How does ADHD affect memory. What are the main differences between ADHD-related memory issues and other causes of memory loss. When should you consult a doctor about memory problems. How can you differentiate between ADHD memory symptoms and early signs of dementia.

The Impact of ADHD on Memory Function

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is well-known for its effects on attention and behavior, but its impact on memory is often overlooked. Individuals with ADHD frequently struggle with memory-related issues throughout their lives. These challenges can manifest in various ways, from forgetting appointments to misplacing everyday items like phones or keys.

ADHD primarily affects two types of memory:

• Working memory: This refers to the ability to hold and manipulate information for short periods, crucial for following instructions or completing tasks.
• Long-term memory: While information may be stored, ADHD can interfere with the process of encoding and retrieving memories effectively.

Research has shown that both children and adults with ADHD tend to have less effective working memory compared to those without the disorder. This can lead to difficulties in organizing information, following multi-step instructions, and staying focused on tasks.

How Does ADHD Affect Long-Term Memory?

While people with ADHD may struggle with long-term memory tests, it’s important to understand that the issue often lies in how information is processed rather than stored. Distractions can prevent the brain from properly encoding information, or it may be stored in a disorganized manner. As a result, memories aren’t necessarily lost; they may not have been properly formed in the first place.

Distinguishing ADHD Memory Issues from Other Causes

Memory problems can have various causes beyond ADHD. It’s crucial to identify the underlying factors to determine the appropriate course of action. Some common causes of memory loss include:

• Normal aging
• Mental health issues (stress, trauma, depression)
• Sleep disorders
• Vitamin deficiencies (particularly B1 and B12)
• Substance use (alcohol and drugs)
• Certain medications
• Hormonal changes (e.g., menopause)
• Thyroid dysfunction

In many cases, addressing the underlying cause can lead to improvement in memory function. However, more serious conditions can also result in memory loss, such as brain injuries, neurological disorders, and certain infections.

Key Indicators: Is It ADHD or Something Else?

Differentiating between ADHD-related memory issues and other causes can be challenging, as symptoms may appear similar. However, several factors can help in making this distinction:

Onset of Symptoms

ADHD symptoms typically begin in childhood and persist into adulthood. If memory problems are a recent development, it’s more likely to be caused by something other than ADHD. Age-related cognitive decline usually starts in one’s 30s or 40s, with more noticeable changes occurring after 60.

Recent Life Changes

Have there been significant changes in your life recently? Major life events, such as retirement or menopause, can exacerbate existing ADHD symptoms or bring attention to previously unnoticed issues. Identifying recent changes can help pinpoint the cause of memory problems.

Associated Symptoms

Memory loss due to physical causes often comes with other symptoms. Headaches, blurred vision, or muscle weakness could indicate a neurological issue. Thyroid problems might cause fatigue and weight changes, while vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to balance issues.

ADHD Memory Problems vs. Early Signs of Dementia

One of the most concerning possibilities when experiencing memory loss is the early onset of dementia. While both ADHD and dementia can affect memory, there are key differences in how these issues manifest:

• ADHD: Memory problems often relate to distractibility. For example, you might forget where you put your keys because you were distracted when setting them down.
• Dementia: Memory issues tend to be more pervasive. You might get lost in familiar places or forget recent conversations entirely.

In the early stages of dementia, working memory may remain intact, but recent events become difficult to recall. With normal aging, learning new information becomes more challenging, but this differs from the more severe memory loss associated with dementia.

The Role of Working Memory in ADHD

Working memory plays a crucial role in daily functioning, and its impairment in ADHD can have far-reaching effects. This cognitive process allows us to temporarily hold and manipulate information, which is essential for tasks such as following instructions, solving problems, and engaging in conversations.

How Does ADHD Affect Working Memory?

Individuals with ADHD often struggle with working memory tasks due to:

• Difficulty maintaining focus on relevant information
• Increased susceptibility to distractions
• Challenges in organizing and prioritizing information
• Reduced capacity to hold multiple pieces of information simultaneously

These challenges can manifest in various ways, such as forgetting parts of a conversation, struggling to follow complex instructions, or having difficulty keeping track of multiple tasks.

