Is dmso harmful to humans. DMSO: Uses, Benefits, and Potential Risks of Dimethyl Sulfoxide

16.08.202313.06.2023 by alexxlab

What are the approved and off-label uses of DMSO. How does DMSO work in the human body. What are the potential benefits and risks of using DMSO. Is DMSO safe for topical application. How is DMSO administered for medical purposes.

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What is DMSO and How Was It Discovered?

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a colorless chemical solvent with a fascinating history and potential medical applications. This compound was first discovered in Germany in the late 19th century as a by-product of the paper-making process. DMSO gained significant attention in the scientific community during the 1960s when researchers uncovered its remarkable ability to penetrate biological membranes, including human skin.

This unique property of DMSO opened up new possibilities in medical research, as scientists realized it could potentially be used as a vehicle for delivering small molecules through the skin and into the body. Since its discovery, DMSO has been the subject of extensive research to explore its potential benefits and risks in treating various medical conditions.

FDA-Approved Uses of DMSO: Treating Interstitial Cystitis

While DMSO has been studied for numerous potential applications, it currently has only one FDA-approved use. In the late 1970s, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved DMSO for the treatment of interstitial cystitis, a chronic bladder condition. The approved formulation is marketed under the brand name RIMSO-50.

For individuals suffering from interstitial cystitis, DMSO has demonstrated several beneficial effects:

Pain relief associated with the condition
Relaxation of the bladder muscles
Increase in bladder capacity

DMSO remains the only FDA-approved bladder instillation (also known as a bladder wash) for treating interstitial cystitis. This approval underscores the compound’s efficacy in addressing this specific medical condition.

Off-Label Uses and Potential Benefits of DMSO

Despite having only one FDA-approved use, DMSO has been explored for various off-label applications. These potential uses stem from its unique properties and the results of preliminary research. Some of the areas where DMSO has been investigated include:

Pain and Inflammation Management

DMSO is often used as an alternative treatment for reducing inflammation and alleviating pain. Its ability to easily absorb into the skin makes it a potentially beneficial alternative to other pain medications. However, it’s important to note that more research is needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety profile for pain management.

Arthritis Treatment

Some proponents of DMSO suggest it may help alleviate symptoms associated with arthritis. The compound’s anti-inflammatory properties are thought to potentially reduce joint pain and stiffness. However, clinical evidence supporting this use is limited, and more robust studies are required.

Cancer-Related Applications

DMSO has been studied for potential applications in cancer treatment and management of chemotherapy side effects. Some research has explored its ability to reduce leakage during chemotherapy administration, although more studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness in this area.

Additionally, preliminary research has investigated DMSO’s potential to inhibit cancer cells. A 2020 study published in the Journal of Medical Discovery found evidence of potential benefit in this regard. However, it’s crucial to emphasize that research in this area is still in its early stages, and much more investigation is needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.

How Does DMSO Work in the Human Body?

DMSO’s effectiveness in various applications is largely attributed to its unique properties and behavior within the human body. Here are some key aspects of how DMSO functions:

Enhanced Penetration

One of DMSO’s most notable characteristics is its ability to penetrate biological membranes, including the skin. This property allows DMSO to be easily absorbed into the body when applied topically. It also enables DMSO to potentially carry other substances through the skin and into deeper tissues.

Anti-inflammatory Effects

DMSO has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in various studies. This effect may contribute to its potential pain-relieving capabilities and its use in conditions characterized by inflammation, such as arthritis.

Antioxidant Properties

Some research suggests that DMSO may have antioxidant effects, potentially helping to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. This property could contribute to its potential therapeutic benefits in various conditions.

Membrane Stabilization

DMSO has been observed to have a stabilizing effect on cell membranes. This property may play a role in its potential protective effects against certain types of cellular damage.

Potential Risks and Side Effects of DMSO Use

While DMSO has shown promise in various applications, it’s important to be aware of its potential risks and side effects. The severity of these effects is often directly correlated with the amount of DMSO used.

Common Side Effects

One of the most frequently reported side effects of DMSO use is a garlic-like taste in the mouth and throat. This unusual effect is typically harmless but can be unpleasant for some users.

