What are the common causes of swollen lymph nodes in the chest. How are swollen chest lymph nodes diagnosed. What symptoms may indicate swollen lymph nodes in the chest. What treatment options are available for swollen chest lymph nodes.

Understanding Chest Lymph Nodes and Their Function

Chest lymph nodes play a crucial role in the body’s immune system, acting as filters to trap harmful substances and defend against infections. These small, bean-shaped structures are part of the larger lymphatic system, which works in tandem with the circulatory system to maintain overall health.

The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and nodes that help remove toxins, waste products, and excess fluids from tissues. In the chest, lymph nodes are strategically positioned around vital organs such as the lungs and heart, as well as along major blood vessels.

Key Functions of Chest Lymph Nodes

• Filtering lymph fluid to remove pathogens and cellular debris
• Producing and storing immune cells, including lymphocytes
• Initiating immune responses to combat infections and diseases
• Facilitating the circulation of lymph throughout the body

When the body encounters an infection or other threat, lymph nodes may swell as they work to contain and eliminate the problem. This swelling, known as lymphadenopathy, can occur in various regions of the body, including the chest.

Identifying Swollen Chest Lymph Nodes: Challenges and Symptoms

Detecting swollen lymph nodes in the chest can be challenging due to their deep location within the body. Unlike lymph nodes in more superficial areas such as the neck or armpits, chest lymph nodes are typically not palpable from the outside.

Are there any noticeable symptoms of swollen chest lymph nodes? While direct detection may be difficult, some individuals may experience secondary symptoms that could indicate lymph node enlargement in the chest:

• Chest pressure or fullness
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
• Persistent cough
• Unexplained chest pain
• Swelling in the neck or face

It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be associated with various other conditions, making accurate diagnosis crucial. In many cases, swollen chest lymph nodes are discovered incidentally during imaging studies performed for other reasons.

Common Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Chest

Swollen lymph nodes in the chest can be indicative of various underlying conditions, ranging from benign infections to more serious diseases. Understanding the potential causes is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Infections

Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can trigger lymph node swelling in the chest. Some common infectious causes include:

• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• HIV/AIDS
• Histoplasmosis
• Toxoplasmosis

These infections often lead to an immune response that causes the lymph nodes to enlarge as they work to fight off the pathogens.

Cancer

Malignancies are a significant concern when it comes to swollen chest lymph nodes. Types of cancer that may cause mediastinal lymphadenopathy include:

• Lung cancer
• Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s)
• Metastatic cancer from other primary sites

In a 2019 study, cancer was found to be the most common cause of swollen chest lymph nodes, accounting for 61.6% of cases diagnosed through EBUS-TBNA procedures.

Inflammatory Conditions

Certain inflammatory disorders can lead to chest lymph node enlargement. Sarcoidosis, an inflammatory disease that can affect multiple organs, is a notable example. It was identified as one of the most frequent non-cancerous causes of swollen chest lymph nodes in recent studies.

Other Medical Conditions

Additional health issues that may result in swollen chest lymph nodes include:

• Heart failure
• Interstitial lung disease
• Autoimmune disorders

Diagnostic Approaches for Swollen Chest Lymph Nodes

Given the deep location of chest lymph nodes, specialized diagnostic techniques are often required to assess their condition accurately. What are the primary methods used to diagnose swollen lymph nodes in the chest?

Imaging Studies

Various imaging modalities play a crucial role in identifying and evaluating swollen chest lymph nodes:

• Chest X-ray: Often the initial imaging study, which can show enlarged lymph nodes in some cases
• Computed Tomography (CT) scan: Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the chest, allowing for precise measurement of lymph node size and location
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Offers high-resolution images without radiation exposure
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan: Can help differentiate between benign and malignant causes of lymph node enlargement

Biopsy Procedures

To determine the underlying cause of lymph node swelling, a tissue sample may be necessary. Biopsy options include:

• Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration (EBUS-TBNA): A minimally invasive procedure that allows for sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes
• Mediastinoscopy: A surgical procedure that provides access to chest lymph nodes for biopsy
• CT-guided needle biopsy: Uses CT imaging to guide a needle to the target lymph node for sampling

Blood Tests and Other Investigations

Additional diagnostic tools may include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) to assess for signs of infection or blood disorders
• Specific blood tests for suspected infections (e.g., HIV, tuberculosis)
• Autoimmune markers for inflammatory conditions
• Tumor markers in cases of suspected cancer

Treatment Options for Swollen Chest Lymph Nodes

The treatment approach for swollen chest lymph nodes depends on the underlying cause. What are the primary treatment strategies employed for this condition?

Addressing Infectious Causes

For bacterial infections, appropriate antibiotic therapy is crucial. The choice of antibiotic depends on the specific pathogen identified. In cases of viral infections, supportive care is often the mainstay of treatment, although antiviral medications may be prescribed for certain conditions like HIV. Fungal infections typically require antifungal medications, which may need to be administered for extended periods.

Cancer Treatment

When malignancy is the cause of lymph node swelling, treatment options may include:

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Targeted therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Surgical intervention

The specific treatment plan will depend on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health and preferences.

Management of Inflammatory Conditions

For inflammatory disorders like sarcoidosis, treatment often involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In some cases, immunosuppressive medications may be necessary. The goal is to manage symptoms and prevent long-term organ damage.

Supportive Care

Regardless of the underlying cause, supportive measures may be implemented to alleviate symptoms associated with swollen chest lymph nodes. These can include:

• Pain management
• Respiratory support
• Nutritional support
• Psychological counseling

Prognosis and Long-term Outlook

The prognosis for individuals with swollen chest lymph nodes varies significantly depending on the underlying cause. What factors influence the long-term outlook for patients with this condition?

• Etiology: The specific cause of lymph node swelling is a critical determinant of prognosis. Infectious causes often have a more favorable outlook compared to malignant conditions.
• Timely diagnosis: Early detection and accurate diagnosis can significantly impact treatment outcomes, particularly in cases of cancer or progressive inflammatory disorders.
• Treatment response: The effectiveness of the chosen treatment approach plays a crucial role in determining long-term prognosis.
• Overall health: A patient’s general health status and the presence of comorbidities can influence their ability to tolerate treatments and recover.

For benign conditions or treatable infections, the prognosis is generally good with appropriate management. However, in cases of advanced cancer or severe systemic diseases, the outlook may be more guarded.

Prevention and Risk Reduction

While it may not always be possible to prevent swollen chest lymph nodes, certain measures can help reduce the risk of developing conditions that lead to lymphadenopathy. What steps can individuals take to promote lymphatic health and overall well-being?

• Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can boost immune function and overall health.
• Practice good hygiene: Proper handwashing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals can reduce the risk of infections.
• Avoid smoking: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for lung cancer and other respiratory conditions that can affect chest lymph nodes.
• Stay up-to-date with vaccinations: Immunizations can prevent various infections that might lead to lymph node swelling.
• Undergo regular health screenings: Routine check-ups and appropriate cancer screenings can help detect potential issues early.

By implementing these preventive measures, individuals can potentially reduce their risk of developing conditions that lead to swollen chest lymph nodes.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Recognizing when to consult a healthcare professional is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment of conditions associated with swollen chest lymph nodes. What signs and symptoms should prompt individuals to seek medical evaluation?

• Persistent chest pain or discomfort
• Unexplained shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Chronic cough, especially if accompanied by blood
• Unexplained weight loss or night sweats
• Swelling in the neck, face, or upper extremities
• Fever that doesn’t respond to over-the-counter medications
• Fatigue or weakness that interferes with daily activities

It’s important to note that these symptoms can be associated with various conditions, not just swollen chest lymph nodes. However, they warrant medical attention to determine the underlying cause and initiate appropriate treatment if necessary.

