What are the most effective over-the-counter medicines for indigestion. How do antacids and acid blockers work to relieve heartburn symptoms. Which OTC treatments provide the best relief for acid reflux and GERD.

Understanding Indigestion and Its Common Symptoms

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a common digestive issue that affects millions of people worldwide. It’s characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by a feeling of fullness, bloating, and nausea. While occasional indigestion is normal, frequent occurrences may indicate an underlying condition that requires medical attention.

What are the primary symptoms of indigestion. The most common signs include:

• Burning sensation in the chest or upper abdomen
• Feeling uncomfortably full during or after meals
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Bloating and gas
• Nausea and sometimes vomiting
• Acidic taste in the mouth

Understanding these symptoms is crucial for identifying the most appropriate over-the-counter (OTC) treatment options available.

Antacids: The First Line of Defense Against Heartburn

Antacids are often the first choice for many people seeking relief from indigestion and heartburn. These medications work by neutralizing stomach acid, providing quick but temporary relief from symptoms.

How do antacids function in the digestive system. Antacids contain alkaline substances that react with and neutralize stomach acid, effectively raising the pH level in the stomach and esophagus. This neutralization process helps alleviate the burning sensation associated with heartburn and provides comfort to the irritated esophageal lining.

Common ingredients found in antacids include:

• Calcium carbonate (e.g., Tums, Alka-Seltzer)
• Magnesium hydroxide (e.g., Milk of Magnesia)
• Aluminum hydroxide gel
• Sodium bicarbonate

Some popular antacid brands on the market include:

1. Gaviscon
2. Maalox
3. Mylanta
4. Rolaids
5. Pepto-Bismol

When using antacids, it’s important to follow the package instructions carefully. Chewing tablets thoroughly before swallowing can provide faster relief. However, it’s crucial to be aware of potential side effects, which may include constipation (particularly with calcium and aluminum-based antacids) or diarrhea (more common with magnesium-based products).

H2 Blockers: A Longer-Lasting Approach to Acid Reduction

H2 blockers, also known as histamine antagonists or H2 receptor antagonists, offer a different approach to managing indigestion and heartburn. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, providing longer-lasting relief compared to antacids.

How do H2 blockers differ from antacids in their mechanism of action. While antacids neutralize existing stomach acid, H2 blockers prevent the production of acid by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach lining. This results in decreased acid secretion and provides relief for several hours.

Some common OTC H2 blockers include:

• Famotidine (Pepcid AC, Zantac 360)
• Cimetidine (Tagamet HB)
• Nizatidine (Axid AR)

It’s worth noting that ranitidine, previously sold under the brand name Zantac, was removed from the market in 2020 due to concerns about a potential cancer-causing contaminant. The new Zantac 360 contains famotidine instead.

H2 blockers are typically taken 30 minutes before meals or at bedtime to suppress nighttime acid production. While generally well-tolerated, some people may experience side effects such as headache, dizziness, or gastrointestinal disturbances.

Proton Pump Inhibitors: Advanced Acid Suppression for Frequent Heartburn

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent the most potent class of OTC medications for treating frequent heartburn and acid reflux. These drugs work by blocking the proton pumps in the stomach lining, effectively shutting down acid production at its source.

How do PPIs compare to H2 blockers in terms of efficacy. PPIs are generally considered more effective than H2 blockers for long-term acid suppression. They can provide relief for up to 24 hours and are particularly useful for healing esophageal inflammation caused by acid reflux.

OTC proton pump inhibitors available without a prescription include:

• Omeprazole (Prilosec OTC)
• Esomeprazole (Nexium 24HR)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid 24HR)

These medications are typically used for short-term treatment (14 days) of frequent heartburn. For optimal results, PPIs should be taken 30 minutes to an hour before the first meal of the day. It’s important to complete the full course of treatment as directed, even if symptoms improve earlier.

While PPIs are generally safe for most people, long-term use may be associated with certain risks. These can include nutrient deficiencies, increased risk of bone fractures, and potential interactions with other medications. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting a PPI regimen, especially if you have other health conditions or are taking other medications.

Combination Products: Merging Multiple Mechanisms for Enhanced Relief

Some OTC products combine different types of heartburn medications to provide comprehensive relief. These combination products aim to offer the benefits of multiple mechanisms of action in a single formulation.

What advantages do combination products offer over single-ingredient medications. By combining different active ingredients, these products can potentially provide faster and more complete relief from indigestion symptoms. They may be particularly useful for individuals who experience a range of digestive issues.

Examples of combination heartburn products include:

• Pepcid Complete (combines an H2 blocker with antacid ingredients)
• Zegerid OTC (combines a proton pump inhibitor with sodium bicarbonate)

When considering a combination product, it’s essential to read the label carefully and understand the active ingredients. This can help prevent unintentional overuse of certain components and minimize the risk of side effects.