Other common side effects that have been reported include:

Headache
Nausea
Vomiting
Stomach discomfort
Diarrhea
Skin irritation or itching at the application site

More Severe Side Effects

In some cases, more severe side effects have been observed with DMSO use, particularly with higher doses or prolonged use. These may include:

Fever
Chills
Lowered heart rate
Allergic reactions
Changes in skin texture (roughness or thickening)

Drug Interactions

DMSO has the potential to interact with certain medications, which could lead to serious reactions in some individuals. Some medications that may be affected by DMSO include:

Sedatives
Blood thinners
Steroids

Due to these potential interactions, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using DMSO, especially if you’re taking any other medications.

Administration Methods and Dosage Considerations for DMSO

The method of administration and dosage of DMSO can significantly impact its effectiveness and the likelihood of side effects. Here are the primary ways DMSO is administered:

Topical Application

DMSO is commonly applied topically in the form of a gel or solution. This method is often used for pain relief or to treat localized conditions. When applied to the skin, DMSO is rapidly absorbed and can potentially carry other substances with it into deeper tissues.

Bladder Instillation

For the treatment of interstitial cystitis, DMSO is administered as a bladder wash via a catheter. This method allows the compound to directly contact the bladder lining, providing localized treatment.

Dosage Considerations

The appropriate dosage of DMSO can vary depending on the specific use and the individual’s condition. It’s crucial to note that the severity of potential side effects is directly related to the dosage used. Therefore, it’s essential to follow the guidance of a healthcare professional when using DMSO.

Over-the-counter DMSO products are available, but using these without proper medical supervision could increase the risk of adverse effects. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any DMSO regimen to ensure safe and appropriate use.

Legal Status and Regulation of DMSO

The legal status and regulation of DMSO can vary depending on its intended use and the jurisdiction in question. Here’s an overview of its regulatory status in the United States:

FDA-Approved Use

As mentioned earlier, DMSO is FDA-approved for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. This approval means that DMSO has undergone rigorous testing and has been deemed safe and effective for this specific medical use when administered under proper medical supervision.

Off-Label Use

While DMSO is only FDA-approved for one specific use, healthcare providers may prescribe it for off-label uses based on their professional judgment and available scientific evidence. However, it’s important to note that such use is not explicitly approved by the FDA and should be approached with caution.

Over-the-Counter Availability

DMSO is available over-the-counter in some forms, particularly for veterinary use. However, the purity and concentration of these products can vary, and they may not be suitable for human use. It’s crucial to only use DMSO products that are specifically intended and approved for human use.

Research Use

DMSO is widely used in scientific research as a solvent and cryoprotectant. Its use in this context is generally not subject to the same regulations as its medical use, but researchers must still adhere to appropriate safety protocols.

Given the complex regulatory landscape surrounding DMSO, it’s essential for individuals considering its use to consult with healthcare professionals and only obtain the compound from reputable, approved sources.

Current Research and Future Prospects for DMSO

Despite being discovered over a century ago, research into the potential applications of DMSO continues to this day. Scientists and medical professionals are exploring various avenues to better understand this compound’s properties and potential benefits. Here are some areas of ongoing research and future prospects for DMSO:

Cancer Research

One of the most intriguing areas of DMSO research is its potential application in cancer treatment. Some studies have suggested that DMSO might have anti-cancer properties, potentially inhibiting the growth of certain types of cancer cells. However, this research is still in its early stages, and much more investigation is needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Drug Delivery Systems

DMSO’s unique ability to penetrate biological membranes makes it an interesting candidate for drug delivery systems. Researchers are exploring ways to use DMSO as a vehicle to deliver various medications more effectively, particularly for topical and transdermal applications.

Neuroprotection

Some studies have suggested that DMSO might have neuroprotective properties, potentially helping to protect nerve cells from damage. This could have implications for the treatment of various neurological conditions, although more research is needed to confirm these effects.

Cryopreservation

DMSO is already widely used in cryopreservation techniques, helping to protect cells and tissues from damage during freezing. Ongoing research is focused on optimizing these techniques and exploring new applications in fields such as regenerative medicine and organ transplantation.

Anti-inflammatory Applications

While DMSO is already used off-label for its anti-inflammatory properties, researchers are continuing to investigate its potential in this area. This includes studying its effectiveness in various inflammatory conditions and exploring potential synergies with other anti-inflammatory compounds.

Safety and Long-term Effects

As with any medical compound, ongoing research into the safety profile and long-term effects of DMSO use is crucial. This includes studying potential interactions with other medications and investigating any possible long-term consequences of prolonged DMSO use.