Strategies to Improve Working Memory in ADHD

While working memory deficits are common in ADHD, there are strategies that can help mitigate these challenges:

1. Break tasks into smaller, manageable steps
2. Use visual aids and written reminders
3. Practice mindfulness and meditation to improve focus
4. Utilize organizational tools and apps
5. Engage in regular physical exercise
6. Ensure adequate sleep and nutrition

Implementing these strategies can help individuals with ADHD better manage their working memory challenges and improve overall cognitive function.

The Relationship Between ADHD and Long-Term Memory

While ADHD is often associated with short-term memory problems, its impact on long-term memory is less straightforward. Research suggests that individuals with ADHD may struggle with certain aspects of long-term memory, particularly in encoding and retrieving information efficiently.

Encoding Challenges in ADHD

The process of encoding information into long-term memory can be disrupted in ADHD due to:

• Difficulty sustaining attention during the learning process
• Reduced ability to filter out irrelevant information
• Challenges in organizing information coherently

These factors can lead to incomplete or disorganized storage of information, making it harder to recall later.

Retrieval Issues in ADHD

Even when information is successfully stored, individuals with ADHD may face challenges in retrieving it efficiently. This can manifest as:

• Difficulty recalling specific details
• Slower recall of stored information
• Inconsistent memory performance

It’s important to note that these issues often stem from executive function deficits rather than a true loss of stored information.

ADHD and Memory: Implications for Daily Life

The memory challenges associated with ADHD can have significant impacts on various aspects of daily life. Understanding these implications is crucial for developing effective coping strategies and seeking appropriate support.

Academic and Professional Challenges

In educational and work settings, ADHD-related memory issues can lead to:

• Difficulty following lectures or presentations
• Challenges in completing multi-step assignments
• Forgetting deadlines or important meetings
• Struggles with time management and prioritization

These challenges can affect academic performance and career progression if not properly addressed.

Social and Interpersonal Effects

Memory problems can also impact social interactions and relationships:

• Forgetting important dates or commitments
• Difficulty recalling details from conversations
• Challenges in maintaining long-term friendships
• Misunderstandings due to incomplete information recall

Developing strategies to manage these issues can help improve social connections and reduce misunderstandings.

Everyday Functioning

In day-to-day life, ADHD-related memory challenges can manifest as:

• Misplacing important items (keys, wallet, phone)
• Forgetting to complete routine tasks or chores
• Difficulty following recipes or instructions
• Challenges in maintaining a consistent daily routine

Implementing organizational systems and using memory aids can help mitigate these everyday challenges.

When to Seek Professional Help for Memory Issues

While some degree of forgetfulness is normal, particularly as we age, certain signs may indicate a need for professional evaluation. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

• Sudden or severe changes in memory function
• Memory loss that interferes with daily activities
• Difficulty recognizing familiar people or places
• Forgetting how to perform routine tasks
• Frequently getting lost in familiar environments
• Memory issues accompanied by other cognitive or physical symptoms

A healthcare professional can conduct a thorough evaluation to determine the underlying cause of memory problems and recommend appropriate treatment options.

Diagnostic Process for Memory Issues

When seeking help for memory problems, you may undergo various assessments:

1. Medical history review
2. Physical examination
3. Cognitive tests
4. Blood tests to check for vitamin deficiencies or thyroid issues
5. Brain imaging studies (in some cases)
6. Neuropsychological evaluation

These assessments help differentiate between ADHD-related memory issues, age-related cognitive changes, and more serious conditions like dementia.

Treatment Options for ADHD-Related Memory Problems

Managing memory issues in ADHD often involves a multi-faceted approach. Treatment options may include:

Medication

ADHD medications, such as stimulants and non-stimulants, can help improve focus and attention, indirectly benefiting memory function. However, it’s important to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the right medication and dosage.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT can help individuals with ADHD develop coping strategies for memory challenges, improve organizational skills, and manage associated symptoms like anxiety and depression.

Memory Training and Cognitive Remediation

Specific memory training exercises and cognitive remediation programs can help improve working memory capacity and overall cognitive function in individuals with ADHD.

Lifestyle Modifications

Implementing lifestyle changes can significantly impact memory function:

• Regular exercise to improve overall brain health
• Adequate sleep to support memory consolidation
• Balanced nutrition with brain-boosting foods
• Stress reduction techniques like meditation or yoga
• Engaging in mentally stimulating activities

Combining these approaches can lead to significant improvements in memory function and overall quality of life for individuals with ADHD.

