150.500+ Fotos, Bilder und lizenzfreie Bilder zu Endocrine System

Bilder

• Bilder
• Fotos
• Grafiken
• Vektoren
• Videos

Videos zu endocrine system ansehen

Durchstöbern Sie 150.593

endocrine system Stock-Fotografie und Bilder. Oder starten Sie eine neue Suche, um noch mehr Stock-Fotografie und Bilder zu entdecken.

Sortieren nach:

Am beliebtesten

synapse-verbindungen. struktur, die es einem neuron (oder einer nervenzelle) ermöglicht, ein elektrisches oder chemisches signal an ein anderes neuron weiterzugeben – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Synapse-Verbindungen. Struktur, die es einem Neuron (oder einer…

synapse-verbindungen. struktur, die es einem neuron oder einer nervenzelle ermöglicht, ein elektrisches oder chemisches signal an ein anderes neuron weiterzugeben. gehirn. neuronaler netzwerkschaltkreis von neuronen – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Synapse-Verbindungen. Struktur, die es einem Neuron oder einer…

Synapsenverbindungen. Struktur, die es einem Neuron oder einer Nervenzelle ermöglicht, ein elektrisches oder chemisches Signal an ein anderes Neuron oder an die Zielzelle weiterzuleiten. Nervensystem. Gehirn. 3D-Rendering

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

hormon-zeichen auf weißem papier. mann hand holding papier mit dem text. am himmelshintergrund isoliert – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Hormon-Zeichen auf weißem Papier. Mann Hand Holding Papier mit…

endokrinen system-image – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Endokrinen System-Image

Männliches endokrines System. Menschliche Anatomie. Menschliche Silhouette mit detaillierten inneren Organen. Vektorillustration isoliert auf weißem Hintergrund.

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

endokrinen drüsen bild – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Endokrinen Drüsen Bild

Menschliche Anatomie Icons gesetzt. Endokrines System: Hypophyse, Zirbeldrüse, Hoden, Eierstock, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Schilddrüse, Thymus, Nebenniere. Vektorillustration isoliert auf dunkelgrauem Hintergrund.

endokrinen system-image – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Endokrinen System-Image

Weibliches und männliches endokrines System. Menschliche Anatomie. Menschliche Silhouette mit detaillierten inneren Organen. Vektorillustration isoliert auf rosa und blauem Hintergrund.

schilddrüsen-krebs-zellen – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Schilddrüsen-Krebs-Zellen

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

Die elektronische Medizin überträgt künstliche Intelligenz in den Körperdaten und passt Autoimmunerkrankungen und psychische Gesundheit an. Anomalien können in Echtzeit gefunden werden. Senden Sie Daten an Ihr Smartphone oder Tablet.

stress-antwort-system – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Stress-Antwort-system

Stressreaktionssystem. Stress ist eine Hauptursache für hohe Cortisolsekretion. Cortisol ist ein Hormon, das von der Nebennierenrinde produziert wird.

draufsicht-messschieber – messwerkzeug zur messung von körperfett und zur berechnung des body-mass-index im kalender mit markierten diättagen – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Draufsicht-Messschieber – Messwerkzeug zur Messung von Körperfett

schilddrüse aus pillen. ein symbol für schutz und vorbeugung vor schilddrüsenerkrankungen – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Schilddrüse aus Pillen. Ein Symbol für Schutz und Vorbeugung vor…

chirurgie der nebennieren und anatomie der niere – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Chirurgie der Nebennieren und Anatomie der Niere

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

Die elektronische Medizin überträgt künstliche Intelligenz in den Körperdaten und passt Autoimmunerkrankungen und psychische Gesundheit an. Anomalien können in Echtzeit gefunden werden. Senden Sie Daten an Ihr Smartphone oder Tablet.

bauchspeicheldrüse in einer linie auf weißem hintergrund. – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Bauchspeicheldrüse in einer Linie auf weißem Hintergrund.

schilddrüsenliniensymbol – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Schilddrüsenliniensymbol

Schilddrüsenliniensymbol. Endokrine Drüsen im Nacken. Gesundheitswesen. Ärztliche Behandlung. Körperteile. Konzept der menschlichen inneren Organe. Isolierte Vektordarstellung. Bearbeitbarer Strich

tyrosin handgezeichnete vektorformel chemische struktur schriftzug blaugrün – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Tyrosin handgezeichnete Vektorformel chemische Struktur…

Tyrosin handgezeichnete Vektorformel chemische Struktur Schriftzug blaugrüne Proteine

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der. ..

synapse-verbindungen. struktur, die es einem neuron oder einer nervenzelle ermöglicht, ein elektrisches oder chemisches signal an ein anderes neuron weiterzugeben. gehirn. neuronaler netzwerkschaltkreis von neuronen – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Synapse-Verbindungen. Struktur, die es einem Neuron oder einer…

Synapsenverbindungen. Struktur, die es einem Neuron oder einer Nervenzelle ermöglicht, ein elektrisches oder chemisches Signal an ein anderes Neuron oder an die Zielzelle weiterzuleiten. Nervensystem. Gehirn. 3D-Rendering

schilddrüse-symbol flach – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Schilddrüse-Symbol flach

nieren. illustration der linken und rechten niere. menschliches inneres organ. konzept des endokrinen systems des harnsystems. detailliertes flaches vektordesign für pädagogische anatomiebuch – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Nieren. Illustration der linken und rechten Niere. Menschliches…

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

schilddrüsenkrebs-bewusstseinsband in rosa, blau und türkisfarben – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Schilddrüsenkrebs-Bewusstseinsband in rosa, blau und türkisfarben

Schilddr üsenkrebs Bewusstsein Band Poster. Blaugrüne, blaue und rosa Schleife für Unterstützungs- und Solidaritätstag. Medizinisches Konzept. Vektordarstellung.

latteral thinking-symbol aus der sammlung von lebenskompetenzen. einfache zeile latteral thinking icon für templates, webdesign und infografiken – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Latteral Thinking-Symbol aus der Sammlung von Lebenskompetenzen….

Latteral Thinking Ikone aus der Sammlung von Lebenskompetenzen. Einfache Linie Latteral Thinking Icon für Vorlagen, Webdesign und Infografiken.

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

schilddrüsentag. die form der schilddrüse auf blauem hintergrund. platz für ihren text – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Schilddrüsentag. Die Form der Schilddrüse auf blauem Hintergrund.

