What are the most common nail disorders. How can you identify different nail infections. What causes fungal nail infections. How can you prevent and treat nail problems. What are the signs of serious nail conditions that require medical attention.

Understanding Nail Anatomy and Common Disorders

Our nails are more than just cosmetic features; they play a crucial role in protecting our fingertips and toes. Understanding the structure of nails and the various disorders that can affect them is essential for maintaining overall nail health.

Basic Nail Structure

A typical nail consists of several parts:

• Nail plate: The visible part of the nail
• Nail bed: The skin beneath the nail plate
• Nail matrix: The area where nail growth originates
• Cuticle: The protective skin at the base of the nail
• Nail folds: The skin surrounding the nail plate

When any of these components are compromised, various nail disorders can occur. These range from minor cosmetic issues to more serious conditions that may require medical intervention.

Bacterial Nail Infections: Causes and Symptoms

Bacterial infections of the nail and surrounding tissues are common and can lead to discomfort and cosmetic concerns. Two primary types of bacterial nail infections are paronychia and pseudomonas infections.

Paronychia: Infection of the Nail Folds

Paronychia is an infection of the skin around the nail, typically caused by bacteria entering through small cuts or breaks in the skin. What are the symptoms of paronychia? The most common signs include:

• Redness and swelling of the nail folds
• Pain and tenderness around the nail
• Possible pus accumulation
• Potential nail discoloration or distortion

People who frequently have their hands in water, such as dishwashers or swimmers, are at higher risk for developing paronychia. To prevent this condition, it’s important to keep hands dry and avoid damaging the cuticles.

Pseudomonas Infection: The “Green Nail Syndrome”

Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that thrives in moist environments. When it infects the nail, it can cause a distinctive green discoloration, often mistaken for mold. How does pseudomonas affect the nail?

• Creates a green or blue-green pigment
• Can occur between the natural nail and an artificial nail
• May cause the nail plate to separate from the nail bed
• Often associated with prolonged exposure to water or poor nail hygiene

To prevent pseudomonas infections, ensure proper nail care, keep nails dry, and avoid prolonged contact with water. If you notice green discoloration, consult a healthcare professional for appropriate treatment.

Fungal Nail Infections: Types and Treatments

Fungal nail infections, also known as onychomycosis, are among the most common nail disorders. These infections can affect both fingernails and toenails, though toenail infections are more prevalent.

Onychomycosis: The Most Common Fungal Nail Infection

Onychomycosis is caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds. How can you identify a fungal nail infection?

• Thickening of the nail plate
• Discoloration (often yellow or brown)
• Brittleness or crumbling of the nail
• Separation of the nail from the nail bed (onycholysis)
• Accumulation of debris under the nail

Fungal infections can be challenging to treat and often require long-term medication. Over-the-counter antifungal treatments may help in mild cases, but persistent infections typically need prescription-strength medications.

Tinea Unguis: Ringworm of the Nails

Tinea unguis, also known as ringworm of the nails, is a specific type of fungal infection. What distinguishes tinea unguis from other fungal nail infections?

• Severe nail thickening and deformity
• Potential for complete nail plate loss
• Often associated with other fungal skin infections

Treatment for tinea unguis typically involves oral antifungal medications and may require several months to fully resolve. In severe cases, nail removal may be necessary.

Nail Deformities: Structural Changes and Their Causes

Various factors can lead to changes in nail structure and appearance. Understanding these deformities can help in identifying potential underlying health issues.

Onychatrophia: Nail Wasting

Onychatrophia refers to the wasting away or atrophy of the nail plate. What causes this condition?

• Injury to the nail matrix
• Systemic diseases affecting nail growth
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Exposure to certain chemicals

Treatment for onychatrophia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, the nail may regrow normally once the cause is addressed.

Onychogryposis: Ram’s Horn Nails

Onychogryposis, also known as “ram’s horn nails,” is characterized by severe thickening and curving of the nail plate. What leads to this dramatic nail deformity?

• Chronic trauma to the nail
• Poor circulation in the extremities
• Neglect of nail care, especially in the elderly
• Certain systemic diseases

Managing onychogryposis often requires professional nail care and, in severe cases, may necessitate surgical intervention to alleviate pain and improve appearance.

Nail Brittleness and Splitting: Causes and Prevention

Brittle nails that split or peel easily are a common complaint, especially among women. Understanding the causes can help in preventing and treating these issues.

Onychorrhexis: Brittle Nails with Vertical Ridges

Onychorrhexis is characterized by brittle nails that often split vertically and develop longitudinal ridges. What factors contribute to this condition?

• Frequent exposure to water and harsh chemicals
• Nutritional deficiencies, particularly lack of biotin
• Aging
• Certain medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism

To prevent and treat onychorrhexis, consider the following steps:

1. Wear gloves when working with water or chemicals
2. Use a nail hardener or strengthener
3. Moisturize nails and cuticles regularly
4. Consider biotin supplements (consult with a healthcare provider first)
5. Address any underlying health conditions

Nail Thickening: When to Seek Medical Attention

While some degree of nail thickening can occur naturally with age, significant thickening may indicate an underlying condition that requires medical attention.

Onychauxis: Abnormal Nail Thickening

Onychauxis refers to an abnormal thickening of the nail plate. What can cause this condition?

• Repeated trauma to the nail
• Fungal infections
• Psoriasis or other skin conditions
• Circulatory problems
• Certain systemic diseases

If you notice significant nail thickening, especially if accompanied by other symptoms, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. They can determine the underlying cause and recommend appropriate treatment.

Preventing Nail Disorders: Tips for Healthy Nails

Maintaining healthy nails is key to preventing many common nail disorders. By following some simple guidelines, you can keep your nails strong and beautiful.

Daily Nail Care Routine

Incorporate these practices into your daily routine:

• Keep nails clean and dry
• Moisturize nails and cuticles regularly
• Avoid biting nails or picking at cuticles
• Trim nails straight across and file down sharp edges
• Wear protective gloves when working with water or chemicals

Nutrition for Healthy Nails

A balanced diet rich in certain nutrients can promote nail health. Which nutrients are particularly important for strong nails?

• Biotin (Vitamin B7)
• Protein
• Iron
• Zinc
• Omega-3 fatty acids

Consider incorporating foods rich in these nutrients into your diet or speak with a healthcare provider about potential supplements.

When to Seek Professional Help for Nail Problems

While many nail issues can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant professional medical attention. When should you consult a healthcare provider about your nails?

• Persistent pain or discomfort
• Signs of infection (redness, swelling, pus)
• Sudden changes in nail color or texture
• Nail separation from the nail bed
• Thickening or distortion of the nail plate
• Any nail changes accompanied by other systemic symptoms

Remember, nail technicians are not licensed to diagnose or treat nail diseases. For proper diagnosis and treatment of nail disorders, always consult with a qualified healthcare professional, such as a dermatologist or podiatrist.

By understanding common nail disorders, practicing good nail hygiene, and seeking timely medical attention when necessary, you can maintain healthy, attractive nails and prevent many nail-related problems. Remember that your nails can often be indicators of your overall health, so pay attention to any changes and address concerns promptly.

Nail Diseases & Disorders |

Got Nail Disorder/Problem/Fungus? – I get dozens of emails from people asking me to help with their nail disorders/problems/nail fungus issues. It’s cause of candida fungus and you better get rid of your candida before it gets complicated. I recommend canxida remove for your nail disorders get it at canxida.com. I have used this supplement for nail disorders here in my own salon and have had great results. So head over to this site and order a bottle of canxida to get rid of your nail disorders/problems/issues/fungus before it’s too late.

Our bodies host a variety of microorganisms, some of which are beneficial to us. These microorganisms also include bacteria and fungi. Fungal infections are caused by microscopic plants that live on our skin and on the dead tissue of our hair and nails. The following list contains the more common nail irregularities, diseases and disorders. For information on nail problems not listed here, please refer to the links at the bottom of this page.

Please be aware that Nail Technicians are only licensed to beautify the hands, and not to diagnose or treat nail diseases and disorders. Please seek the advice of your physician or dermatologist for a proper diagnosis and medical treatment.

Paronychia Infection

Paronychia infections of the nail fold can be caused by bacteria, fungi and some viruses. The proximal and lateral nail folds act as a barrier, or seal, between the nail plate and the surrounding tissue. If a tear or a break occurs in this seal, the bacterium can easily enter. this type of infection is characterized by pain, redness and swelling of the nail folds. People who have their hands in water for extended periods may develop this condition, and it is highly contagious.

Pseudomonas bacterium
trapped between the nail
plate and the nail bed.
(“The ‘Greenies”)

Pseudomonas bacterial infection can occur between the natural nail plate and the nail bed, and/or between an artificial nail coating and the natural nail plate. Many people have been led to believe that the classic ‘green’ discoloration of this type of infection is some type of mold. In actuality, mold is not a human pathogen. The discoloration is simply a by-product of the infection and is caused primarily by iron compounds. Pseudomonas thrive in moist places; it feeds off the dead tissue and bacteria in the nail plate, while the moisture levels allow it to grow. The after effects of this infection will cause the nail plate to darken and soften underneath an artificial coating. The darker the discoloration, the deeper into the nail plate layers the bacteria has traveled. If the bacteria has entered between the nail plate and the nail bed, it will cause the same discolorations and may also cause the nail plate to lift from the nail bed.

Fungal Infection of the nail plate.

A fungal or yeast infection which results in Onychomycosis, can invade through a tear in the proximal and lateral nail folds as well as the eponychium. This type of infection is characterized by onycholysis (nail plate separation) with evident debris under the nail plate. It normally appears white or yellowish in color, and may also change the texture and shape of the nail. The fungus digests the keratin protein of which the nail plate is comprised. As the infection progresses, organic debris accumulates under the nail plate often discoloring it. Other infectious organisms may be involved, and if left untreated, the nail plate may separate from the nail bed and crumble off. Canxidaremove can help in this case.

Ringworm of the nails.

Tinea Unguis, or ringworm of the nails, is characterized by nail thickening, deformity, and eventually results in nail plate loss. This is another symptom of candida yeast infection.

Nail Atrophy

Onychatrophia is an atrophy or wasting away of the nail plate which causes it to lose its luster, become smaller and sometimes shed entirely. Injury or disease may account for this irregularity.

Ingrown Toenail

Onychogryposis are claw-type nails that are characterized by a thickened nail plate and are often the result of trauma. This type of nail plate will curve inward, pinching the nail bed and sometimes require surgical intervention to relieve the pain. Make sure to check out this video on youtube if you have toenail fungus.

Vertical Split in the nail plate.

Onychorrhexis are brittle nails which often split vertically, peel and/or have vertical ridges. This irregularity can be the result of heredity, the use of strong solvents in the workplace or the home, including household cleaning solutions. Although oil or paraffin treatments will re-hydrate the nail plate, one may wish to confer with a physician to rule out disease.

Onychauxis

Onychauxis is evidenced by over-thickening of the nail plate and may be the result of internal disorders — seek medical advice.

Leuconychia

Leuconychia is evident as white lines or spots in the nail plate and may be caused by tiny bubbles of air that are trapped in the nail plate layers due to trauma. This condition may be hereditary and no treatment is required as the spots will grow out with the nail plate.

Beaus Lines

Beau’s Lines are nails that are characterized by horizontal lines of darkened cells and linear depressions. This disorder may be caused by trauma, illness, malnutrition or any major metabolic condition, chemotherapy or other damaging event, and is the result of any interruption in the protein formation of the nail plate. Seek a physicians diagnosis.

Koilonychia

Koilonychia is usually caused through iron deficiency anemia. these nails show raised ridges and are thin and concave. Seek a physicians advice and treatment.

Melanonychia

Melanonychia are vertical pigmented bands, often described as nail ‘moles’, which usually form in the nail matrix. Seek a physicians care should you suddenly see this change in the nail plate. It could signify a malignant melanoma or lesion. Dark streaks may be a normal occurrence in dark-skinned individuals, and are fairly common.

Pterygium

Pterygium is the inward advance of skin over the nail plate, usually the result of trauma to the matrix due to a surgical procedure or by a deep cut to the nail plate. Pterygium results in the loss of the nail plate due to the development of scar tissue. Cortisone is used to prevent the advancement of scar tissue. Never attempt to remove pterygium -instead, consult a physician for advice and treatment.

NOTE: The ‘true cuticle’ is often referred to as Pterygium. If you have pterygium, it can only be treated by a physician and should never be removed by a nail technician.

Pterygium Inversum Unguis

Pterygium Inversum Unguis is an acquired condition characterized by a forward growth of the hyponychium characterized by live tissue firmly attached to the underside of the nail plate, which contains a blood supply and nerves. Possible causes are systemic, hereditary, or from an allergic reaction to acrylics or solvents. Never use force to ‘push back’ the advancing hyponychium — it is an extremely painful approach, and will result in a blood flow. Consult a physician for diagnosis and treatment.

Psoriasis of the nails

Psoriasis of the nails is characterized by raw, scaly skin and is sometimes confused with eczema. When it attacks the nail plate, it will leave it pitted, dry, and it will often crumble. The plate may separate from the nail bed and may also appear red, orange or brown, with red spots in the lunula. Do not attempt salon treatments on a client with Nail Psoriasis. Consult with a dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment.

MMA Damage
Photo by D. Tuggle

MMA Damaged Nails: D. Tuggle, owner of The Nail Academy, Jamaica, Queens, N.Y., submitted this picture of nails damaged by MMA to the BeautyTech Web Site and allowed it to be added to this page. MMA (methyl methacrylate) is a liquid monomer used for acrylic nails by some unscrupulous salons even though it is considered by and prohibited by the FDA to be a poisonous and deleterious substance. According to Dianna Bonn of Indiana, as of May 1, 1999, 23 states have banned this chemical from being used in nail salons. MMA nails are very rigid and do not bend or have the flexibility to break. When MMA does finally break, it will break the natural nail with it, causing severe nail damage.

Splitting Layers & Peeling Layers

Brittle Nails are characterized by a vertical splitting or separation of the nail plate layers at the distal (free) edge of the nail plate. In most cases, nail splitting and vertical ridges are characteristic of the natural aging process. This nail problem is also the result of overexposure to water and chemical solvents such as household cleaning solutions. As we age, the nail bed’s natural flow of oils and moisture is greatly reduced. This oil and moisture is the cement that holds the nail plate layers together and gives the plate its inherent flexibility. At the first signs of splitting or peeling, re-hydrate the nail plate layers with a good quality cuticle and nail oil that contains Jojoba and Vitamin E as two of the botanical oils. Jojoba oil has a very tiny molecule which can penetrate the nail plate surface, open up the layers and draw the Vitamin E in after it. The molecular structure of Vitamin E is too large to penetrate the nail plate layers or the surface layer of the skin without the benefits of Jojoba oil. Oil the nail plate and surrounding cuticle at least twice daily; more if you have your hands in water a lot. Wear gloves whenever working with household cleaning solutions, and remember: water is considered the ‘universal solvent’, and is indeed a ‘chemical’.