The Future of ADHD and Memory Research

As our understanding of ADHD and its impact on cognitive functions continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for diagnosis, treatment, and support. Emerging areas of study include:

Neuroimaging Advancements

Advanced brain imaging techniques are providing new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying ADHD and memory function. These studies may lead to more precise diagnostic tools and targeted interventions.

Genetic Research

Ongoing genetic studies aim to identify specific genes associated with ADHD and memory impairments. This research could pave the way for personalized treatment approaches based on an individual’s genetic profile.

Novel Treatment Approaches

Researchers are investigating innovative treatment options, including:

• Neurofeedback training to improve attention and memory
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for enhancing cognitive function
• Digital therapeutics and mobile applications for memory support
• Combination therapies that address multiple aspects of ADHD symptoms

These advancements hold promise for more effective management of ADHD-related memory issues in the future.

Long-Term Outcomes and Aging

As the population with ADHD ages, researchers are increasingly focused on understanding the long-term trajectory of memory function in these individuals. Studies are examining how ADHD symptoms evolve over time and interact with normal aging processes.

By continuing to expand our knowledge of ADHD and its impact on memory, we can develop more effective strategies to support individuals throughout their lifespan, improving overall cognitive function and quality of life.

ADHD and Memory Loss: What to Know

Written by Stephanie Langmaid

• ADHD and Memory
• What Causes Memory Loss?
• How Can You Tell if It’s ADHD or Something Else?
• ADHD and Dementia
• When to See Your Doctor

If you have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), forgetfulness is probably something you’ve dealt with your whole life. But maybe your memory problems are starting to feel different. You’re forgetting things more often. You’re losing the thread of conversations or grasping for the right word.

There are a lot of reasons for memory loss. Some of them are serious, some are easy to treat. Here are some ways to tell whether what you’re experiencing is ADHD, or something else.

When you have ADHD, memory problems tend to show up in ways like missing appointments, or forgetting where you put your phone or keys. ADHD affects two different kinds of memory:

Working memory. This is the part of your memory that allows you to turn information you learn into action, for example: remembering instructions long enough to finish a task. Studies show working memory is less effective in children and adults who have ADHD than in those who don’t.

Long-term memory. People with ADHD often don’t do well on tests of long-term memory. But scientists believe that has to do with how they process information. When you have ADHD, distractions may prevent you from taking in information, or your brain may store it in a disorganized way. Memories aren’t lost, they aren’t made in the first place.

If you’re noticing memory problems, your fears may go straight to dementia. But many other things – including normal aging – can cause memory loss. Other causes can include:

• Mental health issues, including stress, trauma, and depression
• Lack of sleep or sleep apnea
• Not enough of certain vitamins, particularly B1 and B12
• Alcohol and drug use
• Prescription and over-the-counter medications, including:
  • Antidepressants
  • Antihistamines
  • Narcotic pain killers
  • Drugs for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, incontinence, and seizures
• Menopause
• Underactive or overactive thyroid

If you can find out and treat the underlying cause, your memory may go back to normal.

More serious conditions can cause memory loss, too, including:

• Brain injury from an accident, infection, stroke, or tumor
• Illnesses that involve the brain, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, and HIV

If you have any of these conditions, talk to your doctor about your memory problems.

Memory loss can look and feel the same whether it’s a symptom of ADHD or something else. But there are some clues that can help you and your doctor figure out what’s causing it.

When did the problem start?ADHD symptoms start in childhood. If your memory loss is a new problem, it could have a different cause. Most people lose some amount of brain function as a natural part of aging, starting in your 30s and 40s. Your brain’s function shrinks even more by age 60. Your brain goes through physical changes, and brain cells have a harder time communicating. You may learn new information more slowly and have trouble with multitasking.

Dementia usually starts to appear after age 65. Symptoms tend to start slowly and gradually get worse until you’re no longer able to manage your daily life.

Has something changed? ADHD symptoms don’t get worse over time, but they can become more noticeable under certain circumstances. If you’ve just retired, losing the structure of the workday can cause old problems to crop up again, like managing your time and focusing on a task long enough to finish it. The hormone changes of menopause can highlight ADHD symptoms.

Have you recently been through a stressful situation or traumatic event? Did you hit your head in a fall? Did you start a new medication? Identifying changes in your life may point you to the reason for your memory loss.

