Prevent fever. Fever: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Strategies

04.12.202124.07.2023 by alexxlab

What are the main causes of fever. How can fever be effectively treated at home. When should you seek medical attention for a fever. What are the best ways to prevent fever.

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Understanding Fever: Definition and Normal Body Temperature

Fever, also known as hyperthermia or pyrexia, is a temporary increase in body temperature above the normal range. While the average normal body temperature is often cited as 98.6°F (37°C), it’s important to note that this can vary slightly from person to person and fluctuate throughout the day.

Normal body temperature typically follows a circadian rhythm, being lower in the morning and higher in the late afternoon or evening. Factors such as menstrual cycles and intense physical activity can also influence body temperature.

How to Measure Body Temperature

Accurate temperature measurement is crucial for identifying fever. There are several methods to check body temperature:

Oral thermometer: Place under the tongue for 3 minutes
Axillary (armpit) measurement: Place the thermometer in the armpit and cross arms over the chest for 4-5 minutes
Rectal thermometer: Commonly used for infants, inserted about 1 inch into the rectum for 3 minutes

When does a temperature reading indicate fever? The thresholds vary slightly by age:

Infants: Above 100.4°F (38°C)
Children: Above 99.5°F (37.5°C)
Adults: Above 99-99.5°F (37.2-37.5°C)

The Physiological Mechanism Behind Fever

Fever occurs when the hypothalamus, a region in the brain that acts as the body’s thermostat, shifts the set point of normal body temperature upward. This triggers a series of physiological responses:

You may feel chilled and add layers of clothing
Shivering may occur to generate more body heat
Blood vessels near the skin constrict to reduce heat loss
Metabolic rate increases to produce more heat

These mechanisms work together to raise the body temperature to the new, higher set point determined by the hypothalamus.

Common Causes of Fever: From Infections to Medications

Fever can be triggered by various conditions and factors. Understanding these causes is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. Some of the most common causes include:

Infectious Causes

Viral infections (e.g., influenza, common cold)
Bacterial infections (e.g., strep throat, urinary tract infections)
Parasitic infections (e.g., malaria)
Fungal infections

Non-Infectious Causes

Inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease)
Certain medications (e.g., antibiotics, some blood pressure medications)
Vaccinations (particularly in children)
Heat exhaustion or heatstroke
Some cancers (e.g., lymphoma)
Hormonal imbalances (e.g., hyperthyroidism)

Is fever always a sign of infection? While infections are a common cause of fever, it’s important to remember that fever can occur due to various non-infectious reasons as well. A thorough medical evaluation is often necessary to determine the underlying cause.

Recognizing Fever Symptoms: Beyond Elevated Temperature

While an elevated body temperature is the primary indicator of fever, it often comes with a constellation of other symptoms. Recognizing these associated symptoms can help in assessing the severity of the condition and determining the need for medical attention.

Common Symptoms Accompanying Fever

Sweating or chills (sometimes alternating)
Headache
Muscle aches and weakness
Loss of appetite
Dehydration
Fatigue and general malaise
Increased heart rate and breathing rate

In children, additional symptoms may include:

Irritability
Decreased activity or lethargy
Poor feeding (in infants)

How can you differentiate between a mild and severe fever? While the temperature reading is important, it’s crucial to consider the overall symptom picture. A high fever with severe symptoms like extreme lethargy, confusion, or difficulty breathing warrants immediate medical attention.

Effective Home Remedies for Managing Fever

For mild to moderate fevers, several home remedies can help alleviate discomfort and support the body’s natural healing process:

Rest and Hydration

Adequate rest allows the body to focus its energy on fighting the underlying cause of the fever. Staying well-hydrated is crucial, as fever can lead to increased fluid loss through sweating.

Cool Compresses

Applying a cool, damp cloth to the forehead, wrists, and back of the neck can help reduce body temperature and provide comfort.

Lightweight Clothing and Comfortable Environment

Dress in light, breathable clothing and ensure the room temperature is comfortable, not too warm or cold.

Over-the-Counter Medications

Fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help lower body temperature and alleviate associated symptoms. Always follow dosage instructions and consult a healthcare provider if unsure.

Are cold baths recommended for reducing fever? While cool compresses can be beneficial, cold baths or alcohol rubs are not recommended as they can cause shivering, which may actually increase body temperature.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Fever

While many fevers can be managed at home, certain situations require professional medical evaluation. It’s important to recognize these scenarios to ensure timely and appropriate care.

Seek Immediate Medical Attention If:

An infant under 3 months has any fever
A child’s fever is above 102°F (39°C) and doesn’t respond to medication
An adult’s fever is above 103°F (39.4°C) or persists for more than three days
The fever is accompanied by severe symptoms like difficulty breathing, chest pain, or severe headache
There are signs of dehydration, such as decreased urination
The person has a compromised immune system or underlying health conditions

Additional Red Flags

Seizures or convulsions
Unusual skin rash, especially if it’s purple or red and doesn’t blanch with pressure
Severe abdominal pain
Confusion or altered mental state

How quickly should you expect a fever to resolve with treatment? Most fevers due to minor infections should improve within a few days. If a fever persists or worsens despite appropriate home care, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider.

Preventing Fever: Strategies for Reducing Risk

While not all fevers can be prevented, several strategies can help reduce the risk of developing fever-causing conditions:

1. Practice Good Hygiene

Regular handwashing with soap and water, especially before eating and after using the bathroom, can significantly reduce the spread of infectious agents that may cause fever.

2. Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccinations

Immunizations protect against many fever-causing diseases. Ensure you and your family members receive all recommended vaccinations.

3. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle

A balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep can boost your immune system, making you less susceptible to infections that may cause fever.

4. Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals

When possible, maintain distance from people who are ill to reduce your risk of contracting fever-causing infections.

5. Practice Food Safety

Proper food handling and preparation can prevent foodborne illnesses that may lead to fever.

6. Stay Hydrated

Adequate hydration supports overall health and can help prevent heat-related fevers.

Can stress reduction techniques help prevent fever? While stress itself doesn’t directly cause fever, chronic stress can weaken the immune system, potentially making you more susceptible to infections. Incorporating stress-management techniques into your routine may indirectly help reduce the risk of fever-causing conditions.

Understanding Fever in Special Populations

Fever can affect different populations in unique ways, requiring tailored approaches to management and treatment. Understanding these differences is crucial for providing appropriate care.

Fever in Infants and Young Children

Infants and young children are more susceptible to rapid temperature changes and may be at higher risk for complications from fever. Points to consider include:

Fever in infants under 3 months always warrants medical evaluation
Children may experience febrile seizures, which, while generally harmless, can be frightening for parents
Proper dosing of fever-reducing medications is critical and should be based on the child’s weight, not age

Fever in the Elderly

Older adults may not always present with typical fever symptoms. Considerations for this population include:

The baseline body temperature in older adults may be lower, so even a slight elevation could indicate fever
Cognitive changes or confusion may be the first sign of fever in some elderly individuals
Underlying health conditions may complicate fever management

Fever in Immunocompromised Individuals

People with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or with HIV/AIDS, require special attention when it comes to fever:

Even a low-grade fever can indicate a serious infection
Prompt medical evaluation is often necessary
Prophylactic antibiotics may be prescribed in some cases

How does fever management differ in pregnant women? Pregnant women should exercise caution with fever-reducing medications. Acetaminophen is generally considered safe, but NSAIDs like ibuprofen should be avoided, especially in the third trimester. Any persistent fever during pregnancy warrants medical attention.

The Role of Fever in the Immune Response

While fever is often viewed negatively, it’s important to understand its role in the body’s defense mechanisms. Fever is not merely a symptom of illness but an active part of the immune response.

Benefits of Fever

Enhances immune cell function: Higher temperatures can increase the activity of white blood cells
Inhibits pathogen growth: Many bacteria and viruses struggle to replicate at higher temperatures
Boosts antibody production: Fever can stimulate the production of disease-fighting antibodies

The Debate on Fever Reduction

Given the potential benefits of fever, there’s ongoing debate in the medical community about when and how aggressively to treat fever. Some points to consider:

Mild to moderate fevers may be beneficial and don’t always require treatment
Fever reduction is often aimed at improving comfort rather than treating the underlying condition
In certain cases, such as in young children or individuals with heart or lung conditions, managing fever may be more critical

Should you always try to reduce a fever? Not necessarily. For mild to moderate fevers in otherwise healthy individuals, it may be more beneficial to monitor the fever and treat the underlying cause rather than focusing solely on temperature reduction. However, high fevers or those causing significant discomfort should be managed appropriately.

Technological Advancements in Fever Detection and Management

As technology continues to evolve, new tools and methods for detecting and managing fever are emerging. These innovations are changing the landscape of fever monitoring and treatment.

Smart Thermometers

Advanced digital thermometers can now sync with smartphone apps, allowing for easy tracking of temperature trends over time. Some features include:

Automatic data logging
Alerts for temperature spikes
Integration with health records

Wearable Temperature Monitors

Continuous temperature monitoring devices, often in the form of patches or wristbands, are becoming increasingly available. These can be particularly useful for:

Monitoring infants and young children
Tracking fever patterns in chronic conditions
Early detection of fever in high-risk populations

Thermal Imaging Technology

Infrared cameras capable of detecting elevated body temperatures have gained prominence, especially in public health scenarios. Applications include:

Rapid screening in airports and large gatherings
Non-contact temperature assessment in healthcare settings

AI-Powered Diagnostic Tools

Artificial intelligence is being incorporated into fever management through:

Predictive algorithms for fever patterns
Decision support systems for healthcare providers
Automated analysis of temperature data in conjunction with other symptoms

How are these technological advancements impacting fever management in healthcare settings? These innovations are enabling more precise and continuous monitoring, potentially leading to earlier intervention and more personalized treatment approaches. However, it’s important to note that while technology can enhance fever detection and tracking, it doesn’t replace clinical judgment and comprehensive medical evaluation.

As we continue to advance our understanding of fever and develop new technologies for its management, the approach to fever care is likely to become increasingly sophisticated and tailored to individual needs. However, the fundamental principles of fever management – including recognizing warning signs, providing supportive care, and addressing the underlying cause – remain crucial components of effective fever treatment.