Natural and Lifestyle Remedies to Complement OTC Treatments

While OTC medications can provide effective relief from indigestion and heartburn, incorporating natural remedies and lifestyle changes can enhance their effectiveness and potentially reduce the need for medication.

What dietary and lifestyle modifications can help manage indigestion symptoms. Consider implementing the following strategies:

• Eat smaller, more frequent meals to avoid overloading the digestive system
• Avoid trigger foods such as spicy, fatty, or acidic items
• Limit alcohol and caffeine consumption
• Quit smoking or avoid tobacco products
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Elevate the head of your bed to prevent nighttime reflux
• Practice stress-reduction techniques like meditation or yoga

Additionally, some natural remedies may provide relief for mild indigestion:

1. Ginger tea or supplements
2. Peppermint oil or tea (caution: may worsen reflux in some individuals)
3. Probiotics to support digestive health
4. Apple cider vinegar diluted in water (use with caution and consult a healthcare provider)
5. Aloe vera juice (choose varieties specifically prepared for internal use)

It’s important to note that while these natural approaches can be helpful, they should not replace medical advice or prescribed treatments for chronic or severe indigestion.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Persistent Indigestion

While occasional indigestion is common and can often be managed with OTC treatments, persistent or severe symptoms may indicate a more serious underlying condition that requires medical attention.

What signs indicate that it’s time to consult a healthcare provider about indigestion symptoms. Be alert for the following red flags:

• Symptoms that persist for more than two weeks despite OTC treatment
• Difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing
• Unintentional weight loss
• Persistent nausea or vomiting
• Blood in stool or vomit
• Severe or radiating chest pain (which could indicate a heart problem)
• Shortness of breath or sweating along with digestive symptoms

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s crucial to seek medical evaluation promptly. A healthcare provider can perform necessary tests to diagnose conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, or other gastrointestinal disorders that may require prescription medications or other interventions.

Diagnostic Approaches for Chronic Indigestion

When OTC treatments fail to provide adequate relief, healthcare providers may employ various diagnostic tools to identify the root cause of persistent indigestion. These may include:

1. Upper endoscopy: A procedure that allows visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine
2. pH monitoring: Measures acid levels in the esophagus over a 24-hour period
3. Esophageal manometry: Assesses the function of the lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal muscles
4. Gastric emptying studies: Evaluate how quickly food moves through the stomach
5. Blood tests: To check for infections or other systemic issues that may contribute to digestive symptoms

Based on the results of these tests, a healthcare provider can develop a tailored treatment plan that may include prescription medications, dietary modifications, or in some cases, surgical interventions.

Potential Risks and Interactions of OTC Indigestion Medications

While OTC medications for indigestion are generally safe when used as directed, it’s important to be aware of potential risks and interactions, especially for individuals with certain health conditions or those taking other medications.

What are some common risks associated with long-term use of heartburn medications. Prolonged use of certain OTC indigestion treatments may lead to:

• Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12, magnesium, calcium)
• Increased risk of bone fractures (particularly with long-term PPI use)
• Altered gut microbiome balance
• Potential increased risk of kidney problems
• Interference with the absorption of other medications

It’s crucial to discuss any ongoing use of OTC indigestion medications with a healthcare provider, especially if you have other health conditions or are taking prescription medications. Certain groups should exercise particular caution:

1. Pregnant or breastfeeding women
2. Elderly individuals
3. People with chronic health conditions such as kidney disease, liver disease, or osteoporosis
4. Those taking blood thinners, antidepressants, or other medications that may interact with acid-reducing drugs

Always read medication labels carefully and follow dosing instructions. If symptoms persist or worsen despite OTC treatment, consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and guidance.

Strategies for Safe and Effective Use of OTC Indigestion Medications

To maximize the benefits of OTC indigestion treatments while minimizing potential risks, consider the following strategies:

• Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary
• Rotate between different classes of medications to prevent overuse of any single type
• Keep a symptom diary to identify triggers and patterns
• Combine medication use with lifestyle modifications for comprehensive management
• Schedule regular check-ups with a healthcare provider to monitor long-term use and effectiveness
• Be aware of potential drug interactions and discuss all medications (including supplements) with a pharmacist or doctor

By adopting a thoughtful and informed approach to OTC indigestion treatments, individuals can effectively manage their symptoms while minimizing potential risks associated with long-term medication use.

Antacids, Acid Blockers, and More

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• Antacids for Heartburn
• Acid Reducers for Heartburn
• Combination Antacid/Acid Reducer for Heartburn
• Prescription Medication for Acid Reflux
• So Which Works Best for Heartburn?