Do you have other symptoms? If your memory loss has a physical cause, you’re likely to have other issues, too. Do you have headaches? Blurred vision? Muscle weakness or paralysis? Those could mean a problem with your brain, like an injury, blood clot, or tumor. See your doctor or get emergency care, especially if these symptoms come on suddenly.

Thyroid problems can cause low energy and weight gain. A B12 deficiency can cause balance problems.

What kind of things do you forget? With ADHD, you may not remember where your car keys are because you were distracted when you put them down. But with dementia, you may be driving somewhere you’ve been a hundred times, and suddenly get lost.

In the early stages of dementia, your working memory may be fine, but you don’t remember recent events, like a conversation you had earlier in the day.

Normal aging can make it harder for you to learn new things, so you may not recall the name of someone you just met.

More and more often, older people are going to the doctor because they think they’re developing dementia, only to find out they have ADHD. The learning disorder is believed to be underdiagnosed in adults. The standards used to identify ADHD in kids don’t apply as well to older people. And over time, some people get very good at making up for their processing problems.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the earliest stage of dementia. It shares many symptoms with ADHD, but there are some important differences.

People with ADHD and people with MCI may both have:

• Problems with so-called executive functions, like paying attention and processing information
• Forgetfulness
• Trouble with impulse control
• Sleep problems
• Depression
• Anxiety

But the conditions are also different in many ways:

• Symptoms of ADHD begin in childhood. MCI starts when you’re older.
• Symptoms of ADHD generally stay the same or become less noticeable in adulthood. MCI gets worse over time.
• People with ADHD are usually fully aware of their memory problems and can describe their symptoms and notice changes. With dementia, it’s more likely to be a caregiver who first spots the problem.
• Medications that can improve the brain function of people with MCI don’t work on ADHD. And the stimulants that help with ADHD have no effect on dementia.

There’s some evidence that people with ADHD may be more likely to develop dementia as they age, particularly the disease called Lewy body dementia. People with both disorders share some of the same brain chemistry differences. And some behaviors that are common in people with ADHD, like smoking and drinking too much alcohol, are known to put you at risk for cognitive decline.

But the jury is still out on whether people with ADHD actually get dementia any more often than people without ADHD.

Don’t hesitate to talk to your doctor if you’re concerned about your memory loss, especially if it’s gone on for some time or if it’s affecting your daily life.

They can do several kinds of tests to try to get to the bottom of it. You may get:

• Mental status tests, where you’re asked to do things like repeat a list of words, name objects, follow multistep commands and answer questions about the past
• Neurological tests
• Imaging tests like an MRI
• Blood or urine tests

Many causes of memory loss are temporary and treatable. If it turns out your memory issues are a symptom of your ADHD, there are still things you can do. Your doctor may adjust your medication or try a different one. Or you may try behavioral therapy or counseling.

Top Picks

ADHD and Memory Loss: What to Know

Written by Stephanie Langmaid

• ADHD and Memory
• What Causes Memory Loss?
• How Can You Tell if It’s ADHD or Something Else?
• ADHD and Dementia
• When to See Your Doctor

If you have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), forgetfulness is probably something you’ve dealt with your whole life. But maybe your memory problems are starting to feel different. You’re forgetting things more often. You’re losing the thread of conversations or grasping for the right word.

There are a lot of reasons for memory loss. Some of them are serious, some are easy to treat. Here are some ways to tell whether what you’re experiencing is ADHD, or something else.

When you have ADHD, memory problems tend to show up in ways like missing appointments, or forgetting where you put your phone or keys. ADHD affects two different kinds of memory:

Working memory. This is the part of your memory that allows you to turn information you learn into action, for example: remembering instructions long enough to finish a task. Studies show working memory is less effective in children and adults who have ADHD than in those who don’t.

Long-term memory. People with ADHD often don’t do well on tests of long-term memory. But scientists believe that has to do with how they process information. When you have ADHD, distractions may prevent you from taking in information, or your brain may store it in a disorganized way. Memories aren’t lost, they aren’t made in the first place.