While the future prospects for DMSO appear promising in many areas, it’s important to approach these potential applications with cautious optimism. As with all medical research, rigorous scientific studies and clinical trials will be necessary to fully understand the benefits and risks associated with DMSO use in various contexts.

Practical Considerations for DMSO Use

For individuals considering the use of DMSO, whether for its FDA-approved application or for off-label purposes, there are several practical considerations to keep in mind:

Consultation with Healthcare Providers

Before using DMSO for any purpose, it’s crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare provider. They can provide guidance on whether DMSO is appropriate for your specific situation, advise on proper dosage and administration, and monitor for any potential side effects or interactions with other medications.

Quality and Purity

The quality and purity of DMSO products can vary significantly, especially in over-the-counter formulations. It’s essential to only use pharmaceutical-grade DMSO that is specifically intended for human use. Lower-grade DMSO, such as that used in industrial applications or veterinary medicine, may contain impurities that could be harmful.

Storage and Handling

DMSO should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. It’s important to use clean, dry utensils and containers when handling DMSO, as it can easily absorb moisture and contaminants from its environment.

Application Techniques

When applying DMSO topically, it’s important to use it on clean, dry skin. Some users find it helpful to apply a thin layer of a neutral cream or lotion after the DMSO to prevent excessive drying of the skin.

Monitoring for Side Effects

Users of DMSO should be vigilant for any side effects, particularly when first starting use. If any unusual or severe reactions occur, it’s important to discontinue use and consult a healthcare provider immediately.

Lifestyle Considerations

Due to the garlic-like odor that can result from DMSO use, some users may need to consider the timing of their applications, particularly if they have social or professional engagements.

By keeping these practical considerations in mind, individuals can approach DMSO use in a more informed and responsible manner. However, it’s always important to remember that DMSO, like any medical compound, should be used under proper medical supervision to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Uses, Benefits, Risks, and More

DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide): Uses, Benefits, Risks, and More

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Medically reviewed by Angelica Balingit, MD — By Jessica DiGiacinto and Joe Bowman — Updated on May 16, 2023

DMSO is a colorless chemical solvent that may have many medical uses but is currently only approved by the FDA to treat interstitial cystitis.

The story of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an unusual one. This by-product of the paper making process was discovered in Germany in the late 19th century. It’s a colorless liquid that gained notoriety for its ability to penetrate the skin and other biological membranes.

Scientists discovered that they could use DMSO as a transportation device to pass small molecules through skin in the 1960s. Since then, scientists have researched the potential benefits and risks of using DMSO to treat a variety of conditions. This research is ongoing.

DMSO was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)to treat interstitial cystitis (a chronic bladder issue) under the brand name RIMSO-50.

The compound has no other approved uses, but it’s been purported to be a treatment for:

arthritis
cancer
chemotherapy side effects
general pain

Because it absorbs easily into the skin, it’s also been studied as a vehicle for administering topical drugs.

In the late 70s, the FDA approved DMSO to help treat interstitial cystitis. It remains the only FDA-approved bladder installation (or bladder wash) for this condition. For individuals living with interstitial cystitis, DMSO has been shown to:

ease pain due to the condition
help relax the bladder
increase bladder capacity

When it comes to off-label uses, DMSO is often employed as an alternative treatment to reduce inflammation and pain.

Because it absorbs easily into the skin, DMSO may be a beneficial alternative to other pain medications. However, further investigation into this area is needed before any conclusions can be drawn.

DMSO has also been touted for its ability to reduce the amount of leakage during chemotherapy administration, but more studies, and real-world usage, need to be done before it can be labeled as a trusted method.

Additionally, there has been some research into DMSO’s benefits when it comes to inhibiting cancer cells. A 2020 study published in the Journal of Medical Discovery found evidence of benefit. However, research is just beginning in this area, so many more studies need to be done before any conclusions can be made.

While many of the reported side effects of taking DMSO are mild, the amount of DMSO someone takes is directly correlated to the severity of the reaction.

One common side effect is the taste of garlic in the mouth and throat.

More severe side effects include:

headache
nausea
vomiting
stomach ache
diarrhea
fever
chills
a lowered heart rate
itching
rash
rough or thickened skin

Risks

Because it’s seen as a more alternative treatment, DMSO is easy to find and buy online. However, buying this product and using it without a healthcare professional’s supervision could increase the likelihood of overuse.