Vertical Ridges

Vertical Ridges are also characteristic of aging, although are not limited to the aged or elderly. The nail plate grows forward on the nail bed in a ‘rail and groove’ effect, much like a train rides on its’ tracks. As we age, the natural oil and moisture levels decline in the nail plate, and this rail and groove effect becomes apparent. Ridged nails will improve through re-hydration of the nail plate with twice daily applications of a good quality nail and cuticle oil containing Jojoba and Vitamin E.

Hematoma

A Hematoma is the result of trauma to the nail plate. It can happen from simply trapping your finger or toe in the car door to friction from improperly fitting or ‘too-tight’ shoes, to a sports related injury. A hammer does a pretty good job at causing a hematoma as well! The nail bed will bleed due to this trauma, and the blood is trapped between the nail bed and the nail plate. A hematoma may also indicate a fractured bone. Many people who participate in sports activities experience hematoma because of the constant friction from the shoes against the toenails. Hematoma may result in nail plate separation and infection because the blood can attract fungi and bacteria. If several days have passed and the blood clot becomes painful, the nail plate may require removal so the nail bed can be cleansed.

The severity of nail dysplasia is extremely variable. Nails may be small and concave, longitudinally grooved, abnormally split, pitted, softened, discolored, or brittle. Toe nails are usually less affected than finger nails.

Nail Patella Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder involving nail and skeletal deformities (among a host of other related anomalies) that occurs in approximately 2.2 out of every 100,000 people. It is transmitted as a simple autosomal dominant characteristic in the ABO blood group (Autosomal dominant means that you only have to inherit one copy of the gene to get it). It also means that there is no such thing as an unaffected carrier, and NPS CAN NOT skip a generation.

In cases where there seems to be no previous family history of NPS, it is thought to be caused by a sporadic gene mutation (which is probably how it began in all families at one time or another). Once NPS is in a family, the risk of transmitting the disorder from parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy, regardless of the sex of the child, with females being affected approximately 10% more often.

The aforementioned nail irregularities are among those I have been witness to during my years in the salon. There are others that only a trained dermatologist will be able to diagnose and treat. Some are contagious, and some are the result of injury or illness. Physicians will sometimes examine your fingernails because many diseases will appear as various changes in the nail plate. Any change in the nail plate could be cause for concern, whether it is a simple splinter hemorrhage that appears as a tiny black line in the nail plate, or a drastic change. Nail technicians are trained to beautify the hands/feet and are not allowed to diagnose nail diseases or to treat them in the salon. For your nail health, seek the diagnosis and recommendation of a knowledgeable dermatologist.

Warning! Got Nail Disorder/Problem/Fungus? – I get dozens of emails from people asking me to help with their nail disorders/problems/nail fungus issues. It’s cause of candida fungus and you better get rid of your candida before it gets complicated. I recommend canxida remove for your nail disorders get it at canxida. com. I have used this supplement for nail disorders here in my own salon and have had great results. So head over to this site and order a bottle of canxida to get rid of your nail disorders/problems/issues/fungus before it’s too late.

5 Star Websites

American Academy of Dermatology
The Mayo Foundation
Nail Psoriasis Foundation
American College of Foot and Ankle

Pictures, Treatment, Home Remedies & Medication

Toenail fungus is a fungal infection of the toenails. Specifically, it is an infection of the nail plate, nail bed, or both. The nail plate is the part of the toenail you can see. It is normally hard and translucent. The nail bed runs underneath the nail plate and anchors the nail plate to the toe. When these structures become infected, the nail can turn colors, thicken, crack, crumble, and even lift off the nail bed.

The medical term for nail—either toenail or fingernail—fungus is onychomycosis. However, the toenails are 10 times more likely than fingernails to get a fungal infection. This is because toenails grow slower, have less blood supply, and are more often in dark, moist environments compared to fingernails.

Up to 80 to 90% of fungal toenail infections are due to dermatophytes. These fungi require keratin—a protein in skin and nails—to live. The most common one is Trichophyton. When dermatophytes are the cause of toenail fungus, the medical term for it is tinea unguium. Nondermatophyte molds and fungi are responsible for the remaining cases of toenail fungus.

Toenail fungus is very common, affecting about 10% of the population. It is more common in older adults, males, and people with athlete’s foot, other skin conditions, or a weakened immune system. Half of people older than 70 years of age have toenail fungus. The increased risk with age may be related to reduced blood flow, slower growing nails, and a weaker immune system.

Fungal toenail infections are hard to cure. Topical toenail fungus treatment is available, but it often requires use for a year or more and does not work very well. To clear most toenail fungus infections, antifungal drugs you take by mouth are necessary. These drugs can be hard on the liver and cause drug interactions. So, doctors usually reserve them for moderate infections that are causing distressing symptoms. Treatment usually lasts for 12 weeks, but recurrence is common. You can help prevent toenail fungus from coming back by keeping the nails trimmed, replacing old shoes that may harbor the fungus, and keeping your feet clean and dry.

You should see a doctor if you have diabetes or circulation problems and develop signs of toenail fungus. Otherwise, make an appointment with your doctor if you have tried over-the-counter treatments without success. Toenail fungus can spread to other nails, causing damage and pain if the nails become too thick. Like many other health problems, early treatment is often more effective and can help prevent complications.

What are Different Types of Nail Diseases? (with pictures)

There is a large variety of nail diseases that span an array of different conditions. Fungal and bacterial infections are the most common causes and are often the underlying root of most nail disorders. Common instances include yeast infection and infection by dermatophytes, a class of fungi that includes athlete’s foot and ringworm of the skin. Other less-serious nail diseases involve disfigurements and blemishes of the nail and can originate from injury, trauma, nutritional deficiencies or genetics. These include white spots, ingrown nails, ram’s horn nails, spoon nails and onychoptosis, or nail shedding.

Fungal infections of the nail are most often characterized by discoloration, increased roughness and crumbling of the nail. Yeast infections are more common in fingernails, whereas dermatophyte infections are more common in toenails. Most infections result in onycholysis, a separation of the nail plate from the skin, with visible debris underneath. This is caused by the fungus digesting the keratin protein of which the nail is made, and if left untreated, the nail might eventually break down and fall off. Fungal infections can sometimes be treated with topical creams but are most effectively cured through oral medications.

Bacterial infections are characterized by redness, swelling and pain around the nails. They are most commonly caused by an injury to the area or by overexposure to chemicals or water, and they can be highly contagious in certain cases. Bacteria can enter the nail either through the side folds of the nail or from underneath the nail plate. These bacteria are referred to as paronychia and pseudomonas, respectively, with the latter often resulting in a greenish discoloration. If untreated, the infection might eventually cause the nail plate to lift and fall off.

White spots, while extremely common, are among the least harmful of all nail diseases. The majority of them are caused by simple air bubbles underneath the nail. These are usually caused by trauma, though they might also be partially hereditary. In most cases, the white spots will grow out with the nail, and no treatment is required. In rarer, more severe cases, a large number of white spots clearly not caused by injury might indicate infection.

Ingrown nails are common among the less adverse nail diseases, and they cause the nail to grow into and cut the nail bed. They are more common in toenails, suggesting that pressure from walking or tight shoes is a primary factor. Most cases are noninfectious, and properly trimming and rounding off the nail is a satisfactory treatment. In serious cases usually involving infection, surgery might be necessary.

Ram’s horn nail is a nail disease characterized by increased thickness and curving of the nail. This is a result of an injury to the matrix of the nail, and it can be hereditary or can be caused by long-term neglect. Typically, ram’s horn nails are brownish, thick and difficult to cut, often aggravating the condition. Consistent and frequent trimming is the most effective long-term solution.

Spoon nails usually affect the fingers and are characterized by unnaturally thin nails that are curved or wavy, with raised ridges. These are most often the result of an iron deficiency, and they typically undergo a process in which they grow thinner and become brittle before finally becoming spoon-shaped. A physician’s advice is normally the best bet to treating the deficiency properly.

Onychoptosis literally means “falling nail” and is characterized by the shedding of the toenail. Its most common causes are traumatic injury and prolonged infection. Periodic shedding also can be a byproduct of syphilis, fever or an adverse reaction to prescription drugs.

An Overview of Common Toenail Problems

Toenails are thickened extensions of the top layer of our skin and are made of the same tough protein, called keratin. The nail grows out from an area below the skin known as the matrix and is intimately connected to the blood vessel and nerve-rich nail bed beneath it.

Your toenails are subject to a great deal of stress, whether it’s rubbing against shoes, a stubbed toe, or the constant presence of bacteria and fungi (picture the environment inside a shoe). In light of these conditions, there are three common toenail problems that we often see.

Toenail Fungus

Foot with toenail fungus.
daizuoxin / Getty Images

Toenail fungus, or onychomycosis, is a slow-growing infection of the nail and skin beneath it.

Toenail Fungus Symptoms

Fungal infections usually occur underneath the nail and begin at the end of the nail (where it gets trimmed). The most common changes that occur with toenail fungal infections include:

• Discoloration beneath the nail, usually brown, white, or yellow
• Thickening of the nail
• An increase in white debris beneath the nail which is keratin, a protein that gives form to skin and nails
• Loosening or separation of the infected part of the nail from the nail bed
• Crumbling appearance of the nail

Less often, an infection can appear as a white, powdery discoloration on top of the nail.  

Causes

You may be surprised to learn that toenail fungal infections are usually caused by the same type of fungi that cause athlete’s foot. In fact, people who are prone to athlete’s foot may also be susceptible to toenail fungal infections.

Toenail fungus can affect anyone but becomes more prevalent with aging. Individuals with certain diseases, such as diabetes and conditions that affect limb circulation, are more susceptible to fungal nail infections, along with people who have suppressed immune systems. Other risk factors include:

• Hyperhidrosis, or a tendency toward sweaty feet
• Frequent fungal skin infections
• Trauma to the nail
• Shoe wear which provides a moist, dark, and warm environment for fungi to thrive

Treatment

Treatment at a podiatrist’s office will likely involve debridement, or trimming down and removing debris and the death nail. This will help decrease the thickness of the nail and relieve discomfort that may be occurring with shoe wear. Debridement may also increase the effectiveness of topical treatments.

Oral antifungal medications and/or prescription-strength topical treatments may also be prescribed. However, oral antifungal medicines are not always an option for many people due to potential side effects and cost.

Also, there are a number of over-the-counter topical medications for toenail fungus. However, since the fungus resides deep in the nail and underneath it, these medications have limited success in treating toenail fungus, especially if it has spread significantly throughout the nail.

The good news is that other fungal nail treatments are available, including laser treatment that received FDA clearance.

Ingrown Toenail

Ingrown toenail.
Ilia Anatolev / Getty Images

An ingrown toenail occurs when the edge of the toenail, usually the big toe, grows into the skin next to it (called the lateral nail fold).

Ingrown Toenail Symptoms

An ingrown toenail causes pain at the side of the toe along with swelling. It may become infected which can cause redness, increased swelling, and pain, warmth, and/or discharge. Note that the ingrown aspect of the nail is usually unseen because it is below the skin. 

Causes

Factors that increase a person’s chance of developing an ingrown toenail include:

• Improperly fitting shoes or socks 
• Abnormal toe shape
• Nail trauma
• Toenails that are clipped too short
• A family history of ingrown toenails
• Fungal infections
• Increasing age
• Health problems like poor leg circulation or lung disease

Treatment

Treatment for an ingrown toenail can be performed at home unless there is a suspicion of an infection or if you have a medical condition, such as diabetes, nerve damage, or poor circulation.

The first step for at-home care is to soak your foot in an Epsom’s salt solution using room-temperature water. Then, massage the side of your nail gently to decrease inflammation. Be sure to not cut your toenail and consider wearing open shoes like sandals until the problem resolves.

In addition, you may have to take a closer look at the fit and shape of your shoes and socks to analyze whether they are what is causing your ongoing problem. It might mean having to choose between cute shoes and cute toes.

If your healthcare provider suspects an infection, you may need to take an antibiotic. In addition, note that your healthcare provider may need to remove part of or your complete toenail to ease the inflammation.

Toenail Trauma

Toenail hematoma.
Photosvit / Getty Images

Trauma to the toenail can be chronic or occur as a result of an acute injury.

Toenail Trauma Symptoms

Injury to the nail’s growth center, or matrix, can result in a number of possible changes to the nail. Changes that can occur include blood and bruising beneath the toenail, toenail thickening, or toenail loss.

Causes

Toenail trauma may happen from repetitive rubbing against the shoe when walking or running. It may be that your new shoes are too tight or loose, which can lead to more friction against your toe as you work out. It can also be the result of a sudden injury, such as stubbing your toe or dropping an object on it.

Toenail trauma can result in secondary bacterial or fungal infection if any part of the nail has come loose. This can lead to the dark discoloration of the toenail. Acute trauma may also result in a fracture of the bone beneath the nail, to which the nail is in close proximity.

It’s best to have any toenail color changes or toenail loosening evaluated by a podiatrist or other health care provider. In some cases, although infrequent, black or brown discoloration may be signs of skin cancer melanoma.

Treatment

Having a thick or otherwise damaged toenail removed surgically will probably not result in a healthier nail growing in its place. Once a nail’s growth center (nail matrix) is damaged, it usually continues to produce a thickened or disfigured nail.

Frequently Asked Questions

What causes a toenail to turn black?

Subungual hematoma often causes darkened or blackened toenails. The entire nail or a small part of it may look black due to bleeding below the nail. Often, the hematoma will heal on its own. Sometimes, though, it will cause the nail to fall out.  Sometimes, a black toenail can be caused by something more serious, such as melanoma.

Why do fungal infections on my toenails keep coming back?

Some evidence suggests that certain people may have a genetic predisposition to nail fungus infections. Recurrent infections may also occur in people who have weakened immune systems. They can also be a sign of diabetes, a condition that compromises blood flow to the feet and makes it harder for the body to fight the fungus.

A Word From Verywell

If you have a toenail problem, you may feel embarrassed by its appearance. Or you may be worried that whatever is wrong with your toenail is a window into an underlying health condition that has not yet been diagnosed. Hopefully, this basic toenail knowledge will help ease your concerns a bit and get you prepared for your healthcare provider’s visit.

Types of Nail Disease

Nails are unique structures formed of keratin, just like hair and the superficial skin layers. Nail diseases vary in etiology and morphology. The most common types are presented here.

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Fingernails protect the sensitive tips of the fingers from accidental trauma and are formed by the layer of germinal tissue called the nail matrix.

The matrix can be found at the very base of the nail, hidden under the skin fold which lies just below the proximal side of the nail. The nail matrix is part of the nail bed which supports and nourishes the nail plate.

