What are the primary uses of methylcellulose. How does methylcellulose work as a laxative. What are the most common side effects of methylcellulose. How should methylcellulose be taken for optimal results. Are there any precautions or warnings for using methylcellulose.

Understanding Methylcellulose: A Bulk-Forming Laxative

Methylcellulose, commonly known by the brand name Citrucel, is a bulk-forming laxative used to treat constipation and promote regular bowel movements. This medication works by increasing the amount of water in the stool, making it softer and easier to pass. Unlike stimulant laxatives, methylcellulose is generally considered safe for long-term use when taken as directed.

How does methylcellulose work?

Methylcellulose functions by absorbing water in the intestines, which leads to increased stool bulk. This additional bulk stimulates the natural muscle contractions of the intestines, promoting bowel movements. The water-holding capacity of methylcellulose also helps soften the stool, making it easier to pass without straining.

Primary Uses and Benefits of Methylcellulose

The primary use of methylcellulose is to treat constipation and maintain regular bowel movements. However, its applications extend beyond this basic function:

• Relief of occasional constipation
• Management of chronic constipation
• Promotion of regular bowel habits
• Softening of stool to reduce straining during bowel movements
• Potential aid in managing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms

Is methylcellulose effective for all types of constipation? While methylcellulose is generally effective for most cases of constipation, it may not be suitable for severe cases or those caused by underlying medical conditions. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider if constipation persists or is accompanied by other symptoms.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions

While methylcellulose is generally well-tolerated, it can cause side effects in some individuals. Common side effects may include:

• Bloating
• Gas
• Abdominal discomfort
• Nausea

Serious side effects are rare but may include:

• Severe stomach cramps
• Rectal bleeding
• Allergic reactions (hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat)

Can methylcellulose cause dependence? Unlike stimulant laxatives, methylcellulose is not habit-forming and does not typically lead to dependence when used as directed. However, it’s important to address the underlying causes of chronic constipation rather than relying solely on laxatives.

Precautions and Warnings

Before using methylcellulose, consider the following precautions:

• Consult a healthcare provider if you have a history of bowel obstructions or other gastrointestinal disorders
• Inform your doctor if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding
• Use caution if you have difficulty swallowing
• Be aware that methylcellulose may contain phenylalanine, which can be problematic for individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)

Proper Dosage and Administration of Methylcellulose

The correct dosage of methylcellulose can vary depending on the individual and the specific formulation. Generally, it’s available in powder, capsule, and wafer forms. Here are some guidelines for proper administration:

1. Always follow the instructions on the product label or as directed by your healthcare provider
2. Take methylcellulose with a full glass of water (8 ounces or 240 ml) to prevent choking
3. For powder forms, mix thoroughly with water or another liquid before consuming
4. Chew wafer forms completely before swallowing
5. Take methylcellulose 1 to 3 times daily, or as recommended by your doctor

How quickly does methylcellulose work? Methylcellulose typically produces a bowel movement within 12 to 72 hours of administration. However, individual responses may vary.

Missed Dose Guidelines

If you miss a dose of methylcellulose:

• Take it as soon as you remember if it’s not close to your next scheduled dose
• Skip the missed dose if it’s almost time for your next dose
• Do not double up on doses to make up for a missed one

Interactions and Contraindications

While methylcellulose is generally safe, it can interact with other medications and substances. Consider the following:

• Take methylcellulose at least 2 hours before or after other medications, as it may interfere with their absorption
• Inform your healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you’re taking
• Avoid taking methylcellulose if you have a known allergy to it
• Use caution if you have a history of intestinal blockages or other gastrointestinal disorders

Does methylcellulose interact with specific foods? While there are no specific food interactions, maintaining a balanced diet rich in fiber and staying well-hydrated can enhance the effectiveness of methylcellulose.

Methylcellulose vs. Other Laxatives: A Comparison

Methylcellulose is one of several types of laxatives available. Here’s how it compares to other common laxatives:

Which type of laxative is best for chronic constipation? The choice of laxative depends on individual factors and the underlying cause of constipation. Bulk-forming laxatives like methylcellulose are often recommended for long-term use due to their gentle action and low risk of dependence.