In conclusion, swollen chest lymph nodes represent a complex medical issue with diverse potential causes. While often challenging to detect without imaging studies, they can signify serious underlying conditions that require prompt evaluation and management. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and available diagnostic and treatment options, individuals can work closely with healthcare providers to address this condition effectively and optimize their overall health outcomes.

Swollen lymph nodes in chest: Symptoms, causes, and more

Usually, chest lymph nodes are too deep in the chest for a person to feel them. In most cases, swollen lymph nodes in the chest appear on imaging scans. Swelling can indicate an underlying condition.

The lymph nodes sometimes swell when fighting an infection. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy is the medical term for swollen lymph nodes in the chest.

The lymph nodes are an important part of the lymphatic system, which helps protect the body from disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria.

Along the collarbone, it may be possible for a person to feel swollen lymph nodes. These lymph nodes may swell when there is an infection, especially in nearby areas such as the breasts or throat.

Swollen lymph nodes can signal a serious underlying condition, such as cancer or an infection. Lymph nodes can also swell for no apparent reason.

In this article, we look at the possible causes of swollen lymph nodes in the chest and their treatments.

The lymphatic system is part of the immune system, and it helps filter out harmful materials, such as infections or cancer cells. It includes a network of vessels, similar to blood vessels, connecting the many different lymph nodes.

These small nodes sometimes swell when the body is filtering out something harmful. They can also swell for no apparent reason, either because of chronic health issues or due to lymph node diseases, such as Kikuchi disease.

Swollen lymph nodes may occur in a single location or throughout the body. The site of the swelling often provides clues to the source of the problem.

For example, a person with a swollen lymph node in the neck might have a tooth abscess or strep throat.

Swollen lymph nodes in the chest often mean a person has a serious underlying medical condition. Some potential causes include:

• Lung cancer: Swelling in the lymph nodes surrounding the lungs and in the chest may mean that a person has lung cancer or that lung cancer is spreading to other areas of the body.
• Lymphoma: Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymph nodes. It can affect lymph nodes anywhere in the body and may begin in the chest or spread to the chest from other lymph nodes.
• Sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that can damage the lungs. A 2019 study found that it was one of the most common noncancerous reasons for swollen lymph nodes in the chest.
• Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is a serious infection that affects the lungs and may spread elsewhere in the body. It can cause swollen lymph nodes.
• Other infections: Other infections, especially those that affect the lungs, may cause swollen lymph nodes. Examples include bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, such as pneumonia, HIV, histoplasmosis, and toxoplasmosis, respectively. However, mononucleosis, a viral infection, rarely causes the lymph nodes in the chest to swell.
• Other causes: Other serious health issues, such as heart failure or interstitial lung disease, can sometimes cause swollen chest lymph nodes.

In a 2019 study, of the 1,075 people who underwent an endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) to diagnose swollen chest lymph nodes, cancer was the most common reason for the swollen chest lymph nodes, with 61.6% having some form of this disease.

Except for the lymph nodes above the collarbone, the lymph nodes in the chest are so deep that a person cannot feel them.

Most are located around organs and behind bones or other large structures. Many are behind the breastbone in the pleural space, which is the tissue lining the chest and surrounding the lungs.

Others surround the main veins and arteries of the heart. For example, the para-aortic lymph nodes lie on the front and the back of the ascending aorta and aortic arch.

As it is not possible to feel the lymph nodes deep in the chest by pushing on the skin, a person will require an imaging scan to determine whether they are swollen.

It is not possible to feel the mediastinal lymph nodes, which are deep in the chest. Other chest lymph nodes are also typically too deep to feel. Doctors usually only notice swelling in these lymph nodes on an imaging scan.

However, a person may feel some lymph nodes around the chest, such as the lymph nodes above the collarbone.

Swollen chest lymph nodes can cause symptoms such as chest pressure and fullness, so a doctor may suspect that either the lymph nodes are swollen or a person has an underlying disease.