The nail folds hold the nail in position and anchor it to the skin, forming the cuticle. This prevents microbial organisms from entering the nail bed and also keeps moisture out.

Nail discoloration

The normal nail is pale pink in color. The end of the nail that grows off the finger is white because it has no connection with the vascular nail bed which supports the rest of the nail plate. Nails can become discolored because of:

• Smoking tobacco
• The use of dyes such as those used for hair
• Certain medications including some chemotherapy drugs
• Infections of the nail bed
• Injury to the nail bed
• Subungual melanomas
• Silver toxicity, quinacrine toxicity and Wilson’s disease – the nails become bluish
• Several systemic illnesses including liver disease – the nails become white
• Renal failure – the nails become half-and-half

Bacterial paronychia

This is a condition caused by bacterial infection of the nail fold. It is more common in those who always have their hands in contact with moisture, who bite their nails or incorrectly manicure their nails, or are prone to eczematous conditions or small injuries of the fingers.

Chronic paronychia

Here the nail fold is thickened, tender and mildly reddened. It is due to a mix of factors such as chemical irritation, allergy and moist conditions, all of which predispose to chronic fungal infection as well. The nail becomes distorted in many such cases with accompanying discoloration.

Traumatic changes to the nail

The nail may become injured, leading to:

• Lifting of the nail by a subungual hematoma
• Loss of the nail plate if the injury is too severe
• Ridging of the nail or nail deformities if the nail matrix is traumatized

Elevation of the nail plate (onycholysis)

The nail can be lifted off the underlying nail plate by infection or trauma and appears yellowish or white. This includes:

• Picking under the fingernails too far
• Pus formation under the nail plate
• Some fungal infections
• Psoriasis
• Certain systemic conditions such as bronchiectasis, thyroid disorders, anemia or some autoimmune diseases

Ingrown nails

This condition is characterized by nails growing into the skin at the sides of the nail. This causes pain and may predispose to infection. It is more common if the nail curves inwards too sharply, or if the nails are not trimmed correctly (straight across, or, in the case of fingernails, with a gentle curve). Trauma or tight footwear may also cause this condition.

Nail thickening

Thickening of the toenails is a normal age-related change, but abnormal thickening is also possible. This includes:

• Injury
• Fungal infection
• Ischemic circulation
• Arthritis
• Abnormal gait
• Tight shoes
• Psoriasis

Nail ridges

Longitudinal ridges running down the nail may occur in several systemic conditions, such as:

• Severe anemia or malnutrition
• Aging
• Trauma
• Illness
• Eczema
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Lichen planus

Nail splitting

The nail may flake into layers as it grows, due to:

• Constant application and removal of nail polish
• Hands in constant exposure to water
• Overuse of the fingernails

Nail deformities

The nail may be deformed if it is subject to trauma or fungal infection. The nail bed injury forces the nail to grow in an abnormal way. Other abnormalities of nail shape include:

• Pincer nails which are curved transversely so much that they appear like pincers, seen as both a congenital hereditary form and acquired disease
• Dolichonychia or long nails in Marfan’s syndrome or hypopituitarism
• Brachyonychia refers to short narrow nails as seen in psoriatic arthropathy
• Parrot beak nails are seen in some cases of scleroderma

Nail changes in systemic disease

Allergic or autoimmune conditions may present with nail changes such as pitting in psoriasis or splinter hemorrhages in bacterial endocarditis, or altered shapes, including the koilonychia (spoon-shaped concave nails) of iron-deficiency anemia. Beau’s lines are transverse depressions that occur following severe illness, malnutrition, chemotherapy or nail injury, besides several other conditions. Clubbing may occur in lung disease.

Rare conditions affecting the nails:

• Congenital nail anomalies: Nails may be malformed or absent in the nail-patella syndrome.
• Tumors of the nail bed: Subungual melanomas and other skin cancers may occur under the nail.
• As a sign of toxicty: Occasionally, symptoms of poisonings can manifest as nail changes. For instance, arsenic produces white lines, while silver toxicity may produce a bluish tinge.

Further Reading

Dog Nail Problems You Should Know About

Are your dog’s nails looking a bit unusual? Do they seem to be licking at their paws or chewing at individual nails more than usual? If so, your pet may be exhibiting symptoms of a possible nail disorder or problem. Dog nail problems may come in many forms and symptoms, and can be related to a primary problem in the nails itself, or it may be a clue to a larger skin issue. Nails, after all, are an extension of the skin.

If more than one nail on a paw or more than one paw appears to be affected by malformed, broken, or sensitive nails, it may help to look at the bigger picture and determine what may be leading your pup’s nails to be unhappy.

The nail is a complicated and fascinating structure that is made up of thick keratin on the outside, with the function of protecting the softer structures on the inside, as well as the fingertip and nail bed region, from injury. Blood vessels and nerve supply are present deeper in the nail, and active cell division occurs beneath the cell surface to help a nail grow. If injured, the nail may take the brunt of the injury to protect underlying structures, and it will itself heal back in to shape nicely over time. Even with broken nails, good nail regrowth occurs in most cases with complete regeneration being common.

If you suspect your dog has issues with their nails, your dog may need to see your family veterinarian or a veterinary dermatologist, as nails are one of many things that a pet dermatologist specializes in diagnosing and treating. Following are some common presentations of nail-related problems in dogs. 

Symptoms of Dog Nail Disorders

• Broken nail(s)
• Misshapen or curved nails (deformed nails)
• Increased brittleness of nails
• Pus or discharge around the nail
• Ingrown nails (digging in to the skin)
• Crusting around nail(s)
• Licking and chewing at the paws (itchy paws)
• Biting at nails
• Difficulty walking or lameness
• Sensitive paws
• Redness or swelling of paws or individual nail beds
• Colour change in the nails
• Nails look wider or narrower than normal
• Nail splitting
• Bleeding nails

A pet may exhibit more than one symptom at the same time. It’s very helpful for your veterinarian to hear all the symptoms being exhibited so that a reliable diagnosis and treatment plan can be made.

For example, a broken nail may be associated with pus like discharge, and the pet may be licking at it. In such a scenario, if only one nail appears affected, this could be a case of nail trauma leading to secondary infection that is causing the pus and increased licking (a form of itchiness) by the pet. On the other hand, if multiple nails were affected and there is presence of pus or crusting around them without itchiness, presence of an auto-immune condition (conditions where the body’s immune system may target/attack its own organ—such as nails!) or a fungal infection of the nails may be suspected. As you would expect, the nature of diagnostic testing and treatments for the 2 scenarios will be quite different.

Many conditions can lead to nail problems, and a complete evaluation of your dog will help determine what may be causing any kind of a nail disorder. Following is a brief list of possible causes for nail problems in dogs. 

Causes of Nail Disorders

• Bacterial infection
• Fungal infection
• Trauma
• Auto-immune disease (this may only affect nails, or it may be more widespread)
• Food allergy
• Environmental allergy
• Nutritional problems
• Congenital disorders (present at birth)
• Neoplasia

Some Dog Nail Disorders to be Aware of

Ingrown Nails:

In the absence of regular nail trimming, some nails may grow so long that they may curl back and start digging in to the foot pad. This may be a result of a dog that doesn’t like his or her nails trimmed, thus making it difficult to keep up with regular nail care. It may also be seen in older dogs due to an increased rate of nail growth associated with aging.

Ingrown nails can lead to discomfort of the paw and lameness. If the nail digs in to the paw pad deep enough to break skin, secondary infection of the paw can result. Some dogs may lick the area excessively. 

Nail Trauma:

Dogs are such fun loving animals that they may in fact break or fracture a nail while playing at the park and not even flinch in the moment. If a nail is broken or traumatized, they may lick the area later that day or the next day to help soothe the area. Excessive licking of a paw or lameness can be associated with nail trauma. Some dogs may not like the paw being handled if a traumatized nail is making the area sensitive.

Bacterial Nail Infections:

Bacteria claw infections are usually secondary to an underlying cause, so when only one claw is affected, previous trauma can be considered. However, if more than one nail is affected, various conditions can cause bacterial nail bed infection. Food allergies and/or environmental allergies would be the most common cause of such infection. Allergies may also lead to yeast infection of the nail bed. A general term used for inflammation (with or without infection) of the skin around the nail is Paronychia.

Fungal Nail Infections:

Dermatophyte fungus (ringworm) can cause crusting of nails and surrounding skin tissue, making for unhappy appearing nails. A solitary nail may be affected or the condition may affect multiple nails as well as the rest of the skin. This fungus is more commonly a problem in cats, although dogs can also be affected. A yeast paronychia is common in allergic dogs, as mentioned above. Onychomycosis is a term used for fungal infection of the nail.

Lupoid Onychodystrophy:

This condition is an immune mediated nail disorder that can result in a variety of nail related symptoms such as misshapen nails, brittle nails, thickened nails as well as nail loss. Though it is not a very commonly seen condition, some breeds such as Young German Shepherds and Rottweilers may be predisposed.

Initially, when one nail is affected, trauma can be blamed as a cause for the problem, but usually other nails also get affected indicating that trauma alone may be too big a co-incidence if nail issues are becoming recurrent. If additional symptoms are present, such as skin crusting, it is likely not lupoid onychodystrophy.

Interesting Points About Dog Nail Problems to Consider

• Dogs should not bite at their nails to “trim” or “shorten” them. If your dog is biting at a single nail or multiple nails, he or she is most likely itchy around the nails.
• Trauma to nails may happen in various forms—human error during nail clipping (too close to the nail bed) can lead to problems.
• Be gentle and careful while trimming dog nails. Learn the correct technique from your veterinary technician or groomer, if needed.
• For black nails, it is tough to ascertain the length a nail should be trimmed. Trim conservatively if in doubt, or trust your groomer with the nail trimming.
• Indoor dogs and dogs that walk only on soft surfaces may have longer nails due to less wear on the nails.
• Don’t forget the dewclaw nail (the nail higher up on the paw similar to our thumb). Also check and regularly trim this nail.
• Handle your dog’s paws often and check for nail health and foreign material (grass, twigs, tar, etc.) in paw hairs will help you keep on top of good pedal health for your dog. Check your pet’s paws at least 1-2 times a week. This also helps your dog trust you in case if you need to evaluate his or her paws, in case of a problem.

 
Creative Commons Attribution: Permission is granted to repost this article in its entirety with credit to VetDERM Clinic and a clickable link back to this page.

Dr. Jangi Bajwa is a Board certified veterinary dermatologist at VetDERM Clinic in Surrey BC. He is also the dermatology feature editor for Canadian Veterinary Journal. Dr. Bajwa’s special interests include otitis and allergic disease in pets; as well as helping improve quality of life of pets and their families.

Nail Disorders and Abnormalities. Medical Information

Nail disorders and abnormalities are common. Appearances may be difficult to diagnose with certainty. Care must be taken to ensure correct diagnosis and therefore treatment.

Abnormal-looking nails

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The following are common nail abnormalities, with possible causes.

Beau’s lines

Transverse ridges are usually transient and due to a temporary disturbance of nail growth – eg, severe illness, trauma or infection. Beau’s lines occur in ALL nails, due a general cause preventing nail growth.

Other causes of transverse ridges include psoriasis, paronychia and eczema.

Longitudinal ridging

Causes include lichen planus, rheumatoid arthritis, myxoid cysts and peripheral arterial disease.

Pitted nails

Causes include alopecia areata, psoriasis and eczema.

Clubbing

An increase in the soft tissue of the distal part of the fingers or toes; common causes of finger clubbing include:

• Cyanotic congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis.
• Lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, empyema, lung abscess.

Koilonychia

• Dystrophy of the fingernails in which they are thinned and concave with raised edges (spoon-shaped nails).
• May be due to iron deficiency or to trauma.

Nail-patella syndrome

• A congenital nail disorder, autosomal dominant inheritance.
• The patellae and some of the nails are rudimentary or absent.

Green nails

These may be caused by pseudomonal infection, which results in green-blue or black discolouration.

Blue nails

May occur as a side-effect of certain medications, such as minocycline, hydroxyurea or mepacrine.

Black nails

• These may be a feature of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, vitamin B12 deficiency, pseudomonas infection and post-irradiation.
• Black streaks may indicate a junctional melanocytic naevus or malignant melanoma.
• Purple/black discolouration occurs with a subungual haematoma. This should gradually grow distally and there is often (although not always) a history of trauma.

Leukonychia (white nail)

This may be congenital or due to minor trauma, hypoalbuminaemia in chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, Beau’s lines (as above, which may be white), fungal infection or lymphoma.

Yellow nail syndrome

Yellow nail syndrome is characterised by slow-growing, excessively curved and thickened yellow nails which are associated with peripheral lymphoedema and exudative pleural effusions.

Yellow or yellow/white nails without thickening or onycholysis

Causes include:

• Nicotine staining from smoking (brown/yellow).
• Trauma, particularly from poorly fitting footwear in active individuals, and particularly affecting the big toenail.
• Dermatophyte or fungal infection.
• Psoriasis.
• Paronychia.
• Medication including tetracyclines, captopril, trimethoprim, indometacin and isoniazid.

Ingrowing toenail

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• A common problem resulting from various causes – eg, improperly trimmed nails, trauma, poorly fitting shoes, abnormally shaped nails or pressure from other digits.
• Also called onychocryptosis.
• It often presents with pain but may progress to infection and difficulty with walking.
• Treatment options include cutting nails square, hot water soaks, cotton wool inserts at the nail edges, antibiotics or excision and wedge excision or total excision of nail. A Cochrane review found that surgical treatments were more effective than non-surgical treatments^[4].

Onycholysis

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• The nail becomes detached from its bed at the base and side, creating a space under the nail that accumulates dirt. Air under the nail may cause a grey-white colour but can vary from yellow to brown.
• In psoriasis there may be a yellowish-brown margin between the margin between the normal nail (pink) and the detached parts (white).
• If Pseudomonas aeruginosa grows underneath the nail then there may be a green colour.
• When nail bed separation begins in the middle of the nail then appearance resembles an ‘oil spot’ or ‘salmon patch’.
• Causes of onycholysis include:
  • Idiopathic or inherited.
  • Systemic disease – eg, thyrotoxicosis.
  • Skin disease – eg, psoriasis.
  • Infection – eg, candida, dermatophytes, pseudomonas, herpes simplex.
  • Local causes – eg, trauma or chemicals.

• Treatment involves treating or eliminating the cause. Once this is done, nails should gradually grow back normally. Meanwhile nails should be kept short and dry, and irritants and trauma avoided.

Onychogryphosis

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• Thickening and hardening of the nail plate, which becomes curved
• Also called ram’s horn nails
• Mainly seen on big toes of the elderly, associated with injury to the foot, badly fitting shoes or poor blood supply.

