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Rock band Spinal Tap perform at the Orpheum Theatre in Minneapolis, Minnesota on May 19, 1992.Music legends Spinal Tap pose for a portrait in Hollywood, CaliforniaChristopher Guest and Michael McKean performing on stage in a scene from the film ‘This Is Spinal Tap’, 1984.June 25: Spinal Tap, the band formed for the film “This Is Spinal Tap,” plays a rare live performance on June 25, 1984 at Wolfgang’s in San…Band performing on stage in a scene from the film ‘This Is Spinal Tap’, 1984.Christopher Guest, Harry Shearer, Michael McKean, and Rob Reiner attend the “This Is Spinal Tap” 35th Anniversary during the 2019 Tribeca Film…Comic actor Billy Crystal with costumed cast members of the film “This Is Spinal Tap” Crystal, Christopher Guest, Michael McKean & Harry Shearer.Parody English heavy metal band, Spinal Tap , 1984.Circa 1984 Photo of SPINAL TAPSpinal Tap’s Christopher Guest poses with Harry Shearer as the latter holds a marrow backstage during the Live Earth concert at Wembley Stadium on. ..Photo of Spinal Tap Photo by Michael Ochs Archives/Getty ImagesParody English heavy metal band, Spinal Tap , 1984.Portrait of American television personalities and MTV VJs Alan Hunter and Nina Blackwood as they pose with members of the fictional Heavy Metal band…View of British-American comedian Christopher Guest, in costume as British musician Nigel Tufnel of the group Spinal Tap, backstage at the Metro,…Derek Smalls of The Rock group Spinal Tap live on stage at CBGB’s in New York City on May 6, 1984Spinal TapMembers of the fictional rock group Spinal Tap during a video shoot for MCA Records at a high school in Los Angeles.The Rock group Spinal Tap backstage at CBGB’s in New York City on May 6, 1984. L-R Derek Smalls Nigel Tufnel David St. Hubbins Keyboard player,…Photo of SPINAL TAP and Michael McKEAN and Harry SHEARER and Christopher GUEST; Posed group portrait, in costume L-R David St Hubbins , Derek Smalls…Spinal Tap on 7/10/84 in Chicago, Il. In Various Locations,American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and. ..American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician Michael McKean, American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian…Portrait of American television personalities and MTV VJs Alan Hunter and Nina Blackwood as they pose with members of the fictional Heavy Metal band…American comedian Michael McKean, in costume as British musician David St Hubbins of the group Spinal Tap, eats grapes backstage at the Metro,…American comedian Harry Shearer, in costume as British musician Derek Smalls of the group Spinal Tap, plays bass guitar as he performs onstage at the…American comedian Harry Shearer, in costume as British musician Derek Smalls of the group Spinal Tap, plays bass guitar as he performs onstage at the…American comedian Michael McKean, in costume as British musician David St Hubbins of the group Spinal Tap, plays guitar as he performs onstage at the…Photo of Spinal Tap Photo by Michael Ochs Archives/Getty ImagesMock rockers Spinal Tap pose for a photo at CBGB’s in March 1997 in New York City, New York. Actor Harry Shearer plays bassist Derek Smalls of the fictional heavy metal group, Spinal Tap.Nigel Tufnel, a member of the fictional rock group Spinal Tap portrayed by Christopher Guest, during a video shoot for MCA Records at a high school…American actors and comedians Michael McKean, Harry Shearer, and Christopher Guest, in costume as the fictitious British rock band Spinal Tap, at the…American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and…British-American comedian Christopher Guest, in costume as British musician Nigel Tufnel of the group Spinal Tap, plays guitar with American comedian…British-American comedian Christopher Guest , in costume as British musician Nigel Tufnel of the group Spinal Tap, watches as American comedian Harry…Spinal Tap photographed at CBGB’s in New York City on May 6, 1984Christopher Guest and Michael McKean of spoof heavy metal band Spinal Tap perform on stage during the Live Earth concert at Wembley Stadium on July. ..Parody English heavy metal band, Spinal Tap , 1984.Members of the fictional rock group Spinal Tap during a video shoot for MCA Records at a high school in Los Angeles.Members of the fictional rock group Spinal Tap during a video shoot for MCA Records at a high school in Los Angeles.Actor Michael McKean, best known for such film titles as The Brady Bunch, Airheads, This Is Spinal Tap, and Laverne and Shirley.Comedian and musician Christopher Guest poses with a guitar in Los Angeles in 1990 in these twelve images on a single proof sheet.Comedian and musician Christopher Guest poses with a guitar in Los Angeles in 1990 in these twelve images on a single proof sheet.Comedian Harry Shearer poses in front of a turned on television in Los Angeles in 1990 in these twelve images on a single proof sheet.American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, Chairman and CEO of MCA Al Teller, American…American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, Chairman and CEO of MCA Al Teller, American. ..American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and…American actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, radio host, director and producer Harry Shearer, American actor, musician, television…American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and…American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician Michael McKean, American actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, radio host, director…American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician Michael McKean, American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian…American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and…American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician Michael McKean, American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian. ..American music industry executive Richard Palmese and Chairman and CEO of MCA Al Teller, American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director,…American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and…American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director, actor, and comedian Christopher Guest, Chairman and CEO of MCA Al Teller, American…American music industry executive Richard Palmese and Chairman and CEO of MCA Al Teller, American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director,…American music industry executive Richard Palmese and Chairman and CEO of MCA Al Teller, American-British screenwriter, composer, musician, director,…American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and musician Michael McKean, American actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, radio host, director…American comedian Harry Shearer , in costume as British musician Derek Smalls of the group Spinal Tap, plays bass guitar with several, unidentified. .. von 20

