social space (Entwistle 2015). The article thus describes new forms of presentation of masculinity through fashion and, above all, through the practice of “great style”. In addition, conceptually, I broaden the scope of great style theory by focusing on the queer and trans community who identify as fat and disabled. Moore did not deal specifically with such cases; I am trying to comprehend what influence abnormal costumes and abnormal bodies have on the forms of realization, meanings and consequences of the practice of “great style”.

I have my own experience helping to understand the consequences of refusal to follow fashion stereotypes.I wear glitter clothes and paint my nails: in my daily life it gives me joy and helps me to be in harmony with myself. As a man, I experienced all the risks of this practice: people on the street made insulting homophobic remarks at me, questioned my professionalism at work, and even beat me. However, despite the fact that my dress clearly defies masculine ideals, my body is quite consistent with them: I am white, healthy, slim, cisgender and still a relatively young man.My body provides me with belonging to a privileged group, and this protects me from even more intense attacks and marginalization. Therefore, knowing what it means to express yourself with a suit, I understand that not everyone has this experience, since the fashion industry makes invisible bodies that it considers unfashionable. The purpose of my research is to problematize the systemic reproduction of a fashionable body. I study how men challenge a system that denies them the right to display human qualities and style.To do this, they choose clothes for themselves that reflect their individuality, regardless of the norms that society considers adequate for them. This practice builds them into the design modeling process. Thus, my article not only questions the adequacy of the accepted standards of everyday wardrobe, but also draws attention to the lack of bodily diversification in men’s fashion.

Continued in the printed version of the magazine

Human body proportions for the artist

In order to draw correctly a person , whether at full height or only half, standing, sitting or in motion, you first need to know the proportions of its various parts. In the case when an artist draws a person without knowledge and definitions of sizes, the drawing is doomed to failure in advance. Every time you sit down to work on your image – first of all, you need to measure all the proportions and sizes. Next, in this tutorial on drawing a person , I will teach you how to do it correctly:

Male body proportions:

The concept of the human body includes such components as the head, torso and limbs – arms and legs. artists use head height to measure 90,021 body proportions.When you have decided on the size of the head height, you can measure all other parameters based on further calculations. In short, the proportions of a person’s body are measured by the number of heads that fit in the torso, arms or legs.

1. The total height of a person (including the head) is equal to the height of his head, multiplied by 7.5 times.

2. The length of a man’s arm is equal to the height of the head, multiplied by 3. 25 times.

3. The length of a man’s leg is 3.5 times the height of the head.

4.The length of the male torso is 3 times the height of the head.

Now, regarding the width of the man’s body. Here, too, there are sizes, repelling everything from the same head height.

1. The width of a man’s shoulders is equal to the height of 2 heads.

2. The width of the man’s waist is equal to the height of 1.25 of the head.

3. The width of the male hips is equal to the height of 1.5 of the head.

Female body proportions:

Female proportions are measured in the same way as male proportions, using head height, only, of course, with different numerical values.Do not forget about the woman’s drawing style. In contrast to the man’s drawing, the lines are smoother, softer and lighter. Everyone knows that at different times there was a different fashion for female beauty, but in our time, a tall, slender and long-legged model is considered the standard. In this regard, the proportions of the female body are adjusted to this type.

The proportions of the height or length of the elements of the body of a woman are practically the same as those of a man, with the exception of two.

1.The full height of a tall, modern woman is 8.5 times the height of her head.

2. The length of the legs increases by one head height, ie. multiplied by a factor of 4.5.

Now, regarding the width of the female body:

1. The width of a woman’s shoulders is equal to 1.5 times the height of her head.

2. The width of a woman’s waist is equal to the height of 1 head.

3. The width of a woman’s hips is equal to the height of 1.5 of her head.

The next drawing lesson has come to an end.This time we have analyzed the proportions of the human body, so now, when drawing a person, you should not have any special problems. Follow the news of the site, subscribe to updates to keep abreast of the latest lessons.

On the anthropic principle and unexpected ratios – Metal Supply and Sales Magazine – No. 6.2007

There are many formulations of AP. Perhaps, the most often used formulations of Professor B. Carter – the father of AP, put forward by him in 1973, Carter formulated two statements – weak AP and strong AP.

Weak AP states that the conditions in the Universe do not contradict the existence of man. “What we expect to observe must be constrained by the conditions necessary for our existence as observers,” in other words: “Our position in the universe is necessarily privileged in the sense that it must be compatible with our existence as observers.” A strong AP puts forward a rigid relationship between the parameters of the Universe and the need for Reason to appear in it: “The Universe (hence, its fundamental parameters) should be such that the existence of observers is allowed in it at some stage of evolution.”

Strong AP is a deep heuristic principle that postulates the relationship between the appearance of Intelligent Life and the structure of the Universe, according to which Life and Mind are a natural consequence of the development of the Universe, arranged in such a way that its evolution inevitably leads to the emergence of Mind.

Since we have mentioned the many formulations of the AP, we will give two more. The first belongs to Professor M. Katsnelson and co-authors, the second was put forward by the authors of this article (or rather, one of them) in the late 1980s.M. Katsnelson’s statement: “The universe is arranged in such a way that it was not only possible to live in it, but also interesting.” Our statement: “The main property of the Universe is to be cognizable.”

In terms of world outlook, AP is the embodiment of the idea of ​​the relationship between man and the Universe, put forward in antiquity, which in the Renaissance became part of the anthropocentrism paradigm. The essence of the ideology of anthropocentrism was first formulated by the Italian humanist philosopher, contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci, Pico de Mirandola in his treatise On the Dignity of Man: “There is nothing more valuable in the world than a man.Man is a beautiful and perfect “small world”, a microcosm. Not only the soul, but also the human body is the highest value and the most beautiful thing that exists in the world. Love – eros is the greatest feeling experienced by man.