Median nail dystrophy

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• Also called median canaliform dystrophy of Heller.
• Small cracks in the centre of the nail extend laterally in the shape of the branches of a fir tree. 
• Also, the cuticle is pushed back and inflamed.
• It usually affects one nail, and improves over time. The thumb is commonly involved.
• Most commonly it results from the compulsive habit of a patient picking at a proximal nail fold thumb with an index fingernail.
• It disappears if the patient stops the habit.

Splinter haemorrhages

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• Splinter haemorrhages are linear haemorrhages lying parallel to the long axis of fingernails or toenails.
• They are red or brown/black.
            
• Causes include:
  • Trauma (the most common cause).
  • Infective endocarditis.
  • Vasculitis – eg, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa.
  • Haematological malignancy.
  • Severe anaemia.
  • Psoriasis.

Psoriasis 

See also separate Psoriatic Nail Disease article.

• Virtually all patients with psoriasis have nail involvement at some time and it occurs in 50% of cases at any given time^[10].
• Abnormalities include nail pits, transverse furrows, crumbling nail plate, roughened nails.
  

  Nail pitting

            

• Nail pitting is associated with alopecia areata as well as with psoriasis. It can sometimes be seen in nail bed ‘oil spot’, distal onycholysis, distal subungual hyperkeratosis, splinter haemorrhages and false nail following spontaneous separation of nail plate.

Lichen planus

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See also separate Lichen Planus article.

• Nails are involved in approximately 10% of cases of disseminated lichen planus. However, it may be the only presentation of this disease.
• Within the matrix it causes thinning, brittleness, and crumbling of the nail with accentuated surface longitudinal ridging and colour change to black or white.
• Typically the lunula is raised more than the distal part of the nail.
• Severe chronic inflammation causes either partial or complete loss of nail plate and formation of pterygium (see picture below) with partial loss of central nail plate seen as distal notch or completely split nail. Involvement of the nail bed causes onycholysis, distal subungual hyperkeratosis, formation of bulla or permanent anonychia.
            
• Lichen planus can affect any number of nails.
• Refer early, as timely treatment can prevent destructive permanent nail damage^[1].
• Treatment:
  • Injection of steroid into the proximal nail fold is the conventional treatment.
  • Successful treatment with etanercept has been reported^{[12, 13]}.

Nail tumours

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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• The most common malignant tumour of the nail unit.
• An association with human papillomavirus (mainly types 16 and 18) has been reported.
• Skin-coloured or hyperpigmented lesions appearing as keratotic or hyperkeratotic or warty papules and plaques found on the proximal and lateral nail folds and hyponychium.
• Subungual lesions may be missed and the diagnosis delayed due to similar presentations to other, benign nail disorders.
• SCC in situ (SCCIS) can extend into the nail bed, producing onycholysis.
• Invasive SCC arising within SCCIS can cause pain if it invades bone.
• Occurs much more commonly on fingers than toes, usually the thumb and index finger, usually as a solitary lesion.
• Can involve multiple fingers in immunocompromised patients.
• Refer urgently to secondary care where SCC is suspected.
• Treat with CO₂ laser ablation, Mohs’ surgery or amputation of the digit if necessary.
• Successful use of electronic brachytherapy has been reported^[17].

Melanoma

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Melanoma of the nail unit accounts for around 1% of melanoma in white-skinned people. It is not thought to be due to sun exposure. It is most common between the ages of 40 and 70 years.

Types include:

• Acral lentiginous melanoma
• Nodular melanoma
• Desmoplastic melanoma

Presentation:

• Often presents as a longitudinal line the length of the nail. This may be brown, black or red, then becomes wider and more irregular. It may then extend and start to disrupt the nail. (There are other benign causes of longitudinal lines.)
• In some cases there is no pigmentation.
• In some cases a nodule forms, lifting the nail (onycholysis).
• Hutchinson’s sign is pigment involving the nail fold (skin to the side of the nail) and is suspicious of melanoma.

Diagnosis is by biopsy and treatment is by surgical removal. Amputation may be required.

Benign tumours

• Pyogenic granuloma –  a rapidly growing papule which bleeds easily.
• Myxoid cyst – found around the proximal nail fold. There is a smooth shiny surface. Pressure from the cyst may cause a lateral groove in the nail.
• Glomus tumour – benign vascular tumour.

Fungal nail infections – onychomycosis

See separate Fungal Nail Infections article.

Paronychia

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Paronychia (also known as whitlow) describes localised inflammation of the tissue around a nail. There may be accumulation of pus between the skin and the nail matrix. The area may become swollen, red and tender. If it lasts longer than six weeks, it is termed chronic paronychia.

Acute paronychia

• Erythema, swelling and throbbing pain in the nail fold caused by bacterial infection, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus.
• Common causes include excessive manicuring, finger biting, trauma, splinters, skin conditions such as eczema or contact dermatitis, ingrowing nails.
• Treatment options include antibiotics or incision and drainage.

Chronic paronychia

^[20]

• Chronic paronychia commonly occurs in patients with skin conditions affecting the hands, or whose hands are constantly in water with repeated minor trauma damaging the cuticle so that irritants can further damage the nail fold. People whose occupations predispose to chronic paronychia include fishermen, cleaners, housewives, dairy farmers, and bartenders.
• Proximal and lateral nail folds show erythema and oedema with loss of cuticle and part of the proximal nail fold separating from the nail plate.
• Commonly it becomes infected, especially with Candida albicans or pseudomonas. Eventually the nail fold retracts and becomes thickened and rounded.
• There are episodes of painful acute inflammation often due to infection between the proximal nail fold and nail plate from which pus may drain.
• Over time, lateral edges of the nail plate become irregular and discoloured and eventually the entire nail plate becomes involved showing numerous transverse grooves.
• Removing the source of the irritation is the most important aspect of treatment. Hands should be kept dry and warm.
• Topical steroids appear to be better than topical or oral antifungals. A number of surgical options are used where medical management fails. There is a newer surgical treatment called the Swiss roll technique (the nail fold is elevated and reflected proximally over a non-adherent dressing).

90,000 treatments and main symptoms.

Disease is the most unpleasant thing that can happen to our nails. That is why it is necessary, if possible, to follow the rules of nail care and, of course, the rules of hygiene. It would also be good to know what can happen to the nails in order to be able to prevent the onset of the disease, and at the first signs of it to know what to do. In this article, I want to talk about another disease that sometimes affects marigolds – eczema.Surely, you have heard this name, but this is how it looks on the nails, how does it appear? Everything in order.

Eczema is a chronic disease that manifests itself in inflammation of the upper layer of the skin – the epidermis and is accompanied by a burning sensation and often itching. Most often, the disease occurs on the hands and feet, after which it is transferred to the nails. It all starts with a hole in the nail, the nail plate acquires a dull shade, peels off, thickens and then becomes loose and exfoliates.On the surface of the nail, transverse grooves, small punctate depressions appear. Nails break easily and become dirty gray in color. The periungual ridges also suffer: they become edematous, covered with a crust and small blisters, which crack and also flake off. If the disease is not treated and severely started, then in the most severe case, the separation of the nail plate from the nail bed is possible.

Pictures of nail eczema:

Nail eczema is very similar to psoriasis, candidiasis or lichen planus, so a correct diagnosis is important for its treatment.In eczema, the disease is usually pronounced not only on the nails, but also on the ends of the phalanges of the fingers.

For the treatment of eczema , local ointments, lotions, vitamins (B1, B6, E) are prescribed, a special diet, especially important attention should be paid to the rules of personal hygiene. The disease is chronic, therefore it can be accompanied by periods of remission and relapse.

Unfortunately, with eczema, the nails lose their appearance for a long time, which we always take care of, and even a colored manicure will not hide the roughness and unevenness of the nails.Here you can resort to nail extension, it will not only help to hide the disease, but also contribute to the alignment of nails. The main thing is that the nails do not deliver an additional load, that is, they are not very long, and that they do not interfere with the treatment of the disease (for example, at the very peak of the disease, it is better not to do nail extension).

I think that’s enough for eczema. We now know another possible nail disease. Take care of your health, then your nails will be beautiful and you will shine!

90,000 photos, symptoms and main treatments!

Candidiasis is the general name for the defeat of various parts of the body by yeast fungi of the species Candida .They are quite common in the environment and can cause fungal infections. Depending on the affected area, various types of this disease are distinguished: candidiasis of the skin, lungs, digestive system, mucous membranes, internal organs, and others. We are interested in candidiasis of the nails and periungual ridges, its causes, symptoms and treatment.

Like most diseases, nail candidiasis develops gradually. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish three main stages in the course of this nail disease:

1. Inflamed roller overhanging the nail. A throbbing pain appears in the periungual ridge, then the skin of the ridge becomes inflamed, becomes red and edematous. Over time, the entire nail fold becomes swollen, very painful and hangs over the nail plate. The nail skin disappears, with pressure, pus may be released.

2. Absence of nail skin. On the edges of the roller, peeling with thin scales is observed, painful cracks may appear.The roller itself is still swollen, the nail skin does not grow.

3. Spread of the fungus on the nail plate. A little later, the fungus begins to infect the nail plate. It becomes cloudy, thickens and changes color to grayish-brown or brownish-brown. The lateral edges of the nail flake off, and the nail plate itself crumbles and becomes thinner. A symptom of candidiasis of the nail is also wavy alternating transverse grooves of brownish color. Their number and depth depend on the severity of the disease.

Factors to the development of nail candidiasis can be:

• reduced immunity of the body due to previous diseases, especially diabetes, obesity, vitamin deficiency, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, HIV infection.
• long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, as this leads to dysbiosis – the death of beneficial microflora in the intestines and oral cavity.
• prolonged stay of fingers in water (for example, when washing) – the nail plate softens and a good place for the development of fungus
• injury to the nail skin during manicure
• unfavorable working conditions (for example, workers in the bakery, agriculture, wineries have a high risk of developing the disease).

The disease of candidiasis most often affects women 30-60 years old, as well as infants. In most cases, nail candidiasis develops on the middle and ring fingers of the left hand. People with candidiasis are carriers of the infection, so they are strictly prohibited from contacting others, especially children.

Diagnosis of candidiasis is performed by laboratory testing of scrapings for the presence of fungi of this type.

There are various ways for the treatment of nail candidiasis , the best of which is determined in each case by the attending physician.Antimycotics, fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole are usually prescribed. To relieve inflammatory processes, an application with pure ichthyol is made on the nail rollers.

Prevention of candidiasis is quite simple: proper nutrition (after sweets it is better to rinse your mouth), timely treatment of dysbiosis, well, at the first symptoms, it is better to immediately consult a doctor. Take care of your nails and don’t get sick!

90,000 photos with a description, treatment. What a healthy nail looks like

Anyone can face a very unaesthetic problem of nail disease.And although diseases of the nails on the hands can be cured quickly and painlessly, this unpleasant problem spoils the appearance of the manicure, is sometimes accompanied by pain and can bring psychological discomfort to its owner. Problems associated with external changes in the nail plate can be either serious and require the immediate intervention of a specialist, or they can be easily solved with the help of simple folk remedies. Therefore, before starting treatment, it is necessary to determine the type of disease and find out the cause.

Causes of nail disease

• Fungal infections. The most common cause of external nail changes is fungal diseases. It is fungal viruses that lead to the fact that the surface of the nails loses its shine, becomes yellow, stripes and small spots appear, and the nail itself gradually thickens, crumbles and deforms. In some cases, the marigold is rejected from the nail bed.
• Incorrect care. As a rule, the use of a hard nail file during a manicure procedure and the use of low-quality decorative products can cause delamination of the nail plate and change its color .
  

However, it is worth knowing that a yellowed nail plate may indicate disturbances in the functioning of the digestive system. Therefore, if your manicure has acquired an unnatural color and the reason is not at all in decorative varnish or fungal infections, you should contact your doctor and undergo an examination.

• Vitamin and mineral deficiency. A frequent sign of pathological changes in the nails lies in the lack of vitamins and minerals necessary for the body.In this case, the manicure acquires an unnatural pale color, the marigolds grow very slowly, fragility and stratification increase. To quickly neutralize this cause, there is no need for special treatment, it is enough to introduce fresh fruits and vegetables into the diet.
• Injury. As a result of injury, the nails can also exfoliate, break, and sometimes their integrity is completely violated and the damaged nail may come loose. In this case, treatment can be carried out at home, using compresses and soothing ointments, but if the case is severe, you should consult a doctor.
• Systemic diseases. Chronic diseases of the heart, lungs, cirrhosis of the liver can also lead to deformation of the nail plate and a change in its color and structure.

It should be noted that real professionals can easily determine the degree of the disease by the nails: for example, the deformity is more reminiscent of clock chipping, occurs in case of lung diseases and heart defects. White nails are usually indicative of serious liver problems. If light lines appear on the nails, this indicates that your disease is progressing.

• Skin diseases. Fingernails can also change their appearance in case of skin diseases. For example, damage to the nail plate occurs due to the manifestation of psoriasis, which, in turn, manifests itself as a result of a violation of the body’s immune system. And do not think that getting rid of psoriasis is a quick process, on the contrary, psoriasis requires complex treatment only under the supervision of a doctor.
• Professional reasons. Often, nails exfoliate, crumble, change color as a result of professional duties, for example, if the work is associated with frequent use of water or the hands are subject to constant injuries.

Main characteristics

It is very important to recognize in time the symptoms that indicate a particular disease and, if necessary, consult a specialist.

• The first symptoms of fungal infections are itching and redness of the periungual ridge.
• Splitting nails can indicate the appearance of a fungal disease or psoriasis, and sometimes indicates a lack of vitamins, minerals and certain nutrients in the body.
• The nail plate can drastically change shape and color.In this case, you should not self-medicate. It is necessary to immediately contact a specialist who will analyze the symptoms, make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment.
• Hemorrhage of the fingertips and their appearance is a characteristic symptom of fungal diseases, which also need to be treated under the supervision of a physician.

Treatment methods

There are a huge number of effective methods of treating external and internal diseases of nails, and it must be correctly selected depending on the cause and type of disease.For example, in the early stages of fungal infections, traditional medicine and numerous fungal creams and ointments are ideal. But if large marigolds have acquired a yellow color and began to crumble, it is best to resort to laser procedures or use other equally effective methods. To learn more about the methods of treatment, see our list.

• External treatment. As means of local therapy, antifungal varnishes, creams and solutions are used, which are applied directly to the affected area.This method has a huge number of advantages, namely, ease of use, absence of toxic effects and all kinds of side deviations.

You should be aware that for the effectiveness of this method of treating nail disease, it is necessary to remove the surface part of the infected area before applying the drug. To do this, it is enough to steam the nails in a warm soda bath and use a nail file to grind their top layer.