Guide to Spinal Taps in Pictures

Medically Reviewed by Minesh Khatri, MD on April 24, 2022

Sometimes called a lumbar puncture, it’s when a doctor uses a needle to take a sample of fluid from the lower part of the spinal column (on your back) to check for signs of illness. Doctors may also use the procedure to deliver numbing (anesthetic), germ-fighting medications, or chemotherapy for cancer treatment.

The most common reason for a spinal tap is to test for certain conditions and injuries like: 

• Encephalitis (swelling of the brain)
• Meningitis (swelling of thin tissue that covers the spine and brain) 
• Bleeding in the brain
• Dementia, including Alzheimer’s
• Autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord)
• Leukemia (cancer of the blood)

Your doctor will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history. They may test the pressure inside your head, and also your body’s ability to clot blood, which is important for a safe procedure. Tell your doctor about all medications and supplements you take, especially any “blood-thinning” meds, like aspirin or warfarin. Your doctor will tell you the reasons for the procedure and may ask you to sign a consent form. 

You may get a spinal tap in a doctor’s office or hospital. You can usually leave the same day as your spinal tap, unless you’re already in the hospital for something else. Your doctor might do the procedure at your bedside or sometimes in a special room that has an X-ray machine with a video image that helps guide the needle (fluoroscopy or fluoroscopic guidance).

You’ll take off your clothes and any jewelry that could get in the way, and put on a medical gown that’s open at the back. You’ll want to pee, if you need to, before the procedure. Health care providers will clean the area at the base of your spine with antiseptic fluid and numb it with a cream or shot under the skin. They may give you a sedative in a pill or through a needle in your arm to calm your nerves and help with pain.

Your doctor may ask you to lie on your side on the bed or exam table with your knees tucked to your belly and your chin to your chest. This is to put you in a stable position that helps widen the spaces between your vertebrae where the doctor puts the needle. Or you may sit on the edge of a flat surface and hang your arms over a table in front of you. This also helps lengthen your spine and keep you still for the procedure.

Once you are prepped, numbed, and in position, your doctor will insert a thin hollow needle, usually between your third and fourth, or fourth and fifth vertebrae (bones of your spine). They will push the needle in 3 to 4 centimeters in order to get to the cerebrospinal fluid, or “CSF.” You might feel a slight sting, but it’s important to keep as still as possible.  

Once the needle is in, CSF should start to flow slowly backward through the needle into a sterile container — a tablespoon or so for testing. In addition, your doctor can inject any medication or anesthetic that you might need through the same needle. Then the doctor removes the needle and puts a bandage over the injection site, often with a bit of pressure to help it heal. From start to finish, it takes about 15 minutes.