Schilddrüsentag. Die Form der Schilddrüse auf blauem Hintergrund. Platz für Ihren Text.

unfruchtbarkeitsproblem mit dem ehepaar konzept. ein fruchtbarkeitsarzt oder reproduktiver endokrinologe mit mann und frauen, die hand zusammen in der therapie konsultieren sitzung der unfähigkeit zu schwanger. – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Unfruchtbarkeitsproblem mit dem Ehepaar Konzept. Ein…

illustration der menschlichen anatomie, systeme von organen für kinder. – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Illustration der menschlichen Anatomie, Systeme von Organen für…

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der…

Die elektronische Medizin überträgt künstliche Intelligenz in den Körperdaten und passt Autoimmunerkrankungen und psychische Gesundheit an. Anomalien können in Echtzeit gefunden werden. Senden Sie Daten an Ihr Smartphone oder Tablet.

wie funktioniert insulin arbeit – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Wie funktioniert insulin Arbeit

welt diabetes tag illustrationen gesetzt. hände verschiedene ethnien und blutzucker test.bestimmung von glykierten hämoglobin. elektrochemische, photometrische glukometer. störung der endokrinen bauchspeicheldrüse – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Welt Diabetes Tag Illustrationen gesetzt. Hände verschiedene…

Triptychon mit Diabetes-Krankheitstest

menschliche schilddrüse diagramm – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Menschliche Schilddrüse Diagramm

Schilddrüsen-Vektor-Illustration. Schilddrüse und Luftröhrenschema auf einer Silhouette eines Mannes gezeigt. Schilddrüsendiagramm-Zeichen. Menschliche Körperorgane Schilddrüsenanatomie Ikone. Medizinisches Konzept. Anatomie der Menschen.

suche krankheit, anomalien oder pathologie der schilddrüse konzept foto. doktor lupe halten und durch sie untersucht des modells der schilddrüse, durchführung von diagnostik zur krankheit – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Suche Krankheit, Anomalien oder Pathologie der Schilddrüse…

elektronische arzneimittel zur überwachung und anpassung der menschlichen körpersignale – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Elektronische Arzneimittel zur Überwachung und Anpassung der. ..

Die elektronische Medizin überträgt künstliche Intelligenz in den Körperdaten und passt Autoimmunerkrankungen und psychische Gesundheit an. Anomalien können in Echtzeit gefunden werden. Senden Sie Daten an Ihr Smartphone oder Tablet.

realistische 3d-illustration der menschlichen bauchspeicheldrüse mit gallenblase, zwölffingerdarm und blutgefäßen – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Realistische 3D-Illustration der menschlichen Bauchspeicheldrüse…

adrenal drüse hormon gereizter – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Adrenal Drüse Hormon gereizter

Nebennierenhormonsekretion. Nebennieren sitzen auf den Nieren und bestehen aus einem äußeren Kortex und einem inneren Medulla, die verschiedene Arten von Hormonen produzieren. Menschliches endokrines System

fettgewebe und hormone – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Fettgewebe und hormone

Fettgewebe ist ein endokrines Organ, das zahlreiche Proteinhormone absondert, darunter Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin, Interleukin, Apelin, Tumornekrosefaktor und Östrogen.

insulin und glucagon – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Insulin und glucagon

menschliche wachstum hormon – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Menschliche Wachstum Hormon

Wachstumshormon (GH) oder Somatotropin, das von der Hypophyse abgesondert wird. Wachstumshormon-Releasing-Hormon (GHRH) stimuliert die vordere Hypophyse zur Freisetzung von GH. Das Ziel des Wachstumshormons

sexualhormone. labor-symbol, hormon östrogen testosteron chemische struktur. mann mädchen gesundheit, information molekül utter vektor zeichen – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Sexualhormone. Labor-Symbol, Hormon Östrogen Testosteron…

zirbeldrüse anatomischen querschnitt abbildung zeigerdiagramm mit menschlichen gehirnen. – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Zirbeldrüse anatomischen Querschnitt Abbildung Zeigerdiagramm…

Anatomisches Kreuzschnitt-Vektor-Illustrationsdiagramm der Zirbeldrüse mit menschlichen Gehirnen. Medizinisches Informationsplakat.

hypothyreose – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Hypothyreose

Hypothyreose oder niedrige Schilddrüse und Hypothyreose. Häufige Störung des endokrinen Systems, bei der die Schilddrüse nicht genug Schilddrüsenhormon produziert. Anzeichen und Symptome Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen

pankreas-vektor-bild – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Pankreas-Vektor-Bild

Pankreas- und Zwölffingerdarmbild auf hellblauem Hintergrund. Medizinische Vektordarstellung der inneren Organe.

endokrinen drüsen bild – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Endokrinen Drüsen Bild

Menschliches Anatomie-Set. Endokrines System: Hypophyse, Zirbeldrüse, Hoden, Eierstock, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Schilddrüse, Thymus, Nebenniere. Vektorillustration isoliert auf weißem Hintergrund.

secretory pancreas. funktion – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

secretory Pancreas. Funktion

der arzt des unbekannten mannes macht magnetresonanztherapie. die person und den organismus zu erfassen. diagnose krebs – endocrine system stock-fotos und bilder

Der Arzt des unbekannten Mannes macht Magnetresonanztherapie….

Stadt Gomel, Weißrussland 01-Jun-2017.Gomel Clinical Hospital.Der Arzt des unbekannten Mannes macht Magnetresonanztherapie. Um die Person und einen Organismus zu befragen. Diagnose von Krebs

hypophyse (hirnanhangdrüse) vektor – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Hypophyse (Hirnanhangdrüse) Vektor

Hypophyse detaillierte Vektorillustration. Medizinische Anatomie des menschlichen Hirnquerschnitts. Hypophyse Infografik in hellblauen Farben. Wo ist das Konzept der Hypophyse.

3d-isometrischer flacher vektor konzeptionelle illustration von insulin und glucagon – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

3D-Isometrischer flacher Vektor Konzeptionelle Illustration von. ..

3D Isometrischer flacher Vektor Konzeptionelle Darstellung von Insulin und Glucagon, Regulierung des Blutzuckerspiegels

menschliches hormon serotonin konzept chemische skelettformel symbol label, text schriftart vektor illustration, isoliert auf weiß. periodisches elementsystem. – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Menschliches Hormon Serotonin Konzept chemische Skelettformel…

hypothalamus-vektor-bild – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Hypothalamus-Vektor-Bild

Hypothalamus Infografik Bild. Detaillierte Anatomie des menschlichen Hirnquerschnitts. Vektorillustration in leuchtenden Farben auf hellrosa Grund. Wo ist Hypothalamus Konzept.

pancreatic cancer awareness month wird am november in den usa organisiert. bauchspeicheldrüsenärzte untersuchen. – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month wird am November in den USA. ..