If you’re noticing memory problems, your fears may go straight to dementia. But many other things – including normal aging – can cause memory loss. Other causes can include:

• Mental health issues, including stress, trauma, and depression
• Lack of sleep or sleep apnea
• Not enough of certain vitamins, particularly B1 and B12
• Alcohol and drug use
• Prescription and over-the-counter medications, including:
  • Antidepressants
  • Antihistamines
  • Narcotic pain killers
  • Drugs for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, incontinence, and seizures
• Menopause
• Underactive or overactive thyroid

If you can find out and treat the underlying cause, your memory may go back to normal.

More serious conditions can cause memory loss, too, including:

• Brain injury from an accident, infection, stroke, or tumor
• Illnesses that involve the brain, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Lyme disease, and HIV

If you have any of these conditions, talk to your doctor about your memory problems.

Memory loss can look and feel the same whether it’s a symptom of ADHD or something else. But there are some clues that can help you and your doctor figure out what’s causing it.

When did the problem start?ADHD symptoms start in childhood. If your memory loss is a new problem, it could have a different cause. Most people lose some amount of brain function as a natural part of aging, starting in your 30s and 40s. Your brain’s function shrinks even more by age 60. Your brain goes through physical changes, and brain cells have a harder time communicating. You may learn new information more slowly and have trouble with multitasking.

Dementia usually starts to appear after age 65. Symptoms tend to start slowly and gradually get worse until you’re no longer able to manage your daily life.

Has something changed? ADHD symptoms don’t get worse over time, but they can become more noticeable under certain circumstances. If you’ve just retired, losing the structure of the workday can cause old problems to crop up again, like managing your time and focusing on a task long enough to finish it. The hormone changes of menopause can highlight ADHD symptoms.

Have you recently been through a stressful situation or traumatic event? Did you hit your head in a fall? Did you start a new medication? Identifying changes in your life may point you to the reason for your memory loss.

Do you have other symptoms? If your memory loss has a physical cause, you’re likely to have other issues, too. Do you have headaches? Blurred vision? Muscle weakness or paralysis? Those could mean a problem with your brain, like an injury, blood clot, or tumor. See your doctor or get emergency care, especially if these symptoms come on suddenly.

Thyroid problems can cause low energy and weight gain. A B12 deficiency can cause balance problems.

What kind of things do you forget? With ADHD, you may not remember where your car keys are because you were distracted when you put them down. But with dementia, you may be driving somewhere you’ve been a hundred times, and suddenly get lost.

In the early stages of dementia, your working memory may be fine, but you don’t remember recent events, like a conversation you had earlier in the day.

Normal aging can make it harder for you to learn new things, so you may not recall the name of someone you just met.

More and more often, older people are going to the doctor because they think they’re developing dementia, only to find out they have ADHD. The learning disorder is believed to be underdiagnosed in adults. The standards used to identify ADHD in kids don’t apply as well to older people. And over time, some people get very good at making up for their processing problems.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the earliest stage of dementia. It shares many symptoms with ADHD, but there are some important differences.

People with ADHD and people with MCI may both have:

• Problems with so-called executive functions, like paying attention and processing information
• Forgetfulness
• Trouble with impulse control
• Sleep problems
• Depression
• Anxiety

But the conditions are also different in many ways:

• Symptoms of ADHD begin in childhood. MCI starts when you’re older.
• Symptoms of ADHD generally stay the same or become less noticeable in adulthood. MCI gets worse over time.
• People with ADHD are usually fully aware of their memory problems and can describe their symptoms and notice changes. With dementia, it’s more likely to be a caregiver who first spots the problem.
• Medications that can improve the brain function of people with MCI don’t work on ADHD. And the stimulants that help with ADHD have no effect on dementia.

There’s some evidence that people with ADHD may be more likely to develop dementia as they age, particularly the disease called Lewy body dementia. People with both disorders share some of the same brain chemistry differences. And some behaviors that are common in people with ADHD, like smoking and drinking too much alcohol, are known to put you at risk for cognitive decline.

But the jury is still out on whether people with ADHD actually get dementia any more often than people without ADHD.

Don’t hesitate to talk to your doctor if you’re concerned about your memory loss, especially if it’s gone on for some time or if it’s affecting your daily life.

They can do several kinds of tests to try to get to the bottom of it. You may get:

• Mental status tests, where you’re asked to do things like repeat a list of words, name objects, follow multistep commands and answer questions about the past
• Neurological tests
• Imaging tests like an MRI
• Blood or urine tests

Many causes of memory loss are temporary and treatable. If it turns out your memory issues are a symptom of your ADHD, there are still things you can do. Your doctor may adjust your medication or try a different one. Or you may try behavioral therapy or counseling.