Medical staff will probably ask you to lie flat for an hour or more after the procedure to lessen headaches, which are common after a spinal tap. You should be able to roll from side to side as long as you keep your head down, and the nurse can help you pee lying down if needed. You’ll likely stay at the care site for 1 to 4 hours after the procedure. Drinking extra fluids helps your body start to replace CSF taken in the spinal tap.

Your doctor will likely tell you to take it easy for about 24 hours after your spinal tap. It can also help to spend more time on your back at home to prevent headache problems. Call your doctor right away if you notice:

• Pain and swelling at the injection site
• Blood draining at the injection site
• Problems peeing
• Numbness or tingling in your legs
• Headache, especially one that lasts, is triggered when you change position, or is severe

Serious complications are rare. You may get a shooting pain if the needle hits a nerve root, but it should go away quickly. Headaches, nausea, low blood pressure, and a fast pulse may continue for a few days. In rare cases, you may have inflammation, bleeding, or an infection that needs treatment in a hospital. 

Cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, is normally clear. Clouded or bloody CSF could be a sign of inflammation or bleeding in the brain. Certain proteins in the fluid could be a sign of dementia, and bacteria could be signs of a serious infection. Other results might suggest an autoimmune disease like multiple sclerosis or some cancers. Only your doctor can give you the reason for your test and explain the results.  

IMAGES PROVIDED BY:

1) BSIP / Medical Images

2) Clockwise from top left:  Airelle-Joubert / Science Source, Medical Body Scans / Science Source, Comstock / Getty Images, James Cavallini / Science Source

3) SDI Productions / Getty Images

4) Philippe Garo / CHU de Nice / Science Source

5) Barry Slaven / Medical Images

6) BruceBlaus / Wikipedia

7) ttsz / Getty Images

8) VOISIN / PHANIE / Science Source

9) CAIA IMAGE / Science Source

10) WebMD

11) Pollyana Ventura / Getty Images

12) BaltzarDK / Getty Images

SOURCES:

Columbia University School of Neurology: “Spinal Tap or Lumbar Puncture. ” InformedHealth.org: “What happens during a lumbar puncture (spinal tap)?”

University of Rochester Medical Center: “Lumbar Puncture.”

U.S. National Library of Medicine: “Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis.”

RadiologyInfo.org: “Lumbar Puncture.”

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SMA (spinal muscular atrophy) is a genetic neuromuscular disease that affects the motor neurons of the spinal cord and leads to progressive muscle weakness. The disease is progressive in nature, weakness begins with the muscles of the legs and the whole body and, with the development of the disease, reaches the muscles responsible for swallowing and breathing. At the same time, the intelligence of SMA patients is absolutely preserved.

Depending on the severity of symptoms, there are 3 main types of proximal SMA: SMA 1, SMA 2, SMA 3. The earlier the first signs of the disease appear, the more pronounced the symptoms, the more severe they are, and the faster the disease progresses.

A child or adult with spinal muscular atrophy is a person with increased needs. He has the right to a decent life. Therefore, we find the best SMA specialists in Russia and the world and tell other doctors, people with SMA and their families how to properly treat, rehabilitate, and support people with this disease. To do this, we hold conferences, schools and webinars for doctors and people with SMA, help patients with access to drug therapy. We publish brochures, help with medical equipment and consumables so that people can breathe normally, lie down, sit or walk.
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SMA Congress Europe is the largest scientific event in the field of SMA in Europe, a platform for the exchange of experience and the latest news between scientists, researchers and clinical specialists.

We invite you to take part in the VI CMA Conference

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Tumors of the brain and spinal cord in adults

What is a brain tumor?

A tumor is an accumulation of cells that divide uncontrollably and grow and damage normal tissues.

They are benign – not germinating in the nearest organs and not spreading to other parts of the body, and malignant , capable of creating new foci in any area of ​​the body.
Both types of growths are dangerous because they can compress normal brain tissue and destroy it, causing life-threatening damage.

What is the brain and why do we need it?

Thanks to the brain, we think, feel, remember, talk, hear, see, move and breathe. With the help of nerves, it exchanges signals with other tissues, transmits and receives information from them, and coordinates the work of internal organs.

