About all

Satellite lesions yeast infection. Satellite Lesions in Yeast Infections: Symptoms, Appearance, and Treatment Options

by alexxlab

What are satellite lesions in yeast infections. How do satellite lesions appear. What causes satellite lesions to form. What are the main symptoms of yeast infections with satellite lesions. How are yeast infections with satellite lesions diagnosed and treated. What preventive measures can help avoid yeast infections with satellite lesions. When should you see a doctor about a potential yeast infection with satellite lesions.

Содержание

Understanding Satellite Lesions in Candida Infections

Satellite lesions are a hallmark sign of cutaneous candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. These distinctive lesions appear as small, isolated spots or pustules that develop near the main area of infection. Their presence is a key diagnostic feature that helps differentiate Candida infections from other skin conditions.

Are satellite lesions always present in yeast infections? While satellite lesions are characteristic of Candida infections, they may not appear in every case. Their presence, however, is a strong indicator of a Candida infection and can guide healthcare providers in making an accurate diagnosis.

The Formation of Satellite Lesions

Satellite lesions form when the Candida yeast spreads from the primary infection site to nearby areas of skin. This occurs through a process called “autoinoculation,” where the organism essentially seeds itself into new areas. The spread is facilitated by several factors:

  • Moisture and warmth in skin folds
  • Compromised skin barrier function
  • Scratching or irritation of the affected area
  • Weakened immune response

Do satellite lesions indicate a more severe infection? While the presence of satellite lesions doesn’t necessarily indicate a more severe infection, it does suggest that the Candida yeast is actively spreading. This can make the infection more challenging to treat and may require more aggressive interventions.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Yeast Infections with Satellite Lesions

Yeast infections with satellite lesions can present with a range of symptoms. Understanding these signs can help individuals seek timely medical attention and appropriate treatment.

Primary Symptoms

The main symptoms of a yeast infection with satellite lesions include:

  • Intense itching and burning sensation in the affected area
  • Redness and inflammation of the skin
  • A bright red rash with defined borders
  • Small, pimple-like pustules or vesicles
  • Satellite lesions – small, isolated spots near the main infection
  • Skin fragility and easy breakdown
  • Soreness or pain, especially in areas subject to friction

Is pain always present in yeast infections with satellite lesions? While discomfort is common, the level of pain can vary. Some individuals may experience significant soreness, particularly in areas where the skin rubs together, while others might only feel mild irritation.

Secondary Symptoms

In addition to the primary symptoms, individuals with yeast infections may also experience:

  • Dry, flaky, or scaly skin in the affected area
  • Fissures or cracks in the skin
  • Unpleasant odor, particularly in moist areas
  • Swelling of the affected tissues

Can yeast infections with satellite lesions affect more than just the skin? Yes, Candida infections can affect mucous membranes as well as skin. In some cases, they may spread to the mouth (oral thrush) or genitals, causing additional symptoms specific to those areas.

Identifying the Appearance of Satellite Lesions

The visual characteristics of satellite lesions are crucial for diagnosis. Healthcare providers and patients alike should be aware of their distinctive appearance.

Visual Characteristics

Satellite lesions in yeast infections typically appear as:

  • Small, round pustules or papules
  • Reddish or pinkish in color
  • 1-2 mm in diameter
  • Scattered around the periphery of the main infection site
  • Often surrounded by erythema (redness)

How do satellite lesions differ from the main infection site? The main infection site usually presents as a larger, more confluent area of redness and inflammation. Satellite lesions, in contrast, are smaller, discrete spots that appear separate from, but close to, the primary affected area.

Common Locations

Satellite lesions can appear in various locations, but are most commonly found in:

  • Skin folds (e.g., under breasts, in the groin area)
  • Armpits
  • Between fingers and toes
  • Around the anus
  • Corners of the mouth

Are satellite lesions more common in certain parts of the body? While they can occur anywhere, satellite lesions are more frequently observed in warm, moist areas of the body where skin-to-skin contact is common. These environments provide ideal conditions for Candida growth and spread.

Causes and Risk Factors for Yeast Infections with Satellite Lesions

Understanding the causes and risk factors for yeast infections with satellite lesions can help in prevention and management of these conditions.

Primary Causes

The primary cause of yeast infections with satellite lesions is an overgrowth of Candida fungi. This overgrowth can be triggered by various factors:

  • Disruption of normal skin flora
  • Compromised immune system
  • Prolonged exposure to moisture
  • Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
  • Hormonal changes (e.g., during pregnancy or menopause)

Can diet contribute to the development of yeast infections? While the direct link between diet and cutaneous yeast infections is not firmly established, some studies suggest that a diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates may promote Candida overgrowth in some individuals.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase an individual’s risk of developing yeast infections with satellite lesions:

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Obesity
  • Frequent use of tight-fitting, non-breathable clothing
  • Poor hygiene
  • Prolonged use of corticosteroids
  • HIV/AIDS or other immunosuppressive conditions
  • Chronic antibiotic use

Does having one yeast infection increase the risk of future infections? Yes, individuals who have had a yeast infection are at higher risk of recurrent infections. This is partly due to the persistent presence of Candida on the skin and potential underlying factors that promoted the initial infection.

