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erste hilfe, sport und schwarzer mann mit sanitäter nach einem unfall, knieschmerzen und rugby-verletzung. gesundheitsversorgung, hilfe und afrikanischer athlet, der nach einer muskelverletzung beim sport weint, mit einem arzt zur medizinischen hilfe – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Erste Hilfe, Sport und schwarzer Mann mit Sanitäter nach einem…

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

kardiologie-ikone aus medizinischer sammlung. einfaches linienelement kardiologie-symbol für templates, webdesign und infografiken – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Kardiologie-Ikone aus medizinischer Sammlung. Einfaches…

Kardiologie-Symbol aus der medizinischen Sammlung. Einfaches Linienelement Kardiologie-Symbol für Vorlagen, Webdesign und Infografiken.

der arzt, der wissenschaftler, der lehrer oder der experte für anatomie weist den zeiger auf die prostata auf das modell der organe der harnwege-blase und prostata. ort des auftretens von anomalien wie prostatitis – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Der Arzt, der Wissenschaftler, der Lehrer oder der Experte für…

erste hilfe bei der wunde auf der haut. behandlungverfahren für blutungsschnitt. verband auf verletzter handfläche. notfallsituation sicherheitsinfografik in vektor – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Erste Hilfe bei der Wunde auf der Haut. Behandlungverfahren für…

Erste Hilfe bei Wunden auf der Haut. Behandlungsverfahren für Blutungsschnitt. Bandage auf verletzter Handfläche. Infografik zur Sicherheit von Notsituationen im Vektor. Illustration hilft bei Haut, Verletzung und Trauma

set von realistischen bunten medizinischen pflastern mit – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Set von realistischen bunten medizinischen Pflastern mit

Set aus realistischen mehrfarbigen medizinischen Pflastern mit verschiedenen Mustern auf transparentem Hintergrund

süße cartoon uterus hat erste periode – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Süße cartoon uterus hat erste Periode

Cuterus – süßes menschliches Gebärmutterorgan blutet. Vektor-Cartoon-Charakter-Illustration. Isoliert auf rosa Hintergrund.

laubzähne rgb-farbsymbol – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Laubzähne RGB-Farbsymbol

RGB-Farbsymbol für Milchzähne. Zahnhaltezeit. Babykiefer. Milchzähne. Kinderkrankheit. Zahnfleischschwellungen und Entzündungen. Mundhygienegewohnheiten. Zahnausbruch. Isolierte Vektorillustration

süße cartoon uterus sieht auf kalender – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Süße Cartoon Uterus sieht auf Kalender

süße cartoon traurige gebärmutter – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Süße Cartoon traurige Gebärmutter

Cuterus – niedliches menschliches Gebärmutterorgan. Vektor-Cartoon-Charakter-Illustration. Isoliert auf rosa Hintergrund.

arzt, wissenschaftler, spezialist für anatomie zeigt zeiger der obturator foramen wo canalis obturatorius, mit obturator arterie, vene und nerven und verbindet becken, oberschenkel, ort der hernie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Arzt, Wissenschaftler, Spezialist für Anatomie zeigt Zeiger der. ..

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

mechanismus des muskelkater-vektor-illustrations – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Mechanismus des Muskelkater-Vektor-Illustrations

menschliche anatomie mit der aussicht auf den ganzen körper. – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschliche Anatomie mit der Aussicht auf den ganzen Körper.

Menschliche Anatomie mit Frontansicht des Ganzkörpers, der Muskulatur und Gefäßsystem auf einem stilvollen dunkelgrauen Hintergrund zeigt.

männliche farbige körper – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Männliche Farbige Körper

farbiger männliche organe – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Farbiger männliche Organe

3d männliche figur mit gelenken hervorgehoben – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

3D männliche Figur mit Gelenken hervorgehoben

3D-Darstellung einer männlichen Figur mit hervorgehobenen Gelenken

ein weiblicher körper anatomie für bücher 3d render auf weiß – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Ein weiblicher Körper Anatomie für Bücher 3d Render auf weiß

muskulatur ist ein organsystem, das für die bereitstellung von kraft 3d verantwortlich ist – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Muskulatur ist ein Organsystem, das für die Bereitstellung von. ..