• Systemic therapy.In this case, all drugs are taken orally and act on infectious diseases by entering the bloodstream. Moreover, their high concentration, even several months after ingestion, can be an ideal prophylactic agent against the recurrence of infection.
• Combined treatment. As a rule, this type of complex treatment is used if the nail surface plate is completely affected and frequent relapses occur. When using this method of treatment, drugs of external and internal appearance are simultaneously prescribed.
• Pulse therapy. Although pulse therapy is based on a combined method of treatment, its essence lies in the fact that all drugs are taken in short courses and alternated with a long break. This technique is considered not only effective, but also more convenient for everyday life.
• Physiotherapy. Thanks to special drugs that are injected using electric, water and magnetic fields, absolutely any infectious disease can be eliminated in just a few procedures.
• Non-traditional methods. Along with traditional methods, many prefer to use equally effective folk methods that can not only heal marigolds from all ailments, but also strengthen the body as a whole. Especially if you are taking tinctures and herbal teas.

It should be remembered that almost all non-traditional methods of treatment are most effective in the early stages of the disease, and it is better to use them in combination with traditional drugs.But if you do decide to use healing herbs in the later stages, it is best to consult your doctor.

• Laser therapy. A fashionable and effective way to fight fungal infections and other nail diseases – a laser – is able to completely heal the nail bed and destroy fungal spores. In addition, laser therapy eliminates the likelihood of allergic reactions and re-infection.
• Surgical method. Currently, this method is not particularly in demand, since it can cause complications of the disease and does not exclude the likelihood of relapse.

Preventive measures

To ensure that your fingernails always look beautiful and neat, and each fingertip radiates health and delights its owner with a natural shine, you need to follow simple preventive measures. After all, it is just routine care that can prevent the appearance of a serious illness and preserve the natural beauty of hands and fingertips for many years.

• Correct lifestyle. Compliance with daily regime moments, balanced nutrition, moderate physical activity and the absence of stress can work wonders not only with the appearance of the nails, but also with the general condition of the body.
• Manicure procedure. If you do not have time to visit a professional nail master, you should learn how to properly perform the entire manicure procedure.

It is worth noting that if you are doing a manicure with a master, you need to make sure that all nail tools are disinfected and the nail materials meet your standards. And do not hesitate to ask the master such questions, because the health of your marigolds is much more important.

• Compliance with hygiene rules.When visiting gyms, saunas, swimming pools, you need to take care not only of the nails on your feet, wearing special shoes, but also always remember about the nails on your hands. Therefore, do not forget about such a simple procedure as washing your hands with soap. Also, use a special antibacterial cream as needed.
• Decorative nail products. Varnishes, decorative coatings and all kinds of cuticle removal creams should be of high quality, because the appearance and health of your manicure depends on their composition.
• Strengthening procedures. Even the simplest preventive procedures can strengthen your fingernails and make them flawlessly beautiful. Therefore, it is necessary to do baths based on salt or iodine, herbal masks or compresses at least once a week.

Thanks to the usual recommendations and simple preventive measures, you can keep your fingernails in perfect order. However, it is worth remembering that any external change can signal a more serious internal disease.Therefore, at the first signs of a change in the nail plate, it is necessary to contact your doctor and, if necessary, undergo comprehensive treatment.

Diseases of the nails will tell about the problems of your body.

A prerequisite for beautiful nails is their health. Unfortunately, the nail plates are quite often affected by various diseases and then they begin to look not very attractive. Diseases of the nails are divided into fungal and non-fungal.In this article, we’ll talk about non-fungal diseases.

Why do nails hurt?

The causes of non-fungal nail diseases include:

• improper care of them
• nail plate injury
• malnutrition, i.e. insufficient intake of necessary substances
• transferred infectious diseases
• heredity
• smoking
• diseases of the cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous systems
• dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis

“Nail changes are often observed in psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema.Very often, dystrophic changes in the nail develop under the influence of trauma to the nail plate, nail bed or nail folds and depend on their frequency, strength and duration, ”says Viktor Ivanovich Litovchenko, dermatovenerologist of the first category.

What a healthy nail looks like

A healthy nail should have a slightly pinkish color, smooth surface and not be too thick. Under the influence of unfavorable factors, the nail plate can be modified.These changes can manifest themselves, for example, in the form of yellowing of the nails, or represent a complete deformation of the nail plate.

If the appearance of your nails speaks of their disease, it is time for you to see a doctor who can competently diagnose and prescribe the correct treatment.

Non-fungal nail diseases

There are many different non-fungal nail diseases, let’s consider the most common ones:

• Leikonechia
  : The nail plate becomes cloudy white.The cause of this phenomenon may be psoriasis. Long-term use of low-quality nail polish can also have a similar effect.
• Onycholysis
  : A phenomenon where the nail first turns white and then the nail plate separates from the nail bed. The cause may be psoriasis or nail trauma.
• Melanonychia
  : appears as blackening of the nails. This is usually caused by trauma (bruising under the nail) or swelling of the nail bed.
• Hyperkeratosis:
  This disease is characterized by a thickening of the nail bed. The cause may be psoriasis, lichen planus, dermatitis, eczema.
• Chromonychia:
  nails turn yellow. Among the reasons for this change in nail color are age-related changes, taking certain medications, poor blood circulation, smoking, liver disease, poor-quality nail polishes, the use of aggressive household chemicals without gloves.
• Paronychia:
  Inflammation of the periungual fold.The main causes are bacterial infections or allergic reactions.
• Grooves on nails
  : The grooves are longitudinal and transverse. Often occur with improper diet, anemia, lack of vitamins, malfunctioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Trauma to the nail and improperly performed manicure or pedicure can also cause furrows.
• Nail delamination
  : This can occur with a lack of calcium, as well as with diseases of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems.The use of too hard files and improper filing of the nail in different directions promotes delamination of the nail plate.

Treatment and prevention

Sore nails
must be treated. After all, a sore nail is not just ugly. Deformations of the nail plate create the prerequisites for infection with a fungal infection. In addition, non-communicable diseases often indicate disruptions in the functioning of the body that need to be eliminated.

If the cause of the nail disease is a disease of other organs or systems, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease-cause. In addition, you need to apply the treatment directly to the nail plate.

And don’t forget about prevention. It is easier to prevent the onset of the disease than to cure it later.

Questions From Readers

18 October 2013, 17:25

Good evening! Help me please. 2 months ago I increased my nails. a week after the extension, a light spot appeared on the nail (little finger).I thought there was air under the tipsu. But when I took off the extended nails, it became clear that the nail had come off by half !! I didn’t hit anywhere. Tell me, please, what can it be? And how is it to be treated?
Thanks a lot.

Ask a Question

“ Nail care
, in their neat cutting, the use of trays, creams;
hardware manicure and pedicure techniques. It is necessary to avoid contact with aggressive liquids in everyday life and at work, use protective gloves “, – says dermatovenerologist of the first category Viktor Ivanovich Litovchenko
.

Take care of your nails and they will be beautiful and healthy!

Despite the apparent strength and density, nails are one of the most vulnerable parts of the body. These corneous plates, as well as the skin on the face, indicate changes and failures in the body caused by pathological processes.

As practice shows, delamination and fragility of nails only in 10% of cases are caused by a lack of vitamins, all other cases are a consequence of serious diseases. What diseases of toenails are the most common, and how to deal with them – we will tell you in this article.

In international medicine, all diseases of toenails can be conditionally divided into 3 groups:

Diseases of toenails are practically no different from pathologies affecting the plates on the hands. With the development of pathogenic processes, delamination and a change in the shade of the plate are almost always observed.

Doctors assure that it is quite difficult to make a competent diagnosis on their own, since the symptoms of such lesions are very similar to each other.

Important!
Many diseases of the toes manifest as a response and symptom of another, more dangerous disease. In order to identify the disease in time and begin treatment, it is required to undergo a comprehensive diagnosis.

Fungal diseases

If the deterioration of the nail plate is caused by the negative effects of pathogenic fungi, the patient develops onychomycosis. Under this term, doctors mean all nail lesions of a fungal nature.In most cases, the fungus affects exactly the plates on the legs, since on the lower extremities the conditions for the development of pathogenic microflora are more favorable.

Also, the likelihood of damage to the nail plate increases due to the negative effects of such factors:

• increased. Hyperhidrosis of the feet is observed in 80% of the entire population of the planet, and men suffer from it much more often;
• wearing low-quality shoes. If the boots are made of synthetic materials or have an uncomfortable instep support, the lower limbs will also sweat;
• non-compliance with hygiene rules;
• visit to baths, saunas and swimming pool without slates.

Views

To understand what types of toenail lesions can occur, you need to consider their types in more detail .

• normotrophic
  . The first sign of the development of a disease in this group is a change. Depending on the individual, age and stage of the lesion, the nails can turn white, yellowish or orange. In most cases, embossed stripes appear on the nails that affect almost the entire part of the nail.But the deformation and change in the thickness of the plate begins after a few months;
• hypertrophic
  . The main characteristic of such pathologies is a thickening of the nail plate with the appearance of yellow and white. In the absence of timely treatment, the nail begins to thin out, as a result of which complete loss can occur;
• onycholytic
  . The affected tissues begin to grow cloudy and acquire a yellowish tint; over time, the nail is separated from the nail bed.

Mycologists assure that in most cases, patients are diagnosed with nail lesions on the lower extremities:

1. Epidermophytosis.
   The condition most commonly affects the nails on the thumbs and little fingers. The main symptoms of pathology are plate thickening, the formation of yellow spots and stripes. If you ignore the presence of the disease, the nail will begin to crumble.
2. Molds.
   The disease leads to thickening of the tissues, but the shade of the nails does not change for a long time.Small specks of dark red, brown and yellow color can be seen inside the plate. If a brown or green toenail appears, you should immediately contact the clinic, since such a reaction may indicate the multiplication of mold fungi.
3. Candidiasis.
   This form of the disease affects not only the nails, but also the epidermis. The skin, like the nail plate, becomes thinner and becomes painful.

Important!
To heal sore toenails, the approach must be comprehensive.The patient is recommended not only to use funds for external use, but also to drink a course of immunomodulators to activate the protective forces of the immune system.

Non-fungal lesions

Non-fungal diseases of the toenails are called anonychia. Unlike fungal infections, anonychia can be not only acquired, but also congenital
. If the disease is diagnosed in a person from birth, most likely, it will be accompanied by other developmental anomalies.

Usually, anonychia develops due to severe trauma, accompanied by damage to the nail matrix or due to the presence of chronic diseases. The following pathologies are considered the most common:

Help!
In children, nail diseases are extremely rare, no more than 5% of cases.

Basic therapy methods

Treatment of diseases of toenails should be comprehensive, but the scheme in any case is selected only after an accurate diagnosis has been made.If you prescribe yourself the medicine yourself, starting only from the symptomatology, there is an increased likelihood that the treatment will be ineffective, since both fungal and non-fungal lesions have similar symptoms.

If a patient seeks professional help at the initial stage of the disease, it will be possible to eliminate it with the help of medicines or alternative methods of treatment:

When to see a doctor

Mycologists warn that it is necessary to start fighting the defeat immediately, after the first signs.

If you ignore the presence of the disease, it will begin to progress, and in the future the patient may be prescribed surgical treatment (complete removal of the nail plate), which is very unpleasant and often accompanied by complications.

It is possible to fight the pathology on its own, but only in those cases if the lesion has affected less than 30% of the plate, and delamination is insignificant.

In all other cases, it is much wiser to seek professional help, especially if the lesion has affected not only the nails, but also the epidermis.

Conclusion

Onychomycosis is a rather dangerous pathology, which, if untreated, will cause aesthetic discomfort and a feeling of embarrassment, it can also cause the development of various complications, up to loss of sensitivity and tissue death. You cannot leave her unattended.

Vkontakte

There is a huge variety of nail diseases. All of them are divided into two large groups – fungal and not related to the activity of fungi. As a rule, the disease leads to deformation of the nail plate, a change in its color, shape, size.This problem brings unpleasant sensations, makes you feel insecure.

General information

More than half of all cases are due to fungal diseases. Doctors say that nails are a kind of mirror that gives an accurate picture of a person’s health. Often, it is from the nails that you can notice that there is some kind of problem in the body. Judging by the statistics of specialized clinics, their portfolios and the photos they publish, nail diseases on the hands are most often fungal in nature.Different stages of the disease are accompanied by greater or lesser changes.

Several nail health disorders reflect systemic diseases. Often, the nail plates suffer if a person is sick with eczema, contracted shingles. Possible damage to the nails with psoriasis. Regardless of the cause, any pathological condition requires adequate treatment.

Onychomycosis

Such nail diseases are explained by infection with pathological fungi. Over time, the shine of the nail plate is lost, the color is disturbed.Colored spots or streaks may appear in some areas. The thickness increases, deformations are observed. For nails affected by onychomycosis, crumbling, destruction is characteristic. Complete rejection of the nail bed is possible.

Lichen

Possible damage to the nails with lichen planus. Such a disease leads to a violation of the shade and a decrease in the thickness of the plate. The free edge is prone to delamination. Over time, separation of the nail bed is possible. The structure of the rollers is disturbed. Subsequently, the nails become smaller, and the surface is covered with ribs and cracks.

At the present time it has not been possible to identify exactly the reason for the development of the disease. Doctors know that several factors have a complex effect at once, but not all of them have been identified, and those already known by many scientists are disputed as unreliable.

Psoriasis

If you study the portfolio and case histories of patients in specialized clinics, you can see many expressive and not very pleasant photos. A disease of the nails on the hands, leading to deformation, which makes a strong negative impression – psoriasis.The reasons for it are currently not precisely established, but it is known that a complex of factors plays a role. The development of psoriasis is possible if there is a malfunction of the immune system.

Violation of the appearance and health of the nail plate is one of the early signs of psoriasis. Plaques on the skin appear much later. Medical practice shows that nail changes are often ignored, the patient turns to the doctor only at the stage of the formation of large plaques on the body. This approach is wrong, because therapy is more effective the sooner you can start it.Over time, the matrix of the nail is more and more disrupted, and this affects the appearance.

Some peculiarities

Psoriasis is a nail disease, when depressions-points first appear. The nail looks like it has been punctured with something. The nail bed is gradually detached. Smoky lines can be observed as the condition progresses. The plate becomes dry, brittle, keratosis is localized under the nails.

Secondary psoriasis leads to a change in shape, the formation of scales on the surface of the nail plate.Over time, furrows appear here, the shade becomes unhealthy. For many, psoriasis is accompanied by peeling of the nail, lamination of the plate.

Eczema

As described above, this disease is triggered by numerous factors. When the nail is damaged, the plate gradually exfoliates, the anatomically correct shape is disturbed. The surface of the nail fades, loses its smoothness. Transverse grooves appear. The level of damage to the nail matrix determines the thickness of the plate.With this disease, foci of inflammation often appear on the nails, under the influence of which the nail skin disappears. The area is covered with cracks, non-healing wounds appear.