Diagnosis of Yeast Infections with Satellite Lesions

Accurate diagnosis of yeast infections with satellite lesions is crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare providers use a combination of clinical examination and laboratory tests to confirm the presence of a Candida infection.

Clinical Examination

The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough physical examination. The healthcare provider will look for:

  • Characteristic rash with well-defined borders
  • Presence of satellite lesions
  • Signs of skin maceration or breakdown
  • Evidence of scratching or secondary bacterial infection

Can a healthcare provider diagnose a yeast infection based on visual inspection alone? While the appearance of satellite lesions is highly suggestive of a Candida infection, most healthcare providers will confirm the diagnosis with additional tests to rule out other conditions.

Laboratory Tests

To confirm the diagnosis, one or more of the following tests may be performed:

  • KOH preparation: A skin scraping is treated with potassium hydroxide and examined under a microscope for the presence of yeast cells or hyphae.
  • Culture: A sample from the affected area is cultured to identify the specific Candida species and test for antifungal susceptibility.
  • Wood’s lamp examination: In some cases, the affected area may be examined under ultraviolet light, which can cause certain Candida species to fluoresce.

Are blood tests necessary for diagnosing cutaneous yeast infections? Blood tests are generally not required for diagnosing superficial yeast infections. However, if there’s suspicion of a systemic Candida infection, blood cultures or other systemic tests may be ordered.

Treatment Options for Yeast Infections with Satellite Lesions

Effective treatment of yeast infections with satellite lesions typically involves a combination of topical or oral antifungal medications and supportive care measures.

Antifungal Medications

The mainstay of treatment for Candida infections is antifungal therapy. Common options include:

  • Topical azoles (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole)
  • Topical nystatin
  • Oral fluconazole for more extensive or resistant infections

How long does it typically take for antifungal treatments to work? Most people see improvement within a few days of starting treatment, but it’s important to complete the full course of medication as prescribed, usually 1-2 weeks, to prevent recurrence.

Supportive Care Measures

In addition to antifungal medications, the following supportive measures can help speed recovery and prevent recurrence:

  • Keeping the affected area clean and dry
  • Using absorbent powders in skin folds to reduce moisture
  • Wearing loose-fitting, breathable clothing
  • Avoiding irritants such as harsh soaps or scented products
  • Using barrier creams to protect damaged skin

Can over-the-counter treatments effectively treat yeast infections with satellite lesions? While mild yeast infections may respond to OTC treatments, the presence of satellite lesions often indicates a more extensive infection that may require prescription-strength medications. It’s best to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Prevention Strategies for Yeast Infections with Satellite Lesions

Preventing yeast infections with satellite lesions involves a combination of good hygiene practices and lifestyle modifications. By understanding and implementing these preventive measures, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing these infections.

Hygiene Practices

Maintaining proper hygiene is crucial in preventing yeast infections. Key practices include:

  • Keeping skin clean and dry, especially in skin folds and areas prone to moisture
  • Changing out of wet or sweaty clothing promptly
  • Using gentle, unscented soaps and thoroughly rinsing the skin
  • Patting the skin dry instead of rubbing, which can cause irritation
  • Using separate towels for different body areas to prevent spread of infection

How often should one bathe to prevent yeast infections? While regular bathing is important, excessive washing can disrupt the skin’s natural balance. Once daily is usually sufficient, unless you’ve been sweating heavily or have soiled the skin.

Lifestyle Modifications

Certain lifestyle changes can create an environment less conducive to Candida overgrowth:

  • Wearing loose-fitting, breathable clothing, especially in warm weather
  • Avoiding prolonged exposure to moisture (e.g., changing out of wet swimsuits promptly)
  • Managing underlying conditions like diabetes through proper diet and medication
  • Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce skin folds where moisture can accumulate
  • Limiting sugar intake, as some studies suggest high sugar consumption may promote yeast growth

Can probiotics help prevent yeast infections? While more research is needed, some studies suggest that probiotics, particularly those containing Lactobacillus species, may help prevent vaginal yeast infections. However, their role in preventing cutaneous yeast infections is less clear.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Yeast Infections with Satellite Lesions

While many yeast infections can be managed with over-the-counter treatments, certain situations warrant professional medical attention. Recognizing these scenarios is crucial for timely and effective treatment.

Warning Signs

Seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

  • Persistent symptoms despite over-the-counter treatment
  • Spread of the infection to new areas
  • Development of fever or chills
  • Increased pain, swelling, or redness
  • Presence of pus or foul-smelling discharge
  • Recurrent infections (more than 4 times a year)

Is it necessary to see a doctor for every yeast infection? While mild yeast infections can often be treated with over-the-counter medications, the presence of satellite lesions or any of the warning signs mentioned above should prompt a visit to a healthcare provider.