körper menschlichen männlichen muskel – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Körper menschlichen männlichen Muskel

3D-Illustration des menschlichen männlichen Muskelkörpers

männliche figur mit ausgewählten interne anatomie – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Männliche Figur mit ausgewählten interne Anatomie

Männliche Figur mit ausgewählten Organen und Knochen sichtbar. Shwon sind das Schlüsselbein, das Herz und die Nieren. Armknochen – Humerus, Ulna, Radius. Beinknochen – Femur Tibia, Wadenbein und Hüftknochen.

menschliche muskulatur rumpfmuskeln rectus abdominis muskelanatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschliche Muskulatur Rumpfmuskeln Rectus Abdominis…

hohe auflösung-konzept oder komposition 3d menschliche anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Hohe Auflösung-Konzept oder Komposition 3D Menschliche Anatomie

Hochauflösendes Konzept oder konzeptionelle 3D-menschliche Anatomie und Muskel isoliert auf weißem Hintergrund als Metapher für den Körper

menschlichen körper eines mannes für studie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschlichen Körper eines Mannes für Studie

humanlymph nodes anatomie für medizinisches konzept 3d rendering – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

HumanLymph Nodes Anatomie für medizinisches Konzept 3D Rendering

Anatomie der menschlichen Lymphknoten für die 3D-Illustration des medizinischen Konzepts

anatomie der muskeln des menschlichen muskelsystems – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Anatomie der Muskeln des menschlichen Muskelsystems

ein weiblicher körper anatomie für bücher 3d render auf weiß – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Ein weiblicher Körper Anatomie für Bücher 3d Render auf weiß

Eine weibliche Körperanatomie für Bücher 3D-Render auf GrauEine weibliche Aktkörperanatomie für Bücher 3D-Illustration auf GrauEin weiblicher Körper für Bücher über Anatomie 3D-Render auf WeißEine weibliche Körperanatomie für Bücher 3D-Render auf Weiß

männlichen körper illustration, human – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Männlichen Körper Illustration, Human

3D-Darstellung des menschlichen (männlichen) Körpers. Illustration des menschlichen Körpers.

der muskel-system – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Der Muskel-system

medizinisch genaue Darstellung des Muskelsystems

zentralorgan des menschlichen nervensystems gehirn anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Zentralorgan des menschlichen Nervensystems Gehirn Anatomie

3D-Illustrationskonzept des Zentralorgans des menschlichen Nervensystems Hirnanatomie

vector human icon – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Vector Human Icon

3d-illustration der menschlichen anatomie, eines mesomorphen körpers eines mannes – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

3D-Illustration der menschlichen Anatomie, eines mesomorphen Körpe

3D-Illustration der menschlichen Anatomie eines mesomorphen Körpers eines Mannes. Muskeln im Highlight. Großartig, um in der Medizin Arbeit und Gesundheit verwendet zu werden. Isoliert auf schwarzem Hintergrund.

muskel mann 4 – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Muskel Mann 4

Anatomie-Rendering mit Clipping-Maske

3d animiert von inneren organen, nerven, knochen, muskelsystemen erstellt – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

3D Animiert von inneren Organen, Nerven, Knochen, Muskelsystemen…

3D-Animation von inneren Organen, Nerven, Knochen, Muskelsystemen auf schwarzem Hintergrund, Modell 3D-Illustration

zentralorgan des menschlichen nervensystems gehirn anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Zentralorgan des menschlichen Nervensystems Gehirn Anatomie

3D-Illustrationskonzept des Zentralorgans des menschlichen Nervensystems Hirnanatomie

muskulatur. menschlicher körper. männliche anatomie. athletyc fitness trainig gym workout vektor illustration. vorder- und rückseite – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Muskulatur. Menschlicher Körper. Männliche Anatomie. Athletyc…

menschliche körper muskeln anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschliche Körper muskeln Anatomie