Der Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month wird im November in den USA organisiert. Pankreas-Ärzte untersuchen. Winziger Therapeut behandelt Patienten. Health Care flat concept vector for web, Flyer.

schilddrüsenliniensymbol – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Schilddrüsenliniensymbol

wachstum hormon oder human hair oder somatropin – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Wachstum Hormon oder human hair oder somatropin

Physiologische Wirkungen von Wachstumshormon. Direkte und indirekte Auswirkungen

hormoneller verhütungsring – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

hormoneller Verhütungsring

endokrinen system-image – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Endokrinen System-Image

menschliches wachstumshormon rgb-farbsymbol – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Menschliches Wachstumshormon RGB-Farbsymbol

Menschliches Wachstumshormon RGB-Farbsymbol. HGH-Molekülstruktur. Wissenschaftliche Forschung. Chemische Verbindung. Endokrinologie und Medizin. Biologie und Biochemie. Isolierte Vektorillustration

schilddrüsen-glyphensymbol – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Schilddrüsen-Glyphensymbol

Schilddrüsen-Glyphen-Symbol. Endokrine Drüsen in der Halsuntersuchung. Probleme finden. Konzept der inneren Organe des Menschen. Gefülltes flaches Schild. Isolierte Silhouetten-Vektorillustration

hypothalamus-vektor-bild – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Hypothalamus-Vektor-Bild

Hypothalamus Infografik Bild. Detaillierte Anatomie des menschlichen Hirnquerschnitts. Vektorillustration in leuchtenden Farben auf hellrosa Grund.

endokrinen system-image – endocrine system stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbole

Endokrinen System-Image

Schilddrüsenhormone Vektorbild. Menschliches endokrines System. Anatomische Infografik.

von 100

Chapter 17 The Endocrine System – Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual for Nursing and Allied Health

By Rajeev Chandra

Motivation. 

Figure 17.1 Endocrine System and Balance. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating many of the variables controlling the body’s internal environment. Hormones of the endocrine system coordinate and control growth, metabolism, temperature regulation, the stress response, reproduction, and many other functions. Image Credit: photographer Sumit Bose, Wikimedia Commons, photo title Yoga, license CC-BY

You may never have thought of it this way, but when you send a text message to two friends to meet you at the dining hall at six, you’re sending digital signals that (you hope) will affect their behavior—even though they are some distance away. Similarly, certain cells send chemical signals to other cells in the body that influence their behavior. This long-distance intercellular communication, coordination, and control is critical for homeostasis, and it is the fundamental function of the endocrine system.

The laboratory exercises in this module will identify several of the “classical” endocrine glands, describe the location and structure of these glands (both gross and histological), and outline the functions of the hormones that are secreted from these glands. Regulation of the glands by factors in the internal environment will also be explored in a simulated experiment.

Upon completion of the work in this chapter students should be able to:

• Identify the classical endocrine glands on a model or diagram
• List the hormones produced by each endocrine gland identified, and discuss the actions of each hormone identified
• Differentiate among the histology of the endocrine glands when viewed on a microscope slide
• Identify the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, and adrenal medulla, and list the hormones that are released from each region
• Identify pancreatic islets
• Describe the nature of the feedback loops that regulate the activity of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, the target glands, and target tissues

Background.

Figure 17.2 Major endocrine organs.

Overview

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by cells and released into the bloodstream, where they travel throughout the body. This allows these messengers to act on cells and organs that may be distant from the cells that synthesized them. Although many cells release chemicals that communicate with other cells, we typically describe some organs or glands as being part of the “endocrine system.” Glands that are typically included in discussions of the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system are shown at right.

Each endocrine gland secretes particular hormones, which in turn has particular effects on the target cells and organs. We’ll be looking at these glands and hormones individually as part of this exercise.

SPECIFIC ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Adrenal glands

The adrenal glands (as their name implies) are located near the kidneys (ad-RENAL). They are paired, pyramidal glands that sit on the superior aspect of each kidney.

The adrenal glands are composed of two distinct regions: the outer adrenal cortex, and the inner adrenal medulla. These regions can be seen when the glands are sectioned, but the real differences are clear when the tissue is viewed under a microscope.

Figure 17.3 Adrenal Glands. Credit: Wikipedia, license Public Doman.

Adrenal Cortex

The adrenal cortex can be further divided into 3 sub-regions or layers:

The zona glomerulosa, the outermost or most superficial layer, which synthesizes and secretes aldosterone in response to stimuli like decreased blood pressure. Aldosterone

(a steroid) regulates Na+ and K+ balance, and plays an important role in fluid homeostasis.

The zone fasciculata, the middle layer, synthesizes and secretes cortisol and other glucocorticoids in response to ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

The zona reticularis, the deepest layer of the cortex, secretes androgens, or sex hormones (that are also steroids). These hormones act throughout the body and have similar effects as sex steroids produced by the ovaries and testes.

Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal medulla is the innermost (deepest) region of the adrenal gland, and consists mostly of modified sympathetic nerves. As a result, the adrenal medulla synthesizes and secretes catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Figure 17.4 Adrenal gland histology. A histological image that clearly shows the cortex and medulla, and the layers of the cortex. Credit: photo by Jpogi, Wikimedia Commons, license CC0

Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located on the anterior aspect of the larynx (voicebox). The right and left lobes on either side (analogous to the butterfly’s wings) are connected by a thin band of glandular tissue called the isthmus (Figure 17. 5).

Figure 17.5 Thyroid gland anatomical location. Credit: Wikimedia Commons, license Public Domain.

Histologically, the thyroid gland is composed of follicles, round structures where thyroid hormones are synthesized and released. Several follicles can be seen in the photomicrograph below. The substance in the follicles is called colloid, which is an iodine-rich precursor to thyroid hormones. The follicular cells use these precursor molecules to synthesize and release the finished thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine, or T3, and thyroxine, or T4). Thyroid hormones act on many other cells in the body and have many effects, including increasing heart rate, increasing protein synthesis, and increasing overall metabolic rate. Parafollicular cells are found in-between the follicles. These cells synthesize another hormone called calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium balance in the body.