DMSO may also increase the effect of a few medications, which could produce serious reactions in some people. A few medications DMSO may affect include:

sedatives
blood thinners
steroids

DMSO can be administered

topically, via a gel or solution
as a bladder wash, via a catheter (for interstitial cystitis)

As with any alternative treatment, it’s always advised to talk with a doctor before deciding to purchase any product that contains DMSO. Dosage is directly connected to the severity of possible side effects.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a chemical solvent that is sometimes used to help reduce inflammation and pain, and may also be beneficial in reducing leakage during chemotherapy treatment.

It has been FDA approved to treat only one condition: interstitial cystitis.

Because of possible interactions with other common medications, and lack of definitive research into its benefits, DMSO should not be used without medical supervision.

Last medically reviewed on February 1, 2022

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

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Elisia I, et al. (2016). DMSO represses inflammatory cytokine production from human blood cells and reduces autoimmune arthritis.
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Madsen BK, et al. (2018). Adverse reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide in humans: A systematic review.
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Molecule of the week archive: Dimethyl sulfoxide. (2021).
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Tang H, et al. (2020). DMSO inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through extrinsic pathway in human cancer cells.
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Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

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May 16, 2023

Written By

Jessica DiGiacinto, Joe Bowman

Edited By

Jessica DiGiacinto

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Delores Smith-Johnson

Feb 1, 2022

Medically Reviewed By

Angelica Balingit, MD

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Medically reviewed by Angelica Balingit, MD — By Jessica DiGiacinto and Joe Bowman — Updated on May 16, 2023

DMSO benefits, uses, risks, and more

While there are many arthritis treatments available, not all medications that companies market to treat the condition have approval for that purpose. One of these is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

DMSO is a clear, odorless liquid that easily penetrates the skin and other organic membranes.

It is gaining commercial traction as a potential treatment for arthritis symptoms, mostly due to its ability to reduce pain and inflammation. However, it does not have approval as an arthritis treatment.

Despite anecdotal claims of its benefits, using DMSO for arthritis, especially as an over-the-counter treatment, could be dangerous.

Read more to learn about the medical uses for DMSO, how it works, its risks and benefits, and more.

DMSO is a byproduct of the paper-making process. Originally, manufacturers used it primarily as an industrial solvent.

In the 1960s, scientists realized that DMSO could act as a way to administer topical medications. Because biological membranes can rapidly absorb DMSO, the substance can help the skin absorb medicines. It may also have pain and inflammation-reducing properties.

Probably due to its purported anti-inflammatory properties, DMSO has gained some commercial popularity as a treatment for arthritis. Some people claim that DMSO may help reduce pain and inflammation associated with the condition.

However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved DMSO, or any medication that includes DMSO-derived ingredients, to treat arthritis. It only has FDA approval to treat interstitial cystitis, a condition causing bladder pain.

While some research on DMSO for arthritis management may warrant further investigation, the current evidence is anecdotal rather than scientific.

With this in mind, people interested in trying DMSO for arthritis should speak with a doctor first.

In a 2018 review, researchers looked at 109 studies that reported harmful side effects of DMSO in humans. They found that most negative reactions were either short term or rare.

Some of the most common reported adverse reactions were gastrointestinal symptoms, such as halitosis, abdominal aches, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other common reactions included dermatological skin reactions, such as rashes, itching, scaling, blistering, and pigmentation increases. There were also rare side effects that included cardiac and neurological reactions.

Additionally, the research indicated that side effects may have links to its administration method. For example, cardiac reactions only occurred when healthcare professionals administered DMSO intravenously, and skin reactions were more likely to develop following topical applications.

Furthermore, researchers found a connection between the dose size and reactions. People who took low doses reported no or mild side effects.

DMSO may also negatively interact with other medications. For example, because DMSO easily absorbs into the skin, using it with other topical medications could dangerously increase the amount of medication the body receives.

People interested in using DMSO for arthritis should contact a doctor before trying it or starting any new medication.

People should only use DMSO when a doctor prescribes it. The most common ways of use are topical, such as a gel or other solution, or intravesically, which involves going through the bladder.

Other methods include oral and intravenous. However, there is not enough research to determine their safety.

DMSO is also in common use as a chemical solvent in scientific and industrial communities. Medically, the only FDA-approved use for DMSO is as a treatment for interstitial cystitis, a chronic and often painful bladder condition.