Fever: Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

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Medically reviewed by Cameron White, M. D., MPH — By Krista O’Connell — Updated on July 23, 2019

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Fever in children. (n.d.).
hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/fevers-in-children
Fever in children. (n.d.).
stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=fever-in-children-90-P02512
Lim T. (2015). Kids’ fevers: When to worry, when to relax.
health.clevelandclinic.org/kids-fevers-when-to-worry-when-to-relax/
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2017). Fever.
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20352759
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Thermometer basics: Taking your child’s temperature.
mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/thermometer/art-20047410

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Jul 23, 2019

Written By

Krista O’Connell

Edited By

Juan Armstrong

Jul 18, 2019

Medically Reviewed By

Cameron White, MD, MPH

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Medically reviewed by Cameron White, M.D., MPH — By Krista O’Connell — Updated on July 23, 2019

10 Ways to Reduce Fever from a Cold or Flu │ Vicks

Do you or your loved one have a fever? The good news is you probably have nothing to worry about. Fevers are extremely common and often occur due to a virus like a cold or flu, though they’re more common in people who have the flu.^1,2 They usually occur when the body is working to fight an infection in order to protect itself.^3–5 As with other cold and flu symptoms, a fever is a sign that something out of the ordinary is going on in your body.

Fevers that are caused by cold viruses or flu viruses can last 3-4 days, and unfortunately, a fever—especially a high-grade fever (over 103°F)—can feel quite uncomfortable⁶. If you are suffering from a fever and want some relief, here are some tips for how to reduce a fever – at home or with medicine.

10 Things that Can Help to Lower a Fever

Home Remedies for Fever Symptoms

Rest

Activity can raise your body temperature. You need to rest in order to recover and reduce a fever. For an adult whose fever is 102°F (38.9°C) or lower, the recommendation is simply to rest and drink lots of fluids. Medication isn’t always necessary. Getting enough sleep can also help to support the integrity of your immune system, so your body can fight fever-causing viruses like a cold or flu.⁸

Call a doctor if your fever is accompanied by a severe headache, stiff neck, shortness of breath or other unusual signs or symptoms.

Hydration

Having a fever can cause fluid loss and dehydration. It’s important to drink plenty of fluids when you have a fever. Adequate fluid intake is often advised as part of a treatment plan for fever-inducing infections like the flu.⁷

A cool environment

Keeping the room temperature cool and sleeping with only a sheet or light blanket can help keep you cooler. If your child has a fever, adjust the temperature in the house or bedroom to help keep them cool. ⁹

Light clothing

When you want to break a fever, it’s also a good idea to dress in light clothing, as lighter clothing can have a cooling effect.¹⁰ It’s been reported that very warm clothing may increase a child’s body temperature even in the case that they are not ill.¹¹

Tepid sponging

Placing a cool, damp washcloth on your forehead and the back of your neck can help your fever symptoms feel better. You might also want to give yourself a sponge bath with cool water, focusing on high-heat areas like your armpits and groin. Normally, this method, known as tepid sponging, is done for about 5 minutes. Like staying in a cool environment and wearing light clothing, this physical measure for reducing a fever may not be as effective as fever-reducing medications.^12,13

Over-the-Counter Medicines that Reduce Fever

A fever is not a pleasant symptom to experience. The chills, shivering, and headaches can become uncomfortable enough that you want relief. Keep over-the-counter medicines on hand with active ingredients that can reduce fever. Acetaminophen, for example is an over-the-counter medication that is approved for use against fever, even in children.¹⁰

Acetaminophen is a commonly used drug for reducing fever that also relieves minor aches and pains.¹⁴ But you may find that when you have a cold or flu, there are more symptoms that you need relief from, like coughing or nasal congestion.

Many over-the-counter cold and flu medicines treat multiple symptoms, including fever. Make sure to identify what other symptoms you may be experiencing along with fever, if any, so you can get the relief you need. Keep reading for Vicks products that can help reduce fever, along with other common cold and flu symptoms.

Dayquil SEVERE

Dayquil SEVERE is a non-drowsy cold and flu symptom relief medicine for your worst cold symptoms. Along with acetaminophen to reduce fever, it also relieves chest congestion with an expectorant (guaifenesin), nasal congestion with a nasal decongestant (phenylephrine), and cough with a cough suppressant (dextromethorphan).

Nyquil SEVERE

Fever and other cold and flu symptoms like sneezing, and cough can make it harder to sleep and get the rest you need to fight off a virus. Like DayQuil, NyQuil SEVERE has acetaminophen to reduce fever. It also has an antihistamine to help with sneezing and runny nose symptoms, and dextromethorphan to suppress your cough so you can get a good night’s sleep.

Sinex SEVERE All-in-One Sinus LiquiCaps™

Some colds come with uncomfortable sinus symptoms—like sinus congestion, pressure, headache, and pain. That’s where Sinex comes in. Sinex SEVERE All-in-One Sinus LiquiCaps™ relieves those symptoms from the common cold or flu so you can breathe freely fast.

FluTherapy Daytime

You’ll likely spend time resting at home if you have a cold or flu. FluTherapy Daytime comes in a soothing hot drink form, with the powerful ingredients to relieve your cold and flu symptoms while you recover at home. Dissolve the contents of one packet into 8 oz. of hot water and stir briskly. Make sure to drink the entire medicated hot drink within 10-15 minutes. FluTherapy Daytime relieves nasal congestion, sore throat, body aches, fever, and cough from a cold or flu.

FluTherapy Nighttime

Like the daytime formula, FluTherapy Nighttime is a medicated hot drink with relief in every sip. It reduces your fever with acetaminophen and relieves other common cold and flu symptoms like runny nose. Be sure to take it at night when you’re ready to go to sleep, it will relieve your cough so you can rest and fight off the cold or flu virus causing your fever.