There are a variety of heartburn medicines available over the counter to ease symptoms. If these don’t help enough, talk to your doctor about what else might help — in addition to lifestyle changes. Your doctor may want to see if gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is the cause of your symptoms.

Nonprescription medications used to treat heartburn include:

Antacids neutralize stomach acid to cut down on heartburn, sour stomach, acid indigestion, and stomach upset. Some antacids also contain simethicone, an ingredient that helps your body get rid of gas. Some antacids contain ingredients that can cause diarrhea, such as magnesium, or constipation, such as aluminum.

Examples of antacids include:

• Aluminum hydroxide gel 
• Calcium carbonate (Alka-Seltzer, Tums)
• Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) 
• Gaviscon, Gelusil, Maalox, Mylanta, Rolaids
• Pepto-Bismol

You should take antacids exactly as directed by your doctor or according to the package label. If you use the tablets, chew them well before swallowing for faster relief.

Be sure to follow the directions on the label so you don’t overdose or overuse antacids. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, changes in the color of bowel movements, and stomach cramps.

There are two types of drugs that cut down on the production of acid in the stomach: histamine antagonists (h3 antagonists or h3 blockers) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Examples of h3 blockers available over the counter include:

• Cimetidine (Tagamet HB)
• Famotidine (Pepcid AC, Zantac 360)
• Nizatidine (Axid, Axid AR)

Note: The h3 blocker ranitidine, which was in older Zantac products, was removed from the market in 2020 after it was found to contain a cancer-causing agent.

The proton-pump inhibitors esomeprazole (Nexium 24HR), lansoprazole (Prevacid 24HR), and omeprazole (Prilosec OTC)  are sold over-the-counter to treat frequent heartburn (two or more times per week) for 14 days. These types of medicines are also available as higher-strength prescriptions. Take them according to the directions on the package or as advised by your doctor.

If these medications don’t relieve your symptoms, or if your heartburn symptoms get worse or last for longer than 2 weeks, you should see your doctor.

Pepcid Complete combines the acid-neutralizing capability of an antacid and the acid-reducing actions of an h3 blocker. Zegerid OTC combines a proton-pump inhibitor with sodium bicarbonate.

h3 blockers. In prescription form (usually higher doses than the over-the-counter versions), h3 blockers can generally relieve heartburn and treat reflux, especially if you’ve never had treatment before. These drugs are particularly useful at alleviating heartburn but may not be as good for treating esophagitis (inflammation that occurs in the esophagus) that is the result of GERD.

Histamine stimulates acid production, especially after meals, so h3 blockers are best taken 30 minutes before meals. They can also be taken at bedtime to suppress nighttime production of acid. Examples of prescription h3 blockers:

• Cimetidine (Tagamet HB)
• Famotidine (Pepcid AC, Zantac 360)
• Nizatidine (Axid, Axid AR)

Side effects can include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, gas, sore throat, runny nose, and dizziness. 

Proton pump inhibitors. Depending on the source of your heartburn or reflux, your doctor can prescribe drugs that block acid production more effectively and for a longer period of time than the h3 blockers, namely the family of medications doctors call proton pump inhibitors. PPIs are best taken an hour before meals. They include:

• Dexlansoprazole (Dexilant)
• Esomeprazole (Nexium)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
• Omeprazole (Prilosec, Zegerid)
• Pantoprazole (Protonix)
• Rabeprazole (Aciphex)

Most doctors do not believe that one drug is significantly more effective than the others in managing GERD. These medications are also good for protecting the esophagus from acid so that esophageal inflammation can heal.

Side effects can include headache, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, nausea, and gas.

Promotility agents. These work by stimulating the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which may help prevent acids from staying in the stomach too long, and strengthening the lower esophageal sphincter, reducing reflux into the esophagus. Metoclopramide (Reglan) is a promotility agent occasionally used to treat heartburn associated with GERD. The side effects of Reglan can be serious and may include drowsiness, fatigue, diarrhea, restlessness, and movement problems.

All of these over-the-counter medicines, to a varying degree, can relieve the symptoms of heartburn. If you have more severe heartburn symptoms that these medications don’t relieve, or if you’ve been using these medicines for more than 2 weeks, call your doctor. You may need a stronger prescription medicine and tests to see what’s causing your symptoms.

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Fundoplication (GERD) Surgery: Laparoscopic Antireflux Procedure

Written by Matthew Hoffman, MD

• Surgery
• Endoscopic Procedures
• What to Expect Afterward

The most common reason for surgery is heartburn that doesn’t go away with medications and lifestyle changes. Surgery may also be an option when you have:

• Severe inflammation of your esophagus, the tube that runs from your mouth to your stomach
• A narrowing of your esophagus that’s not caused by cancer
• Barrett’s esophagus, a change in the cells because of acid reflux

Before surgery, you’ll probably get tests to check how well the muscles in your esophagus work, including esophageal manometry and esophageal motility studies.