People with swollen lymph nodes in the chest may also experience swollen lymph nodes elsewhere, such as in the armpits, groin, or neck.

People with swollen lymph nodes in the chest might not notice any symptoms. However, the swollen lymph nodes sometimes push on organs or other structures, which may cause pain.

An underlying illness can cause swollen lymph nodes along with other symptoms such as:

• feeling sick or weak
• fever
• cough or trouble breathing
• swollen lymph nodes elsewhere in the body
• unexplained weight loss
• night sweats
• pressure in the chest

Lymphoma is a cancer in the lymphatic system or lymph nodes. It can begin in the lymph nodes of the chest or travel to these lymph nodes from other parts of the lymphatic system.

Other cancers, such as lung cancer, may also spread, affecting nearby lymph nodes.

Although a biopsy of the lymph nodes is the only way to diagnose cancer, a doctor may also recommend blood work and imaging scans to evaluate the source of the swollen chest lymph nodes.

The type of cancer a person has, where it began, and whether it has spread to other areas help determine the outlook. For instance, the overall 5-year relative survival rate for non-Hodgkin lymphoma is 72%.

The treatment for swollen chest lymph nodes depends on the cause. Some options include:

• Infection treatment: Antibiotics can treat many infections, including tuberculosis. Fungal infections may require antifungal treatment, while some infections, such as viral pneumonia, respond well to supportive therapy. Supportive therapy means that a doctor monitors the person and treats their symptoms, such as with IV fluids and observation in the hospital.
• Cancer treatment: The right cancer treatment depends on the cancer, but usually includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both. A surgeon may remove the cancerous lymph nodes or recommend surgery to remove cancer in other areas of the body.
• Immunosuppressive therapy: Treatment for an immune-mediated disease such as sarcoidosis includes corticosteroids and immune therapy.
• Medication: As some medications can cause lymph nodes to swell, a doctor may recommend switching medications.

Finding swollen chest lymph nodes can be scary, especially if they accompany other symptoms. A doctor will perform other tests to determine the reason for the swelling and offer advice about treatment options.

Even a very serious diagnosis, such as cancer, often responds well to treatment, especially in the early stages. Furthermore, antibiotics can often completely cure infections, such as tuberculosis.

People who experience chest pain or pressure, breathing difficulties, or other symptoms of swollen chest lymph nodes should see a doctor as quickly as possible.

The doctor will likely ask for a log of all of the symptoms a person experiences, including when the symptoms first appeared. They will also ask the person about their medical history.

Thoracic Lymph Nodes Anatomy, Diagram & Function

Thoracic Lymph Nodes Anatomy, Diagram & Function | Body Maps

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Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network — By The Healthline Editorial Team on July 6, 2020

Thoracic lymph nodes are separated into two types: parietal lymph nodes located in the thoracic wall, and visceral lymph nodes, which are associated with the internal organs. Due to their location, abnormalities of the lymph nodes in the thorax, or chest, are not easily detected. However, any changes in the size or amount of these lymph nodes could be indicative of several types of extrapulmonary or pulmonary diseases. For diagnostic purposes, lymph nodes of the thorax can be further divided into sub-categories. The lung lymph nodes can be found along the bronchi. The paratracheal and tracheobronchial groups of lymph nodes are located in the neck and also in the junction where the trachea meets the bronchi, respectively. These accept drainage from the heart, lungs, bronchi, and thoracic trachea as well as other lymph nodes. The posterior mediastinal group of lymph nodes, located near the thoracic aorta, is closely linked to the tracheobronchial group and primarily drains into the thoracic duct. The chest wall thoracic lymph nodes receive drainage from the breasts, arms, pectoral muscles, and other muscles and skin located in the upper section of the chest.

Last medically reviewed on July 6, 2020

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Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network — By The Healthline Editorial Team on July 6, 2020

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Belarusian State Medical University

1.

Lateral cervical lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici cervicales laterales . Located in the lateral region of the neck. Represented by the following groups:

2.