Special Considerations

Certain individuals should always consult a healthcare provider for yeast infections:

  • Pregnant women
  • Individuals with diabetes or compromised immune systems
  • Children
  • Those with extensive or severe infections
  • Individuals who have never had a yeast infection before

Can untreated yeast infections lead to more serious complications? While rare, untreated yeast infections can potentially lead to more serious issues, especially in immunocompromised individuals. These may include systemic Candida infections or secondary bacterial infections. Prompt treatment is always recommended to prevent potential complications.

Understanding the signs, symptoms, and treatment options for yeast infections with satellite lesions empowers individuals to seek appropriate care and take preventive measures. By maintaining good hygiene practices, making necessary lifestyle modifications, and seeking timely medical attention when needed, most people can effectively manage and prevent these infections. Remember, while yeast infections are common, persistent or severe symptoms should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Cutaneous manifestations of candidiasis – PubMed

. 1988 Apr;158(4):991-3.

doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90110-x.

M McKay 
1

Affiliations

Affiliation

  • 1 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.

  • PMID:

    3364512

  • DOI:

    10.1016/0002-9378(88)90110-x

M McKay.

Am J Obstet Gynecol.

1988 Apr.

. 1988 Apr;158(4):991-3.

doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90110-x.

Author

M McKay 
1

Affiliation

  • 1 Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.

  • PMID:

    3364512

  • DOI:

    10.1016/0002-9378(88)90110-x

Abstract

Candida is identified microscopically by the observation of hyphae, linear chains of asexually budding yeast. Since these structures do not grow extensively through the stratum corneum, cutaneous samples may require Gram stain for identification. Since Candida can colonize normal tissue and also be a culture contaminant, clinicians should consider predisposing factors and clinical presentation when making a diagnosis of candidiasis. Predisposing cutaneous factors for candidiasis include occlusion, maceration, and altered barrier function. The hallmarks of Candida infection are bright erythema, fragile papulopustules, and satellite lesions. Cutaneous and mucous membrane candidiasis may differ in appearance, and sexual transmission should be considered. Treatment usually involves a topical or oral anticandidal agent, such as an imidazole. Although implicated as a predisposing factor to candidiasis, mild topical steroids can be used as short-term adjuvant treatment of these infections; when used responsibly, steroids provide antiinflammatory effects that speed relief of patient discomfort.

Similar articles

  • [Typical clinical pictures of diseases caused by saccharomyces].

    Hauck H.

    Hauck H.
    Hautarzt. 1974 Jun;25(6):303-7.
    Hautarzt. 1974.

    PMID: 4603942

    German.
    No abstract available.

  • What’s your assessment? Candida balanitis.

    Bielan B.

    Bielan B.
    Dermatol Nurs. 2003 Apr;15(2):134, 170.
    Dermatol Nurs. 2003.

    PMID: 12751348

    No abstract available.

  • [Algorithm of diagnostic procedure in candidosis of male genital organs].

    Kwaśniewska J.

    Kwaśniewska J.
    Wiad Parazytol. 2001;47 Suppl 1:113-7.
    Wiad Parazytol. 2001.

    PMID: 16897961

    Polish.

  • [Genital candidiasis].

    Ono F, Yasumoto S.

    Ono F, et al.
    Nihon Rinsho. 2009 Jan;67(1):157-61.
    Nihon Rinsho. 2009.

    PMID: 19177766

    Review.
    Japanese.

  • Itraconazole in the treatment of superficial cutaneous and mucosal Candida infections.

    Del Rosso JQ, Zellis S, Gupta AK.

    Del Rosso JQ, et al.
    J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998 Sep;98(9):497-502.
    J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1998.

    PMID: 9785744

    Review.

See all similar articles

Cited by

  • Rare Case of Scrotal Candida albicans Infection in an Elderly Man Induced by Urinary Leakage.

    Gu AK, Kong XJ, Zhang LT.

    Gu AK, et al.
    Indian J Dermatol. 2022 Mar-Apr;67(2):169-170. doi: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_881_21.
    Indian J Dermatol. 2022.

    PMID: 36092221
    Free PMC article.

    No abstract available.