Top Picks

Loss of memory

Loss of memory

Loss of memory, otherwise – amnesia is the loss of memories. Memory loss can be partial or complete. With partial, not all memories are erased, separate fragments of events, vague images are stored in the memory. Complete amnesia is the complete loss of all memories.

The loss of such an important function is a real tragedy for a person, leading to the destruction of personality, deterioration in the quality of life. In most cases, this is a degenerative process that occurs in life after 70 years in 15% of older people. Many, probably, faced a situation when relatives – grandmothers, grandfathers enthusiastically talk about their childhood, but can hardly remember what happened recently. Age-related forgetfulness is associated with destructive processes that occur directly in the brain tissue.

However, amnesia can be a sign of serious illness . Therefore, it should be taken very seriously.

What diseases are hidden behind such a symptom as memory loss?

1. Alzheimer’s disease . Most often, the disease begins with the loss of short-term memory – this is the first and most alarming sign. It becomes difficult for a person to remember the memorized text, in connection with this, he is forced to keep written reminders. The MRI image clearly shows changes in the structure of the brain, characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. At the same time, it is quite difficult to determine the disease in the early stages using only the MRI method. To clarify the diagnosis, it is also necessary to undergo electrocardiography, electroencephalography, a study of thyroid function, etc.
2. HIV . Memory problems, and in a broader sense, mental problems (from neurotic reactions to dementia and organic brain damage) are very common as integral signs and symptoms of HIV.
3. Hyperparateriosis – disease caused by excessive secretion of the hormone by the parathyroid glands and characterized by changes in the bones and kidneys. In some cases, one of the symptoms of the disease may be a slight loss of memory.
4. Depression. A serious psycho-emotional shock can cause a severe form of amnesia. It requires the participation of a psychotherapist and treatment with antidepressants.
5. Drug addiction. As a rule, after appropriate therapy, patients acquire the ability to “remember everything.” Usually they are not prescribed an additional examination of the brain in the absence of serious indications.
6. Brain tumor. Memory loss in this disease is accompanied by constant headaches.
7. Concussion . With a concussion or damage to the brain substance, short-term or long-term memory loss can occur. Over time, if there are no serious consequences, all the information necessary for life returns. True, sometimes it is reproduced partially, as the person recovers. And if for a long time the patient is unable to remember anything about himself, he, in addition to the ongoing diagnostic procedures, is prescribed an MRI. Tomography reveals inflammatory foci in the brain responsible for the storage and reproduction of information
8. Encephalitis and meningitis. Inflammation of the brain is recorded on magnetic resonance imaging as a lesion of white or gray matter, a diffuse change in nerve endings or pathways. The presence of one of the listed changes can become a source of partial or complete amnesia
9. Epilepsy. The patient forgets only the information that was received recently. After an attack, memory partially returns, and with good treatment, it is almost completely restored.
10. Diseases of the cardiovascular system and blood supply systems. In heart attacks, strokes of the brain, amnesia is most often observed. MRI of the brain reveals: necrosis (necrosis) of brain tissue; foci of hemorrhage; cardiogenic embolism or other vascular injury.

Therefore, if you notice this symptom in yourself or your loved ones, go through an examination by a psychotherapist and a neurologist, in some cases you may need to consult a narcologist, an infectious disease specialist and a neurosurgeon.

Diagnostic methods include:

• blood test;
• biochemical and toxicological tests;
• testing to determine memory functions;
• electroencephalography;
• MRI and CT.

These diagnostic techniques in combination allow one to determine the causes of amnesia, its type and prescribe the correct therapeutic (drug) or surgical treatment.

Return to the list

Memory loss – a manifestation of the disease in the elderly and young, treatment, prognosis

Memory loss is an alarming symptom if it occurs often enough. Each of us finds ourselves in situations where small memory lapses occur. However, regular memory loss requires attention from a specialist. In some cases, with some violations, the process is reversible after competent therapy.

General information

Memory is a complex concept that combines some of the human abilities. A specific part of the brain is responsible for each, so the loss of certain skills or memories of yourself, loved ones, will indicate to the specialist what the problem is.