But love – eros is possible only for a beautiful body, therefore bodily beauty as the source of all life is an ideal. As for the soul, its greatness consists in freedom and striving for knowledge. ”

It was in striving for knowledge and studying the differences in the kinetics of eutectoid transformation in steel at values ​​above and below the Curie temperature (TC) of ferrite, the authors wrote down the ratios given below (in this article, the ratios are presented in abbreviated form.The full text is published in the journal “Vestnik MGTU”, No. 4’2006)

The ratios surprisingly relate the melting temperatures (Tm) and the temperatures of transition to the ferromagnetic state upon cooling – the Curie temperatures of Fe, Co and Ni (3d transition metals) with the critical parameters (melting and boiling points) of water (Tm _h3O , Tb _h3O).

Assuming that there is a heuristic record, we deliberately put an exact equal sign, although there are minor discrepancies in calculating constants from these expressions in comparison with reference values.

The reference value of the parameter is written down to the left of the expression, the calculated value is on the right.

In addition, in order not to clutter up the recording, we deliberately omit the magnetic phase index (for example, Fe bcc), leaving only the element symbol (Fe).

So, for 3d-transition metals and water, the following relationships are valid (see table).

Let us dwell a little on the form of presentation we have chosen. In two expressions (for Fe and Ni), Tm _h3O is used, and in one (for Co) Tb _h3O

Taking into account that Tm _h3O and Tbp _h3O are related by a simple relationship,

, only one of the specified parameters could be left in the record (either Tm _h3O , or Tkip _h3O ).

We did not do this because we believe that this would reduce the heuristic value of the record.

We must honestly admit: while planning this article, we intended to move on to discussion and conclusions after the previous proposal. However, in the process of working on the text, we got another amazing ratio that deserves to dwell on it in more detail. The ratio is as follows:

Let’s make the necessary explanations. – the temperature of the water in the human body, or simply the physiological temperature of the human body: 36.6 oC (309.6K).

What does the discussed ratio mean in a geometrical sense is illustrated in Figure 1.

Tp _h3O splits the “water segment” [Tm _h3O , Tp _h3O ] in such a way that the ratio of the larger of the two, obtained as a result of splitting the segments (n), to the smaller (v) is equal to the square root of 3. Note that, taking the segment [Tm _h3O , Tb _h3O ] as a unit, we obtain v = 0.36602540 …, n = 0.63397459 …

Since the square root of 3 is an irrational number, we give the value of Tchel _h3O , obtained from the ratio under consideration: Tchel _h3O = 309.602540 … K.

The presented result allows us to say that the ratio is fulfilled exactly (in the sense that we can determine the parameters included in the ratio with any accuracy we need).

In Figure 2, you see a triangle with small segments of the “water segment” as its legs. It is to the triangle shown in this figure that Plato’s words refer: “Among the many triangles there is one, the most beautiful, for the sake of which we will leave all the others, namely, the one that, in conjunction with a similar one, forms a third triangle – equilateral.”Agreeing with Plato, in this work we will call this triangle “beautiful”.

“Beautiful Triangle” has a number of remarkable properties, but in this work we will emphasize only one of them. The length of the circle circumscribed around the “pretty triangle” is 2π (this is true for v = 1, n = square root of 3, and m = 2). Thus, we can say that the ratio of water temperatures recorded by us “sets” the number π.

The ratio for water temperatures that amazed us with its beauty and predictive potential, in our opinion, is a vivid evidence that a person is provided with extremely comfortable conditions. We live in a comfortable universe, which is also beautiful.

Running a little ahead, we note that another statement is also possible. “Since the square root of 3 and π in this universe are as they are, the critical temperatures of water and the temperature of the human body are as we observe them.”

Continuing the theme of the geometric interpretation of the ratio for water temperatures, we made an assumption about the correspondence of the physiological proportions of the human body to the proportion given by the “water segment”.To this we were pushed to a large extent by the aphorism of the German thinker Novalis, who did a lot to understand the nature of water: “There is no doubt that our body is a river that has taken the form of a body” and Theodor Schwenk’s monograph “Feeling Chaos: Formation of Moving Forms in Water and Air” …

Aesthetic proportions when depicting a human body, as is known, are set by the golden ratio (a single segment is divided by the “golden division” into segments with lengths of 0. 618 … and 0.382 …).

In the XIX century. German researcher Zeising, measuring about 2 thousand.of human bodies, showed that the main proportion of the male body is on average 13: 8 = 1.625, and the average value of the main proportion of the woman’s body is expressed as 8: 5 = 1.6.

The proportion obtained from the golden ratio is 1.6178 …

However, according to our data, the main proportion of a harmoniously folded female body is ≈ 1.7, which is much closer to the square root of 3 ≈ 1.7320 … than to 1.6178 …

The proportion of the body corresponding to the “water segment” is illustrated in Figure 3.

At this point we would like to complete the topic of geometric interpretation of the ratio and return to the anthropic principle.

So, in the present work the following are presented: a record of the ratios for the critical temperatures of water and 3d-transition metals; the relationship between the values ​​of the critical water temperatures and the physiological temperature of the human body.

In the record, unexpectedly for us, the parameters of substances that are extremely important both for the emergence of Life (H2O) and for the development of human civilization (Fe) turned out to be related.

The game of numbers (world constants) or the design of the Creator leads to the coordination of the TC and Tm of the metals responsible for the earth’s magnetism (the Earth’s core mainly consists of Fe and Ni), with the critical temperatures of water, and this coordination is expressed in extremely simple ratios.

Perhaps this is a necessary condition for earthly magnetism to “turn on in time” (without a magnetic field, the development of life on Earth would be impossible). Perhaps the need for such an agreement lies elsewhere?

In any case, the very fact of the agreement is admirable.If this is a game of constants, then the game is addictive; if the plan is an ingenious plan.

The ratio for water temperatures that amazed us with its beauty and predictive potential, in our opinion, is a vivid evidence that a person is provided with extremely comfortable conditions. We live in a comfortable universe, which is also beautiful. In the final part of the article, being supporters of the strong anthropic principle, and it is from these positions, interpreting the material presented in the work, we would like to formulate two heuristic statements.