MeSH terms

Substances

Recurrent candidal intertrigo: challenges and solutions

1. Vakharia P. Intertrigo. 2017. [Accessed August 1, 2017]. http://emedicine. medscape.com/article/1087691.

2. Janniger CK, Schwartz RA, Szepietowski JC, Reich A. Intertrigo and common secondary skin infections. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(5):833–838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Wolf R, Oumeish OY, Parish LC. Intertriginous eruption. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29(2):173–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Beurey J, Weber M, Percebois G. Etude clinique et mycologique des intertrigos des pieds [Clinical and mycologic study of intertrigo of the feet] Phlebologie. 1969;22(1):73–79. French. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Coldiron BM, Manders SM. Persistent Candida intertrigo treated with fluconazole. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127(2):165–166. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. de Andrade MF, Nishinari K, Puech-Leão P. Intertrigo em pacientes com linfedema de membro inferior. Correlacao clinico-laboratorial [Intertrigo in patients with lower limb lymphedema. Clinical and laboratory correlation] Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 1998;53(1):3–5. Portuguese. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Kalra MG, Higgins KE, Kinney BS. Intertrigo and secondary skin infections. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(7):569–573. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Katoh T. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai zasshi [Jap J Med Mycol.] 2009;50(4):207–212. Japanese. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Metin A, Dilek N, Demirseren DD. Fungal infections of the folds (intertriginous areas) Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(4):437–447. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Tüzün Y, Wolf R, Bağlam S, Engin B. Diaper (napkin) dermatitis: a fold (intertriginous) dermatosis. Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(4):477–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Veraldi S. Rapid relief of intertrigo-associated pruritus due to Candida albicans with isoconazole nitrate and diflucortolone valerate combination therapy. Mycoses. 2013;56(Suppl 1):41–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Bahmaei M, Dehghan P, Kachuei R, Babaei H, Mohammadi R. Interdigital intertrigo due to Fusarium oxysporum. Curr Med Mycol. 2016;2(1):43–46. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Bissan AT, Iken M, Doumbia M, Ou-Khedda N, El Alaoui M, Lmimouni B. Fusarioses superficielles a Fusarium solani chez un immunocompetent et un immunodeprime diagnostiquees a l’Hopital militaire de Rabat [Fusarioses to Fusarium solani in an immunocompetent and immunocompromised diagnosed in military hospital of Rabat] J Mycol Med. 2017;27(3):382–386. French. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Diongue K, Ndiaye M, Badiane AS, et al. Intertrigo interorteils a Fusarium solani a Dakar [Tinea pedis due to Fusarium solani in Dakar] J Mycol Med. 2015;25(2):155–158. French. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Diongue K, Ndiaye M, Diallo MA, et al. Fungal interdigital tinea pedis in Dakar (Senegal) J Mycol Med. 2016;26(4):312–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Néji S, Trabelsi H, Cheikhrouhou F, et al. Fusarioses diagnostiquees au laboratoire d’un CHU en Tunisie: etude epidemiologique, clinique et mycologique [Fusariosis diagnosed in the laboratory of an UH in Tunisia: epidemiological, clinical and mycological study] J Mycol Med. 2013;23(2):130–135. French.aw. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Romano C, Presenti L, Massai L. Interdigital intertrigo of the feet due to therapy-resistant Fusarium solani. Dermatology. 1999;199(2):177–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Varon AG, Nouer SA, Barreiros G, et al. Superficial skin lesions positive for Fusarium are associated with subsequent development of invasive fusariosis. J Infect. 2014;68(1):85–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Bazin JC, Hutinel B. Intertrigos mycosiques et lymphangites [Fungal intertrigo and lymphangitis (author’s transl)] J Mal Vasc. 1980;5(2):107–108. French. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Karaca S, Kulac M, Cetinkaya Z, Demirel R. Etiology of foot intertrigo in the District of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey: a bacteriologic and mycologic study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98(1):42–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. de González MI, Mendoza M, Bastardo de Albornoz M, Apitz-Castro R. Efectos del ajoeno sobre dermatofitos, Candida albicans y Malassezia furfur [Activity of ajoene on dermatophytes, Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur. ] Rev Iberoam Micol. 1998;15(4):277–281. Spanish. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Katoh T, Kagawa S, Ishimoto M. Malassezia intertrigo, a new clinical entity. Mycoses. 1988;31(11):558–562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Gorani A, Oriani A, Klein EF, Veraldi S. Case report. Erythrasmoid pityriasis versicolor. Mycoses. 2001;44(11–12):516–517. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Beaulieu P, Le Guyadec T, Ponties-Leroux B, Boutchnei S, Grossetete G, Millet P. Cas pour diagnostic: intertrigo a Pseudomonas aeruginoasa [A case for diagnosis: Pseudomonas aeruginosa intertrigo] Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1992;119(3):223–225. French. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Block SL. Tricky triggers of intertrigo. Pediatr Ann. 2014;43(5):171–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Dekio I, Matsuki S, Morita E. High carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in nine cases of fungus-free intertrigo of the toe cleft. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(4):484–486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Adisen E, Onder M. Viral infections of the folds (intertriginous areas) Clin Dermatol. 2015;33(4):429–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Bandyopadhyay D, Ghosh SK. Mucocutaneous features of Chikungunya fever: a study from an outbreak in West Bengal, India. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47(11):1148–1152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Calikoglu E, Soravia-Dunand VA, Perriard J, Saurat JH, Borradori L. Acute genitocrural intertrigo: a sign of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Dermatology. 2001;203(2):171–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Yell JA, Sinclair R, Mann S, Fleming K, Ryan TJ. Human papillomavirus type 6-induced condylomata: an unusual complication of intertrigo. Br J Dermatol. 1993;128(5):575–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. López-Martinez R. Candidosis, a new challenge. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(2):178–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;26(4):e1–e50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Pfaller MA, Andes DR, Diekema DJ, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Registry 2004–2008. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e101510. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Sullivan DJ, Westerneng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology. 1995;141(Pt 7):1507–1521. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Kashem SW, Kaplan DH. Skin immunity to Candida albicans. Trends Immunol. 2016;37(7):440–450. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Kühbacher A, Burger-Kentischer A, Rupp S. Interaction of Candida species with the skin. Microorganisms. 2017;5(2):32. [Google Scholar]