Long-Term Use and Lifestyle Considerations

While methylcellulose is considered safe for long-term use, it’s important to address underlying causes of chronic constipation. Consider these lifestyle modifications to complement methylcellulose use:

• Increase dietary fiber intake through fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Stay well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day
• Engage in regular physical activity to promote bowel regularity
• Establish a consistent bathroom routine
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques or therapy

Can lifestyle changes eliminate the need for methylcellulose? In many cases, adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly improve bowel regularity and may reduce or eliminate the need for laxatives. However, some individuals may still benefit from methylcellulose as part of their overall digestive health management.

Special Considerations for Specific Populations

Certain groups may need to take extra precautions when using methylcellulose:

Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women

While methylcellulose is generally considered safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before use. They can provide personalized advice based on individual health status and needs.

Children

Methylcellulose should not be given to children under 6 years old without medical advice. For older children, dosage should be adjusted based on age and weight.

Elderly Individuals

Older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of methylcellulose and may require dose adjustments. They should also be monitored for potential side effects or interactions with other medications.

Individuals with Gastrointestinal Disorders

Those with a history of bowel obstructions, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or other gastrointestinal disorders should use methylcellulose under close medical supervision.

Are there alternative treatments for these special populations? Depending on the individual’s condition and needs, healthcare providers may recommend dietary changes, other types of laxatives, or alternative treatments for managing constipation in these special populations.

Recognizing and Managing Overdose

While methylcellulose overdose is rare, it’s important to be aware of the signs and know how to respond:

Symptoms of Overdose

• Severe abdominal pain or cramping
• Nausea and vomiting
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Signs of dehydration (extreme thirst, dry mouth, decreased urination)

What to Do in Case of Overdose

1. Stop taking methylcellulose immediately
2. Contact your healthcare provider or local poison control center
3. Seek emergency medical attention if symptoms are severe
4. Provide information about the amount taken and any other medications used

How can overdose be prevented? To prevent overdose, always follow the recommended dosage instructions, keep medications out of reach of children, and avoid taking multiple laxative products simultaneously without medical advice.

Future Developments and Research

As research in gastrointestinal health continues, new developments may emerge regarding the use of methylcellulose and other laxatives:

• Improved formulations for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects
• Combination therapies with probiotics or other digestive aids
• Personalized treatment approaches based on individual gut microbiome profiles
• Investigation of potential applications beyond constipation management

What potential new uses for methylcellulose are being explored? Researchers are investigating the potential of methylcellulose in areas such as weight management, cholesterol reduction, and as a delivery vehicle for other medications. However, more studies are needed to confirm these potential applications.

In conclusion, methylcellulose remains a valuable tool in the management of constipation and promotion of regular bowel movements. Its gentle action, low risk of dependence, and suitability for long-term use make it a popular choice among both healthcare providers and patients. However, as with any medication, it’s crucial to use methylcellulose responsibly, under proper medical guidance, and in conjunction with a healthy lifestyle for optimal digestive health.

Methylcellulose (Citrucel) – Side Effects, Interactions, Uses, Dosage, Warnings

Reviewed: June 23, 2020

Methylcellulose is a bulk-forming laxative that increases the amount of water in your stools to help make them softer and easier to pass.

Methylcellulose is used to treat constipation and to help maintain regular bowel movements.

Methylcellulose may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

uses

What is Methylcellulose (Citrucel) used for?

• Constipation

warnings

What is the most important information I should know about Methylcellulose (Citrucel)?

You should not take methylcellulose if you are allergic to it.

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use this medicine if you have other medical conditions, especially:

• irritable bowel syndrome;
• trouble swallowing;
• stomach pain with nausea or vomiting;
• a sudden change in bowel habits that lasts 2 weeks or longer; or
• if you have been constipated for more than 1 week.

This medicine may contain phenylalanine. Talk to your doctor before using methylcellulose if you have phenylketonuria (PKU).

Ask your doctor before taking methylcellulose if you are pregnant or breast-feeding a baby.

Do not give this medicine to a child younger than 6 years old without medical advice.

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Side Effects

What are the side effects of Methylcellulose (Citrucel)?

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have:

• severe stomach cramps, rectal bleeding; or
• no bowel movement within 3 days after using methylcellulose.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Can I take Methylcellulose (Citrucel) if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

Ask your doctor before taking methylcellulose if you are pregnant or breast-feeding a baby.

Interactions

What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Methylcellulose (Citrucel)?