Statement 1 : Parameter matching, expressed in recording the ratio of the critical temperatures of water and 3d-transition metals, is necessary for the emergence of protein life.

Statement 2 : The ratio of the critical temperatures of water to the physiological temperature of the human body is fundamentally important for the construction of the human body.

90,000 Measurements of basic body measurements, taking measurements. Size charts.

When purchasing remotely in an online store, you need to know your clothing sizes.Since each person may have individual features of the figure, in order to be sure when ordering goods that you will not miss the size, in the order field “Comment to the order” indicate the required dimensions and the manager will guide you in the correct determination of the size.

You can focus on size tables and recommendations, for example, GOST 17521-72 and GOST-25295-2003.

A tape measure is best for body measurements. For more accurate measurements, it is better to have another person take the measurements.When taking measurements, the person should stand up straight, not stooping, straightening his shoulders. When measuring, do not take measurements tightly.

Basic sizes for menswear:

1. Full height. Measured without shoes, legs straightened, leaning against a wall.

2. Length of the side seam of the trousers.

3. The size of the inner seam of the trousers.

4. Sleeve length. Measured from the back of the neck, through the shoulder along the arm slightly bent at the elbow, to the wrist.

5. The size of the neck circumference – required to determine the size of the collar. To measure the circumference of the neck, apply a measuring tape around the neck at the base, there should be no feeling of discomfort or tightness, if necessary, you can increase the value by 1-2 cm.

6. The size of the chest girth.

7. Waist.

Basic sizes for women’s clothing:

1. Height for clothing size. To be measured without shoes, with your back against a wall. Height is measured from the top of the head to the floor.

2. Sleeve length.

3. Size of the outer side seam of the trousers. Can be removed from existing wardrobe trousers to fit and fit comfortably. Measurement is performed from the bottom of the waistband to the bottom edge of the trouser leg. If this is not possible, then the size can be obtained by measuring on the body from the bone of the thigh to the foot of the leg.

4. Trousers inner seam size. Measured from the inside of the leg or from existing trousers, from the center seam to the bottom of the leg.

5. The size of the circumference under the chest. This measurement is taken at the largest part under the bust by passing the tape under the arms.

6. The size of the waist. The measuring tape should run horizontally around the torso in a narrow place at the waist.

7.The size of the hip girth. Determined by the most prominent places of the buttocks and hips in a position with the legs shifted to each other. Measure your hips approximately 15 to 20 cm below your waist.

Basic sizes for baby clothes:

1. Child’s height size , The height of children can be measured in the same way as an adult, from the top of the head to the floor. Growth for children is basic; it is worth focusing on it when choosing clothes.

2. Trousers length measurements. Measure the right side from the floor to the waistline.

3. Sleeve length can be obtained by measuring from the shoulder joint on the outside to the wrist with the arm slightly bent at the elbow.

4. The size of the chest girth. Measure at the widest part of your chest. The measuring tape should run horizontally under the armpits.

5. The size of the waist. Obtaining a child’s waist measurement can be difficult, not all types of child figures have a pronounced waist. You can measure the waist by trousers that fit well and do not press.

6. The size of the hips is , determined horizontally, at the level of the most protruding buttocks.

Tables of correspondence of sizes for men and women clothes.

Reproduction of sound and music: what frequencies are used and why they are limited | Headphones | Blog

Dogs hear up to 45 kHz, cats – up to 79 kHz, dolphins and bats – above 100 kHz, and the human ear is barely able to hear the unfortunate 20 kHz, and most often 16-17 kHz. Why is this so? And why then proud values ​​of reproducible frequencies such as “16 Hz – 40 kHz” on audio equipment? At what frequencies do musical instruments and the human voice generally sound? More on this below.

What is sound frequency?

A sound wave, like any other, has two main characteristics – amplitude and frequency. If you tie a pencil to a float on the lake and arrange it so that it draws its trajectory on a moving paper (like a cardiometer or seismograph), you get a sinusoid:

• The speed with which the float oscillates up and down will be the frequency.The more total vibrations per second the float makes, the higher the frequency. It is measured in hertz (Hz, Hz).
• How high or low the float oscillates will be its amplitude. With regard to sound, this will mean loudness, it is measured in decibels (dB, db).

Why do we hear worse than a cat?

Sound waves can have any vibration frequency, but the human ear picks up them in the range from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz. In fact, in ideal laboratory conditions, some can hear as much as 12-16 Hz, while those who cannot hear can pick up low-frequency vibrations in their bodies.But with high frequencies, everything is worse. Only a few will be able to pick up 20 kHz, while most hear only up to 16-17 kHz, and with age this value drops to 8-10 kHz.

Moreover, the human ear is most sensitive to the range from 2 to 5 kHz – this is the so-called zone of intelligibility. The sensitivity to waves in different parts of the spectrum is different. Anyone can sign up for an audiometry – a hearing test to get an audiogram – the frequency response curve of their ears.True, in medicine, it is measured in the range from 125 Hz to 8 kHz, but even in such a shortened segment, everyone will see uneven hearing. The sensitivity of the ears even depends on the time of day and mood.

In addition, the perceived loudness depends on the frequency of the sound. For example, low and high frequencies are less audible at low volumes. This is precisely a consequence of the fact that the human ear is sharpened to medium frequencies, allowing speech recognition. Effective communication is one of the main evolutionary advantages of humans, which is why evolution has endowed us with the auditory range that we have.

In turn, the evolutionary advantages of other animals may differ. For example, bats orient themselves in space, emitting and capturing ultrasound, and therefore hear up to 200 kHz. And the large wax moth is often prey to bats, so it had to develop an auditory range of up to 300 kHz in order to avoid meeting the horror flying on the wings of the night. A cat hears ultrasound because many rodents communicate at high frequencies, and whales hear infrasound to communicate on their own, because low-frequency waves are better transmitted over long distances.