Figure 17.6 Thyroid gland histology.

Parathyroid glands

The parathyroid glands are 4 – 6 small, round glands found on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland (Figure 17. 7). These glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low levels of calcium in the plasma. PTH acts to activate osteoclasts to dissolve existing bone tissue, liberating the calcium that is stored there. PTH also acts to increase calcium absorption from the intestines and increases the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney tubules. The net result of PTH on the body is to increase calcium ion levels in the plasma.

Figure 17.7 Parathyroid glands anatomical location. Purple spots indicate the glands. Image credit: By BodyParts3D, Wikimedia Commons, license CC-BY-SA

A photomicrograph of the parathyroid gland (Figure 17.8) shows the cells that are responsible for the synthesis and release of PTH called chief cells, or parathyroid cells. Other cells that are present in the parathyroid glands are called oxyphil cells, but their function is not clear.

Figure 17.8 Parathyroid gland histology. Credit: Image by Nephron, Wikimedia Commons, license CC-BY-SA

Pancreas

Figure 17. 9 Pancreas anatomic location. Credit: Gray’s Anatomy (1918) on Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain.

The pancreas is a large, comma-shaped organ (Figure 17.9) that has both exocrine functions (synthesizing digestive juices that are secreted into the small intestine) and endocrine functions. It is located in the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach and tucked into the curve of the duodenum.

Several hormones are synthesized and secreted from the pancreas, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. (Somatostatin is known by another name – growth hormone inhibiting hormone, the same hormone that is released from the hypothalamus to regulate the activity of the pituitary gland.)

Figure 17.10 Pancreas. The diagram shows the location of the pancreas relative to the duodenum. This diagram also shows the relationship between the exocrine cells (those that produce the digestive juices) and the clusters of endocrine cells – the pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans- that are scattered throughout the tissue.

Figure 17.11. Pancreas histology. A magnified photomicrograph of the pancreatic islets. The pancreatic islets can be clearly distinguished from the exocrine tissue that surrounds them. Credit: Photo by Polarlys on Wikimedia Commons, license CC-BY

The two main hormones released from the pancreatic islet cells are insulin and glucagon. Insulin is released from beta cells in the pancreatic islets, and has the actions to increase the uptake of glucose from the blood into tissues. This results in decreased glucose in the blood plasma. Glucagon is released from alpha cells, and has the effect to release glucose from body cells into the plasma, resulting in increased blood glucose levels. Somatostatin is released from delta cells in the islets. The action of somatostatin is generally inhibitory. In the digestive system, somatostatin acts to inhibit the release of both insulin and glucagon. In the anterior pituitary (discussed above), somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary.

Reproductive Glands: Ovaries and Testes

Figure 17.12 Ovaries. Anterior view, shown in blue.

The ovaries (Figure 17.12) are the female gonads that produce both gametes (cells that play a role in reproduction) and hormones. They are small, paired glands located deep in the pelvic cavity, and the gametes they produce are called oocytes. The production of oocytes is dependent on the hormonal activity of the anterior pituitary. The oocytes are released from the ovary and travel through the uterine tube to the uterus.

Figure 17.13 Folliculogenesis. Secondary follicle developing in the cortex of ovary. Electron micrograph of a secondary follicle, the oocyte, theca cells (thecae folliculi), and developing antrum are clearly visible. EM × 1100. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Ooctyes develop within follicles in the cortex of the ovary (Figure 17. 13). The process where oocytes are released from the ovary is called ovulation.

The ovary also produces female sex hormones called estrogens. There are three estrogens produced by the ovary: estrone, estradiol and estriol. All the estrogens are classified as steroids due to their chemical structure. Estrogens regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles, influencing the maturation of the oocyte in the ovary, the release of the oocyte during ovulation, and the changes seen in the uterus as it prepares to receive a potential zygote. Estrogens are also important in the development of secondary sex characteristics like breast development and fat redistribution. Another hormone produced by the ovary is progesterone, a hormone that plays important roles in preparing the body for pregnancy in the event that an oocyte is fertilized by a sperm cell.

Figure 17.14. Testes. Lateral view, shown in blue.

The testes are male gonads (Figure 17. 14) , and like the ovaries in females they produce both gametes (sperm) and hormones. The testes are also small paired structures, however they are located outside the pelvic cavity in males. Sperm that are produced in the testes must travel back into the pelvic cavity through a long duct system before being released from the body via the penis as part of the semen. The production of sperm in the male is regulated similarly to the oocyte production in females, via hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary.

Figure 17.15 Cross section of a seminiferous tubule within testis. In this electron micrograph of a cross-section of a seminiferous tubule from a rat, the lumen is the light-shaded area in the center of the image. The location of the primary spermatocytes is near the basement membrane, and the early spermatids are approaching the lumen (tissue source: rat). EM × 900. (Micrograph provided by the Regents of University of Michigan Medical School © 2012)

Sperm is produced within the seminiferous tubule (Figure 17. 15). Maturing sperm move through an extensive duct system both in the testis and to / through the pelvic cavity.

The main male sex hormone produced by the testes is testosterone. Like the estrogens from the ovary, testosterone is a steroid hormone that plays important roles in the development of secondary sex characteristics in males (increased bone and muscle mass, deepening voice, facial hair). Testosterone also influences the development of the sperm. A second hormone produced by the testes is inhibin, which plays a role in regulating the development and maturation of sperm.

Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus

Figure 17.16 Pituitary gland and hypothalamus.  The photo of the brain shows the location of the pituitary gland relative to the brain. Lateral view.. Credit: Wikimedia Commons, license Public Domain

The pituitary gland extends below the inferior aspect of the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus (Figure 17. 16).  We describe the pituitary gland as the “master gland” because it secretes hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands, in addition to hormones that act on other cells and tissues in the body.

Figure 17.17 The pituitary complex. The diagram shows the relationship between the pituitary lobes and the hypothalamus by color-coding the individual components.

Pituitary Complex The hypothalamus region lies inferior and anterior to the thalamus (Figure 17.17). It connects to the pituitary gland by the stalk-like infundibulum. The pituitary gland consists of an anterior and posterior lobe, with each lobe secreting different hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is composed of 2 distinct regions, or lobes: the ANTERIOR lobe (also called the adenohypophysis; sometimes called the pars distalis) and the POSTERIOR lobe (also called the neurohypophysis; sometimes called the pars nervosa). The differences between the two lobes can be seen easily when the tissue is examined under the microscope.