There is still insufficient scientific evidence proving DMSO is both a safe and effective alternative treatment for these and other conditions.

Cancer and DMSO

While some people may experience relief from certain chemotherapy side effects, such as skin and tissue damage, using DMSO as an alternative treatment for cancer can carry risks. For example, a 2014 study explains how DMSO can interfere with chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin.

Conversely, a more recent 2020 study shows DMSO may prevent the growth of and encourage the death of cancer cells.

Furthermore, the FDA has approved trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide — a combination of trametinib and dimethyl sulfoxide — for treating anaplastic thyroid cancer, melanoma, and nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, doctors only recommend the treatment if a person and the cancer they have meet certain criteria.

At present, DMSO only has FDA approval to treat interstitial cystitis. While there is some anecdotal evidence that DMSO may alleviate the pain and inflammation associated with arthritis, there is no scientific evidence proving its efficacy.

A person interested in using DMSO for arthritis should contact a doctor.

Dimexide: instruction, price, analogues | Compendium – drug guide

Dimexide (dimethyl sulfoxide; DMSO; C2H6OS) is a small amphipathic organic molecule with a hydrophilic sulfoxide group and two hydrophobic methyl groups. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an unusual chemical derived from lignin, synthesized over 150 years ago. It is a highly polar, stable, hygroscopic organic liquid with exceptional solvent properties. Miscible with water, lipoids and organic solvents, it can lead to the formation of an unusually wide variety of inorganic and organic chemicals. Its industrial uses are many and varied: (1) as a solvent for resins, fungicides, dyes, pigments, etc.; (2) as a reagent for chemical synthesis; (3) as an extractant; and (4) as a reaction medium for accelerating the rate of a chemical reaction. Dimethyl sulfoxide is a clear liquid, practically odorless. Flash point in closed cup 192°F. Vapors are heavier than air. Some describe it as having an “oyster” flavor, others claim it tastes like garlic. Skin contact may cause burning and garlic odor on breath. It is an excellent solvent that can transport solutions through the skin. High vapor concentrations of this compound can cause headache, dizziness, and sedation. Its medical use was first promoted by Stanley Jacob who reported in 1964 that DMSO readily penetrates the skin and transports small molecules across biological membranes.

So, today, Dimexide (DMSO) is a highly polar substance with exceptional solvent properties for both organic and inorganic chemicals and is widely used as an industrial solvent. DMSO has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including membrane penetration, anti-inflammatory effects, local analgesia, mild bacteriostasis, diuresis, vasodilation, collagen dissolution, and free radical scavenging. The main use of dimethyl sulfoxide is as a carrier for drugs such as idoxuridine; promotes the penetration of the drug into the skin and, therefore, may enhance its effect. Clinical utility in surgery has been demonstrated in the treatment of acute trauma, postoperative pain in the area of postoperative scars, certain urological disorders such as Peyronie’s disease; early Dupuytren’s contracture, keloids and subcutaneous fibrosis associated with cobalt exposure. DMSO effectively transports local anesthetics into the deeper layers of the skin and the eardrum, allowing pain-free incisions (The American Journal of Surgery). It is also used as a 50% aqueous solution for bladder instillation to relieve symptoms of interstitial cystitis; instill 50 ml and leave for 15 minutes. Treatment is repeated every 2 weeks. DMSO has been administered orally, intravenously, or topically for a wide range of indications, including skin and musculoskeletal disorders, but evidence of beneficial effects is limited. Dimethyl sulfoxide is used as a cryoprotectant for various human tissues. An essential pharmacological action of DMSO is its ability to scavenge oxygen-free radicals associated with tissue damage caused by xenobiotics when administered before, during, or several hours after tissue damage.

Dimexide is easily absorbed by all routes. Metabolized by oxidation to dimethyl sulfone and reduction to dimethyl sulfide. Dimexide and the sulfite metabolite are excreted in the urine and feces. Dimethyl sulfide is excreted through the lungs and skin and is responsible for the characteristic odor in patients. The maximum concentration in the blood is reached within 4-6 hours and remains at this level for 1.5-3 days. When used as a penetrating base for other topically applied drugs, dimexide can enhance their toxic effect. Hepatic and renal function should also be assessed at 6-month intervals. Bladder instillation may be detrimental to patients with urinary tract malignancies due to vasodilation. High concentrations of DMSO applied to the skin can cause burning discomfort, itching, erythema, vesiculation, and urticaria. Continued use may cause the problem to scale. Systemic effects including gastrointestinal disturbances, drowsiness, headache and hypersensitivity reactions may occur after use by any route. The garlic-like breath and skin odor is attributed to the use of DMSO (drugster.org, published October 26, 2018).