The fundamental frequency of a man’s voice is in the region of 80-150 Hz, a woman’s is 150-250 Hz. However, telephone lines cut off anything below 300 Hz and above 3. 5 kHz in sound. Why? Because besides the fundamental frequency, there are also overtones. These are overtones that appear due to the fact that not only the vocal cords sound in a person, but also the larynx, the head, and the whole body. Usually they are located above the main tone, which is why they are called that.

For men, the overtones of the voice reach 4 kHz, for women – 5-6 kHz.They greatly affect the sound, thanks to them we can distinguish one person from another and even determine his physique by his voice. Accordingly, it is they, and not the fundamental timbre, that are important for telephone conversations.

Music frequencies

Bass guitar, like double bass, is usually tuned in counter octaves – this is 41 Hz, guitar – one octave higher, 82 Hz. The violin, one of the squeakiest instruments in the orchestra, starts with a minor octave G (196 Hz) and ends in a fourth octave A (440 Hz). Most pianos range from A sub-octave (27.5 Hz) to 5 octaves (523 Hz).

As you can see, the range of most musical instruments is quite low in the spectrum, not higher than 4-5 kHz. Why, then, anything higher than the conventional 5 kHz in audio equipment?

By the way, the first gramophones were able to reproduce from 170 to 2000 Hz, and with the advent of electronic recording, their range expanded by 2.5 octaves – from 100 to 5000 Hz. That is, just in order to reproduce the range of the voice and most of the instruments in the orchestra.And there was no other music in the 20s of the last century.

However, as with the human voice, overtones play a decisive role. They also depend on the “constitution” of the instrument – its dimensions, density of wood or metal, mass, etc. After all, when you press the A key on the piano, not a pure sine sounds, but the whole instrument, including the notes of A in other octaves – they begin to oscillate in unison. The sound of the sitar is based on this effect – it has a dozen resonating strings that produce a characteristic ringing.

Moreover, even parts of the string itself, which are multiples of its length, begin to vibrate in unison. For example, half, third, quarter, fifth of a string will emit overtones an octave or several octaves above the fundamental frequency.

Overtones that are multiples of the fundamental are called harmonic, or, simply, harmonics. It is they who give the instrument its unique character of sound, it is in them that all the beauty is, it is precisely in the number of overtones that a good instrument differs from a bad one.Thanks to overtones and harmonics, the music appears before us in its entirety. For them, this seemingly empty section from 5 to 20 kHz is needed.

Frequency range for audio equipment

Audio manufacturers have always strived to expand the frequency range to achieve the beauty and majesty of the sound of real instruments. In the days of tube technology, the upper limit barely reached 12 kHz. Magnetic recording raised the threshold to 15 kHz, but even this figure could only be produced by studio magnetic tape with a high tape pulling speed. In a household reel-to-reel tape recorder, the upper limit of the frequencies reproduced by it drops to 10–12 kHz, and even less in cassette tape recorders.

Everything changed with the advent of digital recording and CDs, which made it possible to encode the entire range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. But it rolled back again with the advent of the Internet and mp3, cutting off a significant part of the tops in the name of a smaller file size.

At the same time, it turned out to be easier to make speakers that reproduce the entire range. One of the first studio monitors on the market, the Altec 604, in some modifications could already reproduce from 20 Hz to 22 kHz, and this is the 70s of the last century.Most modern speakers can reproduce up to 20 kHz without problems, and the lower bar depends on the woofer diameter, bass reflex design and the presence of a subwoofer.

Loudspeakers with a range of up to 30-40 kHz are also quite common. But you should always look at the frequency response in order to understand at what volume they can reproduce these frequencies, and whether they will be heard at all.

However, many owners of speakers and headphones with an extended frequency range (5/10/15 Hz to 30/40/50 kHz) claim that they sound brighter and / or deeper.True, in order to hear this, you need to play music in which there is relevant information. For example, YouTube cuts everything above 16 kHz, mp3 even at 320 bpm cuts up to 19 kHz, and the CD standard (16 bit 44.1 kHz) cuts everything above 22 kHz. Standards such as DVD-Audio, Super Audio CD, DSD and some others boast an extended range, but there is not so much music in such formats.

If the headphones are also wireless, then the frequency range is additionally limited by Bluetooth codecs.Even Aptx-HD has a 19 kHz ceiling, and only Sony’s LDAC can stream music in high definition, but many complain about poor signal quality in this mode.

Genres of music and frequencies

It should be said that harmonics and overtones do not always make music better. The audible range can be thought of as a cramped elevator, instruments as its visitors, and overtones and harmonics as their weight and dimensions. In this case, the orchestra will be like a group of children – most of the instruments do not have a large range and occupy strictly their own place, so a lot of them can fit.

But in the same rock music, the sound of the instruments is amplified many times over, there are too many overtones, it looks more like sumo wrestlers in down jackets. To fit them into the elevator, you need to remove the excess – take off the down jackets. The sound engineer is engaged in this – he limits the frequency range of each instrument with high-pass and low-pass filters, and with the help of an equalizer he removes unnecessary harmonics and highlights the necessary harmonics.

For example, electric guitars, vocals and snare are usually limited from 100-150 Hz to 8-12 kHz, bass and kick from 20-40 Hz to 6-10 kHz, etc.n. Yes, the sound of each instrument becomes less rich, but due to this, they do not interfere in the overall mix, but complement each other.

The advent of synthesizers made it possible to make a pure sine without overtones, and only then enrich it with the required number of harmonics. This allowed us to create a very thick and clear bass with a depth of 20 Hz, which is impossible to do with live instruments.

Conclusion

Now it is clear why music in high definition is for the most part any jazz, country and classical, where the mixing is performed to a minimum, or not at all.It is possible that such ultra-high definition music will sound as vivid and natural as possible in headphones playing from 4 Hz to 51 kHz.

In some genres of electronic music, bass is also found in the infrasound region. However, more often than not, electronics, rock and metal do not contain information outside the audible range. There, all the extra overtones were carefully cut out by the sound engineer, and those that somehow survived were finished off by the mastering engineer. But the most juicy part remains, which any speakers and headphones will perfectly reproduce.