When to see a doctor

It is important to recognize that not all fevers are the same. While the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define a fever as a temperature at or above 100. 4°F (38°C), low-grade fevers that involve lower temperatures and more mild symptoms are often much less of a concern than high-grade fevers.¹⁵

While fevers can be beneficial because they can help to kill off problematic invading viruses, high fevers can be damaging to our bodies, so monitoring the level of your fever when you have one is important.⁴

It is generally recommended that you see a doctor if you are experiencing any of the following:¹⁶

If your temperature reaches 104°F or higher.
If you have fever or cough symptoms that improve, then get worse.
If your fever is accompanied by a severe muscle pain, mental confusion, or any other out-of-the ordinary symptoms.

The fastest and most reliable way to determine if you have a fever and how significant that fever may be is to take your temperature with an easy-to-use at-home thermometer. Determining the severity of your fever can help you delineate what may be causing the fever and help you understand the best course of action to take to restore your health, and when to see your healthcare provider. ¹⁷

Fevers can occur for a variety of reasons but are often the result of a virus like a cold or flu. There are several things you can try to reduce your fever and relieve any other common symptoms. One category of these options is home remedies, such as ones that help to physically cool your body and bring your temperature down based on your external environment. Another category is over-the-counter medicines that can work by combatting fever-causing mechanisms in your body. It may also be beneficial to combine physical interventions with drugs that can help to break your fever.

Regardless of how you choose to address your fever, monitoring your fever is important for obtaining information regarding the underlying cause and severity of your condition. In cases of high or persistent fevers, or fevers accompanied by severe symptoms, you should seek medical attention.

Hopefully, you’ll now be able to reduce your fever associated with your cold or flu. For your other cold or flu symptoms, take a look at some great cold remedies and flu treatments—and get well soon!

What you need to know about infectious disease. nih.gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209710/. Accessed June 9, 2020.
Chughtai AA, Wang Q, Dung TC, Macintyre CR. The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(1):148-155. doi:10.1017/S0950268816002181
Torreggiani S, Filocamo G, Esposito S. Recurrent Fever in Children. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(4):448. doi:10.3390/ijms17040448
Soszyński D. [The pathogenesis and the adaptive value of fever]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2003;57(5):531-554.
Moltz H. Fever: causes and consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1993;17(3):237-269. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80009-0
Flu Symptoms & Complications. CDC.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms/symptoms.htm. Accessed June 29, 2020.
Ghebrehewet S, MacPherson P, Ho A. Influenza. BMJ. 2016;355:i6258. doi:10.1136/bmj.i6258
Dimitrov S, Lange T, Gouttefangeas C, et al. Gα(s)-coupled receptor signaling and sleep regulate integrin activation of human antigen-specific T cells. J Exp Med. 2019;216(3):517-526. doi:10.1084/jem.20181169
Bertille N, Purssell E, Hjelm N, et al. Symptomatic Management of Febrile Illnesses in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Parents’ Knowledge and Behaviors and Their Evolution Over Time. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:279. doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00279
Fever in children: How can you reduce a child’s fever? nih.gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279453/. Published 2009. Accessed June 11, 2020.
Fever in children: Overview. nih.gov. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279455/. Published 2013. Accessed June 15, 2020.
Meremikwu M& O-I-A. Physical methods versus drug placebo or no treatment for managing fever in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2.
Purssell E. Physical treatment of fever. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82(3):238-239. doi:10.1136/adc.82.3.238
Warwick C. Paracetamol and fever management. J R Soc Promot Health. 2008;128(6):320-323. doi:10.1177/1466424008092794
Common Colds: Protect Yourself and Others. cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/index.html. Accessed June 29, 2020.
Flu: What to Do if You Get Sick. cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/takingcare.htm. Accessed June 26, 2020.
Bartfai T, Conti B. Fever. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:490-503. doi:10.1100/tsw.2010.50

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Fever – GBUZ City Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 1

Fever and its features in children.

Increase
temperature is the most common symptom of the disease in children, each child has at least 1 time per year
fever is noted. Temperature rise is also very common
forces the use of medicines, all feverish children receive antipyretic
means. This is facilitated by both the idea of many parents about the dangers of high temperature,
and the desire of the doctor to alleviate the discomfort associated with febrile
reaction or at least make
appointment, the effect of which will be obvious.

Wrestling
with fever is an important element of treatment, but not an end in itself, since lowering the temperature
in most cases does not affect the course of the disease. That’s why
the desire to reduce the temperature by all means and keep it at
normal level indicates
only about a weak acquaintance with the causes and significance of fever.

Fever-
an increase in body temperature that accompanies
most infectious and some non-infectious (injuries,
inflammatory, autoimmune and oncological) diseases.

Normal
the child’s body temperature fluctuates during the day from 360C to 370C.

Fever
– a defensive reaction directed against the causative agent of infection. At
t 38.50C
and above, the synthesis of interferons is enhanced,
protein synthesis, leukocytosis is stimulated. All these factors reduce the ability to
reproduction of many microorganisms. Fever suppression reduces intensity
immune response. Fever is dangerous at temperatures closer to 410
C – mainly in children from risk groups. With a high fever, metabolism increases sharply, oxygen consumption
and the release of carbon dioxide, fluid losses increase, there is
extra stress on the heart and lungs. Initially healthy child
tolerates these changes easily, although experiencing discomfort, but in children with
pathology (often the central nervous system and congenital heart defects) can
worsen the condition significantly.