Because you’re taking a risk with any operation, you should consider surgery for acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) only after other treatments don’t work, and when there’s a good chance the operation will turn out well.

The main surgery for stubborn heartburn is called fundoplication. The surgeon can either directly touch the parts of your body they’re working on (open fundoplication), or they can use special tools, including a thin tube with a light and camera called a laparoscope, to operate on you from the outside.

Your surgeon will cut into your abdomen: one large cut for open surgery, or a few small ones for laparoscopic surgery. Then they’ll wrap all or part of the top part of your stomach around the lower part of your esophagus and sew it in place. This tightens the esophagus, which helps prevent stomach acid from backing up into it.

With the LINX procedure, your doctor uses a laparoscope to put a ring of titanium beads around the outside of your lower esophagus. This strengthens the valve between the esophagus and stomach. Food and liquids can still pass through.

These are usually the first things your doctor will do. They’ll put a flexible tube, called an endoscope, through your mouth and into your esophagus and stomach. The tube has a light and camera so they can see the inside of your body. Through the endoscope and using special tools, they can also take tissue samples and do surgery.

With a set of small tools at the tip of an endoscope, they can tightly bind the end of the esophagus to the top of the stomach. Or they could place stitches in the lower esophagus to form pleats that strengthen the area.

In the Stretta procedure, or radiofrequency treatment, the doctor directs high-energy waves into the wall of the lower esophagus to create small amounts of scar tissue. This will usually lessen heartburn and other acid reflux symptoms. You may need more than one treatment for a good result.

These procedures are often effective, although they may not work as well as surgery. But they don’t require cutting into your belly, putting you under general anesthesia, or a hospital stay.

You’ll have a shorter recovery time and less pain with laparoscopy. Plus it doesn’t leave a large scar. It’s considered “minimally invasive.”

Most people are satisfied with their surgery and its results. But surgery won’t get rid of all your symptoms, and the surgery has a failure rate of 10% to 15%. You may need to keep taking medication. About 1 in 10 people will need to have surgery again.

These operations are generally pretty safe and usually don’t cause other problems. You might:

• Have a hard time swallowing after the surgery
• Feel bloated often, called gas bloat syndrome
• Get an infection where you were cut

You should talk to your doctor about the pros and cons in your situation to decide whether surgery is a good choice for you.

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Top 10 OTC Anticonvulsants List and Instructions

Contents

• 1 Top 10 OTC Anticonvulsants: Effective for Seizures and Convulsions
  • 1. 2 Carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant OTC
  • 1.3 Oxcarbazepine: One of the best anticonvulsants OTC
  • 1.4 Piroxicam: One of the best anticonvulsants
  • 1.5 Valproic acid
  • 1.6 Ethosuximide: one of the best anticonvulsants
  • 1.7 Levetiracetam
  • 1.8 Topiramate, one of the best nonprescription anticonvulsants
  • 1.9 Phenytoin
  • 1.10 Gabapentin
  • 1.11 How to choose an anticonvulsant drug
    • 1.11. 1 1. See a doctor
    • 1.11.2 2. Determine the type of seizures
    • 1.11.3 3. Read the instructions
    • 1.11.4 4. Do not exceed the dosage
    • 1.11.5 5. Follow your doctor’s advice
    • 1.11.6 6. Avoid alcohol
  • 1.12 Can travel medications be bought at a pharmacy without a prescription?
  • 1.12.0.2 Can OTC drugs cause side effects?
  • 1.12.0.3 How do I choose the best non-prescription anticonvulsant?
  • 1.12.0.4 Can anticonvulsants be taken with other medicines?
  • 1. 12.0.5 How long can anticonvulsants be taken without a prescription?
  • 1.12.0.6 Can over-the-counter anticonvulsants help other conditions?

Find out about the best anticonvulsants you can buy without a doctor’s prescription. Among the drugs are both traditional and natural products that can help manage the symptoms of seizures. Check out our recommendations and choose what works best for you and your health.

Seizures can come on suddenly and lead to various forms of poisoning, injury and infection, and diseases related to the nervous system. Anticonvulsants are needed to control seizures. However, since some are prescription-only, patients suffering from seizures may face an additional barrier to getting the right medication.

In some cases where seizures do not occur too often and not too much, you can do without a doctor’s prescription. In this article, we will look at the best anticonvulsants that are freely available in most pharmacies. These medicines will help to tame seizures and provide control over their manifestations.

In this list, we look at 10 over-the-counter anti-seizure medications that can effectively manage short and mild seizures. They have a fairly low price and are widely distributed. If you suffer from seizures, then perhaps with the help of these drugs you will find a remedy that will help you to be in control.