It has several important departments, each of which performs specific tasks:

• Brain : Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid and divided into left and right hemispheres that control reasoning, thoughts, emotions, language, human planned muscle movements such as walking or chewing. In addition, it is here that the awareness of the information received about everything seen, taste, smell, touch and pain occurs.
• Cerebellum : helps us to coordinate movements.
• Trunk : contains bundles of very long nerve fibers that transmit signals between the brain and other tissues that control muscles and sensations. The centers located in it control breathing and heartbeat.
• The hypothalamus and the small gland the pituitary gland : they work together to produce hormones that regulate the production of hormones Hormones are substances created by our glands that enter various tissues through the bloodstream and tell them how to act – work or rest, secrete something then or absorb..
• Blood Brain Barrier: the inner lining of capillaries, small blood vessels, creates a reliable barrier that keeps harmful substances out of the brain. Unfortunately, it also delays most chemotherapy drugs that can destroy cancer cells.
• Choroid plexus: the area that produces the cerebrospinal fluid that protects our main organ.

Primary and secondary brain tumors

Primary neoplasms are those that first appeared in the brain, and secondary are those that appeared in it as a result of the spread of cancer cells from other organs, such as the lungs, kidneys, mammary glands, or bladder.

In this text, we will talk about primary tumors, their types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Types of brain tumors

Doctors distinguish several types of tumors, each of which occurs in specific cells.

Gliomas: develop in glial cells, which are necessary for the proper functioning of neurons – the nerves through which the brain exchanges signals with the body:

• Astrocytomas : begins with astrocytes that form scars that repair damaged tissue.

  They are grouped according to the degree of malignancy – the ability to quickly spread throughout the body:

  I degree , so-called non-infiltrating astrocytomas: usually do not damage surrounding tissues, respond well to treatment, increase in size slowly, and are more common in children than in adults.
  Grade II : grow slowly, but often grow into nearby tissues, making their surgical removal difficult.
  Grade III : These neoplasms grow rapidly and spread to normal tissues.
  Grade IV : glioblastomas are extremely dangerous and most common malignant brain tumors in adults, accounting for more than half of all gliomas.

• Oligodendrogliomas : Begins in oligodendrocytes that produce myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds nerve cells and helps them send electrical signals. They grow slowly and rarely extend beyond the brain or spinal cord, but most of them penetrate normal tissues, which makes it impossible to treat them surgically.

• Ependymomas : develop in cells that line the ventricles, fluid-filled areas in the brain. These tumors usually do not spread to surrounding tissues, but may block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles. Most of them can be removed during surgery, but such interventions often lead to side effects caused by nerve damage.

Meningiomas: form in the meninges, the layers of tissue that surround the outer part of the brain and spinal cord. The risk of developing them increases with age, and they occur about 2 times more often in women than in men.

Such neoplasms have their own classification – according to the difference between their cells and healthy ones:
Meningiomas I degree – benign and the most common: they consist of cells very similar to normal ones. Most of them can be treated surgically, but some of them are located too close to the vital centers of the brain or nerves, and require other methods of therapy.
Grade II Tumors with cells markedly different from normal. They can grow into tissues and bones located near the brain, and are more likely to recur – develop again after surgery.
Meningiomas Grade III are anaplastic, or malignant, and rare: contain cells that are almost unhealthy. They grow rapidly, damage nearby tissues, often return after treatment, and can spread to other parts of the body.

Medulloblastomas: develop from the cells of the cerebellum, which is responsible for the coordination of movements and orientation in space. Such tumors develop rapidly, can spread throughout the body, are more common in children than in adults, and not only traditional surgery, but also chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used to combat them.

Gangliogliomas: contain not only glial cells, but also nerve cells – neurons. They are slow growing, rarely seen in adults, and are treated with surgery or in combination with radiation therapy.

Schwannomas : develop from Schwann cells that surround neurons. Such neoplasms are almost always benign – they do not quickly increase in size and do not grow into the surrounding tissues. If they occur on the nerve responsible for hearing and balance, they are called acoustic neuromas or vestibular schwannomas . These tumors can compress the spinal cord and cause weakness, loss of sensation, and bowel and bladder problems.