Date of birth compatibility. Free, no SMS and registration.

How to calculate compatibility by date of birth in a couple?

First of all, do not pursue a 100% result in all respects – it does not exist.

Compatibility by date of birth, according to the calculation results, is rarely absolutely positive or absolutely negative.

After all, a relationship is not such a trivial thing to be characterized by one common figure, the final percentage, or, say, “compatible / incompatible.”Relationships are a very complex and multifaceted topic, therefore the proposed calculation is not simple. Take into account and take into account all the results obtained.

However, the author of the calculation gives his own criteria for partner compatibility:

• – biorhythms / chakras: emotional biorhythms (second chakras) coincide and at least one pair of the three higher ones
• – horoscope: the signs are not the same, the signs belong to the same element, or, if the elements are different, then these are pairs of Earth-Water, Air-Fire
• – Pythagorean square: characters, family and temperaments in a pair do not differ by more than 2 points

With all this, the calculation does not prevent you from building relationships that do not fit the criteria above.Analyze the relationship yourself, rely on the parties that unite you with the chosen one, but take into account the problem areas and try to smooth them out. All in your hands.

Since you are on this site, then, probably, like most of its users and those who worked on In-contri, you believe that a person’s date of birth is more than just a set of day numbers , month and year of his birth. And, for sure, you have already come across a huge amount of information that you can get about yourself, knowing only this date.Calculation of compatibility In-contri is one of the successful attempts to collect in one place the most accurate, objective and clearly stated information, in particular, about compatibility by date of birth. Read, analyze, experiment and share the results. The administrator and subscribers of the Vkontakte group will always discuss your experience with interest.

What compatibility does In-contri not consider?

• – by name
• – by eye color
• – by hair color
• – shaped like noses and ears
• -… and other parts of the body
• – synastry

Perhaps, with all the points, except for the last, the situation is obvious – they are not “coordinates” of a person, which are his day, month and year of birth in the system of notation of time.By the way, this system, as has already been raised more than once in responses to reviews, being essentially unchanged, but presented in different terminology, has been in effect since the dawn of mankind and has been known since the Sumerians.

The situation with the synastry is a little more complicated. Firstly, the synastry serves as an additional information to the basic compatibility of the partners’ signs. And it is a mistake, as presented in many sources, to consider synastry as the main criterion. Secondly, in this calculation there is a very high chance of getting absolutely unreliable results due to the fact that, at least, we ourselves do not always know exactly our hour of birth (only from the words of our parents), and what to say for a partner.Therefore, we do not reject the synastry, but we believe that a more or less adequate result for it can be obtained only if both partners have accurate information about the hours of their birth and the calculation itself is performed by a professional astrologer manually, and not a simplified online script on the website …

Latest News

03.03.2017

The 3rd version of the site has been released!

Many months of work, bug fixes, new content, improvements to the mobile version and slower download speeds – we hope we managed to achieve all this.Looking forward to your feedback!

More news

01/21/2017

New edition of Pythagoras square

Corrected many errors in the texts on the Pythagorean square, updated the wording and filled in a number of gaps. Perhaps someone will discover something new or clarify things that were not previously understood.

07/06/2016

Preparing updates for the signs of the Zodiac

Many may have noticed that in the past few days the site was sometimes temporarily unavailable. This is due to big updates in the technical part – we are getting ready to complete the compatibility section of the zodiac signs and improve something in the compatibility calculation itself.We hope to complete everything by the end of the month.

23.02.2014

Date periods for zodiac signs set

The dates of the signs of the zodiac were brought to the format of classical western astrology. Controversial signs are: Taurus-Aries, Virgo-Libra and others.

90,000 Professional Weight to Height Ratio Tables – Siesta Food Delivery

Professional Weight / Height Ratio Tables

There are different formulas for determining the optimal balance of weight and height.Here it should be borne in mind that with the same height and weight, one person may look fat, the other completely normal.

Bright Side found 5 ways fitness professionals use to calculate the optimal weight.

Method 1. Quetelet index

If you know the body mass index, you can judge obesity or underweight. The index is calculated for adult men and women from 20 to 65 years old. Results can be false for pregnant and lactating women, athletes, the elderly and adolescents (under 18).

How to count? Square your height in meters, then divide your body weight in kilograms by the resulting figure. For example: height 170 cm, weight 65 kg. So 65: (1.7 * 1.7) = 22.5.

The resulting figure will be your index. The norm for men is 19-25. For women – 19-24.

Method 2. Volumes

The Quetelet index shows the amount of fat in the body well, but does not indicate how fat is distributed, in other words, does not give a visual picture. But you can check your body for perfection using one more formula.

The distribution of fat throughout the body is determined by the ratio: waist circumference (at the level of the navel) divided by the volume of the buttocks. The norm for men is 0.85; for women – 0.65 – 0.85.

Method 3. Taking into account age

It has been proven that the weight of men and women should gradually increase with age – this is a normal physiological process. The kilograms that some people think are “unnecessary” may not actually be. You can use a formula based on age to determine your optimal weight.

R – in this case, height, and B – age in years. Body weight = 50 + 0.75 (P – 150) + (B – 20): 4

Method 4. Brock’s formula

One of the most popular methods for calculating the ideal weight is Broca’s formula. It takes into account the ratio of height, weight, body type and age of a person.

Broca’s formula for people under 40 years old: height (in cm) minus 110, after 40 years – height (in cm) minus 100.

At the same time, people with an asthenic (thin-boned) body type should subtract 10% from the result, and people with a hypersthenic (large-boned) body type should add 10% to the result.

How to determine your body type? It is enough to measure the circumference of the thinnest point on the wrist with a centimeter.

Method 5. Nagler’s formula

There is a Nagler formula that calculates the ideal weight-to-height ratio. For 152.4 cm of height, there should be 45 kg of weight. For every inch (that is, 2.54 cm) over 152.4 cm, there should be another 900 g. Plus another 10% of the resulting weight.