37. Mayer FL, Wilson D, Hube B. Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence. 2014;4(2):119–128. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Naglik JR, Moyes DL, Wachtler B, Hube B. Candida albicans interactions with epithelial cells and mucosal immunity. Microbes Infect. 2011;13(12–13):963–976. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Höfs S, Mogavero S, Hube B. Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota. J Microbiol. 2016;54(3):149–169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Brown GD. Innate antifungal immunity: the key role of phagocytes. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:1–21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Qin Y, Zhang L, Xu Z, et al. Innate immune cell response upon Candida albicans infection. Virulence. 2016;7(5):512–526. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Moyes DL, Runglall M, Murciano C, et al. A biphasic innate immune MAPK response discriminates between the yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans in epithelial cells. Cell Host Microbe. 2010;8(3):225–235. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Schaller M, Mailhammer R, Grassl G, Sander CA, Hube B, Korting HC. Infection of human oral epithelia with Candida species induces cytokine expression correlated to the degree of virulence. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;118(4):652–657. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Villar CC, Kashleva H, Mitchell AP, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Invasive phenotype of Candida albicans affects the host proinflammatory response to infection. Infect Immun. 2005;73(8):4588–4595. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Weindl G, Naglik JR, Kaesler S, et al. Human epithelial cells establish direct antifungal defense through TLR4-mediated signaling. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(12):3664–3672. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Wang X, van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG. Basic genetics and immunology of Candida infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(1):85–102. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: mucocutaneous candidiasis. Guidelines/Outcome Committee. American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34(1):110–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. De Britto LJ, Yuvaraj J, Kamaraj P, Poopathy S, Vijayalakshmi G. Risk factors for chronic intertrigo of the lymphedema leg in southern India: a case-control study. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2015;14(4):377–383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Hay RJ, Ashbee HR. Fungal infections. In: Griffiths C, Barker J, Bleiker T, Chalmers R, Creamer D, editors. Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology. 9th. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2016. pp. 32.56–32.70. [Google Scholar]

50. Hessen MT, Walsh SR, Ferri FF. Mucocutaneous candidiasis. 2010. [Accessed August 8, 2017]. https://www.clinicalkey.com/-!/content/medical_topic/21-s2.0-1014515.

51. James WD, Andrews GC, Berger TG, Elston DM. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts. In: James WD, Berger T, Elston D, editors. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 12th. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2016. pp. 285–318. [Google Scholar]

52. Lisboa C, Santos A, Dias C, Azevedo F, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues A. Candida balanitis: risk factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(7):820–826. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Lu SY. Perception of iron deficiency from oral mucosa alterations that show a high prevalence of Candida infection. J Formos Med Assoc. 2016;115(8):619–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Mamatha KV, Shubha U, Jain CM. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of Khadiradi yoga avachoornana in Kachchu with special reference to genitoinguinal intertrigo. Ayu. 2010;31(4):461–465. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Ndiaye M, Taleb M, Diatta BA, et al. Etiology of intertrigo in adults: a prospective study of 103 cases. J Mycol Med. 2017;27(1):28–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Rockwell PG. Acute and chronic paronychia. Am Fam Physician. 2001;63(6):1113–1116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, and other opportunistic fungi. In: Ryan KJ, Ray CG, editors. Sherris Medical Microbiology. 6th. New York: McGraw-Hill Education Medical; 2014. pp. 729–743. [Google Scholar]

58. Scheinfeld NS. Cutaneous candidiasis. 2017. [Accessed August 8, 2017]. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1090632-overview.

59. Sharon V, Fazel N. Oral candidiasis and angular cheilitis. Dermatol Ther. 2010;23(3):230–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Silverman RA, Schwartz RH. Streptococcal intertrigo of the cervical folds in a five-month-old infant. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012;31(8):872–873. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Sparber F, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Interleukin 17-mediated host defense against Candida albicans. Pathogens. 2015;4(3):606–619. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Asiedu DK. Candidiasis, cutaneous. In: Ferri FF, editor. Ferri’s Clinical Advisor 2018: 5 Books in 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Health Science; 2017. pp. 234–235.e231. [Google Scholar]

63. Habif TP. Superficial fungal infections. In: Habif TP, editor. Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 6th. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2016. pp. 487–533. [Google Scholar]

64. Hay RJ. Fungal infections of the skin. In: Olafsson JH, Hay RJ, editors. Antibiotic and Antifungal Therapies in Dermatology. Switzerland: Springer; 2016. pp. 157–186. [Google Scholar]

65. Kauffman CA. Candidiasis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, editors. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2016. pp. 2079–2083.e2072. [Google Scholar]