DMSO was first obtained by oxidation of dimethyl sulfide in 1866 by A. Zaitsev (student of A. Butlerov). A series of experiments were then started at the University of Oregon (to provide evidence that DMSO was an active permeant and an excellent transporter of other substances through the skin or tissue membranes). As a solvent, DMSO is superior even to water and is sometimes referred to as a “super solvent”. Chemical Characteristics – Dimexide is chemically classified as a dipolar aprotic hygroscopic solvent. Protic solvents such as water, methanol and formamide are hydrogen donors. Dipolar aprotic solvents, although possessing hydrogen atoms, are unable to donate labile hydrogen atoms and form strong hydrogen bonds with some other substances.

Although toxicity was reported in clinical studies of DMSO in the 1960s, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) later classified DMSO as the safest solvent. DMSO has become widely used in many biomedical fields and the biological effects have been overlooked. Meanwhile, biomedical science has evolved towards sensitive, high-throughput methods and new areas of research, including epigenomics and miRNAs. Given its widespread use, especially for cryopreservation and in vitro assays, we evaluated the biological effect of DMSO using these technological innovations.

Adverse reactions to DMSO are common but usually minor and are related to the concentration of DMSO in the drug solution. Therefore, the most common side effects, such as skin rash and itching after skin application, intravascular hemolysis after intravenous infusion, and gastrointestinal discomfort after oral administration, can largely be avoided by using more dilute solutions (Swanson B.N.).

Although DMSO is typically used at relatively low concentrations, it still has medically beneficial properties such as induction of an anti-inflammatory process, nerve block (analgesia), diuretics, vasodilation, and muscle relaxation. In addition, in cell biology, DMSO is also used as an inducer of cell differentiation, a free radical scavenger and a radioprotective agent, but most often for cryopreservation. Cell cultures for research are often stored in liquid nitrogen using a slow cooling methodology.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cell culture reagent, ideal for cryopreservation. In cryobiology, DMSO has been used as a cryoprotectant and is still an important constituent of cryoprotectant vitrification mixtures used to preserve organs, tissues and cell suspensions. This is especially important for freezing and long-term storage of fetal and hematopoietic stem cells, which are often frozen in a mixture of 10% DMSO and 90% fetal calf serum (prevents the formation of ice crystals and thus reduces cell death). As part of an autologous bone marrow transplant, DMSO is re-administered along with the patient’s own hematopoietic stem cell. Dimexide is a polar aprotic organic solvent widely used in chemical and biological research. DMSO can uniquely provide solubility for some very polar small molecules such as simple biomolecules with few proton functional groups. It can also be used as an oxidizing agent in certain transformations. The yield of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) processes is enhanced by using DMSO as a co-solvent, helping to inhibit the formation of secondary structures from DNA fragments.

Each application of Dimexide appears to provide rapid temporary pain relief in patients with arthritis and connective tissue damage. However, an anti-inflammatory effect or accelerated healing is currently unjustified. There is no evidence that DMSO can alter the progression of degenerative joint disease, and for this reason, DMSO can only be considered for palliative care (relieving the symptoms of the disease) and not for avoiding standard anti-inflammatory agents. Dimexide is currently widely used in research in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, clinical trials are underway to study it, although it is difficult to draw any conclusions from them, since the garlic odor generated by the DMSO metabolite, DMS, is negative affects the reliability of a double-blind study.

To date, studies of the efficacy of DMSO in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis have yielded conflicting results. Since DMSO is known to impair cell permeability and cause cell death at high concentrations, a study was conducted that examined the relationship of anti-inflammatory properties with its effect on cell viability. The results show that DMSO up to a final concentration of 1% induces little cytotoxicity for monocytes, but there is a significant decrease in monocytes by 2%, slight hemolysis by 5%, and a sharp decrease in PBMC (from English peripheral blood mononuclear cells) by 10%. Thus, DMSO has only a narrow therapeutic window and it is possible that the decrease in cytokines/chemokines at 2% DMSO is associated with lower monocyte viability. However, the effects of DMSO at concentrations of 0.5% and below are probably independent of cytotoxicity. DMSO is an anti-inflammatory agent that has been shown to be effective in human whole blood. This is due to a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators. The study concluded that the use of DMSO as an anti-inflammatory agent in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis may have some benefits (Ingrid Elisia et al., 2016).