The posterior lobe is an extension of the brain tissue in the hypothalamus. This means that the posterior lobe is actually nervous tissue and not true glandular tissue. Hormones are synthesized in cell bodies in the hypothalamus, then transported to the axon terminals in the posterior lobe. These hormones are released from the axon terminals into the bloodstream. The anterior lobe is true glandular tissue: hormones are synthesized, stored and released from the cells here.

Hormones Secreted from the Pituitary Gland

Figure 17.18 The pituitary gland or hypophysis. Anterior and posterior lobes are shown. The lobes are distinguishable microscopically due to color differences as drawn in this figure. Credit: Gray’s Anatomy (1918) on Wikimedia Commons, license Public Domain.

Two hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary:

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Oxytocin

Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release oxytocin (OT) or ADH into the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. These hormones are stored or released into the blood via the capillary plexus (Figure 17.19).

Figure 17.19 ADH and oxytocin (OT). Synthesized in the hypothalamus and then transported to the posterior pituitary for release to the blood.

Six hormones are released from the anterior pituitary:

• Growth hormone (GH)
• Prolactin
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Figure 17.20 Anterior pituitary hormones. The image shows hormones from the hypothalamus being sent directly to the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system, where they act on the cells of the that gland to stimulate or inhibit their release.

The anterior pituitary is composed of three distinct cell types that can be seen more easily when they are stained with acidic or basic dyes. ACIDOPHILS are cells that appear red when stained with acidic dyes. BASOPHILS are cells that appear blue when stained with basic dyes. CHROMOPHOBES are cells that remain uncolored in the presence of either type of dye. The hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary are associated with either acidophils or basophils. The table below (Post-Laboratory Questions, #4) shows you which hormones are released from each type of cell.

REGULATION OF THE PITUITARY AND TARGET ORGANS / GLANDS

Feedback Loops

The release of hormones in the endocrine system are regulated through feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback is used to inhibit further hormone secretion: when a sufficient amount of hormone is released, it “feeds back” to decrease or prevent further release. In other words, the gland has released sufficient hormone to produce the desired effect, so further hormone release is inhibited. Because the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are regulating the activity of endocrine glands, they are also subject to feedback mechanisms and their activity will be altered in response to levels of other hormones.

The regulation of the anterior pituitary involves the release of hormones from the hypothalamus; regulation of the endocrine glands involves the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Further, hormones released from the endocrine glands interact with both the hypothalamus and the pituitary to regulate their activity, in a classic arrangement known as a feedback loop.

The pathways of three hormones are examined in this activity: thyroid hormone, cortisol and testosterone. The hormonal pathways are similar in all three cases. In each case: the hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone to regulate the activity of the anterior pituitary gland the anterior pituitary then secretes hormones that regulate the activity of a target gland (the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland or the testis) the hormones released from the target glands “feed back” to the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to inhibit the further release of those hormones. The hypothalamus is like a command center: if it is not stimulated, it will not secrete releasing hormones to stimulate the anterior pituitary, which in turn will not stimulate the target glands.

Pre-Laboratory Questions

After reviewing the Background information please answer the following questions.

1. Endocrine glands ________.

1. secrete hormones that travel through a duct to the target organs
2. release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
3. secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
4. include sebaceous glands and sweat glands

2. Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

1. autocrine
2. paracrine
3. endocrine
4. neuron

3. A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

1. humoral
2. hormonal
3. neural
4. positive feedback

4. Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

1. ADH
2. oxytocin
3. TSH
4. Cortisol

5. How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

1. 0
2. 1
3. 2
4. 6

6. The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

1. thyroid
2. liver
3. kidneys
4. hypothalamus

7. The gonads produce what class of hormones?

1. amine hormones
2. peptide hormones
3. steroid hormones
4. catecholamines

8. If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

1. somatostatin
2. pancreatic polypeptide
3. insulin
4. glucagon

• Exercise 1 Identify major endocrine glands and their locations
• Exercise 2 Name the main hormones secreted by each major endocrine gland
• Exercise 3 Describe the function of the main hormones
• Exercise 4 Identify microscopic structures of endocrine glands

Exercise 1 Identify major endocrine glands and their locations

Required Materials

• Torso Model
• Organs of the Endocrine System board model
• The Endocrine System poster
• Post-it notes
• Labeling tape

Procedure

1. This activity requires students identifying the locations of various Endocrine Glands using Torso Models. Students will also be able to explore respective structures of the Endocrine Glands using board model depicting various endocrine glands.
2. Use the board model to identify and become familiar with the anatomy of the following endocrine glands: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal gland, testis, ovary, pancreas. Place a label on each (using post-it notes) and take a picture. Insert the labeled picture in the space below. Alternatively, you can sketch and label.
3. Now that you know what these glands look like, find them on the torso model. Use the post-it notes to label them. Take a picture of the labeled glands on the torso model and insert in the space below. Alternatively, you can sketch and label.

Exercise 2 Name the main hormones secreted by each major endocrine gland

Required Materials

• Endocrine system poster

Procedure

Students will be utilizing this lab manual and OpenStax Human Anatomy and Physiology Text resources as well as the Endocrine System Posterto learn and identify hormones secreted by various endocrine glands. For each gland listed in the table below, find and list the hormones it produces.

Exercise 3 Describe the function of the main hormones

Required Materials

• None

Procedure

Students will be utilizing this lab manual and OpenStax Human Anatomy and Physiology Text resources to learn and identify functions of some important hormones in the table below.

Hormones	Hormone name and function
Pituitary (posterior) hormones	1. 2.
Pituitary (anterior) hormones	1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Thyroid	1. 2.
Parathyroid	1.
Pancreas	1. 2. 3.
Adrenal	1. 2. 3.
Ovary	1. 2.
Testis	1.

Exercise 4 Identify microscopic structures of endocrine glands

Required Materials

• Compound microscope
• Microscope lens paper
• Microscope lens solution
• Microscope immersion oil
• Slide of Adrenal Section (human) (Figure 17.4)
• Mammal Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands slide (Figure 17.6 thyroid, 17.8 parathyroid)
• Human Pancreas slide (Figure 17.11)
• Slide of Mammal Ovarian Follicles (Figure 17.13)
• Human Testis slide (Figure 17.15)
• Hypophysis (pituitary gland) slide (Figure 17.18)

Procedure

For each of the 6 endocrine gland slides listed above, follow these instructions:

1. Ask your instructor for a prepared slide. Refer to the Figures indicated above for each slide to see what you expect to observe.
2. Place it on the stage of microscope and bring it into focus using low power (4 x 10 magnification).
3. Study tissue on slide. Move slide vertically and horizontally.
4. Change the magnification to high power (10 x 10).
5. Draw the tissues at low and high magnification to show the cell and tissue structure as best as you can. Label.