Method 6. John McCallum’s formula

One of the best formulas created by expert methodologist John McCallum.Its formula is based on measuring the girth of the wrist.

1. The circumference of the wrist, times 6.5, is equal to the circumference of the chest.
2. 85% of the chest circumference is equal to the hip circumference.
3. To get the waist circumference, you need to take 70% of the chest circumference.
4. 53% of the chest circumference is equal to the thigh circumference.
5. For neck girth, take 37% of the chest girth.
6. The bicep circumference is about 36% of the chest circumference.
7. Calf circumference slightly less than 34%.
8. The girth of the forearm should be equal to 29% of the girth of the chest.

But not all physical data will exactly correspond to these ratios, the numbers have an average, average statistical value.

Several more options for height-to-weight ratios:

1. The physique is considered ideal if the waist circumference is 25 cm less than the hip circumference, and the thigh circumference is approximately equal to the chest circumference.
2. Waist circumference should be equal to: height in centimeters – 100.That is, a woman with a height of 172 cm will be folded in proportion if the waist circumference is 72 cm, the circumference of the hips and chest is about 97 cm, that is, if she wears clothing size 48.
3. If the circumference of the hips is less than the circumference of the chest, and the circumference of the waist is less than the circumference of the hips by 20 cm, then such a figure is called an “apple”. If the girth of the chest is less than the girth of the hips, and the girth of the waist is 30 cm or more less than the girth of the hips, this is a pear-shaped figure.
4. For women and girls of average height – from 165 to 175 cm – this observation turned out to be true.Their waist circumference in centimeters is approximately equal to their weight in kilograms. One kilogram of weight loss gives a decrease in the waist by one centimeter.

Based on materials from kouzma

Ideal weight, calculators for calculating

Before you start thinking about the need to work on your figure, it is worth determining the ideal weight of for your height, age and physique. Perhaps you shouldn’t bother with diets, since everything is fine. And if you have problems with overweight, using ideal weight calculators, you can find out the weight you need to strive for.

In medicine, there are several classic formulas for calculating ideal weight . And for each formula, we have made a calculator for convenience. So, in order.

Ideal weight according to Broca’s formula

Brock’s formula is quite simple

for men: weight = (height, cm – 100) * 1.15

for women: weight = (height, cm – 110) * 1.15

It resembles an old formula – height in centimeters minus 100.But medicine has slightly corrected it. Now the formula divides people into men and women, and takes into account the peculiarities of the female figure.

* The data obtained cannot be interpreted as professional medical advice and are provided for informational purposes only

Ideal weight – Lorenz formula

weight = (height, cm – 100) – (height, cm – 150) / 2

The formula was created specifically for women, it is believed that it allows you to get an indicator close to the results of other, more time-consuming, calculation methods.

CalculateClear

* The data obtained cannot be interpreted as professional medical advice and are provided for informational purposes only

It should be noted that the results obtained using this formula can be very depressing. For example, with a height of 175 cm, the ideal weight according to Broca’s formula will be 74 kg, and according to Lorentz’s formula – 62 kg. The formula is known on the Internet under another name – Lorenz’s dream, possibly because of its not very realistic requirements.

Ideal weight according to the Egorov-Levitsky table

The method is widely used by nutritionists. You need to measure your height and compare your weight with the table. The data in the table are given for the normosthenic physique, for hypersthenics, 10% should be added to the obtained figures, and 10% should be subtracted for asthenics.

Please note that the ideal weight is not , but the maximum weight is .

The calculator allows you to quickly find your maximum weight without using a table.

* The data obtained cannot be interpreted as professional medical advice and are provided for informational purposes only

The table shows only the maximum weight and it helps to determine the presence of extra pounds. It is the most professional tool for determining ideal body weight .

Ideal weight – Quetelet index

index = weight, grams / height, cm

The obtained result is evaluated according to the table.The formula takes into account gender, age and physique, in this it resembles the Egorov-Levitsky formula, only the table is more simplified.

Calculator for calculating this formula.

* The data obtained cannot be interpreted as professional medical advice and are provided for informational purposes only

Ideal weight by body mass index

Mobile application Body Mass Index Calculator

And, finally, the fifth formula of ideal weight . Its author is the same Quetelet who invented the index.

index = weight, kg / (height, cm) ²

Body mass index is a value that allows you to assess the degree of correspondence between a person’s weight and his height and, thereby, allows you to establish the presence of extra pounds and obesity in adults.

A special table is used to interpret the values ​​of the calculated body mass indices.

Calculate Clear

* The data obtained cannot be interpreted as professional medical advice and are provided for informational purposes only

Normal weight formulas by height, age and sex (+ table with values)

The normal weight of a person is that body weight at which he has the maximum chances, first of all, to be healthy, and, secondly, to be attractive in appearance.Compliance with normal indicators does not give one hundred percent guarantee of health, but it reduces the risk of diseases and disorders, the risk factor for which is overweight. According to statistics, those who maintain a normal weight for height and age feel good even after intense training.

How to calculate the normal weight

In reality, the optimal weight is an abstract concept, which means a certain average value obtained in a calculation that takes into account the physiological parameters of a person:

• height;
• age;
• gender;
• physique features.

However, when calculating the normal weight, individual values ​​are not taken into account:

• level of physical activity;
• ratio of muscle-fat mass.

Therefore, the value obtained from the formulas cannot be called the most accurate. It acts only as an approximate guideline, which is recommended to rely on when controlling body weight.

The most accurate are the boundaries of normal weight – the interval from the minimum to the maximum value, in which, according to doctors, a person’s body weight should fall.

There are several ways to determine your normal weight:

• by height;
• by height and age;
• by BMI (body mass index).

Calculation by height

The method of calculating the normal weight by height is better known as Broca’s formula, a French anthropologist. It is the most popular because it is the simplest of all. The formula is believed to be suitable for calculating normal body weight for people between 155 cm and 185 cm tall.