3D-Illustration der Anatomie der menschlichen Körpermuskulatur

menschliche körperform, männlich – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschliche Körperform, Männlich

3D-Darstellung des menschlichen (männlichen) Körpers, Oberkörpers. Illustration des menschlichen Körpers.

zentralorgan des menschlichen nervensystems gehirn anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Zentralorgan des menschlichen Nervensystems Gehirn Anatomie

3D-Illustration Konzept des zentralen Organs des menschlichen Nervensystems Gehirnanatomie

menschlichen körper eines mannes, stehend – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschlichen Körper eines Mannes, stehend

“Menschlicher Körper eines Mannes für das Studium, auf der Vorderseite, großartig, um in der Medizin und Gesundheit verwendet zu werden. Isoliert auf weißem Hintergrund.”

3 d human muscle – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

3 d human muscle

ganzkörper von nackten mann vor 3 stil anzeigen. – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Ganzkörper von nackten Mann vor 3 Stil anzeigen.

menschlichen körper eines mannes für studie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschlichen Körper eines Mannes für Studie

aus 3 d illustration der wadenbeine bone – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Aus 3 d illustration der Wadenbeine bone

menschliche anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschliche Anatomie

muskeln des menschen im alten buch the encyclopaedia britannica, vol. 1, von c. blake, 1875, edinburgh – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Muskeln des Menschen im alten Buch The Encyclopaedia Britannica,…

menschlicher weiblicher körper brust 3d hologramm vorderansicht. 3d-illustration – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschlicher weiblicher Körper Brust 3D Hologramm Vorderansicht. …

mann mit high-tech-cyber-stil – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Mann mit High-tech-cyber-Stil

Hochwertiges 3D-Rendering des Menschen mit High-Tech-Cyber-Thema

menschlichen körper eines mannes für studie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Menschlichen Körper eines Mannes für Studie

Menschlicher Körper eines Mannes mit ausgestreckten Armen zum Studium, auf der Vorderseite, großartig, um in der Medizin und Gesundheit verwendet zu werden. Isoliert auf schwarzem Hintergrund.

digestive system männliche anatomie – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Digestive system männliche Anatomie

Illustration des männlichen Verdauungssystems

menschliche anatomie – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Menschliche Anatomie

männlichen körper formen – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Männlichen Körper formen

hals muskeln – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Hals Muskeln

männliche und weibliche körper – human male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Männliche und weibliche Körper

anatomie der muskeln des menschlichen körpers – human male anatomy stock-fotos und bilder

Anatomie der Muskeln des menschlichen Körpers

3D-Illustrationskonzept der Muskelsystem-Muskelanatomie des menschlichen Körpers

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333 male anatomy Fotos und Bilder. Oder suchen Sie nach anatomie, um noch mehr faszinierende Fotos und Bilder zu entdecken.

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stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemännliche hüfte auf weißem hintergrund – male anatomy stock-fotos und bildermenschliche anatomie-symbole. männlicher körper. – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symboleillustration of a male body – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemännliche anatomie – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemale musculature and skeleton, illustration – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemale anatomy, computer artwork. – male anatomy stock-fotos und bilderfrontal abdomen mri scan of 60 year old male patient with kidney stone – male anatomy stock-fotos und bildermale muscular system, illustration – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemale anatomy, illustration – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemale musculature, illustration – male anatomy stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemale heart, illustration 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Male anatomy drawing – 75 photos

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Anatomy of the male genitourinary system. Urology and Andrology

Anatomy of the male genitourinary system

Human upper urinary tract

9024 3 Male lower urinary tract and genitals

Bladder

Bladder is an organ of the human urinary system. The bladder is located in the pelvis behind the bones of the womb, up from the prostate, in front of the rectum. Part of the upper and posterior walls of the bladder is covered by the parietal peritoneum.
In the bladder, the following parts are anatomically distinguished:

• Fundus of the bladder
• Walls of the bladder (anterior, lateral, posterior)
• Neck of the bladder

The right and left ureters approach the posterior surface of the bladder iki. The neck of the bladder continues into the urethra (urethra). When full, the bladder may protrude above the womb. In this state, the bladder can be felt by hand in the lower abdomen directly above the womb in the form of a rounded formation, when pressed, the urge to urinate occurs. The capacity of the bladder is usually 200-400 ml. The inner surface of the bladder is covered with a mucous membrane.
The main functions of the bladder consist of:

• In the accumulation and retention of urine (continuously flowing from the kidneys through the ureters)
• In the excretion of urine

urine (relaxation and stretching of the walls without a significant increase in intravesical pressure). With a certain degree of stretching of the walls of the bladder, there is an urge to urinate. A healthy adult can retain urine despite the urge to urinate. The retention of urine inside the bladder is carried out with the help of the apparatus of sphincters (valves) that compress the lumen of the bladder neck and urethra. There are two main sphincters of the bladder: the first is involuntary (consists of smooth muscle fibers), is located in the neck of the urinary tract at the outlet to the urethra, the second is arbitrary (consists of striated muscle fibers), is located in the middle part of the pelvic urethra and is part of pelvic floor muscles. During the act of urination, which is normally voluntary in an adult, both sphincters relax and the walls of the bladder contract, which leads to the expulsion of urine. Violation of the functioning of the muscles that expel urine and sphincters leads to various urinary disorders. Frequent diseases of the bladder are infectious inflammation of the mucosa (cystitis), stones, tumors and disorders of the nervous regulation of its functions.

Cavernous body

The cavernous (cavernous) body is a structural part of the penis. The cavernous bodies (right and left) are cylindrical and located inside the penis. The spongy (spongiform) body of the penis is subject to the ventral surface of the cavernous bodies, parallel to them.
Anatomically in the corpus cavernosum are distinguished:0266

In the apical part, the cavernous bodies are covered by the glans penis, which is part of the spongy body. At the pubic joint in the proximal part, the cavernous bodies diverge downward and backward parallel to the descending (sciatic) branches of the pubic bones, to which they are attached by ligaments. In the area of ​​​​the pubic joint, the cavernous bodies are attached to the bones with the help of an unpaired funnel-shaped ligament. Cavernous bodies can be felt in the form of rollers on the right and left inside the penis.
The main function of the cavernous bodies is to provide an erection of the penis (increase in size and hardening of the penis during sexual arousal).
The cavernous body consists of cavernous tissue surrounded by a tunica albuginea. Cavernous tissue has a cellular structure. Each cavity (cell) has the ability to change its internal volume by changing the tone of the smooth muscle elements (trabecular muscles) included in the structure of the walls of the cavity. Blood enters the caverns through arterioles that branch radially from the cavernous artery, located centrally inside the cavernous body. During sexual arousal, in response to the release of a mediator (NO – nitric oxide), due to the relaxation of the trabecular muscles and muscles of the walls of the cavernous arteries, an increase in the lumen of the cavernous arteries and the volume of cavities occurs. The increase in blood flow to the cavernous tissue and the filling of the cavities with a large volume of blood leads to an increase in the total volume of the cavernous tissue (tumescence or swelling of the penis). Normally, the outflow of blood from the cavernous tissue is carried out through the venous plexuses located directly under the albuginea. When the venous plexus is pressed against the albuginea due to an increase in the volume of cavernous tissue during tumescence (the basis of the veno-occlusive mechanism), the outflow of blood from the cavernous bodies decreases, leading to the appearance of a hard erection. At the end of sexual activity (usually after ejaculation), the release of norepinephrine, a sympathetic mediator that increases the tone of the trabecular muscles, leads to the disappearance of an erection (detumescence) in the reverse order of the appearance of an erection. Insufficient blood flow to the cavernous bodies, excessive outflow of venous blood from the cavernous bodies, damage to the nerves that conduct signals for the appearance of an erection, as well as damage to the cavernous tissue leads to a deterioration in the quality of sperm and erection up to its complete absence (impotence).
The albuginea of ​​the cavernous body is a case of the cavernous bodies and consists of elastic connective tissue. During an erection, the albuginea, evenly stretching in different directions, provides a symmetrical increase in the penis. Congenital disorders of the elasticity of the albuginea, cicatricial changes after injuries of the penis and the formation of fibrous plaques on the albuginea in Peyronie’s disease can lead to curvature of the penis during erection.