Data on the analgesic effects of Dimexide itself is mixed. However, when DMSO is used as a carrier for other analgesics, it increases the effectiveness of these agents (lidocaine in one study, diclofenac in another) and reduces symptoms. Pain relief with immediate application is reported almost immediately and lasts up to 6 hours. This has made DMSO ideal for the management of acute pain in athletes requiring immediate relief. To reduce chronic pain, patients may need to use DMSO for up to 6 weeks before any therapeutic effect is noticeable.

DMSO enhances the diffusion of other chemicals through the skin and for this reason a mixture of idoxuridine and DMSO is used for topical treatment of herpes zoster in the UK. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is currently used as an alternative treatment for various inflammatory conditions as well as cancer. Dimexide was first used for the treatment of acute soft tissue diseases such as bursitis and tendonitis. However, despite extensive rave evidence of efficacy, two controlled studies have yielded conflicting results (Trice J.M., Pinals R.S., 1985). However, at present Dimexide is indispensable for biotechnological applications. In these cases, one should take into account the effects that DMSO can have and keep the concentration as low as possible, since even at low concentrations DMSO is not inert (Verheijen M., Schrooders Y. et al., 2019). It should be borne in mind that, in addition to facilitating the absorption of other drugs, DMSO can also enhance their effect. Therefore, drug interactions should always be assessed prior to use, especially given the fact that in some cases drug levels can reach the toxic limit and increase the risk to patients’ lives. Reactions such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, skin redness, and in rare cases bronchospasm are known (Zenhausern et al., 2000; Crivellenti et al., 2013).

However, even now Dimexide continues to be the subject of controversy, controversy and reports of various kinds in the media. For the most part, clinical studies with DMSO do not meet the most standard requirements for conducting controlled studies in rheumatic diseases. The main problem was the difficulty in hiding the presence of DMSO due to its characteristic odor and in developing a suitable placebo. Much interesting information about DMSO has accumulated in recent years, including evidence of its relative safety, but its therapeutic role and its legitimacy in medical practice remains in limbo, pending further substantiation of efficacy in well-designed clinical trials.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Properties, features, scope

CAS number: 67-68-5

Chemical name and synonyms: Dimethyl sulfoxide, Methyl sulfoxide, Dimethyl (oxide) sulfur, DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, Methyl sulfoxide.

Physical and chemical properties:

Appearance: colorless transparent oily liquid

Molecular weight, g/mol: 78.13
Density g/cm³: 1.1±0.1
Melting point, °C: 18.4
Flash point, °C: 87
Boiling point, °C: 189
Decomposition temperature, °C: 150
Vapor density: 2. 7 (against air)
Steam pressure, mm Hg Art.: 0.8±0.3 at 25°C

Description:

The substance was discovered by Russian chemist Alexander Zaitsev in 1866 during the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide with nitric acid. However, for almost a century, DMSO was practically not used, properties and methods of application were not studied. Recorded use in Russian hospitals during the First World War in the treatment of wounds, fractures and injuries.

In 1958, its properties as an almost ideal solvent became known, which caused a sharp increase in research on DMSO. It has become widely used in medicine, biology, cosmetology, military affairs and many other industries. It easily and quickly (within a few seconds) penetrates intact skin, transferring the active substances of medicinal or cosmetic products dissolved in it into the interior.
Dimethyl sulfoxide is highly soluble in water, miscible with acetone, gasoline, benzene, toluene, acetic acid, dimethylformamide, ethyl alcohol.
Known as a drug called Dimexide.

Recommended storage temperature: 15 – 25 °C.

Application:

– As a cryoconservator
DMSO has the unique ability to dramatically lower the freezing point of water while maintaining the viability of most types of tissues and cells. It is integrated into the cell medium in order to minimize cell damage during freezing. 10% DMSO solution is used for safe cooling of cells and for their preservation at liquid nitrogen temperature. DMSO has become widely used in cryopreservation media for stem cells derived from human cord blood and reproductive tissue.