Follow your doctor’s instructions about any restrictions on food, beverages, or activity.

Dosage Guidelines & Tips

How to take Methylcellulose (Citrucel)?

Use Methylcellulose (Citrucel) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

What should I do if I missed a dose of Methylcellulose (Citrucel)?

Since methylcellulose is used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are on a schedule, use the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

Overdose Signs

What happens if I overdose on Methylcellulose (Citrucel)?

If you think you or someone else may have overdosed on: Methylcellulose (Citrucel),  call your doctor or the Poison Control center

(800) 222-1222

If someone collapses or isn’t breathing after taking Methylcellulose (Citrucel), call 911

911

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G188

Color: orange

Shape: capsule

Imprint: G188

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Medical Disclaimer

Drugs A-Z provides drug information from Everyday Health and our partners, as well as ratings from our members, all in one place. Cerner Multum™ provides the data within some of the Overview, Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Pregnancy, Interactions, Dosage, Overdose, and Images sections. The information within all other sections is proprietary to Everyday Health.  

Methylcellulose (Laxative) Oral: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Uses

This medication is used to treat constipation. It increases the bulk in your stool, an effect that helps to cause movement of the intestines. It also works by increasing the amount of water in the stool, making the stool softer and easier to pass.Psyllium, one type of bulk-forming laxative, has also been used along with a proper diet to treat high cholesterol.

How to use Methylcellulose (Laxative) Oral Powder

Take this medication by mouth as directed by your doctor. If you are self-treating, follow all directions on the product package. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. To prevent choking from this medication, take it with a full glass of water or other liquid (8 ounces/240 milliliters). If you are taking the wafers, chew them thoroughly before swallowing.

For powder forms of this medication, measure each dose according to the directions on the product label. Mix in a full glass of water or other liquid (8 ounces/240 milliliters), stir completely, and drink right away. You may add more liquid to the mixture if it becomes too thick. When preparing the medication, be careful not to breathe in the powder since it may rarely cause an allergic reaction.

Dosage is based on your age, medical condition, and response to treatment. Do not increase your dose or take this drug more often than directed.

This product may decrease the absorption of other medications you may be taking. Take this product at least 2 hours from your other medications. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information or if you have any questions.

It may take 1 to 3 days before this medication starts working. Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time(s) each day. Do not take this medication for more than 7 days unless directed by your doctor.

Tell your doctor if your condition lasts or gets worse, or if bleeding from the rectum occurs. If you think you may have a serious medical problem, get medical help right away.

Side Effects

Gas or stomach cramping may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.

If your doctor has directed you to use this product, remember that your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

This product must be taken with at least a full glass of water or other liquid (8 ounces/240 milliliters) so that it will not swell in the throat, causing choking. Get medical help right away if after taking this product you have symptoms of choking such as: chest pain, vomiting, difficulty swallowing/breathing.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Precautions

Before taking this bulk-forming laxative, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: stomach/intestinal blockage, difficulty swallowing, appendicitis or symptoms of appendicitis (such as nausea/vomiting, sudden or unexplained stomach/abdominal pain), a sudden change in bowel habits that lasts for longer than 2 weeks, bleeding from the rectum.

Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).

Some products may contain sugar and/or aspartame. Caution is advised if you have diabetes, phenylketonuria (PKU), or any other condition that requires you to limit/avoid these substances in your diet. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about using this product safely.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before using this medication.

It is unknown if this medication passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

See also How To Use section.

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

Does Methylcellulose (Laxative) Oral Powder interact with other drugs you are taking?

Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker

Overdose

If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

Keep all medical and lab appointments.

Lifestyle changes that may prevent or relieve constipation include exercising, drinking enough water, and eating a proper diet with fiber-rich foods such as bran, fresh fruits/vegetables. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about lifestyle changes that might benefit you.

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose. Take your next dose at the regular time. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Different brands of this medication have different storage needs. Check the product package for instructions on how to store your brand, or ask your pharmacist. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

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Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.

CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

Leocaine solution 0.3% with methylcellulose

All forms of release, dosages, registration certificates, drug manufacturers, drug characteristics

Description of the drug Leocaine solution 0. 3% with methylcellulose (sterile solution, 0.3%) based on the official instructions, approved by the manufacturer in 1996

Date of approval: 31.07.1996

Contents

• Active substance
• ATX
• Pharmacological group
• Nosological classification (ICD-10)
• Composition and form of release
• pharmachologic effect
• Characteristic
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Dosage and administration
• Side effects
• Storage conditions
• Best before date

Active ingredient

Dimethylaminoethyl ether n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride

ATX

N01BA03 Tetracaine

Pharmacological group

Local anesthetics

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

ICD-10 code list

Composition and formulation

Solution of leocaine (beta-dimethylaminoethyl ester of parabutylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride (beta form) 0. 3% with methylcellulose contains leocaine, sodium chloride, methylcellulose, purified water, in vials of 5 ml or 10 m L.

Pharmacological action

Pharmacological action –

local anesthetic .

Characteristics

Clear or slightly opalescent, colorless or slightly colored liquid.

Indications

Terminal anesthesia (in adults and children over 10 years old) for various endoscopic examinations, for pain relief during short-term operations and manipulations in dental, otorhinolaryngological, urological, gynecological practice. Conservative treatment of pain syndrome in superficial pathological processes.

Contraindications

Individual intolerance.

Dosage and Administration

Information for healthcare professionals only.
Are you a healthcare professional?

Local. In endoscopic practice, it is applied to the mucous membranes immediately before the examination at a time from 2 to 20 ml. In dentistry, it is used as an application on the surface to be surgically intervened, or on the affected area of ​​the oral mucosa for 1–1.5 minutes. To stop the pain syndrome in the conservative treatment of dental diseases, an application is made from 2-4 drops to 1-2 ml 3-4 times a day. In otorhinolaryngology – instillations or applications (1-1.5 minutes) immediately before surgery or manipulation in an amount of 2-4 drops to 1-2 ml. In gynecology – in the form of applications on the area of ​​the mucous membrane subject to surgical intervention, from 2-4 drops to 1-2 ml at a time. If necessary, during the surgical intervention, the applications are repeated depending on the duration of the operation and the individual tolerance of the drug to patients. The maximum dose of the drug in all cases should not exceed 30 ml per day.

Side effects

Mild discomfort at the site of application or instillation, allergic reactions.

Storage conditions

In a cool place.

Keep out of reach of children.

Expiration date

2 years.

Do not use after the expiry date which is stated on the packaging.

Updated: 04/23/2019

Information for healthcare professionals only.
Are you a healthcare professional?

Methylcellulose or E461 – the use of a food additive in construction and food industry

Published: 12/10/2016 properties of food additive E 461. Why a builder? It is in this area that the product of chemical synthesis has gained popularity.

You can also find it in sausage and ketchup, fluffy bun and milk dessert. Doctors question the benefits of supplements.

Contents: Show

• Product name
• Substance type
• Properties
• Packaging
• Application
• Benefits and harms
• Main manufacturers 90 021

Product name

Methylcellulose is the official name of the food additive. The international synonym is Methyl cellulose.

Synonyms:

• Methyl cellulose, international;
• E 461 (E-461), European code;
• cellulose methyl ether;
• methylcellulose, water-soluble;
• Cellulose-Methylether, German;
• methylcellulose, French.

Substance type

GOST 33310-2015 includes additive E 461 in the category of food thickeners.

Chemically, the substance is a synthetic polymer, an ether of natural cellulose and methanol.

The industrial method of obtaining the additive is based on high-pressure methylation of α-cellulose swollen in alkali with an ether solution of diazomethane or chloromethane, followed by purification and drying.

Properties

9 0185

9019 0

Index	Standard values ​​
Color	white, yellowish or grayish tint possible
Composition	cellulose polymer, empirical formula [C 6 H 7 O 2 (OH)x(OCH 3 )y]n, number of monomers ranges from 100 to 2000
Appearance	fine granules or fibrous powder
Odor	no
Solubility	good in cold water (up to 50ºC), acids, glycerol, esters; insoluble in mineral oils
Base content	25 to 33% methoxy groups and 5% hydroxyethyl groups
Taste	neutral
Density	1. 290-1.310 g/cm³
Other	Forms a reversible gel in hot water. At a temperature of 220-270 ° C, it melts with decomposition; the aqueous solution is stable at pH values ​​from 2 to 12; high light fastness; resistant to chemicals and temperature extremes

Packaging

Manufacturers package food additive E 461 in unstabilized polyethylene bags. As outer packaging use:

• winding drums;
• Multilayer paper bags;
• polypropylene yarn bags.