Superficial lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici superficiales . They lie along the external jugular vein. Collect lymph from the lower part of the auricle and the neck area below the parotid gland. The efferent vessels end in the deep cervical lymph nodes. See page 257, Fig. B.

3.

Upper deep lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici profundi superiores . They include three groups and collect lymph from neighboring areas of the neck, as well as from the lymph nodes of the head. Their efferent vessels form the jugular trunk. Rice. A.

4.

Lateral lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici laterales . Located outside the internal jugular vein. Rice. A.

5.

Anterior lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici anteriores . They lie in front of the internal jugular vein. Rice. A.

6.

Jugular-bigastric knot

, nodus jugulodigastricus . The most cranial of the deep cervical nodes. Palpable with inflammation of the tonsils, tongue and pharynx. Rice. A.

7.

Deep lower lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici profundi inferiores . Consist of two groups. They end in the efferent vessels from the lymph nodes of the organs of the neck and head, and they are also regional for neighboring areas. The efferent vessels of the lower deep nodes join the jugular trunk.

8.

Jugular-scapular-hyoid knot

, nodus juguloomohyoideus . Located between the scapular-hyoid muscle and the internal jugular vein. Collects lymph from the tongue. Rice. A.

9.

Lateral lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici laterales . Located on the lateral side of the internal jugular vein. Rice. A.

10.

Anterior lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici anteriores . Located in front of the internal jugular vein. Rice. A.

11.

Supraclavicular lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici supraclaviculares . Located above the collarbone. Rice. A.

12.

Extension units

, nodi accessorii .

13.

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici retrotropharyngeales . They are located along the outer edge of the longus capitis muscle at the level of the lateral mass of the atlas. Rice. A, Fig. B.

14.

UPPER LIMB

, membrum superius .

15.

Axillary lymphatic plexus

, plexus lymphaticus axillaris . It is formed by lymphatic vessels connecting 20-30 axillary lymph nodes. Rice. B.

16.

Axillary lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici axillares . They are located in the same topographic region of the upper limb. Rice. AT

17.

Apical lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici apicales . Lie medial to the subclavian vein between the upper edge of m. pectoralis minor and the apex of the axillary fossa. Collects lymph from the upper lateral part of the chest and other axillary lymph nodes. The efferent vessels form the subclavian trunk, which opens on the left into the thoracic duct or the left subclavian vein, on the right – joins the right subclavian vein or the jugular trunk. Rice. AT

18.

Shoulder lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici brachiales . They lie along the axillary artery and collect lymph from the upper limb. Rice. V.

19.

Subscapular lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici subscapulares . Located along a.subscapularis and collect lymph from the back of the chest, shoulder joint and lower back of the neck. Rice. B.

20.

Thoracic lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici pectorales . Located at the lower edge m. pectorales minor and collect lymph from the anterior and lateral walls of the body to the level of the navel. Rice. B.

21.

Central lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici centrales . They are located in the fatty tissue of the armpit and collect lymph from the shoulder, subscapular and thoracic lymph nodes. Rice. B.

22.

Interthoracic lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici interpectorales . They are located between the pectoralis major and minor muscles and collect lymph from the mammary gland. The efferent vessels end in the apical lymph nodes. Rice. B.

23.

Deltoid – thoracic (subclavian) lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici eltopectorales (infraclaviculares) . They are located in the sulcus of the same name along the lateral saphenous vein and collect lymph from the skin of the hand. Rice. B.

24.

Shoulder lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici brachiales . Single lymph nodes along the vessels of the shoulder.

25.

Ulnar lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici cubitales . One or two nodes that are located in the cubital fossa along the brachial artery. Rice. B.

26.

Supratrochlear lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici supratrochleares . Located slightly above the elbow joint on the medial side of v. basilica. Rice. B.

27.

Superficial lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici superficiales .

28.

Deep lymph nodes

, nodi lymphatici profundi . They are located along the deep lymphatic vessels.

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