Kidneys

The kidneys are the main and most important paired organ of the human urinary system. The kidneys are bean-shaped, 10-12 x 4-5 cm in size and are located in the retroperitoneal space on the sides of the spine. The right kidney is crossed by the line of the right 12th rib in half, while 1/3 of the left kidney is above the line of the left 12th rib, and 2/3 is below (i.e., the right kidney is located slightly below the left). On inspiration and when a person moves from a horizontal to a vertical position, the kidneys are displaced downward by 3-5 cm. The fixation of the kidneys in the normal position is ensured by the ligamentous apparatus and the supporting effect of the perirenal fiber. The lower pole of the kidneys can be felt by hand on inspiration in the right and left hypochondria.
The main functions of the kidneys consist of:

• In the regulation of the water-salt balance of the body (maintaining the necessary concentrations of salts and the volume of fluid in the body)
• In the removal of unnecessary and harmful (toxic) substances from the body
• In the regulation of blood pressure

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The kidney, filtering the blood, produces urine, which is collected in the cavitary system and excreted through the ureters into the bladder and further out. Normally, all the blood circulating in the body passes through the kidneys in about 3 minutes. Per minute, 70-100 ml of primary urine is filtered in the renal glomeruli, which subsequently concentrates in the renal tubules, and per day an adult eventually excretes an average of 1-1.5 liters of urine (300-500 ml less than he drank) . The cavitary system of the kidney consists of the calyces and the pelvis. There are three main groups of kidney cups: upper, middle and lower. The main groups of cups, connecting, form the renal pelvis, which then continues into the ureter. Promotion of urine is provided by peristaltic (rhythmic wave-like) contractions of the muscle fibers of the walls of the renal calyces and pelvis. The inner surface of the cavitary system of the kidneys is lined with a mucous membrane (transitional epithelium). Violation of the outflow of urine from the kidney (stone or narrowing of the ureter, vesicoureteral reflux, ureterocele) leads to increased pressure and expansion of the abdominal system. A long-term violation of the outflow of urine from the cavitary system of the kidney can cause damage to its tissue and a serious violation of its function. Most frequent diseases of the kidneys are: bacterial inflammation of the kidney (pyelonephritis), urolithiasis, tumors of the kidney and renal pelvis, congenital and acquired anomalies in the structure of the kidney, leading to impaired outflow of urine from the kidney (hydrocalicosis, hydronephrosis). Other kidney diseases are glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, and amyloidosis. Many kidney diseases can lead to high blood pressure. The most severe complication of kidney disease is kidney failure, which requires the use of an artificial kidney device or a donor kidney transplant.

Prostate

The prostate gland (prostate) is one of the organs of the male reproductive system. The prostate has the shape of a chestnut, is located in the small pelvis of a man down from the bladder, posterior to the bones of the womb, anterior to the rectum and covers the initial sections of the urethra on four sides. Seminal vesicles are subject to the posterior surface of the prostate. The posterior surface of the prostate can be felt with a finger through the anterior wall of the rectum. The prostate, being a gland, produces its own secretion, which enters the lumen of the urethra through the excretory ducts.
The main functions of the prostate are:

• In the production of part of the seminal fluid (about 30% of the ejaculate volume)
• In participation in the mechanism of ejection of sperm during intercourse
• In participation in the mechanisms of urinary retention

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To the mechanism of erection The prostate has no direct relation to the penis and violations of its quality.