66. Mistiaen P, van Halm-Walters M. Prevention and treatment of intertrigo in large skin folds of adults: a systematic review. BMC Nurs. 2010;9:12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Wilmer EN, Hatch RL. Resistant “candidal intertrigo”: could inverse psoriasis be the true culprit? J Am Board Fam Med. 2013;26(2):211–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Valenti L. Topical treatment of intertriginous candidal infection. Mycoses. 2008;51(Suppl 4):44–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Terzieva K, Elsner P. A case of intertrigo resistant to treatment – what is your diagnosis? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2015;13(2):169–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Smith SM, Milam PB, Fabbro SK, Gru AA, Kaffenberger BH. Malignant intertrigo: a subset of toxic erythema of chemotherapy requiring recognition. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2(6):476–481. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Santiago-et-Sanchez-Mateos JL, Beà S, Fernández M, Pérez B, Harto A, Jaén P. Botulinum toxin type A for the preventive treatment of intertrigo in a patient with Darier’s disease and inguinal hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(12):1733–1737. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Nazzaro G, Vaira F, Coggi A, Gianotti R. A 42-year-old woman with a submammary intertrigo. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(9):1035–1036. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. López-Corominas V, Yagüe F, Knöpfel N, et al. Streptococcus pyogenes cervical intertrigo with secondary bacteremia. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(2):e71–e72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Imam TH, Cassarino D, Patail H, Khan N. Refractory intertrigo in the right inguinal crease: challenge. Am J Dermatopathol. 2017;39(8):629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Dowd ML, Ansell LH, Husain S, Grossman ME. Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis of the genitocrural area: a rare unilateral asymptomatic intertrigo. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2(2):132–134. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. McKay C, McBride P, Muir J. Plantar verrucous carcinoma masquerading as toe web intertrigo. Australas J Dermatol. 2012;53(2):e20–e22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Butragueño Laiseca L, Toledo Del Castillo B, Marañón Pardillo R. Cervical intertrigo: think beyond fungi. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2016;87(4):293–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Kirkpatrick CH. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(2):197–206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Hoeger PH, Stark S, Jost G. Efficacy and safety of two different antifungal pastes in infants with diaper dermatitis: a randomized, controlled study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(9):1094–1098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Blanco D, van Rossem K. A prospective two-year assessment of miconazole resistance in Candida spp with repeated treatment with 025% miconazole nitrate ointment in neonates and infants with moderate to severe diaper dermatitis complicated by cutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(6):717–724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Chiriac A, Chiriac AE, Pinteala T, Foia L, Brzezinski P. Erosio blastomycetica interdigitale sign of Candidiasis and diabetes! Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2014;13(1):105–106. [Google Scholar]

82. Adams SP. Dermacase. Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:271–277. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Gjessing HC. Intertrigo; saerlig omtale av perianal, (retro) aurikulaer og periokulaer intertrigo [Intertrigo, with special consideration on perianal, retroauricular and periocular intertrigo] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1953;73(12):488–490. Norwegian. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Parker ER, Dellavalle RP, Rosen T, Ofori AO. Candidal intertrigo. 2013. [Accessed August 12, 2017]. last updated Jul 2017; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/candidal-intertrigo/

85. Tulipan L. Intertrigo (chafing) treated with tannic acid and brilliant green. J Am Med Ass. 1941;116(14):1518–1519. [Google Scholar]

86. Dogan B, Karabudak O. Treatment of candidal intertrigo with a topical combination of isoconazole nitrate and diflucortolone valerate. Mycoses. 2008;51(Suppl 4):42–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Janik MP, Heffernan MP. Yeast infections: candidiasis and tinea (pityriasis) versicolor. In: Wolf K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008. pp. 1822–1830. [Google Scholar]

88. Verma S, Heffernan M. Fungal infections. In: Wolff K, Goldsmith L, Katz S, Gilchrest B, Paller A, Leffell D, editors. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. 7th. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2008. pp. 1807–1821. [Google Scholar]

89. Elewski BE, Hughey LC, Sobera JO, Hay R. Fungal diseases. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, editors. Dermatology. 3rd. [Edinburgh]: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012. pp. 1251–1284. [Google Scholar]

90. Rowen JL. Mucocutaneous candidiasis. Semin Perinatol. 2003;27(5):406–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Rashid A. Arthroconidia as vectors of dermatophytosis. Cutis. 2001;67(5 Suppl):23–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Pryzbilla B, Rueff F. Contact dermatitis. In: Burgdorf WHC, Braun-Falco O, editors. Braun-Falco’s Dermatology. 3rd. Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. pp. 491–540. [Google Scholar]

93. Reiss E, Shadomy HJ, Lyon GM. Fundamental Medical Mycology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons; 2012. pp. 250–301. [Google Scholar]

94. Loo DS. Cutaneous fungal infections in the elderly. Dermatol Clin. 2004;22(1):33–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Draijer LW, Folmer H. NHG-Farmacotherapeutische richtlijn Intertrigo. Huisarts en Wetenschap. 2007;50(1):33–35. [Google Scholar]