Harmful factors

Is it possible to identify a specific nail disease from a photo? Some cases are quite typical, so a detailed photograph is really enough to make a preliminary diagnosis, but usually an examination by a specialist is required. In addition, the pathological condition is not always explained by the disease.For example, if the nail crumbles, breaks, exfoliates, the plate is fragile, but there is no obvious pathology, perhaps this condition is provoked by the influence of chemical factors, toxic substances, cosmetics or dirty water.

Sometimes a violation of the integrity and health of the nails indicates a malfunctioning of the thyroid gland. In the elderly, a change in the nail plate is one of the signs of age. Fragility can be triggered by chronic psoriasis. It leads to crumbling of the plate. In some cases, psoriasis is congenital.It also comes with these symptoms.

Trachnonychia

This name of nail disease is familiar to few, although the pathological condition is relatively common. It often accompanies psoriasis, eczema, lichen, neurodermatitis. With trachnonychia, the nail plate is brittle, loses its shine, dry, flakes off. The pathological condition can be expressed by the presence of point depressions. The free nail edge is jagged. On visual inspection, numerous cracks can be seen.

Onychorexis, onychoshisis

These names are used to designate a condition in which the nail plate exfoliates, breaks, splits. Onychorexis is a term used to describe the appearance of longitudinal clefts, accompanied by increased fragility. Onychochisis is a nail disease, in the description of which the emphasis is on the presence of transverse violations of the integrity of the plate.

Both of these violations are often attributed to frequent injury. This is typical, for example, of musicians playing instruments with the use of nails.Pathological conditions are also possible in those who do manicure too often. Sometimes the splitting of the plate accompanies lichen, eczema, although there are often cases of congenital disorders. Onychorexis is often a sign of aging.

Longitudinal grooves

Treatment of nail disease on the hands in this case is not required. As a rule, grooves are only a change in the state of the nail plate due to the age factor. But such cases are known when the condition was provoked by shingles, metabolic disorders.Frequent and severe stress can play a role.

Sometimes longitudinal grooves can be observed on the nails of a perfectly healthy person. Ridges, grooves reflect the structural features of the lower surface of the nail plate.

Canal-like dystrophy

Often this particular nail disease can be determined quite accurately from a photograph. Its characteristic feature is the area of ​​localization. First of all, the plates on the hands, on the thumbs suffer. A wide channel is formed in the central part.Somewhat less often, such a formation is observed with a shift from the center to the outer edge.

There are cases when the furrows were formed after injury. A possible source of the problem is the malfunctioning of the autonomic NA. The disease is genetically transmitted; if among close relatives there were those suffering from such a pathological condition, it is highly likely that sooner or later it will manifest itself in a person.

Transverse grooves

The doctor, explaining how to identify the disease by the nails, will definitely pay attention to the fact that somatic health problems are often expressed by the presence of transverse stripes on the plate.In some cases, such a phenomenon is provoked by external aggressive factors. The level of damage to the nail matrix can be estimated by calculating the depth of the sulcus.

Often grooves are observed if a person suffers from a skin disease. Heart attack, chemotherapy, sudden temperature changes and hypothermia can lead to such consequences. There are cases when longitudinal grooves arose against the background of Raynaud’s disease.

Nuances of the state

Possible lateral damage to the nail plate.This is observed when a fungus is infected or is explained by a fibroma under the nail.

Even a healthy nail can suddenly crack. As a rule, this is due to the excessive forces applied to the surface during manicure. Often this is the result of the use of sharp instruments.

Against the background of some pathological conditions, the thickness of the nail plate may become larger. This is often caused by fungal infection, psoriasis. Changes in thickness are possible with eczema.Sometimes an increase in thickness as part of the definition of disease from the nails suggests lichen or a wart. To clarify the diagnosis, the doctor may prescribe special tests or studies.

Tick-shaped nail

A photo, description of the disease of nails on the hands can be found in specialized medical reference books and the portfolio of clinics dealing with the treatment of the nail plate. The disease is quite unpleasant, characterized by a change in the shape of the nail. The edges of the plate grow into the tissue roll around the nail.This provokes inflammatory processes, leads to the appearance of crusts. Surfaces, the integrity of which is violated, often bleed, granulation, purulent compartments are observed. The disease is characterized by a constant heavy odor surrounding the sick person. The patient himself suffers from severe pain. If the disease is localized in the legs, it leads to lameness. Medical statistics show that young people are more often concerned about tick-shaped nails.

The described toenail disease may appear due to the peculiarities of heredity.The likelihood of its development is higher, if the longitudinal curvature of the nail is strongly pronounced, the plate begins to grow obliquely. As a rule, the nail cushion is slightly larger than the norm, and the nail bed is narrow.

Deterioration of the condition is observed if you use narrow shoes, incorrectly and carelessly cut your nails. A complication of the case is possible if the patient is injured. The likelihood of developing tick-borne nails is higher in dancers, ballerinas, athletes playing football, basketball, and boxing.

Onychogryphosis

This disease of toenails can appear if a person uses uncomfortable shoes, frostbite limbs, or got injured.Sometimes onychogryphosis is triggered by a fungal infection or impaired blood flow in the legs. The appearance of the condition in old age is possible without concomitant pathological reasons.

There are cases when onychogryphosis was congenital, if during the development of the fetus, for some reason, the nutrition of the nail bed was disturbed. Onychogryphosis can be localized on one leg or simultaneously on two. The main symptom is a rocky structure, brownish or brown stripes along the plate, reaching 3.5 cm in length.Twisting of the nails is possible, which makes them look like horns.

Onycholysis and onychomadesis

Onycholysis is a condition in which the plate is separated from the bed. Often this pathology is observed with fungal infection or against the background of psoriasis. This condition is rather unpleasant – however, who can please in his arms? What diseases can provoke pathology, doctors are still establishing. It is known for sure that detachment is possible in case of severe poisoning and thyrotoxicosis, against the background of eczema, and trauma to the area.Peeling usually starts from the free side. The plate in this part turns white.

Onychomadesis is a term for complete separation of a plate. The process starts at the proximal edge. It is noted that onychomadesis is characterized by a high rate of progress. Treating toenail or hand nail disease is difficult. Thumbs are usually affected. The complexity of the case is that doctors to this day do not know exactly all the factors that provoke onychomadesis. Studies have shown that this condition is observed with significant failures in the functioning of the nail matrix.

In some cases, onychomadesis provokes trauma, improper manicure, the use of sharp instruments for nail treatment. There is a possibility that the pathological condition will be the result of fungal invasion, eczema, psoriasis. Possible onychomadesis with epidermolysis, sarcoidosis.

Is it a fungus?

If you study medical publications and reference books, rich in photos and descriptions of diseases of the nails on the feet and hands, it will become clear that more than half of all cases are due to infection with various fungi.But such changes are not the only ones that can provoke a pathological condition. Sometimes the reason is general skin diseases, infection of internal organs, disruption of the activity of the central nervous system, heart, blood vessels, and the endocrine system. Nail pathologies may indicate dystrophy, poisoning. Sometimes deviations from the norm are congenital. All of these factors lead to a violation of the integrity of the nail, similar to that characteristic of fungal invasion. Correctly identifying the root cause allows you to understand how to deal with the trouble.

If the condition is caused by a factor other than the fungal invasion, the use of drugs against the fungus will not be beneficial. Only a qualified doctor can choose an adequate approach.

Cases of hyperkeratosis, paronychia, dermatitis, chromonychia, melanoma, melanonychia, pseudoleukonychia, leukonychia are known in medicine. Sometimes the reason for the violation of the integrity and appearance of the nail is the response to drug therapy.

Trauma

Perhaps chronic trauma is one of the most common causes of a pathological condition that is not explained by fungi.It is often confused with onychomycosis. The choice of unsuccessful shoes, congenital deformity of the foot, active physical exercises lead to chronic injury. The plate is constantly under the influence of negative factors, which over time provokes its separation. Sometimes the reason is professional activity. For example, this is typical for people forced to work in conditions of contact with aggressive chemicals.

Diseases of the nails of the hands are a problem!

Often a person does not even think about how often he has to use his hands during the day.Diseases of the nail plate on the fingers are a condition in which people begin to pay attention to every action they perform with their hands. The discomfort is significant: many are even embarrassed to say hello, seeing that their nails differ from normal, healthy ones.

A feature of the nail plates on the hands is rapid growth. With his hands, a person actively performs various actions, which means that the blood flow in this area is fast. For this reason, the nail plate grows faster than on the toes, and at the same time, the risk of injury, infection, contact with hazardous chemicals increases.

Diseases of nails – a reason to contact a dermatologist and start treatment under his control. Perhaps the doctor will refer you to another specialist for additional examination. If this allows one to suspect liver disease, become too thin – anemia. Melanoma can provoke black stripes, heart and vascular diseases – a red tint, and diabetes and pulmonary disorders – yellow. If the nail plate is very thin, it is necessary to check the iron content in the blood.

Infection

Infections account for a considerable percentage of nail diseases.Possible infection with staphylococci, streptococci, fungal invasion. Ringworm affects the nails. In this case, the plate is covered with yellow stripes, whitish spots, its thickness increases. Candidiasis of the area near the nail is possible, then the integrity of the tissues is violated. Coverage of the plate is possible. With onychomycosis, the pathogenic microflora rapidly and actively multiplies on the plate. The features of the manifestations depend on the composition of the microflora.

Non-infectious pathologies

Non-infectious nail diseases are pseudomonia, leukonychia, panaritium.In some, the defeat of the plate is detected against the background of onyhatrophy, paronychia. Tissue hypertrophy is possible. The reasons are very different. Sometimes the pathological condition is explained by a lack of iron or calcium, in some cases the reason is improper or insufficient care.

Chromonychia appears more often in the elderly. Its distinctive feature is the yellowing of the surface of the nails. Hyperkeratosis is a condition in which the plate actively grows at the cellular level. As a rule, the pathology is explained by a genetic factor.Possible nail atrophy. This condition is congenital, acquired. Differs in a gradual decrease in thickness and a weakening of the shade.

From blows, poor manicure, tight shoes, toenails deteriorate and require treatment, and people do not always find time to pay attention to their problems. This often becomes the cause of their various diseases, which bring discomfort and psychological problems. Sick toenails indicate not only insufficient care for them, but often also the presence of serious diseases in a person.

Nail diseases

Diseases of toenails develop at different ages. Brittle and thick, uneven and curved, discolored and flaky nails are all signs of disease. Sometimes diseased nails fall off, after which new ones do not grow for a long time. These problems can get worse with age as blood circulation deteriorates due to aging.

Most common diseases of toenails:

• dyschromia, which manifests itself in a discoloration of the nail;
• fungal diseases and bacterial infections;
• thickening and rejection of the nail plate;
• delamination;
• nail injury;
• ingrowth of the nail into the skin.

Diseases of the nails arise from negative effects on the keratin, of which the nail plate is composed. The condition of nails is negatively affected by infections, acids, alkalis and various external factors that cause their diseases.

Problems with toenails occur for various reasons. When a person walks, his legs are constantly stressed. Toes are often injured from tight shoes, and nails are deformed. When visiting a bath or pool, a fungal infection can strike the nail.Chemicals found in varnishes and in soaps can provoke nail delamination.

Often, the cause of leg diseases lies in the daily stresses that accompany a modern person. Bad habits, such as smoking, lead to.

Fungal infections

The nail affected by the fungus is weakened, it can crack or harden, change color (as in the photo), flake or crumble. Irregularities or build-ups appear on the surface.

Fungal infections contribute to the accumulation of fluid under the nail plate, a bruise may appear on its surface, and the nail itself is deformed and becomes an unnatural color. This is especially the case with the big toe plate. The fungus very quickly passes from the damaged area to healthy areas and adjacent fingers.

Fungal infections can affect the nails due to improper foot care. People who regularly use saunas, swimming pools and other crowded establishments can become infected with the fungus.Among the factors that increase the risk of developing a fungus are flat feet, poor-quality shoes, increased sweating of the feet, and diaper rash.

At an early stage, foot fungus is treated with external agents with antimycotic properties that act on the pathogen at the site of its localization. These funds are available in the form of a spray, gel, ointment or varnish and give the desired effect only with minor manifestations of fungal infections.

Launched fungal infections that have affected more than half of the nail or several nails cannot be cured with external ointments alone.In this case, their complex treatment is applied, which consists of medicinal ointments and tablets.

One of the diseases that most often affects the toenails is fungus. Fungal infections can have different pathogens, but they have similar symptoms.

Ingrown nail

Another common foot disease is the ingrown toenail into the skin of the toe. Ingrowth occurs when it is cut incorrectly and untimely.By cutting off the corners of the nail, people leave pointed ends that can dig into the skin and create small wounds on it. Infection can easily enter these areas. After that, redness appears in the area of ​​the ingrown nail, it swells and hurts (example in the photo). The inflamed area oozes with a yellowish fluid.

Ingrown toenails most often occur on the big toe. Ingrowth should be treated using several methods:

• Shoes should be comfortable and wide, without heels, fitted to the size of the foot.Pointed toe and square shoes encourage chafing and ingrown nails. Feet should rest from shoes as often as possible.
• Foot care must be timely and correct. Be sure to regularly wash your feet in warm water. Soap should be chosen simple, without harmful dyes that can cause allergies.
• It is necessary to make foot baths with the addition of soothing medicinal herbs.

Inflammation and redness are well removed by sea salt.The affected area should be washed with a disinfectant solution of potassium permanganate or furacilin. The site of ingrowth should be wiped with hydrogen peroxide. It is imperative to show the problem to a dermatologist. The doctor will prescribe medications to facilitate the healing process or, in severe cases, refer you to a surgeon.

If you do not respond to the ingrown toenail, the wound will fill with pus. If untreated, over time, the ingrowth can turn into an abscess, which will have to be operated on.

Formation of hematomas

Diseases of the nails also develop due to mechanical damage to the fingers.The injury can be struck by a heavy object, resulting in bleeding and bruising. The nail acquires a blue tint, which indicates that the vessels have burst. A slight hematoma, or simply a bruise, quickly resolves on its own. White spots can also appear on the plate from injury. These spots are a kind of wounds and signal that dystrophy processes are taking place in the body due to a lack of calcium.

If the nail swells, the area around it is red and painful, medical attention is needed.Also, the help of a doctor will be needed if, after an injury, the nail begins to exfoliate or purulent discharge from under the nail plate is observed. With complete detachment, you will need to remove the nail.

Which occurs when he is injured, provokes the development of dyschromia. It radically changes its color, becomes almost black. Dystrophy causes a feeling of rejection of the nail, it begins to gradually atrophy.

Injury to the nail plate and subsequent dystrophy can also manifest itself in excessive flexibility of the nail.On the damaged area of ​​the nail plate, growths in the form of a tubercle are often formed.