Five anatomical and physiological zones are distinguished in the prostate:

• Anterior fibromuscular
• Peripheral
• Central
• Transient (transitional)
• Periurethral

From a clinical point of view, the transient and peripheral zones are of greatest importance. With age, the transient zone, as a rule, increases in size. With an increase in the size of the transient zone, mechanical compression of the urethra can occur, leading to a violation of the outflow of urine from the bladder. An increase in the transient zone and associated urinary disorders are called adenoma or benign prostatic hyperplasia, which is present in approximately 50% of men aged 50 years and, respectively, 90% of men in their 80s. The importance of the value of the peripheral zone lies in the fact that about 80% of all cancerous tumors of the prostate develop in it. Every sixth or seventh man over 50 years of age has a chance to get prostate cancer, and this chance increases with age. Another common prostate disease that disrupts a man’s quality of life is prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate.

Testicles

The testes (testes) are the male gonads. The testicles (right and left) are located in the corresponding halves of the scrotum in a man. The spermatic cords, consisting of the membranes of the testis, the testicular artery, the veins of the testicular venous plexus, and the vas deferens, approach the upper pole of each testicle. Along the lateral surfaces of the testicles, from the upper to the lower poles, there are appendages of the testicles, which at the lower pole of the testicle continue into the vas deferens. The testicles can be felt by hand through the skin of the scrotum in the form of rounded formations of an elastic consistency. The epididymis is palpable in the form of ridges on the lateral surface of the testicles.
Basic testicular functions :

• Production of male sex hormone (testosterone)
• Production of spermatozoa (male germ cells necessary for the fertilization process)

Basic functions of the epididymis :

• Transfer of spermatozoa from the testis to the vas deferens duct
• Implementation of the process of maturation of spermatozoa.

Anatomically, the testicle has a parenchyma (testicle tissue itself) and a dense and elastic albuginea surrounding the parenchyma. The bulk of the parenchyma of the testis is made up of many convoluted microscopic tubules lined with spermatogenic epithelium, consisting of Sertoli cells, on which the formation and maturation of spermatozoa occurs. The tubules converge to the superior pole of the testis (a network of straight tubules), where they pass into the tubules of the epididymis. Moving along the tubules of the epididymis, the spermatozoa mature, after which they enter the vas deferens and then through the ejaculatory canals out through the urethra in the process of ejaculation. Between the tubules in the parenchyma of the testicles there are Leydig cells that produce the main male sex hormone – testosterone. The regulation of the concentration of testosterone in the blood is carried out by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland – structures of the brain, due to the greater or lesser release of luteinizing hormone, which in turn stimulates the Leydig cells to release testosterone. Lack of testosterone release can be caused both by poor performance of Leydig cells in case of damage to the testicle (congenital, traumatic or inflammatory changes), and by insufficient secretion of luteinizing hormone by the pituitary gland. Lack of testosterone leads to infertility, decreased sex drive and sometimes causes erectile dysfunction.