Distinguish between “pink” and “white” (pale) fevers.
“Pink” fever signals the correspondence of heat production to heat transfer,
with it, the skin is pink, hot, moist to the touch, the child behaves normally. With “white”
fever, the skin is cyanotic or marbled, often appearing “goose bumps”
skin”, acrocyanosis, cold extremities.

FEVERS

Adverse
phenomena caused directly by fever are extremely rare.
The danger may be a disease that caused a fever that plays
protective role. The main danger of fever is dehydration, which is easily
prevented or corrected by the introduction of an additional amount
liquids. Violation of microcirculation, the signs of which are a marble pattern
skin, “goosebumps”, cold extremities, observed with “white” fever and
require restoration of microcirculation. Fever is not harmful
actions on the CNS.

K
dangers of fever include the possibility of developing febrile seizures, which
observed in 2-4% of those predisposed to
children, more often at the age of 12-18 months and do not have an unfavorable
influence on the central nervous system and its development.

In general, the hazards associated with
fever, are largely exaggerated, with most infections the maximum
temperature is set within 39.5-40.00 C, which does not threaten
persistent health problems.

0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:35.4pt”> Fever
in a child always indicates a disease, but its severity, as
usually does not correlate with its severity. Many common viral
(eg, rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia) and bacterial (otitis media,
urinary tract infection, impetigo) infections in immunocompetent individuals do not
have a severe course, against the background of antibiotic therapy or symptomatic
treatment, recovery is fast. Other infections (sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia,
purulent infections of bones and joints, pyelonephritis) without treatment often lead to
complications and sometimes even death. Most febrile
diseases in children is associated with viral infections and those bacterial,
which only briefly violate the health and do not pose a threat to the life of the child.

.Fever
in a child under the age of 3 months of life requires close monitoring due to
high risk of developing a serious bacterial infection.

“White (pale)” fever requires
restoration of microcirculation.

Fever
without catarrhal phenomena, rash and other visible local symptoms of infection
common with urinary tract infection, in children 0-3 years of age may indicate the development
bacteremia.

Preservation
febrile fever (more than 38.5 C) for more than 3 days, especially with rapid breathing
(including in the absence of catarrhal phenomena) may indicate
development of pneumonia.

Hemorrhagic
a rash (not blanching on pressure) with fever may indicate meningococcemia – in this case, emergency therapy is required.

Rigidity
occipital muscles or their soreness, bulging of the fontanel on the background of fever
indicates a CNS infection (meningitis).

Fever associated with abdominal pain and vomiting
requires exclusion of appendicitis.

Fever
with joint pain may be associated with bacterial arthritis, osteomyelitis.

Resistant
fever with rash, changes in the oral mucosa, scleritis,
an increase in lymph nodes requires the exclusion of Kawasaki disease.

0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:35.4pt”> Continuous
(more than 2 weeks) fever requires examination to detect long-term
ongoing infections, connective tissue diseases, immunodeficiency,
oncological pathology.

TREATMENT
FEVER

Fever
is not an absolute indication for temperature reduction.

In cases where the reduction
temperature is necessary, there is no need to strive to bring it to normal – enough
decrease by 1-1.50С.

0001pt;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph”> Readings
to decrease in temperature:

In previously healthy children older than
3 months:

– at body temperature above 39.00C -39.50C; and / or

– in the presence of a muscular or head
pain;

– in shock.

In children under 3 months of age:

– at body temperature above 380C.

In children with diseases of the heart, lungs,
CNS:

– at body temperature above 38.50C.

Uncontrolled
the use of antipyretics, especially “course”, creates the illusion
well-being and causes a belated appointment of etiotropic drugs.

Selection
antipyretics should be founded,
first of all, on their safety, and not on the strength of the effect. Ideally, an antipyretic drug for children should have
the ability to quickly and effectively reduce the temperature by at least 10C,
available in liquid form and as suppositories, rarely cause side effects
effects at therapeutic doses and have as wide a gap as possible between
therapeutic and toxic dose.

This
only two drugs, paracetamol and ibuprofen, currently meet this parameter.

B
pediatric practice prohibited the use of acetylsalicylic acid and nimesulide.

REFERENCE
FOR PARENTS

*temperature – protective reaction; her
should be reduced only according to the indications given above;

*adequate fluid administration
a feverish child is more important than a decrease in his temperature;

*not important in antipyretics
“strength”, but safety, to improve the patient’s condition, it is enough to reduce
temperature by 1-1. 50C;

* Paracetamol and ibuprofen are the most
safe drugs, it is important to adhere to the recommended one-time and daily
their dosages;

*do not prescribe antipyretic “course”
to prevent a rise in temperature, because you can see the progress
bacterial infection;

*do not use for the same reason
antipyretic drugs for longer than 3 days without consulting a doctor;

*with the development of “pale” fever with
spasm of the skin vessels, the introduction of an antipyretic agent should be combined with
vigorously rubbing the baby’s skin
until redness and immediately call a doctor.

Hemorrhagic fevers: causes, symptoms and treatment

Hemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases accompanied by bleeding in the patient. Symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhagic fevers – a portal about medicine and health MedBook.

Hemorrhagic fevers are a group of infectious diseases that cause severe symptoms and can lead to death. They are so named because they cause bleeding symptoms such as bleeding from the gums and nose, bruising and bruising all over the body.