Memory is a key mental process that makes it possible to accumulate and transfer experience, learn about the world around, oneself, adapt to new conditions and circumstances. In most cases, patients of neuropathologists and psychiatrists complain about memory. The severity of disorders ranges from minor functional disorders to progressive symptoms. In older patients, the deterioration of memory function is due to organic changes in the brain tissues. They lead to a persistent cognitive disorder and are difficult to treat – this is a decrease, in some cases – a complete loss of the preservation and reproduction of information. The disease makes it difficult to carry out normal work duties, although initially the deterioration in memory and changes in behavior are noticeable only to the next of kin.

Causes of memory loss

There are certain factors that affect memory loss. However, older people are more susceptible to violations. It is age that is the most common reason that a person has memory lapses. The first problems begin to appear at the age of 65-70. The reason is age-related disorders in the brain.

Otherwise, more than 100 diseases and conditions may be the cause. Among them there are reversible and irreversible pathologies. Short-term loss and complete loss of memory occur as a result of the following reasons:

• traumatic brain injury of the head;

• alcoholism, drug addiction;

• long-term use of drugs, among the side effects of which are cognitive decline;

• frontotemporal, vascular dementia, and dementia in Alzheimer’s disease;

• renal and hepatic insufficiency;

• mental disorders, depression;

• hypothyroidism;

• infectious or neoplastic diseases of the brain;

• progressive neurodegenerative disease – Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease;

• diabetes mellitus;

• deficiency of vitamins and minerals in the body;

• stroke, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, migraine and other pathologies of the cardiovascular system;

• mental retardation.

Temporary loss of memory occurs as a result of a traumatic event: military operations, loss of a loved one, accident, abduction, and others. Episodic memory impairment is observed in mental disorders, such as schizophrenia.

Factors that provoke memory loss

Since any memory impairment is a response of the body, or rather the brain, to an irritant, all developmental factors are associated with an effect on the brain. Factors that contribute to memory loss include:

• uncontrolled use of drugs, especially antihistamines and cholesterol-lowering drugs;

• hypertension;

• addiction to alcoholic beverages, drugs;

• lack of mental activity, especially in old age;

• obesity;

• daily lack of sleep;

• high blood lipids;

• visual impairment.

Constant exposure to stress negatively affects memory, sometimes causing hysterical amnesia, a condition in which the patient selectively forgets traumatic events in life.

Types of memory loss

Considering the clinical manifestations, experts divide memory loss into hypermnesia, hypomnesia and amnesia. In addition, there are subtypes of paramnesia.

Hypermnesia is a sharpening of memory, but most often temporary. It differs from phenomenal memory in that the ability to control the memory process is lost. A large amount of memories of real events becomes unproductive. Hypermnesia is observed in some disease states.

Hypomnesia is characterized by a decrease in various forms and types of memory, which sometimes progress to the degree of amnesia. The disease manifests itself sequentially. Initially, productive reproduction decreases, then there are problems with information retention. After that, the memory of current impressions suffers. The disorder mainly concerns reference information – surnames, names, terms, dates.

Memory loss is characterized by a complete or partial loss of the ability to record, store, and then reproduce the information received. With amnesia, the quantitative component of the entire memory volume suffers. The reasons for the development of amnesia include metabolic, morphological changes in cerebral structures.

There is a classification that includes the following types:

1. Modally non-specific. They are characterized by incomplete preservation of traces of impact of different modality – auditory, motor, visual. Such disorders are most often caused by damage to deep brain structures.

2. Modal-specific. Memory problems exist when saving, reproducing information of a certain modality. Disorders develop with lesions of the cortical zones of the analyzers. Sometimes acoustic, auditory-speech, motor memory changes.

3. System specific. These pathologies are characterized by damage to the speech areas of the brain. Organization and systematization of information with the help of words is impossible.

Diseases, the symptoms of which are memory disorders, begin imperceptibly to others and the patient himself, then progress, depriving a person of the opportunity to fully work, communicate, serve himself.

Disease symptoms

Early signs of memory loss include:

• frequent loss of things;

• distraction;

• disorientation in space;

• speech disorder;

• lack of concentration on one thing;

• repeating the same question during a conversation;

• forgetfulness;

• slowing down of mental activity;

• decrease in the level of self-criticism;

• 90,002 difficulty doing simple household chores.