Craniopharyngiomas : formed above the pituitary glandThe pituitary gland is one of the most important glands in the human body that regulates the entire endocrine system responsible for the production of hormones, but below the brain itself, and is able to put pressure on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland ., which leads to hormonal hormones. Hormones are substances that are created by our glands, through the bloodstream enter various tissues and tell them how to act – work or rest, excrete something or absorb. failures. They are more common in children and often cause vision problems because they occur near the optic nerves.

Tumors that occur in or near the brain

Chordomas are rare tumors that start in the bone at the base of the skull or at the lower end of the spine. They usually do not spread to other organs, they do not occur in the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord., But they can compress and damage its tissues. They are removed surgically, often at the same time as radiation therapy, but they often recur in the same area and cause even more damage to the body.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas : start in lymphocytes, the blood cells that protect us from bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Such neoplasms are more common in people with diseases of the immune system, for example, in those infected with HIVHIV – a human immunodeficiency virus that enters the body with bodily fluids – anything but saliva, sweat and tears. Its particles destroy immune cells and weaken natural defenses, which makes the body extremely vulnerable to any infections. grow rapidly and are difficult to treat.

Tumors pituitary gland The pituitary gland is one of the most important glands in the human body, regulating the functioning of the entire endocrine system responsible for the production of hormones. are almost always benign, meaning they slowly enlarge and do not spread to other parts of the body. When they grow to large sizes, they squeeze nearby tissues or produce too many hormones, which leads to serious complications.

Why do brain tumors occur?

The exact causes of the appearance of brain tumors are still not known – doctors only know about the factors that can lead to their development.
These include:

• Radiation , including that received by a person during radiation therapy. Today, most of the tumors it causes occur in people whose brains were exposed to radiation during childhood to fight leukemia, a bone marrow lesion that replaces normal blood cells with altered, dysfunctional ones. They usually form 10-15 years after treatment, but may appear several decades later.
• Heredity : in rare cases, these diseases are associated with a whole group of family diagnoses, such as neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, and von Hippel-Lindau syndromes Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is a rare hereditary disease that leads to the development of benign and malignant tumors in several organs., Li-Fraumeni Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a rare disease that increases the likelihood of developing one or more types of cancer., Turco Turco syndrome leads to the development of polyps – growths of tissue in the large intestine, and the formation of brain tumors., Gorlin Gorlin Syndrome – This is a genetic disease that leads to disruption of the skin, bone and nervous systems, as well as endocrine glands that produce hormones. and Cowden Cowden syndrome is a rare disorder that causes multiple tumors to form in various parts of the body, most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract. .
• Weakened immune system . Violation of our natural defenses due to congenital features, AIDS – the last stage of HIV, prevention of rejection of transplanted organs, as well as various types of oncology treatment can provoke the development of lymphomas Lymphoma is the accumulation in tissues of altered lymphocytes – blood cells that protect us from bacteria, viruses , fungi and parasites. brain or spinal cord.

Signs and symptoms of brain tumors in adults

Signs of the presence of tumors depend on their type, growth rate and location. They may develop gradually and increase over time, or they may come on suddenly, such as during a seizure.

• Growth of the neoplasm, swelling of the brain or blockage of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid can lead to increased intracranial pressure and cause a range of symptoms: nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, problems with coordination, drowsiness, personality and behavior changes. In addition, about half of patients suffer from worsening headaches and seizures.
• Damage to the outer part of the most important human organ that controls movement and sensation can cause weakness or numbness on one side of the body.
• Injury or compression of the areas responsible for the perception of language can lead to speech disorders and difficulty understanding words.
• Forebrain tumors affect thinking and personality.
• When the neoplasm is located in the cerebellum, the cerebellum is the lower back part of the brain, which is responsible for the coordination of movements, a person has difficulty with walking, precise movements of the hands, arms, legs, feet, swallowing, synchronization of eye movements and a change in the rhythm of speech.
• Damage to the back of the brain surrounding the pituitary glandThe pituitary gland is one of the most important glands in the human body, regulating the entire endocrine system responsible for the production of hormones. tissues, optic or other nerves is reflected in vision.
• Spinal cord injuries can lead to numbness, weakness, problems with hand and foot coordination, and bladder or bowel problems.
• Tumors of other cranial nerves can cause problems with swallowing and hearing in one or both ears, weakness of the facial muscles, numbness, or pain in the facial area.