The testicle, initially developing in the abdominal cavity of the fetus, in the process of intrauterine development gradually moves downward and by the time of birth (or immediately after them) descends into the scrotal cavity. The need to move the testicles from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum is due to the fact that the process of sperm formation requires a lower temperature than body temperature. Normally, the temperature in the scrotum is 2–4 ° C lower than body temperature.
Moving the testicle into the scrotum leads to some peculiarities of the blood supply and the structure of the membranes. When passing from the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal, the testicle carries along the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and peritoneum, thus acquiring the muscular and vaginal membranes.
Vessels that feed the testis (artery and veins) originate in the upper abdomen (on the right side – from the aorta and inferior vena cava, on the left side – from the renal arteries and veins) and repeat the path of the testicle to the scrotum in the retroperitoneal space and inguinal canals. Violation of the outflow through the testicular veins (occurs more often on the left) leads to the appearance of varicocele (varicose veins of the spermatic cord), which is a common cause of male infertility.
The presence of a muscular sheath (cremaster muscle or levator testicular muscle) leads to the possibility of pulling the testicle to the outer ring of the inguinal canal. In an upright position, when a finger is passed over the skin along the inner surface of the thigh, the testicle begins to rise upward (cremasteric reflex).
The entrainment of the parietal (parietal) peritoneum by the testicle along with it during the intrauterine movement of the testicle into the scrotum leads to the formation of the vaginal process (protrusion) of the peritoneum, which, by the time of delivery, overgrows in the segment along the spermatic cord, forming a closed serous cavity near the testicle. Non-closure of the vaginal process of the peritoneum leads to the appearance of a congenital inguinal hernia or dropsy of the testicle communicating with the abdominal cavity. The accumulation of fluid in a closed cavity inside the vaginal membranes of the testis leads to the formation of a true dropsy of the testicle (hydrocele).
Failure of the testicle to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism) or stopping further progress of the testicle in the abdomen or inguinal canal often results in significant damage to all testicular functions (infertility) and is a risk factor for developing testicular cancer.
Penetration into the epididymis of infection from the urethra through the vas deferens often leads to the development of epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis). In sexually active men under the age of 30, acute epididymitis in 65% of cases is associated with a sexually acquired chlamydial infection. Inflammation of the epididymis can lead to male infertility due to blockage of the tubules. In addition to inflammation, a common disease of the epididymis is spermatocele (cyst of the epididymis). One of the acute diseases of the testicle is its torsion, a condition requiring emergency care. This disease is similar to inflammation of the testicle and its epididymis (orchiepididymitis), however, if not treated in time, it can lead to testicular necrosis. It occurs more often before the age of 20 years.

Ureters

The ureters are part of the human urinary system. The ureters (right and left) begin at the renal pelvis, pass in the retroperitoneal space on the sides of the spinal column, crossing the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae approximately in the middle, descend into the pelvic cavity, go along the posterior inferior surface of the bladder and, passing through the wall, open with mouths in his cavity. It is impossible to feel the ureters through the abdomen and lower back. The ureters are ducts 27–30 cm long, 5–7 mm in diameter, having a wall with a muscular layer and lined with a mucous membrane along the inner surface (transitional epithelium). The main function of the ureters is to carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Conduction of urine is carried out due to involuntary peristaltic (rhythmic wave-like) contractions of the muscular membrane of the walls of the ureters. Every 15–20 seconds, urine alternately from the ureters enters the cavity of the bladder in portions. Each ureter has mechanisms that prevent the reverse reflux (reflux) of urine from the cavity of the bladder with an increase in intravesical pressure (including contraction of the bladder during urination). Urinary reflux can interfere with the function of the ureter and kidney.
Each ureter has 3 physiological constrictions I, located at the place of discharge from the renal pelvis; on the border of their middle and lower thirds at the intersection with the iliac vessels; at the site of passage within the wall of the bladder.
The presence of narrowing of the ureters is important in urolithiasis, when a calculus (urinary stone) that has entered the ureter from the kidney can linger at the site of the narrowing, disrupting the outflow of urine through the ureter, thus causing renal colic (paroxysmal pain in the lower back and the corresponding half abdomen). The most common diseases of the ureters are: ureteral stones, ureteral strictures (pathological narrowing of the lumen), vesicoureteral reflux, ureterocele (cystic dilation of the intravesical part of the ureter). Tumors of the ureter are rare.

Urethra

The urethra (urethra) is part of the female urinary system and the male urinary and reproductive systems.
In men, the urethra, 20 cm long, is located both in the pelvis and inside the penis, and opens with an external opening on its head.