Lamotrigine – a reliable assistant in the fight against seizures

Lamotrigine is one of the most effective over-the-counter anticonvulsants. It is widely used to treat various forms of epilepsy, as well as to prevent bipolar disorder.

It is important to remember that lamotrigine has a number of side effects, including dry mouth, dizziness and nausea. When taking this drug, you should monitor your health and consult your doctor if you have any problems.

• Benefits: is effective in treating epilepsy and preventing bipolar disorder and is available without a prescription.
• Disadvantages: has side effects.
• Dosage: The optimal dosage is set by a neurologist.
• Usage: lamotrigine is taken by mouth, with or without food, once or twice a day.

Carbamazepine as an over-the-counter anticonvulsant

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant that can be used over the counter in some countries. It is most commonly used to treat epilepsy, but can also be effective for other conditions that cause seizures.

When using carbamazepine, follow the instructions for use, which usually includes taking the drug several times a day and the need to avoid alcohol during treatment.

1. Benefits: carbamazepine may be an effective anticonvulsant drug and may be available over the counter in some countries, making it easier for patients to access.
2. Disadvantages: Use of carbamazepine may cause side effects, some of which may be serious, such as suicidal ideation, aggressiveness, and insomnia. Sleep problems, dizziness, nausea and vomiting are also possible.

If you are considering using carbamazepine as an over-the-counter anticonvulsant, it is important to discuss this possibility with your doctor and read the package insert carefully. Remember that self-medication can harm your health.

Oxcarbazepine: one of the best non-prescription anticonvulsant drugs

Oxcarbazepine is an anticonvulsant drug that does not require a prescription and can be purchased at a pharmacy without problems. It is an effective tool for the control and prevention of seizures in patients with epilepsy.

The drug is available in the form of tablets to be taken daily on the advice of a physician. However, if the patient experiences side effects, he should immediately seek medical attention.

• Benefits: is safe, effective, available in pharmacies without a prescription.
• Disadvantages: possible side effects (nausea, weakness, dizziness).

Piroxicam: one of the best anticonvulsants

Piroxicam is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic sometimes used to treat epilepsy and seizures. It is usually sold without a prescription, but it is still advisable to consult a doctor before using it.

Piroxicam works by blocking prostaglandin, a chemical that causes inflammation and fever in the body. This reduces the level of pain and fever, which helps control cramps.

Although piroxicam may relieve some types of seizures, it may cause unwanted side effects such as dizziness, irritability and allergic reactions. Before starting treatment, you should consult with a specialist and monitor your condition during its use.

In general, piroxicam is one of the best anticonvulsant drugs that can help control seizure activity. But, like any other medicine, it must be used with caution and under medical supervision.

Valproic acid

Valproic acid is an effective anticonvulsant that can be used to treat various types of seizures, including epilepsy.

The active substance of the drug reduces the excitability of nerve cells, which helps prevent seizures. Valproic acid may also be used to prevent migraines and bipolar disorder.

Some side effects such as nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and dizziness may occur when using valproic acid. However, most people tolerate the drug without any problems.

• Name: Valproic acid
• Dosage: depends on the specific case and individual characteristics of the patient
• Presentation: tablets, oral solution
• Manufacturers: Teva, Pfizer, Sanofi from the most effective non-prescription anticonvulsants that can be used to treat various types of seizures.

  Ethosuximide: one of the best anticonvulsants

  Ethosuximide is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy. This drug is used as the main treatment for absences or seizures. The drug is available without a prescription from pharmacies, making it convenient for patients in need of a reliable anticonvulsant drug.

  Patients taking this drug should monitor their symptoms and see their doctor regularly to check that treatment is working. Dosage information and recommendations for taking the drug may vary depending on the age and individual characteristics of the patient, so the advice of a doctor should be followed when using this medication.

  Overall, Ethosuximide is one of the best over-the-counter anticonvulsants available for the treatment of absence seizures and seizures. It has few side effects and is safe to use when used properly and under medical supervision.

  Levetiracetam

  Levetiracetam is one of the most effective over-the-counter anticonvulsants. It is used to treat various types of epilepsy, including generalized and partial seizures.

  Levetiracetam acts on the brain, reducing the excitability of nerve cells. It can help reduce the frequency and intensity of epileptic seizures and improve patients’ quality of life.

  When using levetiracetam , a number of side effects may occur, including headache, nausea, and fatigue. However, they usually go away after some time after the start of treatment.

  • Benefits:
    • High efficiency
    • Reduced frequency and intensity of seizures
    • Results seen within days
  • Disadvantages:
    • May cause side effects such as headache, nausea and fatigue

  Trade names: Release form:

  Kepro, Keprogram, Levethir, Leveton, Epilevin, Episec, Episectin.