How to calculate the normal weight taking into account height using the formulas:

1. For men: height (cm) – 110.
2. For women: height (cm) – 100.

For example, a man’s height is 185 cm. In this case, 185 – 110 = 75 kg will be considered the norm for him. For a woman with a height of 165 cm, a healthy body weight will be 165 – 100 = 65 kg.

Check out Why Girls Need Protein.

When calculating using these formulas, the following must be taken into account:

1. For people 20-30 years old, the calculated value should be reduced by 11%, and for those over 50 years old – increased by 6%.
2. Body type. It can be asthenic, normosthenic and hypersthenic. For asthenic, it is necessary to reduce the calculated rate by 10%, and for hypersthenic, on the contrary, increase by 10%.

The criterion for determining the type of physique is the girth of the wrist of the working hand:

1. Asthenic: in women – less than 16 cm, in men – less than 17 cm.
2. Normosthenic: in women – 16-18 cm, in men – 17-20 cm.
3. Hypersthenic: in women – more than 18 cm, in men – more than 20 cm.

Lorentz formula

There is another way to calculate the normal weight of a woman or man, which takes into account only height. Here the calculation is carried out according to the Lorentz formula:

Mass (kg) = (Height (cm) – 100) – (Height (cm) – 150) / 2.

For example, for a man with a height of 190 cm, the following are optimal:

(190 – 100) – (190 – 150) / 2 = 70 kg.

Calculation of normal body weight by age and height

As such, there is no formula for normal weight depending on age and height.Here we are talking about a table of ready-made values. It indicates height, age and gender. It is enough to find first your height, then age and gender, and find the value at the intersection of the required row and column. This will be the optimal body weight. The table below shows the normal weight of a person by years of age and height.

Using this formula, you can calculate the weight for most people, with the exception of:

• professional athletes;

90,356 pregnant women;

• people suffering from edema and other disorders leading to excess weight.

Calculation by body mass index

Another popular way to determine the normal weight of a person requires the calculation of the body mass index (BMI). But this technique is arranged a little differently – it does not calculate a specific value for body weight, but determines whether it corresponds to the norm. BMI allows you to estimate what body weight: overweight, normal or insufficient.

The formula for calculating the normal weight here is as follows:

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height2 (m).

With a weight of 75 kg and a height of 180 cm, the BMI will be 75 / 1.8 · 1.8 = 23.15.

The number obtained by the formula remains to be compared with the following values:

• less than 15 – acute lack of weight;
• 15-20 – insufficient body weight;
• 20-25 – normal weight;
• 25-30 – overweight;
• 30-35 – obesity of the 1st degree;
• 35-40 – obesity of the 2nd degree;
• more than 40 – third degree obesity.

Check out the Top 5 Protein Bars for Weight Loss.

The optimal weight is that corresponds to a BMI equal to 23. It is the calculation of the body mass index that is the most accurate today. It is designed for ordinary people, taking into account the modern conditions of their life, the achievements of medicine and the latest observations. The BMI method is also recommended by the WHO.

But the calculated value is again averaged. For example, athletes and weightlifters may have a higher BMI, but their body weight will not be classified as obese. In addition, many who have normal BMI weight consider themselves overweight.This is possible because the technique does not take into account the body type.

For the same BMI, the amount of fat and muscle may differ. Therefore, those who, even with a normal BMI, are not satisfied with their figure, are recommended to simply do fitness and start observing proper nutrition. For those who decide to improve their figure, sports nutrition and dietary products may be helpful.

We advise you to study: “The easiest recipes with protein.”

Methods for calculating the percentage of fat

Many people want to get rid of the fat layer as much as possible.But in fact, it performs many important functions, and the body cannot be completely without fat. In women, with a lack of fat mass, the menstrual cycle and the work of the reproductive system are disrupted. Fat also regulates the energy balance, performs protective and heat-insulating functions.

For a woman’s body, 15-31% fat is considered normal, and for a man’s – 14-25%. Methods for determining the amount of fat mass in the body:

• Special analyzer scales with fat percentage measurement.Simple, but not very accurate method. To determine the percentage, just stand on the scale and see the displayed values.

• Caliper. A special device that allows you to measure the thickness of the fat fold. The value is compared with a special table, according to which the percentage of fat is determined. The fold is measured 10 cm to the right of the navel, approximately 3-4 cm from the femur. The fold must be pinned and measured with a caliper.

• Hydrostatic weighing.The most accurate, but difficult to implement, method, since you need to contact a specialized institution. The measurement is carried out using a bath where the person is immersed. Then the percentage of fat is determined from the volume of the displaced liquid.

Another easy way to measure body fat is to compare yourself to a photograph showing a body with different amounts of body fat.

It is enough to find the picture on the photo that most resembles the outline of your figure.The method is not very precise, but it allows you to determine how the body looks from the outside.2} \]

where:
M – body weight
P – height in meters

BMI – body mass index – reflects the state of human health. This indicator depends on the body’s fat resources and may correspond to the norm, be excessive or deficient. For many people, body mass index is far from optimal. It is not without reason that BMI appeared in medical records as a key risk factor for morbidity and began to be taken into account in diagnostics.

The author of this formula is the Belgian scientist Adolphe Quetelet. True, he was not a physiologist, but a mathematician. Therefore, doctors have several complaints about his formula:

• it does not take into account the ratio of muscle and fat mass, so BMI will not be able to adequately reflect the health of a bodybuilder engaged in building muscle potential: if he calculates body mass index using the Quetelet formula, and according to the results, he will be in the company of loose fat men;
• These calculations are not suitable for older people: for 60-70-year-old pensioners, a little overweight is not considered hazardous to health, so the BMI range for them can be extended from 22 to 26.

Weight for height and age calculator

Body Mass Index (BMI) Table

Javascript is disabled in your browser.
ActiveX controls must be enabled to perform calculations! More interesting in telegram @calcsbox

Height-to-weight ratio table for men + formulas for calculations

All people want to be beautiful, attractive, healthy. This is probably why in recent years it has become popular to lead a healthy lifestyle, observing a balanced diet and exercising in moderation. However, very few people know which ratio of height and weight in men is correct.What is it, what indicators are considered ideal in order to understand in the end what is worth focusing on.