Anatomically distinguish the following parts of the male urethra :

• External opening
• Navicular fossa
• Penile part
• Bulbos part
• Membrane
• Prostatic urethra (proximal and distal)

Figure taken from www.urologyhealth.org

Prostatic urethra passes through the prostate and divides into a proxy mal and distal parts at the level of the seed tubercle. In the proximal part of the prostatic urethra, the excretory ducts of the prostatic glands open with mouths along the posterolateral surfaces. On the sides of the seminal tubercle are the mouths of the right and left ejaculatory ducts, through which sperm enters the lumen of the urethra from the seminal vesicles and vas deferens. In the distal part of the prostatic part and in the membranous part of the urethra, elements of the urethral sphincter are located. Starting from the bulbar region, the urethra passes inside the spongy body of the penis. The bulbar region is located inside the bulb of the spongy body. In the membranous and bulbar sections, the urethra bends anteriorly upwards. In the penile region, the urethra is located medially along the ventral surface of the penis downward from the cavernous bodies. The capitate part of the urethra is located inside the head of the penis. The inner surface of the male and female urethra is covered with a mucous membrane (transitional epithelium, with the exception of a non-extended area near the external opening, where there is a squamous non-keratinized epithelium).

Main functions of the urethra in a man:

• Passage of urine from the bladder to the outside
• Passage of semen to the outside during ejaculation (ejaculation)
• Participation in the mechanism of urinary retention

The most common diseases of the urethra :

• Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra), often due to sexually transmitted infections (gonococci, chlamydia, ureoplasma, etc.).
• Strictures (narrowing of the lumen) of the urethra in its various parts (due to education: congenital, traumatic and inflammatory origin).
• Anomalies in the development of the urethra: the most common is hypospadias (the location of the external opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis is more proximal than the top of the head).

Seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicles are organs of the male reproductive system. Seminal vesicles (right and left) are located on the back surface of the prostate on the sides of it, posterior to the bladder, anterior to the rectum. The seminal vesicles can be felt with a finger through the anterior wall of the rectum on the sides of the basal prostate. The seminal vesicles are approached by the vas deferens, which, after joining the seminal vesicles, pass into the ejaculatory ducts. The ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate and open with mouths into the lumen of the prostatic urethra on the sides of the seminal tubercle. The tissue of the seminal vesicle has a cellular structure.

The main functions of the seminal vesicles are:

• In the production of a substantial part of the seminal fluid (up to 75% of the ejaculate volume).
• In the accumulation of seminal fluid components until the moment of ejaculation (there are usually no spermatozoa from the seminal vesicles, and the main receptacle of spermatozoa is the ampullae of the vas deferens).
• In participation in the mechanism of ejaculation (at the time of ejaculation, the contents of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens enter the urethra through the ejaculatory ducts, where they mix with the prostate secretion and are excreted).

Pathology of the seminal vesicles (usually inflammation – vesiculitis) can lead to poor sperm quality and infertility.

Testicular arteries and veins

Testicular veins and arteries are vessels that feed the male gonads – the testicles. On each side there is one testicular artery and one, and more often several, testicular veins. On the right side, the testicular artery departs from the aorta, and the testicular vein flows into the inferior vena cava. On the left side, the testicular artery departs from the left renal artery, and the testicular vein flows into the left renal vein. The testicular vessels pass vertically to the right and left in the retroperitoneal space lateral to the ureters, penetrate into the inguinal canal through the internal inguinal ring, and as part of the spermatic cord, leaving through the external inguinal ring, approach the upper pole of the testicle. As part of the spermatic cord and in the scrotum, the testicular veins form the testicular venous plexus. The outer diameter of the testicular artery is usually 0.5–1.0 mm.
The most common pathology associated with the testicular vessels is varicocele (varicose veins of the testicular venous plexus). Varicocele develops, as a rule, in young people aged 12–15 years more often on the left side. With insufficiency of venous valves and increased pressure in the system of the left testicular vein (anatomical predisposition), due to blood flow in the opposite direction, compensatory expansion of the scrotal veins of varying degrees occurs. Disturbances in the blood supply to the testicle (high venous pressure) and violations of thermoregulation of the scrotum (the testicle is located in the scrotum to work at a temperature below body temperature, and a large mass of blood in the dilated veins violates these conditions) leads to impaired testicular function. Varicocele is one of the common causes of male infertility. Moreover, the longer there is a varicocele, the greater the likelihood of severe violations of sperm quality (sperm concentration and motility) and the degree of hormonal changes.