  Tablets, syrup, solution for injection.

  Topiramate is one of the best non-prescription anticonvulsants

  Topiramate is an over-the-counter anticonvulsant. It is one of the best means for controlling epileptic seizures and can be used alone or in combination with other drugs.

  The active ingredient in topiramate affects chemical signals in the brain, reducing their frequency and excitability. This helps prevent seizures and prolonged epileptic seizures.

  Topiramate may also be effective in the treatment of migraine. Its effect on chemical signals may help reduce the frequency and intensity of headaches.

  • Benefits of using topiramate:
  • No prescription;
  • Helps control epileptic seizures and migraines;
  • Available in various strengths.

  To improve the effectiveness of topiramate, you should take it regularly and follow the recommended dose. But it’s always a good idea to check with your doctor before taking topiramate, especially if you’re taking other medications, have kidney or liver disease, or are pregnant or breastfeeding.

  Phenytoin

  Phenytoin is an effective anticonvulsant drug that can be used without a prescription, but only on prescription. It is used to treat epilepsy as a preventive measure to prevent seizures from occurring. In addition, phenytoin can be used to treat neuropathic pain.

  How phenytoin works

  Phenytoin blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, which leads to a decrease in nerve irritability and a decrease in the likelihood of seizures. Its action begins 10-30 minutes after ingestion and lasts for 8-24 hours.

  Side effects

  Phenytoin may cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, vomiting, change in appetite, skin rash and others. It can also interact with other medications, so its use should be discussed with your doctor.

  Gabapentin

  Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant often used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain. It works by blocking certain nerve signals in the brain. Gabapentin may also be used to treat bipolar disorder, chronic pain, anxiety, and migraines.

  Gabapentin is generally well tolerated, but some side effects may occur such as drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia and weight gain. This may be important for patients who work with machines or who choose additional antiepileptic drugs.

  Gabapentin is available in a variety of dosage forms including capsules, tablets, liquid and powder.

  • Benefits:
    • Effective against neuropathic pain and epilepsy
      

      8

    • Safety of use
    • Few drug interactions
  • Disadvantages:
    • May cause drowsiness or dizziness
    • May cause weight gain
    • Long elimination time

  Gabapentin must be taken strictly according to the doctor’s prescription and in accordance with the instructions. It can also interact with other medications, so it’s important to tell your doctor about all medications and health problems you’re taking.

  How to choose an anticonvulsant drug

  1. Consult your doctor

  Always consult your doctor before starting treatment with anticonvulsants. Only he can determine the severity of the disease and prescribe the necessary drug.

  2. Determine the type of seizures

  Different types of seizures require different treatment. Some seizures can be treated with over-the-counter medications, but for more serious cases, you should definitely see a doctor.

  3. Read the label

  Read the label before using any anticonvulsant. It contains information about dosage, side effects and contraindications.

  4. Do not exceed the dosage of

  Do not try to increase the dosage yourself to speed up the treatment. This can lead to side effects and worsening of the condition.

  5. Follow your doctor’s advice

  If your doctor has prescribed you a certain anticonvulsant drug, follow the doctor’s advice. Do not skip appointments or change dosage without his permission.

  6. Avoid alcohol

  Alcohol should be avoided during treatment with anticonvulsants. This can adversely affect the effect of drugs and increase side effects.

  Q&A:

  Which anticonvulsants can be bought at the pharmacy without a prescription?

  Among the anticonvulsant medications available over-the-counter, valproic acid, also known as divalprox, is the most popular. You can also buy oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam.

  Can OTC drugs cause side effects?

  Anticonvulsants can cause various side effects, including headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, and incoordination. However, if the drug is taken according to the instructions, the chance of side effects is reduced.

  How to choose the best non-prescription anticonvulsant?

  The choice of the optimal OTC anticonvulsant should be based on the type and nature of the seizure, the frequency and duration of the episodes, the age and general health of the patient. It is necessary to pay attention to indications and contraindications to the drug, dosage and possible side effects.

  Can anticonvulsants be taken with other medicines?

  It is recommended that you consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking over-the-counter anticonvulsants with other medicines. Some drugs can interact with each other and cause unwanted side effects.

  How long can anticonvulsants be taken without a prescription?

  Anticonvulsants are usually taken for a long time. The duration of administration depends on the nature and frequency of seizures, as well as on the effectiveness and tolerability of the drug. Before extending the course of the drug taken, you should consult with your doctor.

  Can over-the-counter anticonvulsants help other conditions?

  Over-the-counter anticonvulsants commonly used to treat epilepsy and seizures. However, some of them can be used for other diseases, such as bipolar disorder and prostatitis. It is best to consult your doctor before using any drug.