Adrenal

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Pancreas

Ovarian follicle

Testis

Hypophysis (pituitary gland)

Post-laboratory Questions

1. Hormones of the Pancreas. Fill in the below table with the hormone that is released from each cell type found in the pancreatic islets. In the last column, briefly describe the actions of each hormone.

2. Sex Hormones. Fill in the below table with the hormone that is released from each gonad. Note that there is more than one hormone released from each gonad. In the last column, briefly describe the actions of each hormone.

3. Summary of Hormone Action. For each hormone in the left-hand column, fill in the table with the target cells or tissues on which each hormone acts; the effects of the hormones on those target cells or organs; and the stimulus for the release of each hormone.

4. Source, Actions, and Hypothalamic Regulation of the Anterior Pituitary. Fill in the table with the actions of each hormone, and the name of the hypothalamic hormone(s) that regulate their release.

regulation and influence on the body

Content

• 1 The endocrine system
  • 1. 1 The importance of the endocrine system in the body
  • 1.2 The functions of the endocrine system
  • 1.3 The interaction of the endocrine system with other body systems
  • 1.4 Main organs of the endocrine system
  • 1.5 Hormones and their role in the regulation of the body
  • 1.6 Disorders of the endocrine system and their consequences
  • 1.7 The role of the endocrine system in metabolism
  • 1.8 Endocrine glands and their characteristics
  • 1.9 Influence of the endocrine system on the growth and development of the body
  • 1.10 Endocrine system and reproductive function
  • 1.11 Video on the topic:
  • 1.12 Question-answer: 900 04
  • • 1.12.0.1 What is the role of the endocrine system in the body?
    • 1.12.0.2 Which glands belong to the endocrine system?
    • 1.12.0.3 How does the endocrine system control metabolism?
• 1.13 The influence of the endocrine system on immunity
• 1. 14 The importance of balance in the functioning of the endocrine system

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands in the body that regulates many processes, including metabolism, growth, development, and organ function. This article discusses the role of the endocrine system, the functions of the major glands, and the pathway of hormone transmission in the body. Learn more about how to keep your endocrine system healthy and what problems can result from an imbalance.

The endocrine system plays an important role in the regulation of various processes in the human body. It consists of endocrine glands that produce hormones and control various functions of organs and tissues. Hormones secreted by the endocrine system are intermediary substances that transmit information and signals between various cells and organs of the body.

The organs of the endocrine system perform the functions of regulating metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, adaptation to stress and other important processes. The endocrine system affects the functioning of organs and tissues by changing the activity of cells, increasing or decreasing the secretion of hormones into the blood.

The hormones of the endocrine system affect the body through target cells that have special receptors for certain hormones. Receptors located on the cell membrane or inside the cell bind to hormones and cause a specific cell response. Thus, the endocrine system plays a role in maintaining homeostasis, the balance of all processes in the body.

Various disorders of the endocrine system can lead to various diseases. For example, an underactive thyroid gland can cause hypothyroidism, which is characterized by decreased metabolism and skewed hormonal balance. On the contrary, excessive secretion of thyroid hormones can lead to the development of hyperthyroidism, accompanied by a rapid heartbeat and high blood pressure.

Thus, the endocrine system is an important regulator of many body functions. Its violation can lead to the development of various diseases and requires an integrated approach to diagnosis and treatment.

The importance of the endocrine system in the body

The endocrine system plays an important role in the regulation of various processes in the body. It is made up of glands called endocrine glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood. Hormones produced by the endocrine glands act on various organs and tissues of the body, controlling their functions and maintaining an optimal state.

One of the main functions of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis in the body. This means that the endocrine system helps to maintain the stability of the body’s internal environment by maintaining optimal levels of substances and processes such as body temperature, blood sugar, blood pressure, and others.

The endocrine system also plays a role in regulating the growth and development of the body. Hormones produced by the endocrine glands control the growth of tissues and organs and support optimal physical and mental development.

In addition, the endocrine system affects the mood and emotional state of a person. Hormones that are involved in the regulation of these processes affect the nervous system and can cause feelings of joy, sadness, stress, etc.

In general, the endocrine system plays the role of a “chemical messenger” in the body, providing communication between various organs and body systems. Thanks to it, the body can adapt to changing environmental conditions and maintain its performance.

Functions of the endocrine system

Regulation of the internal environment: One of the main functions of the endocrine system is to maintain the stability of the internal environment of the body. Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and influence various physiological processes such as body temperature, blood sugar levels, and fluid and electrolyte balance.

Development and growth: Endocrine hormones play an important role in the development and growth of the body. They stimulate cell division and differentiation, which contributes to the development of organs and tissues. For example, growth hormone promotes growth in childhood.

Metabolic regulation: Endocrine system hormones play an important role in the regulation of metabolism. They control the rate of metabolic processes such as the intake and distribution of nutrients, the synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates, and the breakdown of fats. For example, insulin regulates blood sugar levels and is involved in the process of glucose metabolism.

Reproductive function: Hormones of the endocrine system play an important role in the regulation of reproductive function. They control the maturation of eggs and sperm, regulate the menstrual cycle in women, and are involved in the process of fertilization and pregnancy.

Stress regulation and adaptation: The endocrine system plays an important role in regulating stress and adapting the body to a changing environment. Stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol are produced when exposed to stressors and help the body adjust to new conditions. They increase energy production, increase physical activity and increase the level of readiness of the body for possible danger.

Strength training

0%

Other

0%

Interaction of the endocrine system with other body systems

The endocrine system, which plays an important role in the regulation of many processes in the body, interacts with other systems, ensuring their coordination and coordination of work.

One way of interaction is signaling between the endocrine system and other systems. Hormones secreted by the endocrine glands enter the bloodstream and are distributed throughout the body, reaching the target tissues and exerting their effect on them. Thus, the endocrine system provides a global impact on the work of all organs and tissues.