There are many different types of hemorrhagic fevers, each with unique symptoms and treatment options. Some of these diseases can be transmitted from person to person, while others can only be transmitted through the bites of certain types of insects.

Like many infectious diseases, a key factor in preventing hemorrhagic fevers is early detection and treatment. In this article, we’ll look at the main causes, symptoms, and treatments for these conditions, as well as the important precautions you need to take to protect yourself from them.

What are hemorrhagic fevers

Hemorrhagic fevers, also known as hemorrhagic fevers, are a group of diseases that are manifested by fever, hemorrhagic diathesis (bleeding), and possible dysfunction of internal organs.

Hemorrhagic fevers are caused by various viruses, bacteria or other microorganisms. Some of them have a high mortality rate and can spread ferociously.

Symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers may include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, abnormal liver and kidney function, and other possible manifestations depending on the specific disease.

Hemorrhagic fevers are serious diseases that require immediate treatment and careful monitoring by medical personnel. Treatment may include the use of antiviral, antibacterial, or antihemorrhagic agents, depending on the type of disease.

What are the causes of hemorrhagic fevers

Hemorrhagic fevers are a group of dangerous viral diseases that can lead to bleeding from various organs and systems.

The cause of this disease may be human contact with infected animals – rodents, bats, monkeys. Infection is also possible through the bites of insects, such as mosquitoes.

Hemorrhagic fever viruses spread quickly and easily, especially in settings where there are many people in enclosed spaces, such as group flights, conventions, etc.

It is important to note that the poor quality of drinking water, as well as eating raw meat from infected animals, can also cause this disease.

People who work with animals or farm animals are particularly at risk. Also, the risk of infection is higher in those who travel to countries where cases of hemorrhagic fevers are recorded.

Such illnesses require immediate medical attention and caution when contacting infectious agents.

Less than 1.5 liters

1.5-2 liters

More than 2 liters

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Hemorrhagic fevers are serious and dangerous diseases that can lead to bleeding syndromes and dangerous complications. The main symptoms of such diseases are:

high body temperature;
severe headache;
nausea and vomiting;
abdominal pain;
hemorrhages or bleeding from various parts of the body;
obesity and skin rash;
weakness and attacks of dizziness;
sudden loss of appetite;
pain in joints and muscles;
difficulty breathing and palpitations.

If you have one or more of these symptoms, you need to see a doctor for qualified help. The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the more effectively and quickly treatment can be undertaken.

How is haemorrhagic fever diagnosed? To determine the presence of infection, it is necessary to conduct a series of laboratory and instrumental studies.

One of the first diagnostic methods is a patient’s blood test. After taking the blood, various tests are performed, such as a complete blood count, a biochemical blood test, and immunoserological tests. A complete blood count can detect changes in the number of leukocytes, platelets and red blood cells, which indicates the presence of an infection. A biochemical blood test allows you to evaluate the functioning of internal organs and determine the presence of toxic pathology. Immunoserological studies are aimed at detecting antibodies that develop in response to an infection.

In addition, special laboratory tests are carried out to determine the specific causative agent of the disease. For example, to detect the Ebola virus, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used, which makes it possible to detect the DNA or RNA of the virus in blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and other biological materials. Antigen and immunohistochemical tests are also being conducted to diagnose other types of hemorrhagic fevers.

In addition to laboratory tests, a clinical examination is carried out, which includes taking an anamnesis, assessing symptoms and the state of organs and systems, as well as a physical examination. Sometimes it may be necessary to conduct instrumental studies, such as ultrasound, X-ray, CT and MRI.

Treatment of hemorrhagic fevers: a list of methods

Hemorrhagic fevers are serious diseases that require complex treatment. The following are the main treatments used to fight these infections:

Antibacterials. These medicines are used to fight the infectious agent that caused the illness. Their choice depends on the type of disease and the sensitivity of bacteria to certain drugs.
Antivirals. If haemorrhagic fever is caused by a virus, your doctor may prescribe antiviral drugs. They help reduce the symptoms of the disease and speed up recovery.
Immunoglobulins. These are medicines that contain antibodies. They help fight the infectious agent and protect the body from re-infection.
Rehabilitation therapy. Rehabilitation therapy is aimed at maintaining the function of organs and systems of the body, strengthening immunity and restoring strength. The doctor may prescribe medications that contain vitamins and minerals to the patient, as well as physiotherapy procedures.

It is important to note that the treatment of hemorrhagic fevers requires immediate hospitalization and medical supervision. Self-medication can lead to negative consequences.

Features of the treatment of children with hemorrhagic fever

Hemorrhagic fevers are dangerous diseases that can be fatal. Treatment of children with these diseases requires special attention because their immune systems are not yet fully developed. However, a rational approach to treatment can increase the chances of recovery.

At the beginning of treatment, a diagnosis must be established and immediate therapy should be carried out. In most cases, this may include antibiotics, phlebotomy, serotherapy, and blood transfusion. Any choice of drugs or treatment should be made under the supervision of physicians.

To facilitate the treatment process, it is shown to follow the diet and drink, which should be rich in vegetable fats and proteins. It is also important to ensure the complete rest of the patient and maintain body temperature in the normal range.

Some cases of hemorrhagic fevers may lead to complications requiring surgical intervention. In these cases, the operation should be carried out by specialists with relevant experience, and the treatment should take place in specialized medical institutions.