  Corvalol® (drops) – instructions for use of the medicinal product

  Trade name

  Corvalol ^®

  International nonproprietary name

  9 0002 No

  Pharmaceutical form

  Oral drops 25 ml

  Composition

  1 ml of the drug (26 drops) contains:

  active substances – ethyl ester of a-bromisovaleric acid in terms of 100% substance 20 mg, phenobarbital 18. 26 mg, peppermint oil 1.42 mg;

  excipients : stabilizer, ethanol (96%), purified water.

  Description

  Clear, colorless liquid with a specific odour.

  Pharmacotherapeutic group

  Hypnotics and sedatives. Barbiturates in combination with other drugs.

  ATX code N05CB02

  Pharmacological properties

  Pharmacokinetics

  When taken orally, absorption begins already in the sublingual region, the bioavailability of the components is high (about 60-80%). Especially quickly (after 5-10 minutes) the effect develops when held in the mouth (sublingual absorption) or taken on a piece of sugar. The action develops after 15-45 minutes and lasts for 3-6 hours. In individuals who have previously taken barbituric acid preparations, the duration of action is reduced due to the accelerated metabolism of phenobarbital in the liver, where barbiturates cause enzyme induction. In the elderly and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, the metabolism of Corvalol ^® is reduced, so they have a longer half-life, which requires the need to reduce the dose and lengthen the intervals between doses of the drug.

  Pharmacodynamics

  Corvalol ^® is a sedative and antispasmodic drug, the action of which is determined by its constituent components.

  Ethyl ester of α-bromoisovaleric acid has a reflex calming and antispasmodic effect, due to irritation mainly of the receptors of the oral cavity and nasopharynx, a decrease in reflex excitability in the central parts of the nervous system and an increase in inhibition phenomena in the neurons of the cortex and subcortical structures of the brain, as well as a decrease in the activity of the central vasomotor centers and a direct local antispasmodic effect on vascular smooth muscle.

  Phenobarbital suppresses the activating influence of the centers of the reticular formation of the middle and medulla oblongata on the cerebral cortex, thereby reducing the flow of excitatory influences on the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. The decrease in activating influences causes, depending on the dose, sedative, tranquilizing or hypnotic effects. Corvalol ^® reduces excitatory effects on the vasomotor centers, coronary and peripheral vessels, lowering the total arterial pressure, relieving and preventing spasms of blood vessels, especially those of the heart.

  Peppermint oil contains a large amount of essential oils, including about 50% menthol and 4-9% menthol esters. They are able to irritate the “cold” receptors of the oral cavity and reflexively expand mainly the vessels of the heart and brain, relieving spasms of smooth muscles, causing a calming and mild choleretic effect. Peppermint oil has an antiseptic, antispasmodic effect, the ability to eliminate flatulence. Irritating the receptors of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, increases intestinal motility.

  Indications for use

  – symptomatic treatment of neurosis-like conditions; sleep disorders associated with acute and chronic stress, agitation and anxiety.

  The drug is indicated for the short-term treatment of sleep disorders, since the effectiveness of therapy decreases after two weeks of taking the drug.

  Method of administration and doses

  Corvalol ^® is taken orally, regardless of food intake, 2-3 times a day, 15-30 drops with water (30-50 ml) or on a piece of sugar. If necessary (severe tachycardia), a single dose can be increased to 40-50 drops.

  The duration of the drug is determined by the doctor depending on the clinical effect and tolerability of the drug. Taking the drug Corvalol ^® for more than two weeks is not recommended, since the effectiveness of the drug after two weeks of therapy is reduced.

  Side effects

  Corvalol ^® is generally well tolerated. In some cases, the following side effects may be observed:

  from the digestive system: constipation, feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region, with prolonged use – abnormal liver function, nausea, vomiting;

  from the nervous system: weakness, ataxia, impaired coordination of movement, nystagmus, hallucinations, paradoxical excitation, fatigue, slow reactions, headache, cognitive impairment, confusion, drowsiness, slight dizziness, decreased concentration, nightmares, hallucinations.

  from the immune system: hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema;

  from the skin and mucous membranes: allergic reactions, including skin rash , pruritus, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis;

  from the blood system: anemia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis;

  from the respiratory system : shortness of breath; hypoventilation, apnea

  from the side of the cardiovascular system: bradycardia, arterial hypotension; syncope

  on the part of the musculoskeletal system: with prolonged use of drugs containing phenobarbital, there is a risk of osteogenesis disorders.

  Prolonged use may cause manifestations of bromine poisoning.

  Symptoms: central nervous system depression, depression, ataxia, apathy, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, acne or purpura, lacrimation, confusion, hemorrhagic diathesis, incoordination

  These effects resolve when the dose is reduced or the drug is discontinued.