Height-to-weight ratio in men

The norm of weight and height for men depends on many factors. Firstly, it is directly affected by heredity, that is, what inherited from the genetics of the parents. Secondly, the composition, nutritional standards, lifestyle also play a paramount role in the correct ratio.

While figuring out which correspondence between height and weight in men can be considered correct, one should not forget about the accompanying factors.To do this, you will have to assess the degree of physical activity, professional labor activity, the specifics of the physique itself, previous diseases and age. Each of the indicators presented needs to be studied and carefully considered in order to form the correct overall picture.

The Golden Ratio: Why Know the Correct Proportions

Only after taking into account all the indicators, you can try to derive a formula for the ideal ratio of weight and height for men. Specialists on the basis of such factors can draw a completely appropriate conclusion.But how is everything calculated? Experts usually take a person’s height, weight, chest volume, and the severity of the bones. At the same time, for a healthy adult guy, usually this ratio (height / weight) should remain unchanged throughout the entire time. That is, it should not depend on any external factors.

If the indicator is constantly increasing, then most likely this indicates a set of mass, which eventually threatens obesity. However, if the number decreases, then this does not bode well either.Loss of mass for no apparent reason can speak of inflammatory processes in the body, the development of diseases. This will allow early identification of gaps so that you can conduct a full examination and begin treatment before things get too far.

Body types: short description

In the scientific literature, you can find a lot of information and references to the somatotype (body type) of a person. According to this theory, all body types can be conditionally divided into three main types, which we will now talk about in more detail.

Most people today, and at the same time Internet resources, fitness groups and communities, adhere to this system of assessing physique. However, few people know that back in the seventies of the twentieth century, the inconsistency of this view was recognized by almost the entire scientific community. It happened not just like that, but because in most cases the body shape is combined, and not completely corresponding to all the signs of a particular somatotype. World renowned scholar William Sheldon, author of a work on temperament (constitution), says that pure body types are actually extremely rare.At the same time, he claims that in almost any person you can find at least minimal signs of the other two somatotypes.

Endomorph

In another way, this body structure can be called hypersthenic. Purely visually, you will never confuse an endomorph with any other group. It is these men who tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat. Rarely is the bone structure of this type of people fine, fine, or normal. Usually it is a large-boned skeleton with massive limbs.

At the same time, the arms and legs do not differ in a special length, which gives such people a squat, stocky appearance even with a small body weight. Guys of this type have a larger waist and hips than others, and all this is supported by serious accumulations of visceral fat in the abdominal area with the wrong attitude to body culture.

Ectomorph

This is the complete opposite of the endomorphic type or asthenic structure of the body. These guys have excessively low body fat.This statement is true for both subcutaneous and visceral fat. Usually these are thin people with an elongated figure, thin, not wide shoulders, thin limbs. The ribcage of such guys is poorly developed, it is flat and fragile.

The arms and legs of the ectomorphic somatotype are thin and rather long. At the same time, in sports, such types cannot boast of high rates and results. But they have much more developed endurance, and sometimes dexterity. Therefore, athletes of this type can show very good results in fitness, athletics and other similar disciplines.Hyposthenics have an accelerated metabolism, which makes it difficult for them to gain muscle mass. This is facilitated by the low level of glycogen in the muscles.

Mesomorph

There are people with an innate tendency to different kinds of sports, who are considered to be of the normosthenic type of constitution. They are distinguished by an overestimated level of the male hormone testosterone, and at the same time by a pronounced masculinity (lush facial hair, a deep voice). Usually, such men have a good appetite and a fast metabolism, which together makes it possible at an emergency pace without any obstacles to build muscle mass when needed.

Normostenic men, with all their muscular mass, usually have minimal subcutaneous and visceral fat deposits. Almost every mesomorph has a well-developed chest, broad shoulders, proportional to the limbs. Their muscle structure is long and wide. Most of the professional athletes belong to this somatotype.

Classification of body types according to the Soloviev index for men

The weight and height index for men can be determined using the algorithm of Dr. Solovyov.It is not at all difficult, it is enough to measure the circumference of your wrist in the thinnest place. The indicators must be indicated in centimeters, they are the index itself, which must then be checked against the presented values.

• Thin-boned or asthenic somatotype – less than 18 centimeters.
• Wide-boned or hypersthenic type – more than 20 centimeters.
• Normal somatotype – 18-20 centimeters.

The second calculation option for the Solovyov index is based on calculating the edge angle.It is determined using a protractor or by eye, if you can trust yourself. To do this, stand in front of the mirror with your back straight. Place the ribs of both palms against the solar plexus under the chest so that the arms repeat the branching of the ribs. It is the angle between the palms that will also be the Solovyovo index, which determines the somatotype.

• Asthenics are characterized by an acute angle.
• Hypersthenia implies an obtuse angle.
• In a normal physique, most often the angle is 90 degrees or values ​​as close as possible to this figure.

It is not difficult to carry out such measurements, therefore even a beginner can cope with the task.

Effect of age on weight

Few people understand that the correct calculation of the weight of a man by height and age is possible only when all indicators are taken into account. It is important that in this case, the number of years lived by a person must be taken into account. Usually strong young people are taller than the elderly, so the normal body weight for them will not be the same.

Methods for calculating the ratio of height and weight in men

The ideal ratio of height and weight in men is very rare, but everyone strives for it.But few people know what other methods can be used to determine how close you are or, on the contrary, are far from ideal. Let’s figure out by what principles you can determine the correct data.

Nagler’s formula

This well-known formula takes only gender and height into account. It is easy to understand and accessible to everyone.

Ideal body weight = 48 + 2.27 x (male height – 60)

For example, we can cite the calculation of the best weight for a man who is 180 centimeters tall.Ideal weight = 48 + 2.7 x (0.3