Hematomas can appear on the nail from prolonged use of antibiotics. Such hematomas contribute to the development of more serious diseases – dermatosis, psoriasis and eczema. It is necessary to treat hematoma and associated dystrophy under the guidance of a doctor who will correctly determine the degree of damage and the course of treatment.

Exfoliation of nails

A popular reason for nail stratification is a lack of vitamins and nutrients necessary for its nutrition.People who follow a strict diet may be the first to experience stratification problems. You can protect yourself from this disease with a balanced diet. A sufficient amount of protein must be present in the diet, which is used by the body to build cells. Therefore, it is necessary to eat fish, chicken, eggs.

Brittleness and weakening of the nail plate causes a lack of magnesium in the body. It can be obtained from seaweed, mustard, buckwheat porridge, oatmeal, and nuts.Magnesium promotes rapid cell growth. Calcium is also an essential element for nails. Its reserves can be replenished by consuming dairy products, as well as beans, peas and garlic.

Delamination of the nail plate can have both external and internal causes. The structure of the nail deteriorates if low-quality cosmetic products are used constantly. A cheap pedicure varnish made of harmful components can quickly ruin the plate, after which medical intervention is required.

90,000 Look at your nails. These 12 deviations can tell a lot about your health

What is the norm

Nails of a healthy person are smooth, shiny, pale pink in color, with a pronounced whitish hole at the base. At the same time, the nail plate is constantly renewed, growing by about one millimeter in a week.

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With age, the nail plate thickens and becomes more brittle. It is part of the body’s natural aging process.Fragility is also characteristic of the nails of pregnant women. But within six months after giving birth, everything usually returns to normal.

It is acceptable if nails break due to lack of vitamins or turn yellow due to poor-quality varnish. Sometimes the nail plate may even turn black and fall off if the finger is pinched or hit.

In a healthy person, the nails on the hands are fully restored within 4–6 months, on the legs – within 6–8 months.

But there are persistent pathologies that we often do not even pay attention to.But in vain. Some changes in the shape, color and texture of nails, as well as the skin around them, may indicate disturbances in the functioning of internal organs and the presence of a variety of, sometimes serious diseases.

What are the deviations

1. Excessive fragility

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If the nail breaks, barely looking over the edge of the finger, the body is probably deficient in vitamins A, E and C, as well as iron and zinc. Sometimes fragility can be a consequence of thyroid disease and a harbinger of diabetes.

2. White spots

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They are popularly considered a good omen, but in medicine this pathology is called leukonychia. Microscopic air bubbles form between the layers of the nail plate, which on the surface look like white dots and stripes.

Leukonychia is punctate (a couple of spots on several nails) and total (when the entire plate is affected). The reasons are varied: from injuries and unbalanced nutrition to exhaustion of the nervous system and heart failure.

3. Spot grooves

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The shape and color of the nails look as usual. But if you look closely, the nail plate is riddled with tiny indentations (as if pierced with a needle). Doctors even have such a term – thimble-like groove.

This is almost always a sign of psoriasis. Sometimes eczema or arthritis can manifest itself this way.

Olga Aleinikova

nurse, master of manicure and pedicure

Having discovered this or any other nail pathology, you should not self-medicate.The first thing to do is make an appointment with a therapist and / or dermatologist, get tested. Only a professional doctor and clinical research are able to give an exact answer, what is the cause of the pathology. Maybe this is some stage of psoriasis, or maybe just a malfunction in the thyroid gland or gastrointestinal tract.

4. Large or small lunulae

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Lunulae or dimples are a light crescent moon at the base of the nail. They should occupy about a third of it and be clearly visible.

Holes are too large for athletes and people involved in hard physical labor. Sometimes they can indicate malfunctioning of the heart and blood vessels, low blood pressure.

Small lunulae, barely peeking out from under the cuticle, can be a sign of a lack of vitamin B12 and iron, as well as problems with blood circulation.

5. Transverse grooves

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These are the so-called Bo lines. The pathology of the nail plate in the form of transverse lines up to one millimeter deep was first revealed by the French military surgeon Joseph Honore Simon Bo.

Bo lines are formed due to damage to the matrix of the nail plate. When it lacks nutrition, the chemical composition of the nail changes and its plate deforms. Most often this happens due to strict diets bordering on fasting.

Also, these injuries can be mechanical (when the nail is hit in the area of ​​the hole) or toxic nature (due to potent drugs or chemotherapy). Sometimes Bo lines can appear against the background of cardiovascular diseases, fungal and other infections.

6. Longitudinal grooves

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If for the elderly such a change in the relief of nails can be considered the norm, then for people under 50, protruding vertical stripes most likely indicate a lack of B vitamins and trace elements (zinc, iron, magnesium).

It can also be the result of poor manicure or pedicure: the cuticle was pushed too far and the root of the nail was damaged. But in these cases, only a few vertical stripes stand out.

If more than 25% of the nails are affected, the health of the internal organs should be checked.First of all, the cardiovascular and digestive systems.

If the pathology is not of an infectious nature, you know its cause and have already started treatment, then you can give the damaged nails an aesthetic appearance. Any good salon has spa treatments for nails. For example, Japanese manicure (P-Shine) or paraffin therapy can be done to nourish and moisturize. For smoothness – grinding and polishing the nail plate.

Olga Aleinikova

nurse, master of manicure and pedicure

7.Spoon-shaped nails

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This is koilonychia, that is, deformation of the nail plate, in which its center bends, and the edges are turned upwards. It does not cause discomfort, color and smoothness are preserved, but it looks ugly.

The easiest way to detect koilonychia is to drip water onto the nail. Did the drop roll freely? Everything is fine. Is the drop stuck in the groove? There is a reason to think.

Most often, concave nails are the result of a lack of iron in the body and endocrine disorders.Acquired causes of koilonychia also include injuries, contact with chemicals, and sudden changes in temperature.

In addition, spoon-shaped nails can occur due to gene mutations and are inherited.

8. Drumsticks

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Another name – the fingers of Hippocrates. This is a symptom in which the nail plates thicken and become like watch glasses. Moreover, if you look at the finger from the side, the angle between the posterior nail fold and the nail plate exceeds 180 °.

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Drum sticks are always a sign of a serious illness. They can manifest themselves in diseases of the lungs (from tuberculosis to cancer), heart and blood vessels (heart defects, endocarditis and others), gastrointestinal tract (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and others).

9. Detachment of the nail

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In medicine, this is called onycholysis – a violation of the connection between the nail and the nail bed, when a void forms between them, and the nail plate changes color.

Trauma is the cause in 60% of cases.When struck, the vessels in the dermis are compressed, the nutrition of the nail is disrupted, its chemical composition and elasticity change. Another 30% is accounted for by fungal diseases and allergic reactions. The remaining 10% of onycholysis develops due to systemic somatic diseases.

When the nail plate begins to rise up, it no longer covers the nail bed that feeds it. This can lead to infection. If you have bumped or had any contact with chemicals and suddenly noticed that the nail began to flake off, you need to use antifungal and regenerating agents as soon as possible.

Olga Aleinikova

nurse, master of manicure and pedicure

10. Half and half

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This is the name of the syndrome in which half of the nail plate is white and half closer to the tip is brownish.

The most likely cause is kidney failure, due to which the number of blood vessels under the nails increases and they show through the nail plate.

Half nails are also found in HIV-positive people and those who have undergone chemotherapy.

11. White, yellow and bluish nails

Changing the color of the nail plate is a signal that it is time to take care of your health.

If the nails are suddenly white, it is worth checking the digestive and cardiovascular systems and paying particular attention to the liver. A yellow tint also provokes liver diseases, as well as pathologies of the endocrine and lymphatic systems. Cyanosis indicates a lack of oxygen, low hemoglobin levels, or poor circulation.

12. Single dark line

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Most often, a black stripe appears on the nail plate due to injury or malfunction of the digestive system. And for some peoples, this is completely a feature of the natural pigmentation of the skin.

But if you eat normally, did not hit anywhere, and blackening suddenly appeared on the nail, it is better to consult a doctor. This could be a symptom of melanoma, a malignant skin cancer.

How to preserve the beauty and health of nails

Here are some general recommendations given by Olga Aleinikova.

Proper nutrition, healthy sleep and sports should be the default. Check your nail plates regularly and take care of your hands.

• Manicure and pedicure. Timely trim or file the free edge of the nails, process the cuticles.
• Do not bite your nails.
• Wear gloves when handling chemicals and when digging in the beds.
• Take vitamins.
• Apply nourishing cream to hands and nails regularly.
• Don’t wear tight shoes, stick your toes in crevices, and be careful with the hammer.

When going out into crowded places, use liquid gloves (this is such an emulsion). The risk of contracting infectious diseases through the hands is now very high.

When you see signs of ill health on the nail plates, use antifungal agents and regenerating drugs. If the pathology is persistent, be sure to get tested and see a doctor.

Read also

Diseases of nails on hands and feet: photos with a description, therapy

There is a huge variety of nail diseases.All of them are divided into two large groups – fungal and not related to the activity of fungi. As a rule, the disease leads to deformation of the nail plate, a change in its color, shape, size. This problem brings unpleasant sensations, makes you feel insecure.

General information

More than half of all cases are due to fungal diseases. Doctors say that nails are a kind of mirror that gives an accurate picture of a person’s health. Often, it is from the nails that you can notice that there is some kind of problem in the body.Judging by the statistics of specialized clinics, their portfolios and the photos they publish, nail diseases on the hands are most often fungal in nature. Different stages of the disease are accompanied by greater or lesser changes.

Several nail health disorders reflect systemic diseases. Often, the nail plates suffer if a person is sick with eczema, contracted shingles. Possible damage to the nails with psoriasis. Regardless of the cause, any pathological condition requires adequate treatment.

Onychomycosis

Such nail diseases are explained by infection with pathological fungi. Over time, the shine of the nail plate is lost, the color is disturbed. Colored spots or streaks may appear in some areas. The thickness increases, deformations are observed. For nails affected by onychomycosis, crumbling, destruction is characteristic. Complete rejection of the nail bed is possible.

Lichen

Possible damage to the nails with lichen planus. Such a disease leads to a violation of the shade and a decrease in the thickness of the plate.The free edge is prone to delamination. Over time, separation of the nail bed is possible. The structure of the rollers is disturbed. Subsequently, the nails become smaller, and the surface is covered with ribs and cracks.

At the present time it has not been possible to identify exactly the reason for the development of the disease. Doctors know that several factors have a complex effect at once, but not all of them have been identified, and those already known by many scientists are disputed as unreliable.

Psoriasis

If you study the portfolio and case histories of patients in specialized clinics, you can see many expressive and not very pleasant photos.A disease of the nails on the hands, leading to deformation, making a strong negative impression – psoriasis. The reasons for it are currently not precisely established, but it is known that a complex of factors plays a role. The development of psoriasis is possible if there is a malfunction of the immune system.

Violation of the appearance and health of the nail plate is one of the early signs of psoriasis. Plaques on the skin appear much later. Medical practice shows that nail changes are often ignored, the patient turns to the doctor only at the stage of the formation of large plaques on the body.This approach is wrong, because therapy is more effective the sooner you can start it. Over time, the matrix of the nail is more and more disrupted, and this affects the appearance.

Some peculiarities

Psoriasis is a nail disease, when depressions-points first appear. The nail looks like it has been punctured with something. The nail bed is gradually detached. Smoky lines can be observed as the condition progresses. The plate becomes dry, brittle, keratosis is localized under the nails.

Secondary psoriasis leads to a change in shape, the formation of scales on the surface of the nail plate. Over time, furrows appear here, the shade becomes unhealthy. For many, psoriasis is accompanied by peeling of the nail, lamination of the plate.

Eczema

As described above, this disease is triggered by numerous factors. When the nail is damaged, the plate gradually exfoliates, the anatomically correct shape is disturbed. The surface of the nail fades, loses its smoothness.Transverse grooves appear. The level of damage to the nail matrix determines the thickness of the plate. With this disease, foci of inflammation often appear on the nails, under the influence of which the nail skin disappears. The area is covered with cracks, non-healing wounds appear.

Harmful factors

Is it possible to identify a specific nail disease from a photo? Some cases are quite typical, so a detailed photograph is really enough to make a preliminary diagnosis, but usually an examination by a specialist is required.In addition, the pathological condition is not always explained by the disease. For example, if the nail crumbles, breaks, exfoliates, the plate is fragile, but there is no obvious pathology, perhaps this condition is provoked by the influence of chemical factors, toxic substances, cosmetics or dirty water.

Sometimes a violation of the integrity and health of the nails indicates a malfunctioning of the thyroid gland. In the elderly, a change in the nail plate is one of the signs of age. Fragility can be triggered by chronic psoriasis.It leads to crumbling of the plate. In some cases, psoriasis is congenital. It also comes with these symptoms.

Trachnonychia

This name of the nail disease is familiar to few, although the pathological condition is relatively common. It often accompanies psoriasis, eczema, lichen, neurodermatitis. With trachnonychia, the nail plate is brittle, loses its shine, dry, flakes off. The pathological condition can be expressed by the presence of point depressions. The free nail edge is jagged.On visual inspection, numerous cracks can be seen.

Onychorexis, onychoshisis

These names are used to designate a condition in which the nail plate exfoliates, breaks, splits. Onychorexis is a term used to describe the appearance of longitudinal clefts, accompanied by increased fragility. Onychochisis is a nail disease, in the description of which the emphasis is on the presence of transverse violations of the integrity of the plate.

Both of these violations are often attributed to frequent injury.This is typical, for example, of musicians playing instruments with the use of nails. Pathological conditions are also possible in those who do manicure too often. Sometimes the splitting of the plate accompanies lichen, eczema, although there are often cases of congenital disorders. Onychorexis is often a sign of aging.

Longitudinal grooves

Treatment of nail disease on the hands in this case is not required. As a rule, grooves are only a change in the state of the nail plate, due to the age factor.But such cases are known when the condition was provoked by shingles, metabolic disorders. Frequent and severe stress can play a role.

Sometimes longitudinal grooves can be observed on the nails of a perfectly healthy person. Ridges, grooves reflect the structural features of the lower surface of the nail plate.

Canal-like dystrophy

Often this particular nail disease can be determined quite accurately from a photograph. Its characteristic feature is the area of ​​localization.First of all, the plates on the hands, on the thumbs suffer. A wide channel is formed in the central part. Somewhat less often, such a formation is observed with a shift from the center to the outer edge.

There are cases when the furrows were formed after injury. A possible source of the problem is the malfunctioning of the autonomic NA. The disease is genetically transmitted; if among close relatives there were those suffering from such a pathological condition, it is highly likely that sooner or later it will manifest itself in a person.

Transverse grooves

The doctor, explaining how to identify the disease by the nails, will definitely pay attention to the fact that somatic health problems are often expressed by the presence of transverse stripes on the plate. In some cases, such a phenomenon is provoked by external aggressive factors. The level of damage to the nail matrix can be estimated by calculating the depth of the sulcus.