In general, the treatment of hemorrhagic fevers in childhood requires a comprehensive and responsible approach, which includes not only the choice of drugs, but also the establishment of a maintenance regimen and adherence to a multidisciplinary approach.

Prevention and precautions for hemorrhagic fever

Hemorrhagic fevers are a serious threat to human health and life. Therefore, it is important to take precautions in order to protect yourself from the possibility of infection.

The main preventive measures are the observance of hygiene rules and control over the place of stay. It is important to keep your hands clean, wash them regularly with soap and use antiseptics. It is also necessary to avoid contact with infected animals or their secretions.

When traveling in areas with a high incidence of hemorrhagic fevers, special controls should be observed. In such cases, it is necessary to use protective equipment – masks, gloves, personal protective equipment.

In order to prevent hemorrhagic fevers, it is necessary to regularly disinfect rooms and places of stay, as well as control the hygiene of personal life. If you find possible symptoms of the disease, you should consult a doctor and follow the recommendations for treatment.

Thus, prevention and precautions for hemorrhagic fevers are essential to protect human health and life. Compliance with hygiene rules, monitoring the place of stay, the use of protective equipment – all these measures will help prevent infection and maintain health.

What terrible consequences can be with hemorrhagic fevers

Hemorrhagic fevers is a serious disease that can lead to various complications. Possible consequences of this disease can be:

Loss of blood. One of the main symptoms of hemorrhagic fever is bleeding, which may be internal or external. Therefore, the patient may require a blood or plasma transfusion to restore levels if possible.
Damage to internal organs. Hemorrhagic fever can damage both internal and external organs. It can affect the organs responsible for blood clotting, the liver and kidneys, which can lead to their functional failure.
Sepsis. If bleeding is not controlled, it may develop into sepsis. It is a dangerous infectious disease that can cause a life-threatening organ disorder.
Death. In some cases, if the disease is not diagnosed in time or treated, the consequences can be fatal. Death can occur within days or weeks of the onset of the disease.

Therefore, if you suspect that you or someone close to you has a hemorrhagic fever, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Saving the life of the patient is the main task in the treatment of this disease.

How to prevent the spread of hemorrhagic fevers

Practice good hygiene

It is very important to wash your hands regularly, especially before eating and after visiting public places. Use hand sanitizers if soap and water are not available. It is also necessary to monitor the cleanliness in homes, workplaces and public buildings.

Avoid contact with sick people

Contact transmission is the main mode of spread of hemorrhagic fevers. Avoid approaching sick people, little-studied animals and insects. Control your life and we urge you not to approach the sick without precaution.

Keep rooms ventilated and clean

Hemorrhagic fevers are spread through the air. It is important to ventilate the premises, keep them clean and follow the rules of hygiene around animals and insects. If pests are present, repellents should be used.

Get your vaccines

There are several vaccines available that prevent infection with various forms of hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Crimean hemorrhagic fever and several others. Get vaccines if available.

Remember that you are an element in the fight against the spread of hemorrhagic fevers

Each of us must be aware of our role in the fight against the spread of hemorrhagic fevers. Observe the rules of hygiene, avoid contact with sick, money and little-studied animals and insects, and take care of your health. Together we can prevent the spread of these diseases.

How dangerous are hemorrhagic fevers for humans

Hemorrhagic fevers pose a serious threat to human health. They cause an acute infection, accompanied by the release of blood from various organs and tissues. Some of these diseases can be fatal.

The danger of hemorrhagic fevers is associated with their rapid development and the possibility of rapid spread among people. These infections are associated with viruses that can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or animal tissues that are reservoirs of viruses.

Symptoms of hemorrhagic fever include skin rash, thrombocytopenia, severe muscle and joint pain, icteric discoloration of the skin and eyes, and severe emaciation. Treatment consists of complex therapy, including supportive measures and antiviral therapy.

An unfavorable outcome is possible in the absence of timely diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhagic fever. Mortality with this infection can reach 90%, so it is important to consult a doctor at the first symptoms of the disease. Inaction and ignorance can lead to tragic consequences not only for the sick person, but also for the people around them.

Being dangerous to health, hemorrhagic fevers can be prevented by strict adherence to safety and prevention measures, as well as by controlling livestock production and regular vaccination of animals. The basic rule in the fight against these diseases is the rapid identification and isolation of infected persons or animals. This is the only way to prevent the possible spread of the epidemic and save people’s lives.

Who most often suffers from hemorrhagic fevers: age and gender characteristics

hemorrhagic fever (PH) can affect people of all ages and genders, but some populations are at greater risk of infection and severe disease. The most vulnerable are:

People living in epidemic zones. So, in Africa there are regions where Ebola, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers occur. Dengue fever is common in Southeast Asia.
Medical personnel. PH can be spread through blood and other bodily fluids, so health care workers may be exposed to infection while caring for patients.
Travelers working in developing countries. Tourism, business travel and humanitarian missions can be a source of infection, especially if preventive measures are not followed.
People who consume the blood or meat of infected animals. Some LH are transmitted through contact with the blood, meat, or organs of infected animals. For example, Marburg fever is caused by a virus that lives in the fruits of African fruit bats.

According to the US National Institute of Medicine, men and women suffer from PH in approximately the same way. However, in different age groups, the risk of the disease may be different. So, in the USA and Europe, the presence of antibodies to the dengue hemorrhagic fever virus was found in people under the age of 30, mainly among men who were in the service abroad.