One of the characteristic signs of diseases associated with partial loss of memory is a wary attitude towards new people and circumstances, unwillingness to accept any changes. Memory impairments make a person very irritable. Sometimes in the early stages, the patient realizes that there is some kind of problem, but cannot fully realize his condition. Suspecting a disease, insisting on diagnosis and subsequent therapy is the task of loved ones.

Memory loss as a symptom of other diseases

Memory loss is accompanied by various pathologies. Most often, problems occur in the following conditions of the body:

• with craniocerebral injuries, concussion, retrograde amnesia occurs, for more severe injuries, anterograde amnesia is characteristic;

• stroke causes retrograde progressive amnesia, in rare cases regressive;

• tumor-like processes affecting brain function;

• epilepsy – memory impairment observed at the time of the attack;

• neurosyphilis;

• alcohol, drug or drug intoxication.

Close people need to understand that in some cases the process is reversible, so you need to contact a specialist in a timely manner.

Degrees of memory loss

There is a special diagnostic scale by which experts determine the severity of the disorder. It is represented by 7 positions.

At the first stage, neither the patient himself nor his closest relatives notice the impairment of cognitive functions. On the second, a decrease in functions is noticeable, for example, a person may forget the name of a colleague or neighbor, some dates, but this does not affect his life or work. The third stage is characterized by difficulty remembering recent events or impressions.

In the fourth and fifth stages of memory loss, the patient cannot perform easy financial transactions, it is difficult for him to go to the store, because he cannot perform mathematical calculations. In the sixth and seventh stages, the problem becomes severe. The disease is likely irreversible. The patient is completely disoriented, does not recognize close people.

Complications and consequences

The risk of complications is primarily related to the underlying disease. In Alzheimer’s disease, the average life expectancy is about 7 years with adequate therapy. Progressive forms of the disease in 100% of cases lead to the death of the patient.

Suppurative meningitis leads to hearing loss, epilepsy, brain damage caused by fluid accumulation. Lethal outcome is characteristic in 15% of cases.

Injuries, bruises of the brain also have consequences under adverse conditions. They lead to the formation of cysts and adhesions in the lining of the brain, post-traumatic hydrocephalus, psychopathy, Parkinson’s disease.

Which doctor should I contact?

If you notice problems with memory loss, or you are worried about the condition of a loved one, you should contact a specialist as soon as possible. First of all, you need to make an appointment with a psychiatrist or neurologist. Based on the results of the examination, conversation, diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe treatment or redirect you to another specialist. Sometimes the collaboration of several doctors is required.

Methods for diagnosing memory loss

For symptoms of amnesia, the doctor may prescribe the following diagnostic measures:

• history taking;

• general health assessment;

• conversation with next of kin;

• psychometric testing;

• laboratory blood tests;

• MRI;

• tomography;

• electroencephalography.

Specialists analyze the patient’s condition, taking into account his behavior and the results of the diagnosis. It is advisable to contact the medical institution where the joint work of related doctors is possible. Modern diagnostic equipment is needed, as this will provide more informative results.

Further, the final conclusions of diagnosticians will be required to develop a treatment regimen. If a person is at a respectable age, but still does not experience problems with memory, a preventive examination can be carried out. Early diagnosis can help delay or completely avoid the development of a serious problem. Remember that the presence of even mild cognitive impairment increases the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease and dementia syndrome.

Treatment of memory loss

Treatment measures are selected individually according to the underlying disease. Common therapies include pharmacotherapy, psychocorrection, and lifestyle changes.

The essence of drug therapy for memory loss is taking a different group of drugs that should be aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. The doctor prescribes nootropics to stimulate cognitive processes, improve blood circulation and metabolism.

Psychocorrection is necessary for training and memory recovery. There are special techniques – mnemonics, which are aimed at facilitating the process of memorization and increasing the amount of memory. Sensations, visual and auditory images are used as auxiliary mechanisms.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite. Doctors recommend daily outdoor walks in all weathers, moderate exercise, healthy sleep, daytime rest, and socializing to their patients. These simple actions will help stabilize brain function. Also, with memory loss, it is useful to read, watch popular science programs, documentaries. It is advisable to discuss them later in order to be able to work with the information received.

Prevention of memory loss

Progressive memory loss can be slowed down.