– As a solvent
Since DMSO is capable of dissolving a large amount of polymers, it is used in the casting of polymer films and fibers used in the production of cleaning membranes. With the help of DMSO, polyurethane and polyester residues from the manufacture of parts are cleaned.

Dimethyl sulfoxide is used as a solvent in chemical reactions involving inorganic salts, in particular in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Since DMSO has weak acidic properties, it is used as a solvent in the chemistry of carboanions.

Due to its high boiling point, DMSO evaporates very slowly at normal atmospheric pressure. Therefore, it is good to use it as a solvent for carrying out reactions when heated.

DMSO is safer and more effective than gasoline or dichloromethane as a paint stain remover. Along with nitromethane, DMSO is able to remove “super glue” (hardened, but still fresh) and uncured polyurethane foam.

Able to dissolve sludge, carbon deposits, varnishes formed during the decomposition of engine oil inside internal combustion engines. Why DMSO is added to the oil and directly into the combustion chamber. The flushing is so effective that it is possible to completely free the stuck piston rings and clean the oil drain holes in the pistons. But at the same time, the paint and varnish coatings of engine parts can also dissolve, with subsequent ingress of coating flakes into the oil lines.

– In pharmaceuticals and cosmetics
On average, in 7 seconds it is able to penetrate the skin barrier, carrying along with it the dissolved active substances of cosmetics or medicines. Due to such a sharp increase in the rate of penetration through the skin into the body, DMSO enhances the effect of creams, ointments and solutions.

– Medical
Used for inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory action is based on the mechanism of inactivation of hydroxyl radicals and improvement of metabolic processes in the focus of inflammation, inhibition of the conduction of nociceptive impulses in peripheral neurons, as well as antagonism against the vascular effects of histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandin E1.

The drug has a moderate antiseptic and fibrinolytic effect.

– Crop production
DMSO also increases the permeability of the cell barrier in plants. Therefore, the substance is used in the manufacture of solutions for feeding and protecting plants. In addition, DMSO acts as a natural source of organic sulfur for plants. DMSO is not toxic to plants and does not accumulate in their tissues.
The use of mixtures with dimethyl sulfoxide can increase the frost and drought resistance of plants up to 30%.

– Leather industry
DMSO significantly increases the permeability of water through the leather tissue. The rate of water penetration through the stratum corneum when using dimethyl sulfoxide in solution increases 125 times. The use of DMSO in the tanning process improves the quality of the tanned leather, reduces the tanning time and reduces the concentration of chromium oxide in the spent tanning solution. Leathers tanned with chrome tanning using DMSO have higher physical, mechanical and hygienic characteristics.

– Biology
Used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to inhibit the pairing of parent DNA molecules. It is added to the PCR mixture before starting the reaction. The substance affects the complementary sections of DNA, preventing their pairing and reducing the number of side processes.

– Military
Enhances the damaging effect of chemical weapons. One drop of VX toxin mixed with DMSO (i.e., a lower dose) causes the death of a test animal twice as fast as a drop of a pure poisonous substance. Adding 10% DMSO solution to mustard gas doubles the depth of mustard skin lesions.

Receive:

On an industrial scale, DMSO is supplied by paper companies, where this reagent is obtained as a by-product in the sulfate method of wood delignization. Dimethyl sulfoxide is obtained industrially from dimethyl sulfide by oxidation with oxygen, nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide.

Action on the body:

Non-irritant to eyes and skin, skin allergen. But since DMSO is a substance that easily penetrates the protective skin barrier, while passing through it the components dissolved in it, it is the components of solutions in which DMSO is used as a solvent that are dangerous.

Therefore, when working with DMSO as a solvent, it is necessary to protect the skin with chemical protection gloves. Ordinary household gloves do not protect against the penetration of dimethyl sulfoxide. It is recommended to use gloves made of butyl rubber, fluoroelastomer, neoprene with a material thickness of more than 0.3 mm, or latex with a material thickness of more than 0.4 mm.

When using DMSO for medical purposes, a dilution of 10 to 70 percent is used, since in its pure form, contact of DMSO with the skin can lead to skin irritation. Dimethyl sulfoxide has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and is harmful to many bacteria.

DMSO enhances the effects of blood thinners, steroids, heart drugs, sedatives and other drugs. In some cases, this can be harmful or dangerous.

Toxicological data:

Not an acute toxin, but frequent and prolonged skin contact may cause skin irritation. Other side effects: headache, nausea, liver and kidney damage.