96. Bazex J. Intertrigo. Diagnostic orientation. Rev Prat. 1992;42(13):1689–1692. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Benkalfate L, Zein K, le Gall F, Chevrant-Breton J, Rivalan J, le Pogamp P. Calcified intertrigo, a rare cause of cutaneous calcinosis. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1995;122(11–12):789–792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Carleton A. A case of pseudomembiunous intertrigo. Br J Dermatol. 1943;55(6):154–158. [Google Scholar]

99. Collier C. Within the fold: treatments of intertrigo. JAAD. 2007;56(2):AB126. [Google Scholar]

100. Honig PJ, Frieden IJ, Kim HJ, Yan AC. Streptococcal intertrigo: an underrecognized condition in children. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6 Pt 1):1427–1429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Ke CL, Chen CC, Lin CT, Chen GS, Chai CY, Cheng ST. Fluvoxamine-induced bullous eruption mimicking hand-foot syndrome and intertrigo-like eruption: rare cutaneous presentations and elusive pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;55(2):355–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Korver GE, Ronald H, Petersen MJ. An intertrigo-like eruption from pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(9):901–902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Plaza AI, Sancho MI, Millet PU, et al. Erythematous, vesicular, and circinate lesions in a 78-year-old female – benign familial pemphigus. An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(3):439–440. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Millsop JW, Fazel N. Oral candidiasis. Clin Dermatol. 2016;34(4):487–494. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Sundaram SV, Srinivas CR, Thirumurthy M. Candidal intertrigo: treatment with filter paper soaked in Castellani’s paint. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72(5):386–387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Chadbourne EB, Zhang S, Gordon MJ, et al. Clinical outcomes in reduction mammaplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(5):503–510. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Ding X, Yan D, Sun W, Zeng Z, Su R, Su J. Epidemiology and risk factors for nosocomial non-Candida albicans candidemia in adult patients at a tertiary care hospital in North China. Med Mycol. 2015;53(7):684–690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Yeast infections (fungus) in women

Every woman will experience a yeast infection at some point in her life. A yeast infection is an irritating infection of the vagina and vulva that causes itching, discharge, and irritation. This is a type of vaginitis caused by an overgrowth of a yeast known as Candida albicans and is often easily treated at home, but can sometimes be severe enough to require a visit to a doctor.

On average, three out of four women experience a yeast infection. Some women have several throughout their lives. Although this disease is not considered a sexually transmitted disease, the fungus can be spread through oral contact with the female genitalia. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of a yeast infection and when you should see your OB/GYN.

Signs and symptoms of yeast infections

Signs and symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection can range from mild to more severe. These include the following:

  • burning sensation, especially when urinating or during intercourse;
  • itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva;
  • redness and swelling of the vulva;
  • thick, white or greyish vaginal discharge resembling cottage cheese;
  • vaginal rash;
  • pain and soreness in the vagina;
  • watery vaginal discharge.

Yeast infection risk factors

There are certain risk factors that can lead to the development of a yeast infection. These include the following:

  • taking antibiotics;
  • lack of sleep;
  • hormonal imbalance during the menstrual cycle;
  • taking hormone therapy or oral contraceptives;
  • stress;
  • malnutrition, especially when eating too many sugary foods;
  • pregnancy;
  • diabetes;
  • weakened immune system;
  • wearing clothes that are too tight.

A yeast infection can be caused by a number of reasons, but the most common cause is the fungus Candida albicans. The vagina has a natural balance of this substance, as well as other bacteria. However, in some cases there may be an overgrowth of Candida, leading to the development of a yeast infection. As a result, you may experience a combination of classic symptoms such as burning, itching, and soreness. Even women who are not sexually active can develop this infection.

Sometimes other types of Candida can also cause a yeast infection, but most drugs, especially over-the-counter ones, are for Candida albicans. If you develop a yeast infection caused by another type of Candida, treatment may be more difficult. If more aggressive treatment is needed, you may need to make an appointment with an OB/GYN.

Diagnosis of yeast infections

When you visit your OB/GYN, the doctor will run a test to determine if you have a yeast infection:

  • Review of medical history, including any past vaginal infections or sexually transmitted diseases.
  • Visual examination of the pelvis, external and internal parts of the vagina.
  • Biosampling, a sample of vaginal secretions, to determine what type of fungus is causing the infection.

Yeast infection treatment

Treatment for a simple yeast infection is usually straightforward for most women and may include the following options:

  • Prescription antifungal cream, ointment, suppositories, or tablets that last one, three, or seven days.
  • Single dose oral preparations
  • An over-the-counter antifungal cream or suppository that lasts three to seven days.

For more complex yeast infections, a doctor may suggest the following treatment options:

  • Prescription antifungal cream, ointment, suppositories, or tablets that last up to 14 days.
  • Multi-dose oral preparations.
  • Maintenance plan for recurrent yeast infections. (This type of treatment usually lasts longer than 14 days and may require oral medication once a week for six months or vaginal suppositories once a week.)

Visit your obstetrician-gynecologist. A yeast infection can be uncomfortable and affect your emotional state, but the problem is treatable. Check with your doctor so you can take action in time to avoid infection in the future.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis | Dikul Center

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge, and severe itching in the vagina and vulva, the tissues at the entrance to the vagina.