  Other reactions: fever, abnormal liver function, long-term use of phenobarbital may develop megaloblastic anemia.

  Contraindications

  • hypersensitivity to drug components, bromine;
  • severe violations of the liver and / or kidneys;
  • hepatic porphyria;
  • severe heart failure;
  • drugs containing phenobarbital are contraindicated in severe arterial hypotension, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, depression, myasthenia gravis, alcoholism, drug and drug addiction, respiratory diseases with shortness of breath, obstructive syndrome, traumatic brain injury and other brain diseases with a decrease in seizure threshold (due to ethanol content)
  • pregnancy and lactation
  • children under 18 years of age

  Drugs ^® .

  The effect of the drug is enhanced by the use of valproic acid, alcohol.

  Phenobarbital induces liver enzymes and therefore may accelerate the metabolism of certain drugs that are metabolized by liver enzymes (including indirect anticoagulants, coumarin derivatives, griseofulvin, glucocorticosteroids, oral contraceptives, cardiac glycosides, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, psychotropic, oral hypoglycemic, hormonal, immunosuppressive, cytostatic, antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive drugs).

  Phenobarbital increases the effect of analgesics and local anesthetics.

  MAO inhibitors prolong the effect of phenobarbital.

  When used simultaneously with valproic acid, its effect is enhanced.

  When used simultaneously with methotrexate, its toxic effect is enhanced.

  Alcohol enhances the effect of the drug and its toxicity.

  Rifampicin may reduce the effect of phenobarbital. When used with gold preparations, the risk of kidney damage increases. With prolonged simultaneous use with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, there is a risk of gastric ulcers and bleeding. The simultaneous use of drugs containing phenobarbital with zidovudine increases the toxicity of both drugs. The drug increases the toxicity of methotrexate.

  Special instructions

  During treatment with the drug, it is not recommended to engage in activities that require increased attention, rapid mental and motor reactions.

  If possible, the drug should be avoided in patients with depressive disorders, suicidal tendencies, people with drug dependence.

  Elderly and debilitated patients may respond to phenobarbital by developing marked agitation, depression and confusion.

  Caution should be exercised when prescribing phenobarbital to patients with acute or chronic pain because paradoxical arousal may develop and important clinical symptoms may be masked.

  Care should be taken when prescribing the drug for arterial hypotension.

  Concurrent consumption of alcoholic beverages should be avoided.

  The presence of phenobarbital in the medicinal product may lead to the risk of developing Stevens-Johnson and Lyell syndrome, which is most likely in the first weeks of treatment.

  Long-term use of the drug is not recommended due to the risk of developing drug dependence, the possible accumulation of bromine in the body and the development of bromine poisoning.

  If the pain in the region of the heart does not go away after taking the drug, it is necessary to consult a doctor to rule out acute coronary syndrome. Use with caution in case of arterial hypotension, hyperkinesis, hyperthyroidism, adrenal hypofunction, acute and chronic pain syndrome, acute drug intoxication.

  This medicine contains 56 vol. % ethanol (alcohol).

  The minimum dose of the drug (15 drops) contains 254 mg of ethanol, which is equivalent to 6.4 ml of beer or 2.7 ml of wine. Harmful to alcoholic patients. Caution should be exercised when used in patients with liver disease and patients with epilepsy.

  Pediatric use

  There is no experience of use in the treatment of children, therefore the drug should not be used in pediatric practice.

  Use during pregnancy and lactation

  Do not use during pregnancy or lactation.

  Features of the effect of the drug on the ability to drive vehicles and potentially dangerous mechanisms

  Corvalol ^® contains phenobarbital and ethanol, therefore it can cause impaired coordination, speed of psychomotor reactions, drowsiness and dizziness during treatment. In this regard, it is not recommended to engage in activities that require increased attention, including driving vehicles and working with other mechanisms.

  Overdose

  Overdose is possible with frequent or prolonged use of the drug, which is associated with the cumulation of its components. Prolonged and constant use can cause dependence, withdrawal symptoms, psychomotor agitation.

  Symptoms: respiratory depression, up to its stop, CNS depression, up to coma, depression of cardiovascular activity, including rhythm disturbances, decrease in blood pressure, up to a collaptoid state, nausea, weakness, decrease in body temperature, decrease in diuresis .

  Treatment: symptomatic.

  Release form and packaging

  25 ml in dark glass bottles, sealed with stoppers – droppers and screw caps with first opening control.

  Bottles are labeled with self-adhesive labels.

  Each bottle, together with instructions for medical use in the state and Russian languages, is placed in a cardboard box.

  Storage conditions

  In the original packaging at a temperature not exceeding 25 ^° C.

  Keep out of the reach of children!

  Shelf life

  2 years and 6 months.