Often grooves are observed if a person suffers from a skin disease. Heart attack, chemotherapy, sudden temperature changes and hypothermia can lead to such consequences.There are cases when longitudinal grooves arose against the background of Raynaud’s disease.

Nuances of the state

Possible lateral damage to the nail plate. This is observed when a fungus is infected or is explained by a fibroma under the nail.

Even a healthy nail can suddenly crack. As a rule, this is due to the excessive forces applied to the surface during manicure. Often this is the result of the use of sharp instruments.

Against the background of some pathological conditions, the thickness of the nail plate may become larger.This is often caused by fungal infection, psoriasis. Changes in thickness are possible with eczema. Sometimes an increase in thickness as part of the definition of disease from the nails suggests lichen or a wart. To clarify the diagnosis, the doctor may prescribe special tests or studies.

Tick-shaped nail

A photo, description of the disease of nails on the hands can be found in specialized medical reference books and the portfolio of clinics dealing with the treatment of the nail plate. The disease is quite unpleasant, characterized by a change in the shape of the nail.The edges of the plate grow into the tissue roll around the nail. This provokes inflammatory processes, leads to the appearance of crusts. Surfaces, the integrity of which is violated, often bleed, granulation, purulent compartments are observed. The disease is characterized by a constant heavy odor surrounding the sick person. The patient himself suffers from severe pain. If the disease is localized in the legs, it leads to lameness. Medical statistics show that young people are more often concerned about tick-shaped nails.

The described toenail disease may appear due to the peculiarities of heredity.The likelihood of its development is higher, if the longitudinal curvature of the nail is strongly pronounced, the plate begins to grow obliquely. As a rule, the nail cushion is slightly larger than the norm, and the nail bed is narrow.

Deterioration of the condition is observed if you use narrow shoes, incorrectly and carelessly cut your nails. A complication of the case is possible if the patient is injured. The likelihood of developing tick-borne nails is higher in dancers, ballerinas, athletes playing football, basketball, and boxing.

Onychogryphosis

This disease of toenails can appear if a person uses uncomfortable shoes, frostbite limbs, or got injured.Sometimes onychogryphosis is triggered by a fungal infection or impaired blood flow in the legs. The appearance of the condition in old age is possible without concomitant pathological reasons.

There are cases when onychogryphosis was congenital, if during the development of the fetus, for some reason, the nutrition of the nail bed was disturbed. Onychogryphosis can be localized on one leg or simultaneously on two. The main symptom is a rocky structure, brownish or brownish stripes along the plate, reaching 3.5 cm in length.Twisting of the nails is possible, which makes them look like horns.

Onycholysis and onychomadesis

Onycholysis is a condition in which the plate is separated from the bed. Often this pathology is observed with fungal infection or against the background of psoriasis. This condition is rather unpleasant – however, who can be pleased with the detachment of fingernails? What diseases can provoke pathology, doctors are still establishing. It is known for sure that detachment is possible in case of severe poisoning and thyrotoxicosis, against the background of eczema, and trauma to the area.Peeling usually starts from the free side. The plate in this part turns white.

Onychomadesis is a term for complete separation of a plate. The process starts at the proximal edge. It is noted that onychomadesis is characterized by a high rate of progress. Treating toenail or hand nail disease is difficult. Thumbs are usually affected. The complexity of the case is that doctors to this day do not know exactly all the factors that provoke onychomadesis. Studies have shown that this condition is observed with significant failures in the functioning of the nail matrix.

In some cases, onychomadesis provokes trauma, improper manicure, the use of sharp instruments for nail treatment. There is a possibility that the pathological condition will be the result of fungal invasion, eczema, psoriasis. Possible onychomadesis with epidermolysis, sarcoidosis.

Is there a fungus

If you study medical publications and reference books rich in photos and descriptions of diseases of the nails on the legs and arms, it will become clear that more than half of all cases are due to infection with various fungi.But such changes are not the only ones that can provoke a pathological condition. Sometimes the reason is general skin diseases, infection of internal organs, disruption of the activity of the central nervous system, heart, blood vessels, and the endocrine system. Nail pathologies may indicate dystrophy, poisoning. Sometimes deviations from the norm are congenital. All of these factors lead to a violation of the integrity of the nail, similar to that characteristic of fungal invasion. Correctly identifying the root cause allows you to understand how to deal with the trouble.

If the condition is caused by a factor other than the fungal invasion, the use of drugs against the fungus will not be beneficial. Only a qualified doctor can choose an adequate approach.

Cases of hyperkeratosis, paronychia, dermatitis, chromonychia, melanoma, melanonychia, pseudoleukonychia, leukonychia are known in medicine. Sometimes the reason for the violation of the integrity and appearance of the nail is the response to drug therapy.

Trauma

Perhaps chronic trauma is one of the most common causes of a pathological condition that is not explained by fungi.It is often confused with onychomycosis. The choice of unsuccessful shoes, congenital deformity of the foot, active physical exercises lead to chronic injury. The plate is constantly under the influence of negative factors, which over time provokes its separation. Sometimes the reason is professional activity. For example, this is typical for people forced to work in conditions of contact with aggressive chemicals.

Diseases of the nails of the hands are a problem!

Often a person does not even think about how often he has to use his hands during the day.Diseases of the nail plate on the fingers are a condition in which people begin to pay attention to every action they perform with their hands. The discomfort is significant: many are even embarrassed to say hello, seeing that their nails differ from normal, healthy ones.

A feature of the nail plates on the hands is rapid growth. With his hands, a person actively performs various actions, which means that the blood flow in this area is fast. For this reason, the nail plate grows faster than on the toes, and at the same time, the risk of injury, infection, contact with hazardous chemicals increases.

Diseases of nails – a reason to contact a dermatologist and start treatment under his control. Perhaps the doctor will refer you to another specialist for additional examination. If the nails turn yellow, this allows one to suspect liver disease, become too thin – anemia. Melanoma can provoke black stripes, heart and vascular diseases – a red tint, and diabetes and pulmonary disorders – yellow. If the nail plate is very thin, it is necessary to check the iron content in the blood.

Infection

Infections account for a considerable percentage of nail diseases.Possible infection with staphylococci, streptococci, fungal invasion. Ringworm affects the nails. In this case, the plate is covered with yellow stripes, whitish spots, its thickness increases. Candidiasis of the area near the nail is possible, then the integrity of the tissues is violated. Coverage of the plate is possible. With onychomycosis, the pathogenic microflora rapidly and actively multiplies on the plate. The features of the manifestations depend on the composition of the microflora.

Non-infectious pathologies

Non-infectious diseases of nails are pseudomonia, leukonychia, panaritium.In some, the defeat of the plate is detected against the background of onyhatrophy, paronychia. Tissue hypertrophy is possible. The reasons are very different. Sometimes the pathological condition is explained by a lack of iron or calcium, in some cases the reason is improper or insufficient care.

Chromonychia appears more often in the elderly. Its distinctive feature is the yellowing of the surface of the nails. Hyperkeratosis is a condition in which the plate actively grows at the cellular level. As a rule, the pathology is explained by a genetic factor.Possible nail atrophy. This condition is congenital, acquired. Differs in a gradual decrease in thickness and a weakening of the shade.

How to determine health problems by the condition of the nails (PHOTOS)

The condition of the nails can tell about problems with the liver, lungs and heart. Find out what secrets your nails can reveal.

Reading the signs
Did you know that by the condition of your nails you can judge the general state of your health.White spots, ripples, bumps, or a yellow tint can be a sign of a serious medical condition.

Read also: Health horoscope for August 2013

Pale nail plate

webmd.com

A very pale nail plate in some cases can be a sign of serious diseases, among them:

• anemia;
• congestive heart failure;
• liver disease.

Also, a pale nail plate may indicate malnutrition.

White nails

webmd.com

If the nail plates themselves are white, but darker rims are visible, this may indicate liver problems, such as hepatitis. In this picture, the fingers of a patient with jaundice, and this ailment, as you know, is also a sign of a diseased liver.

Yellow nails

webmd.com

One of the most common causes of yellow nails is a fungal infection. As the infection gets worse, the nails can thicken and crumble. In rare cases, yellow nails can be a sign of more serious conditions like severe thyroid disease, lung disease, diabetes and psoriasis. However, before you panic, think about whether you are using too much nail polish, which caused a lack of oxygen and caused your nails to be yellow.

Read also: Summer nail care

Bluish nails

webmd.com

Nails with a bluish tinge may indicate that the body is receiving insufficient oxygen. This could indicate an infectious lung disease, such as pneumonia. In addition, the bluish tint of the nails can indicate heart problems.

Rippled nails

webmd.com

If the surface of the nail is uneven, wavy, or rippled, this may be an early sign of psoriasis or inflammatory arthritis. In this case, a change in the color of the nails occurs, and the skin under them appears to be a reddish-brown hue.

Brittle nails (with a damaged nail plate, with chips and cracks)

webmd.com

Dry, brittle nails, on which cracks and chips often appear, indicate thyroid diseases.But delamination of nails in combination with a yellowish tint indicates the presence of a fungal infection.

Read also: What foods to include in the menu to keep nails strong

Inflammation of the nail fold

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The nail roll is a fold at the bottom of the nail. If the skin around the nail appears red and swollen, it is called an inflammation of the nail fold. It can be caused by infection, lupus, or other connective tissue disorders.

Dark stripes under the nail

webmd.com

If you notice dark streaks under your nails, go for an examination as soon as possible. This could be a sign of melanoma, the most dangerous type of skin cancer.

If you bite your nails

webmd.com

Perhaps you bite your nails because you cannot wean yourself from this bad habit. However, in some cases, it can be a manifestation of a state of constant anxiety that should be treated.Or even a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder. If you cannot control yourself, you should go to see a doctor.

Read also: How to stop biting your nails

Nail condition is just part of the puzzle

webmd.com

Changes in the state of the nails depend on many conditions, therefore only the condition of the nails cannot be used to diagnose any ailment. Nail abnormalities are not the first and / or main symptom of the disease.So if you are concerned about the appearance of your nails, see a dermatologist first.

See in the video tutorial how to make a water manicure:

90,000 Diseases of nails on hands and feet: symptoms, photos, treatment

Along with the skin, nails are a very vulnerable part of our body. Lesions and diseases of the nails are very unpleasant, since along with physical discomfort, they also cause psychological trauma, especially to women, especially when it comes to fingernails.

Pathology of nails can be the result of direct damage to the nail plate by a traumatic or infectious factor, or it can be the result of certain disorders in the body as a whole.

Of course, in most cases, the diagnosis and treatment of nail diseases is the prerogative of a dermatologist. But this by no means eliminates the need for people to have general information about the causes of certain diseases, measures for their prevention, as well as signs of a particular pathology, which will allow not to start the process, but turn to a specialist on time, thereby saving both time, and money for treatment.You can find out about all this by reading the information squeeze presented in this article.

The most common nail diseases include onychomycosis, nail lesions in psoriasis, onycholysis, and post-traumatic deformities of the nail plates.

Onychomycosis

Are the result of an infectious lesion of the nails of the hands and feet of various types of fungi (dermatomycetes of various types, mold, yeast). Onychomycosis affects 10% of the population of our country.

Nail fungus is unpleasant in that it gradually (in the absence of proper treatment) affects the neighboring nails, and also infects others, of which, first of all, family members.

There are different types of onychomycosis according to the form, nature of the lesion and localization:

With normotrophic onychomycosis, the shade of the nail color changes, the appearance of spots and stripes is noted, while the thickness and shine of the affected nails remain normal.

With hypertrophic onychomycosis, there is a significant discoloration of the nails, thickening and deformation. Partial destruction of the nail from the edges is also possible.

In onycholytic or atrophic onychomycosis, the affected part of the nail atrophies, followed by its rejection from the nail bed.

By localization, such forms of onychomycosis are distinguished as:

– damage to the nail at the free edge (distal).

– lesion of the lateral sides (lateral).

– defeat of the posterior ridge (proximal).

– With total, the entire nail is affected.

At the same time, without going into the subtleties and details of the above classification, it should be remembered that if you notice that if your nails have changed in color, began to crumble or flake off, perhaps there are unpleasant sensations in the form of pain or itching, then this is signs of the development of nail fungus.

It should be remembered that self-treatment of onychomycosis is unacceptable!

It is imperative to immediately seek the help of a dermatologist. There are two approaches to the treatment of nail fungus:

– systemic therapy with antifungal antibiotics

– local treatment. It is used only if less than half of the nail is affected. If more, then a systemic antibiotic is prescribed.

Combined treatment with systemic and local agents is very effective. Of the local (topical) drugs, the most famous are Lotseril, Exoderil, Batrafen, Mycosan, Wartner Neil Expert, etc.d.

Nail psoriasis

This is a manifestation of a common autoimmune disease psoriasis in people with genetic adherence to it. Along with nails, skin, hair, joints can be affected.

With regard to nails, it should be noted the signs by which you can distinguish psoriasis from mycosis:

– The nail plates turn yellow.

– There is a gradual detachment of the plates, which become rough.

– Gradually, the nails are completely or partially separated from the nail bed.

– No pain, no inflammation.

– Possible hemorrhages under the nail in the form of reddish spots

Treatment, both local and systemic, and only under the supervision of a physician.

Onycholysis

One of the forms of dystrophy of the nail plate, in which it tends to move away from the nail bed with the formation of a space between them. There are many reasons for this condition:

– mycosis of the nail

– trauma, especially if it is accompanied by the formation of a subungual hematoma.

– tearing off the nail, especially if there is a bad habit of nail biting.

– burns, including chemical burns.

– allergy

– psoriasis, eczema

– endocrine disorders, neurological or cardiovascular diseases.

– long-term use of antibiotics

The main symptom is the formation of an uneven border line between the pink and white parts of the nail. Changes in nail color and shape are also possible.

Treatment is determined by a specialist depending on the identified cause of the condition.

Deformation of nails on the background of trauma

Almost always accompanied by a change in shape, color, hemorrhage under the nail plate. It is worth contacting a doctor with a similar problem, you decide depending on the severity of the lesion, the consequences and the severity of the unpleasant sensations. It is much easier to carry out injury prevention, observing vigilance and safety measures when carrying out traumatic actions or work.If the injury has led to necrosis and detachment of the nail, then the regeneration of the new plate will take about 6-8 months.

Some measures for the prevention of nail diseases

Healthy nails are not only a matter of chance or luck, but also the result of your attitude to yourself and your health. Listed below are those simple steps that will help you avoid nail problems.

– A healthy lifestyle in the broadest sense of the word. First of all, a high-quality balanced diet, avoiding tobacco and alcohol, and, if possible, stress prevention.

– Trust the professional manicure procedure.

– Compliance with hygiene rules, avoid contact with the surface in public places.

– Don’t bite your nails

– Make therapeutic and prophylactic baths for nails.

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