How to properly use anti-hemorrhagic drugs

Anti-hemorrhagic drugs are used to treat hemorrhagic-type fevers. They help stop bleeding and reduce the risk of complications. However, for the correct use of antihemorrhagic drugs, the following points must be taken into account:

The dosage of the drug must be indicated in the instructions for the drug.
Do not exceed the allowable dose, as this may lead to side effects and deterioration of the patient’s condition.
Antihemorrhagic drugs may affect blood function and should be tested accordingly before use.
Medicines should be taken only as directed by a doctor and in the required dose.

You should also pay attention to possible side effects when using antihemorrhagic drugs. Among them may be: allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, convulsions, etc. If the patient has any undesirable effects, then you should immediately seek help from a doctor.

How to treat hemorrhagic fevers in home medicine

Hemorrhagic fevers are dangerous infectious diseases with a complex course, so treatment should be carried out under medical supervision. However, at home, you can take some actions to alleviate the patient’s condition.

The first priority is to provide peace and comfort to the patient. He should lie in bed in a quiet room, under an isolation room, so as not to infect other people. It is also important to provide the patient with sufficient fluids to maintain hydration.

If the patient has seizures, medications can be given to improve cardiovascular function and reduce adrenaline production. The doctor may prescribe antibiotics or antiviral drugs, but the use of drugs must be coordinated with the doctor.

Another important component of treatment is the prevention of complications. The patient must necessarily monitor oral hygiene, regularly ventilate the room where he is, and monitor his emotional experiences.

We must not forget that self-treatment can lead to negative consequences. Therefore, if you suspect hemorrhagic fever, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible and follow his prescriptions.

Features of the diet in the treatment of hemorrhagic fevers

Diet is one of the important components of the complex treatment of hemorrhagic fevers, as proper nutrition helps to strengthen the immune system and restore the body.

The main principles of the diet in the treatment of hemorrhagic fevers are the use of foods that provide the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins and minerals, as well as the absence of foods that can irritate the stomach and cause allergic reactions.

Don’t forget about your drinking regime: it is important to drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration. It is recommended to drink non-carbonated mineral waters, teas, cocktails made from fresh fruits and vegetables.

Small portions of whole grain cereals, fresh fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, animal and vegetable proteins (fish, meat, eggs, legumes), nuts are recommended as food.

In the treatment of hemorrhagic fevers, foods containing large amounts of animal fats, sugar, salt and food additives should be avoided. You should also limit your intake of caffeine, alcohol, and smoking.

When drawing up a diet, one should always take into account the individual needs of the patient and the recommendations of the doctor, since each case of the disease is unique and may require special approaches to treatment and nutrition.

Q&A:

What are hemorrhagic fevers?

This is a group of infectious diseases that cause fever, bleeding, and dysfunction of internal organs such as the liver, kidneys, and lungs. They can be caused by various viruses such as Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, South American Hemorrhagic Fever and others.

How are haemorrhagic fevers transmitted?

Hemorrhagic fevers can be transmitted by contact when an infected person comes into contact with the blood, urine, saliva, sweat, or other bodily fluids of an infected person or animal. They can also be transmitted through the bites of infected insects or after eating contaminated food or water.

What are the symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers?

Symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers may include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, severe cough, hemostatic disturbances, hemorrhagic rashes, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, drowsiness, restlessness. In the worst cases, organ dysfunction and death can occur.

What are the treatments for hemorrhagic fevers?

There are several treatments for hemorrhagic fevers, but there is no specific cure for these diseases. Treatment may include hydration, maintenance of organ functions, such as the lungs, as well as the liver and kidneys. Patients may also receive infusions to maintain hemostasis and circulation. Some people may also receive antiviral medicines and drugs to improve the immune system.

Could hemorrhagic fevers become a pandemic?

Hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola can be highly contagious and can spread rapidly in populations. However, their spread is best controlled with a strong health system, training and political will. At the moment, hemorrhagic fevers are not considered a pandemic disease, but it is always necessary to be prepared for any dangerous virus that may appear in the future.

How is hemorrhagic fever diagnosed?

Diagnosis of hemorrhagic fevers is carried out through clinical and industrial methods. Patients usually undergo blood tests to detect the presence of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg and others. Test results are usually revealed after a few days and may make a first guess about the diagnosis. For a more accurate diagnosis, additional studies are necessary, for example, using x-rays and ultrasound.

Questions from patients about hemorrhagic fevers

What are hemorrhagic fevers and what causes them?

Hemorrhagic fevers are a group of rare infectious diseases caused by viruses. Transmission of viruses occurs through contact with the blood, saliva, urine or feces of infected animals or humans. They can be caused by various viruses, including Ebola, Lassa, Khanty-Mansiysk fever, Crimean Congo, Marburg and others.

What are the symptoms?

Symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers can range from milder symptoms such as fever, headache and muscle aches to more severe symptoms such as rash, bleeding and organ dysfunction. Depending on the specific virus, symptoms may appear immediately or several days after infection.

What are the main treatments?

Patients with suspected hemorrhagic fever should seek immediate medical attention. There is no specific therapy for these infections, but supportive care and symptomatic treatment may help patients. It is important to provide effective hydration, compensate for blood loss and stabilize organ functions in a timely manner. However, early detection and preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection with these diseases.

How to prevent infection?

Avoid contact with blood, saliva, urine and feces of animals and people that may be infected, and adhere to good hygiene and personal hygiene.