The endocrine system also closely interacts with the nervous system, making up with it the so-called neuroendocrine system. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which are located in the brain, play a key role in regulating the endocrine system. The hypothalamus produces hormones that control the release of pituitary hormones, and the pituitary gland, in turn, stimulates or inhibits the function of other endocrine glands. Such interactions allow the endocrine system to quickly respond to changes in the external environment and internal conditions of the body.

Some organs, such as the thyroid, adrenals, and gonads, perform both endocrine and non-endocrine functions. They provide interaction between the endocrine and other body systems. For example, the thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism and growth, as well as affecting the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Thus, the endocrine system not only regulates the physiological functions of the general organism, but also interacts with many other body systems, ensuring its homeostasis and adaptation to changing conditions.

Main organs of the endocrine system

The pituitary gland is a small organ located in the brain that controls the other glands of the endocrine system. It produces a number of hormones that stimulate or inhibit the functions of other glands.

The thyroid gland is an organ located in the neck that is responsible for the secretion of hormones that regulate metabolic processes in the body. It produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which affect the functioning of the heart, digestive system and brain.

The adrenal glands are paired glands located directly above the kidneys. They produce hormones responsible for the body’s stress response, blood pressure regulation, metabolism, and sexual function.

Pancreas is an organ located in the abdominal cavity that plays an important role in metabolism. It produces insulin and other hormones that regulate blood sugar and nutrient absorption.

The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that regulate hunger, thirst, sleep, mood, and sexual function.

Gonads are sex glands such as the ovaries in women and the testicles in men. They produce hormones that are responsible for the development and functioning of the genital organs, and also regulate the reproductive system.

Hormones and their role in the regulation of the body

Hormones are chemicals produced by the endocrine glands and play an important role in the regulation of various processes in the body. They are involved in the control of the functioning of organs and systems, maintaining their homeostasis and ensuring the proper functioning of the body.

Hormones can affect the cells of organs and tissues both at the site of their formation and at sites remote from them. They act by binding to receptors on the surface or inside cells and triggering a whole range of biological reactions. Each hormone performs its specific function and is responsible for certain processes in the body.

For example, the hormone insulin regulates blood glucose levels. It stimulates the uptake and use of glucose by cells and promotes its storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Thus, insulin plays an important role in maintaining normal blood sugar levels.

Another important hormone is adrenaline, which is released during stress or exercise. Adrenaline raises blood pressure and increases heart rate, improving blood flow and preparing the body for increased activity.

Hormones also regulate the growth and development of the body, sexual function, metabolic processes, the immune system, adaptation to the environment and other important physiological processes. They are key factors in maintaining the balance of the internal environment and ensuring the normal functioning of the body.

Disorders of the endocrine system and their consequences

The endocrine system plays an important role in the regulation of various processes in the body. However, violations in the functioning of this system can lead to serious consequences.

One of the common disorders of the endocrine system is hyperfunction, when the secretion of hormones exceeds the norm. This can lead to such consequences as metabolic disorders, high blood pressure, violation of female and male reproductive health.

Another common disorder is the hypofunction of the endocrine system, when the secretion of hormones is reduced. This can lead to a slowdown in metabolism, impaired growth and development of the body, and disorders of the digestive system.

Imbalance of hormones can also lead to the development of endocrine diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, etc. These diseases are accompanied by disturbances in the functioning of organs and systems of the body, which can lead to serious complications and even threaten life.

In addition, disorders of the endocrine system can affect the psycho-emotional state of a person, causing depression, drowsiness, irritability and other unpleasant symptoms.

To prevent or treat endocrine disorders, see an endocrinologist, get regular medical check-ups, and follow lifestyle and medication recommendations.

In general, disorders of the endocrine system can seriously affect a person’s health and quality of life. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to your endocrine system and seek medical help in a timely manner if you experience symptoms or suspect disorders.

The role of the endocrine system in metabolism

The endocrine system plays a significant role in the regulation of metabolism in the body. It ensures the functioning of the endocrine glands (endocrine glands), which produce hormones and control many metabolic processes.

Hormones secreted by the endocrine system control metabolism at the cellular level. They regulate the rate of formation and destruction of substances, and also control the redistribution of energy in the body. For example, thyroid hormones are involved in the regulation of protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

Endocrine glands actively interact with other body systems such as the nervous and immune systems. For example, adrenal hormones are involved in the response to stressful situations, which affects metabolism. Pancreatic hormones also regulate the level of glucose in the blood, affecting the metabolism in the body.

The endocrine system has a complex and finely tuned feedback system that balances hormone production and action. This allows the endocrine system to precisely regulate metabolism, adjusting to the changing needs of the body.

Thus, the endocrine system plays a key role in metabolism, providing precise regulation of metabolic processes in the body.

Endocrine glands and their characteristics

Endocrine glands are organs in the body that produce and secrete substances called hormones. Hormones are carried through the blood or lymph and affect the functioning of various organs and systems of the body. The endocrine system plays an important role in regulating various bodily functions such as growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.

The major endocrine glands are pituitary , thyroid , adrenals , ovaries in women and testicles in men, and pancreas and parathyroid glands . They are located in different parts of the body and perform different functions in the body.

The pituitary gland is one of the most important glands of the endocrine system. It acts as the main controller and controls the work of other glands. The pituitary gland produces and releases hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands and signal them to produce and release certain hormones.

The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism and producing hormones that affect the immune system, nervous system and sexual function. Stimulation of the thyroid gland occurs with the help of the pituitary gland, which secretes hormones that activate its activity.

The adrenal glands produce hormones that regulate metabolism, maintain blood sugar levels, control blood pressure and are involved in stress reactions. Adrenal hormones affect the functioning of other organs and systems of the body.

The pancreas produces hormones that control blood sugar levels and keep them normal. It also secretes enzymes that are involved in the process of digestion and the breakdown of food.

Endocrine glands play an important role in the body, regulating many functions and processes. Different glands perform different functions and interact with each other to ensure the harmony of the body.

Influence of the endocrine system on the growth and development of the body

The endocrine system plays a key role in the regulation and control of body growth and development. It performs this function by producing and secreting hormones that act on various organs and tissues.

One of the most important hormones responsible for growth is growth hormone, which is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth and division of cells in the body, especially in skeletal and muscle tissues. A lack of this hormone can lead to slow growth and development, and an excess can lead to the development of gigantism or akiromegaly.

The parathyroid glands also play an important role in growth regulation. They secrete the parathyroid hormone, which controls the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood. Calcium is essential for the growth and development of bones, so a lack of this hormone can lead to a delay in the growth and development of the skeleton.