Vaginal yeast infection develops in up to 70% of women during their lifetime, and many of these episodes may occur several times.

Vaginal candidiasis is not a sexually transmitted infection. But the first regular sex life significantly increases the risk of developing candidiasis. Also, candidiasis can be associated with oral-genital sex.

Vaginal yeast infections respond well to treatment. In the presence of recurrent yeast infection – four or more times during the year – the patient may need long-term maintenance therapy.

Symptoms

Symptoms of candidiasis can range from mild to moderate and include:

  • Feelings of itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva
  • Burning sensation when urinating or during intercourse.
  • Redness and swelling of the vulva
  • Vaginal pain and tenderness
  • Vaginal rash
  • Thick white cheesy vaginal discharge, odorless.
  • Watery vaginal discharge

Complicated candidiasis

A woman may have a yeast infection if:

  • There are severe symptoms such as extensive redness, swelling, and itching that are complicated by tears, cracks, or sores.
  • If yeast infection develops more than four times a year
  • Infection due to an atypical fungus
  • Pregnancy
  • Uncontrolled diabetes
  • Weakening of the immune system due to the use of certain medications or the presence of serious diseases such as HIV infection.

When to see a doctor?

You need to make an appointment with a doctor if:

  • Symptoms of a yeast infection appear for the first time
  • It is doubtful that this is a fungal infection
  • Symptoms do not improve after taking over-the-counter antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories.
  • Other symptoms appear

Causes

Candida albicans is the main cause of most vaginal yeast infections.

The vagina is known to naturally contain a balanced mixture of yeast, including Candida, and bacteria. Some bacteria (lactobacilli) prevent yeast from growing.

But this balance can be upset. Overgrowth of fungi or their penetration into the deeper layers of the mucous tissue of the vagina can lead to the development of symptoms of a yeast infection.

Yeast overgrowth can be caused by:

  • The use of antibiotics, which can upset the balance of the natural vaginal flora
  • Pregnancy
  • Uncontrolled diabetes
  • Immune system disorders
  • Taking contraceptives or hormone therapy, which can increase the level of estrogen in the blood.

Candida albicans is the most common type of fungus that causes yeast infections. Yeast infections caused by other types of Candida are much more difficult to treat and usually require more aggressive treatments.

Risk factors

Factors that increase the risk of fungal infection include:

  • Taking antibiotics. A yeast infection is not uncommon in women who take antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics kill not only a number of bacteria, but also the normal microflora in the vagina, which can cause yeast overgrowth.
  • Increased estrogen levels contribute to the development of yeast infections. This can be both pregnant women and women who use high-dose estrogen birth control pills or if estrogen hormone therapy is being performed.
  • Uncontrolled diabetes. Women with poor control and high blood sugar levels are more at risk of developing fungal infections than women who control their blood sugar levels.
  • Immune system disorders. Women who are immunosuppressed, such as after corticosteroid therapy or HIV infection, are more at risk of yeast infections.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of vaginal yeast infections, it is recommended to wear underwear that is not too tight with a cotton gusset.

Also recommended:

  • Do not use tight fitting tights
  • Use douching as this flushes out some of the normal bacteria in the vagina that protect against infection.
  • Use scented products for women frequently, such as bubble baths, pads, and tampons.
  • Very hot and whirlpool baths are not recommended
  • Do not take antibiotics unnecessarily, such as for colds or other viral infections.
  • Avoid prolonged exposure to wet clothing such as swimwear and sportswear.

Diagnosis

To diagnose thrush, the doctor can:

  • Ask questions about symptoms and medical history. It is important for the physician to collect information about past vaginal or sexually transmitted infections.
  • Perform a gynecological examination. The doctor will examine the external genitalia to look for signs of a fungal infection. Then the doctor will examine the vagina and cervix using a special speculum.
  • Collect vaginal secretions. The doctor may send a sample of vaginal fluid for analysis to determine the type of fungus that caused the yeast infection. Identifying the fungus can help your doctor decide on the appropriate treatment, especially if you have recurrent yeast infections.

Treatment

Treatment for yeast infections depends on the severity and frequency of infections.

For mild to moderate symptoms and infrequent episodes, your doctor may recommend:

  • Short-term vaginal therapy. Taking antifungal medications for three to seven days usually clears up the yeast infection. Antifungal drugs, in the form of creams, ointments, tablets and suppositories, include miconazole (monistat 3) and terconazole. Some of these medicines can be purchased without a prescription, while others are available by prescription only.
  • Single oral dose. Your doctor may prescribe a single oral dose of fluconazole (Diflucan). But taking such drugs is contraindicated during pregnancy. In the presence of severe symptoms, it is possible to take two single doses with an interval of three days.

Seek medical attention again if treatment does not relieve symptoms or if symptoms return within two months.

If you have severe symptoms or have frequent yeast infections, your doctor may recommend:

  • Long-term vaginal therapy.