Violation of the hormonal balance and malfunctions of many organs can also be symptoms of brain tumors, since it is he who is responsible for the proper functioning of all body systems.

Diagnosis of brain tumors

As a rule, brain tumors are detected after a person has disturbing symptoms that force him to consult a specialist.

Diagnosis begins with an examination and a survey about how you feel, after which the doctor evaluates the work of the brain and spinal cord. He checks muscle strength, eye and mouth movements, coordination of movements and reactions to various stimuli, after which he prescribes a series of studies.

MRI – Magnetic resonance imaging is well suited for studying the brain and is considered the best way to find tumors located in it. The images taken with radio waves and strong magnets are very detailed, but do not show the condition of the skull.

CT scan CT scan: X-rays create detailed “pictures” of a cross section of the brain or other parts of the body. This method is used less frequently than MRI, but it can be used for patients who are afraid of confined spaces, in people who are overweight, and to obtain information about bone structures located near the neoplasm.

PET -scan: before the positron emission tomography, a person is injected with a radioactive substance that accumulates in the altered cells. Then a special machine creates an image of the damaged areas – not as detailed as a CT or MRI, but able to show whether they are tumors. In addition, the method allows you to evaluate the results of treatment, and clearly distinguish the affected tissues from ordinary scars.

Studies such as MRI or CT may indicate the presence of brain tumors, but are not able to recognize their type. For these purposes, a special procedure is applied – biopsy , during which the doctor removes a small amount of suspicious tissue and sends them to the laboratory for examination.

Lumbar, or Spinal Puncture : Used primarily to look for abnormal cells in the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. First, the doctor numbs the area in the lower back, then inserts a small needle between the bones of the spine and obtains the necessary samples. This test is usually not used to detect tumors – it helps to determine the degree of their malignancy, that is, the ability to rapidly grow and spread throughout the body.

Blood and urine tests: do not show the presence of neoplasms in the brain, but allow you to assess the quality of the liver, kidneys and other important organs. They are prescribed before any elective surgery and during chemotherapy courses.

Treatment of brain tumors

Doctors use many methods, the choice of which depends on the type of neoplasm, its location, the possibility of removal, the age of the patient and his state of health.

Surgery
Most often, the first step is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without disrupting brain function.
Surgery or its combination with radiation therapy can control or completely cure some types of low-grade astrocytomas, ependymas, craniopharyngiomas, gangliogliomas, and meningiomas. In addition, it can alleviate the symptoms caused by the disease, especially those that occur with increased intracranial pressure – headaches, nausea, vomiting and vision problems.

With the spread of altered cells to nearby tissues, such an intervention is not enough – it must be combined with radiation or chemotherapy. The combination of these methods prolongs life even in cases where it is not possible to completely defeat the neoplasm.

Surgery may not be the best option if the tumor is deep in the brain or in a part of the brain that cannot be removed, such as the brain stem. It is also not used for patients who cannot undergo surgery due to serious health problems.

Radiation therapy: the destruction of altered cells with radioactive radiation or a substance. This method is used in several situations:

• for the destruction of tissues remaining after the operation;
• as the main treatment, if surgery is not possible, and the drugs are not effective;
• to prevent or relieve symptoms.

Most often, 9 is used for neoplasms of the brain.0132 external radiation therapy – exposure to a specific area of ​​the body from the outside, using a special device. The painless procedure is carried out in several sessions, each lasting from 15 to 30 minutes.
Brachytherapy : Injection of radioactive material directly into or near the tumor.

Chemotherapy : The destruction of dangerous cells by drugs injected into a vein, cerebrospinal fluid, brain, or taken by mouth. This method is usually used for rapidly growing tumors, and may be prescribed in combination with surgery and radiation therapy.

Targeted Therapy : medicines that work against certain changes found only in tumor cells. They block proteins that contribute to the rapid development of the tumor, and do not allow the formation of new vessels necessary for its nutrition.

Prognosis and survival of patients with brain tumors

The prospects for each person are individual – they depend on many factors, such as age, general health, type of tumor, its location, the possibility of complete removal or destruction, as well as the presence of certain changes in the cells.

To make approximate patient predictions, doctors use a special term – “five-year survival rate”, which says nothing about the chances of a particular patient.