The thyroid gland is another important organ of the endocrine system that influences growth and development. It secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which regulate metabolism, energy metabolism and growth. Deficiency or excess of these hormones can lead to problems with growth and development of the body, such as stunted growth or slow metabolic processes.

The influence of the endocrine system on the growth and development of the body can also be seen in the example of sex hormones. They play an important role in the maturation of the reproductive organs and influence the physical development of a person throughout life. In men, testosterone production affects the development of the genital organs and muscle growth, and in women, estrogens regulate the development of breasts and the formation of female characteristics.

In general, the endocrine system plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the body, it is responsible for controlling and maintaining the balance of hormones, which contributes to the normal functioning of all body systems, including physical and mental development.

Endocrine system and reproductive function

The endocrine system plays an important role in regulating the reproductive function of the body. Endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and gonads produce hormones that control all aspects of the development and functioning of the reproductive system.

The hypothalamus, a small area in the brain, controls the pituitary gland, the main endocrine gland. Through a variety of hormones, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control thyroid hormone secretion, which in turn plays an important role in reproductive function.

Sex hormones such as estrogens and progesterone in women and testosterone in men are also products of the endocrine system’s action on the gonads. They regulate the growth and development of the sexual organs, energy and metabolism, and also control the menstrual cycle in women and spermatogenesis in men.

The influence of the endocrine system on reproductive function is manifested not only in physiological processes, but also affects the emotional state and behavior of a person. Changes in hormone levels caused by an imbalance in the endocrine system can lead to a variety of reproductive health problems, including male and female infertility, menstrual irregularities, and decreased libido.

Proper functioning of the endocrine system and regular examination by an endocrinologist help maintain the health of the reproductive system and ensure the possibility of reproductive offspring.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What is the role of the endocrine system in the body?

The endocrine system acts as a regulator and coordinator of all important processes in the body. It controls metabolism, regulates growth and development, is involved in reproductive function, and also affects mood and behavior.

Which glands belong to the endocrine system?

The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testicles (in women and men respectively).

How does the endocrine system control metabolism?

The endocrine system regulates metabolism with the help of hormones produced by the endocrine glands. Hormones transmit signals between various organs and tissues, controlling processes such as the breakdown of food, the release and absorption of nutrients, fat metabolism and body temperature.

Influence of the endocrine system on immunity

The endocrine system plays an important role in the regulation of the body’s immunity. Endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, and organs of the reproductive system, produce hormones that affect immune cells and body processes.

One of the key hormones associated with immunity is cortisol, which is produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol has an anti-inflammatory effect and regulates the activity of immune cells. It can enhance or suppress the immune response depending on the situation.

The thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which influence the formation and functioning of immune cells. These hormones also regulate metabolism and body temperature, which are important for keeping the immune system functioning properly.

Sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone also have an effect on the immune system. They can increase or decrease the activity of immune cells, affecting the body’s immune responses. For example, during pregnancy, estrogen levels are high, which helps to reduce the immune activity of the body and protect the fetus.

In addition, the immune system can affect the endocrine system. The immune system’s responses to infections or inflammation can cause changes in hormone levels that affect the function of the endocrine system.

The relationship between the endocrine system and immunity has been confirmed by a number of studies and is of great practical importance. Understanding these relationships can help develop new methods for the treatment and prevention of various immune and endocrine diseases.

The importance of balance in the work of the endocrine system

The endocrine system is one of the main regulatory systems in the body. It consists of endocrine glands that produce hormones and control many processes in the body. Balance in the work of the endocrine system plays a key role in maintaining the health and normal functioning of the body.

The importance of balance in the work of the endocrine system is manifested in the regulation of many physiological processes. Hormones produced by the endocrine glands control metabolism, growth and development, the functioning of the immune system, the reproductive system, and also affect the mood and emotional state of a person.

Disruption of the endocrine system balance can lead to various diseases such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, diabetes, adenomas of endocrine glands and others. Even minor changes in hormone levels can have a significant impact on the body and cause various symptoms and disorders in the functioning of organs and systems.

Maintaining a balance in the functioning of the endocrine system requires an integrated approach, including regular monitoring and control of hormone levels, proper nutrition, moderate physical activity and sufficient rest. It is also important to pay attention to the signals of your body, and if any changes are found, seek help from an endocrinologist to diagnose and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Endocrine disruptors| Our products are based on L’Oréal

Endocrine Disorders of Growing Concern is often confused with the concept of endocrine modulation, in which a substance interacts with the hormonal system without disturbing its functioning. Endocrine modulation does not have a negative impact on human health and the environment, provided that the conditions for the use of the substance in question are observed – its concentration in the finished product, the scope and frequency of use. For example, Many of us consume coffee, soy products and chocolate, and these substances are known to interact with the hormonal system.

However, we all know that in the quantities we normally consume, soy products, coffee and chocolate do not pose a threat to our health!

The concept of an endocrine disruptor

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “an endocrine disruptor is a substance or combination of substances that can alter the functions of the endocrine system and thereby have a negative effect on a healthy organism, its offspring or subpopulation. ”

Thus, a substance is considered an endocrine disruptor only if:

Taking parabens such as methylparaben and ethylparaben as an example, this does indeed have an endocrine modulating effect, but it does not have negative effects on human health and/or the environment. Thus, they are not endocrine disruptors, but endocrine modulators.

Is there a list of endocrine disruptors?

The only official list of endocrine disruptors (as defined by WHO) is provided by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). L’Oréal does not use any of the listed ingredients in cosmetics.

Our Commitment

Today we do not use ingredients that the WHO OMS defines as endocrine disruptors. The ingredients we use have no harmful effects on humans or the environment in the conditions for which they are intended, taking into account their concentration in the finished product, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bapplication and frequency of use. If there is doubt about a certain ingredient or scientific evidence of its effect on the endocrine system, we exclude it from the composition of the funds.

Over the past 15 years, we have been actively expanding our knowledge base and developing robust research methods, which has enabled us to build a predictive testing platform and guarantee the safety of funds for consumers and take measures to protect the environment. With these tests, we can determine if an ingredient affects hormone receptors.

Our R&D division continues to test endocrine modulation and destruction of in partnership with visiting experts such as Dr. Patrick Balaguer from the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM, Montpellier), as well as through the FEATS project, implemented jointly with the French National Institute for the Study of Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), and the European ERGO project. The research funded by the European Commission brings together representatives of academia from around the world, industry professionals and members of regulators.