Application

Food additive E 461 has interesting properties that allow it to be used in various areas of human activity:

• completely dissolves in cold water to form a homogeneous viscous mass, effectively stabilizing any mixture. Viscosity depends on the concentration of the substance in the product;
• forms a gel at temperatures above 55º C, which breaks down with decreasing temperature. The property has found wide application in the production of durable and environmentally friendly wallpaper adhesives;
• aqueous solutions of methylcellulose are pseudoplastic. This allows them to be used in the manufacture of ketchups, sauces, as well as in the paint and varnish industry;
• has high adhesive properties: the additive is used in the production of building and finishing materials, added to minced meat to improve the binding of products.

The food industry uses the additive E 461 in small quantities: methylcellulose adversely affects the digestive tract.

The thickener is not included in the number of prohibited, in quantities from 0.1 to 10 g / kg it can be found in the composition of the following products: As a result, the yield of the finished product is significantly increased;

meat and sausage products: stabilizes and clarifies water-fat emulsions, protects the product from the formation of fatty smudges, increases product yield due to moisture binding.

The Codex Alimentarius permits the use of E 461 as a thickener and gelling agent in fish products, canned oranges and tangerines, reduced calorie spreads.

The additive is included in the list of approved products in Russia, the countries of the EAEU and the European Union, the USA, Great Britain, Australia, and China. The allowable rate has not been established.

Methylcellulose is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Thickener E 461 is used as a base in degreased protective oil-in-water emulsions for the treatment of burns and wounds.

Cellulose methyl ether is an important component of eye drops (including for the treatment of glaucoma).

As an aid, additive E 461:

• increases the residence time of the drug in the diseased organ;
• reduces the likelihood of allergic reactions, burning and other side effects;
• promotes rapid penetration of the drug into the cornea.

Another area of ​​application of methylcellulose is the manufacture of drugs that improve intestinal motility. Taking more than 5 g of the substance causes a laxative effect. In Russia, an additive for the treatment of constipation is allowed only in combination with other drugs, but in some foreign countries (USA, UK) it acts as an independent medicine.

Benefit of a laxative to harm caused by side effects is below reasonable.

The cosmetics industry uses cellulose methyl ether as a thickener, emulsifier in low fat skin care creams, toothpastes, masks and hair mousses.

Effective bonding action, ability to form films on the surface, high adhesion made it possible to use methylcellulose in the construction industry . The granulated additive is included in the composition of dry building mixtures. A small amount of the substance (up to 0.7% of the total mass) is sufficient to improve elasticity, regulate viscosity, and obtain pseudoplastic frost-resistant solutions.

Additive E 461 is a component of water-based paints and adhesives. It is especially valuable that materials based on methylcellulose can be applied to any substrate.

Benefits and harms

Methylcellulose is not biologically active. The product is not a source of substances valuable for the body.

Once in the stomach, it is excreted naturally without being subjected to enzymatic metabolism. The substance is hypoallergenic, does not irritate mucous membranes and skin.

E 461 supplement cannot be considered completely safe: methylcellulose can provoke the development of dyskinesia. A complex violation of the intestines is manifested by long-term pain in the abdomen, impaired peristalsis. In a severe case, intestinal obstruction is possible.

Particular care should be taken by people suffering from gastrointestinal diseases: methylcellulose almost always causes an exacerbation of ailments.

Side effects have led to very limited use of E 461 in the food industry.

Beta cyclodextrin is a completely safe substance, it is excreted from the human body unchanged.

How does the food additive E402 affect the human body? Learn about it here.

Did you see the antioxidant E320 in your favorite product? Learn more about this substance from our article.

Main producers

Additive E 461 comes to the Russian market from abroad.

The largest manufacturer is the international concern Bayer , which unites more than 350 global companies (headquartered in Germany).

The demand of domestic producers for methylcellulose is met by German companies:

• IMCD Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG;
• Dow Wolf Cellulosics GmbH;
• Mikro-Technik GmbH & Co. KG;
• OXEA GmbH.

Chinese manufacturers try to compete by offering the chemical at a lower price:

• Shanghai Kaidu Industrial Development Co., Ltd.;
• Beijing Cheng Yi Chemical Co.