What are the most common digestive diseases. How can you recognize the symptoms of digestive disorders. What treatments are available for various gastrointestinal conditions. How does the digestive system work. Why is maintaining digestive health important.

Understanding the Digestive System and Its Functions

The digestive system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to break down food, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste. This intricate system includes the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Each component plays a crucial role in ensuring proper digestion and overall health.

How does the digestive process work? It begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down through chewing and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it’s further broken down by stomach acids. From there, it moves to the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption occurs. The large intestine processes remaining waste and water before elimination.

Key Components of the Digestive System

• Mouth and Salivary Glands
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine (Colon)
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Gallbladder

Understanding the functions of each component is essential for recognizing potential issues and maintaining digestive health. For instance, the liver produces bile to help break down fats, while the pancreas secretes enzymes crucial for digestion. Any disruption in these processes can lead to various digestive disorders.

Common Digestive Diseases and Their Symptoms

Digestive diseases encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal tract and related organs. These disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some being acute and others chronic. Recognizing the symptoms of these conditions is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

GERD is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus. What are the primary symptoms of GERD? The most common signs include heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and regurgitation of food or sour liquid. In some cases, GERD can lead to complications such as Barrett’s esophagus if left untreated.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBS is a common disorder affecting the large intestine. Symptoms typically include abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and changes in bowel habits. How is IBS diagnosed? Diagnosis often involves ruling out other conditions and assessing symptoms based on the Rome criteria, a set of diagnostic guidelines for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

IBD is an umbrella term for disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. The two main types are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Symptoms may include severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and weight loss. IBD requires long-term management and can lead to serious complications if not properly treated.

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption. When individuals with celiac disease eat gluten, their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine. Symptoms can include diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, and in some cases, skin rashes or neurological problems. A strict gluten-free diet is essential for managing this condition.

Diagnostic Procedures for Gastrointestinal Disorders

Accurate diagnosis of digestive diseases often requires a combination of medical history assessment, physical examinations, and specialized tests. These diagnostic procedures help healthcare providers identify the underlying causes of symptoms and determine the most appropriate treatment strategies.

Endoscopy and Colonoscopy

Endoscopy and colonoscopy are common procedures used to visually examine the upper and lower GI tract, respectively. During these procedures, a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the body, allowing doctors to see the lining of the digestive tract and potentially take biopsies for further analysis.

Imaging Studies

Various imaging techniques can be used to diagnose digestive disorders. These may include:

• X-rays
• CT scans
• MRI
• Ultrasound

These imaging studies can help identify structural abnormalities, inflammation, or tumors within the digestive system.

Laboratory Tests

Blood tests, stool analyses, and breath tests are often used to diagnose digestive diseases. These tests can detect infections, assess liver function, identify food intolerances, and measure inflammation levels in the body.

Treatment Approaches for Digestive Disorders

The treatment of digestive diseases varies depending on the specific condition, its severity, and the individual patient. Healthcare providers may use a combination of approaches to manage symptoms and address underlying causes.

Medications

Various medications can be prescribed to treat digestive disorders. These may include:

• Antacids and proton pump inhibitors for GERD
• Anti-inflammatory drugs for IBD
• Antispasmodics for IBS
• Antibiotics for certain infections

The choice of medication depends on the specific condition and its symptoms.

Dietary Modifications

Dietary changes play a crucial role in managing many digestive disorders. For example, individuals with celiac disease must follow a strict gluten-free diet, while those with lactose intolerance need to avoid or limit dairy products. In some cases, working with a registered dietitian can help develop an appropriate meal plan.

Lifestyle Changes

Certain lifestyle modifications can significantly improve digestive health. These may include:

• Stress reduction techniques
• Regular exercise
• Quitting smoking
• Limiting alcohol consumption

Implementing these changes can help alleviate symptoms and improve overall digestive function.

Surgical Interventions

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat severe digestive disorders. This could involve removing damaged portions of the intestine in Crohn’s disease or correcting structural abnormalities that contribute to GERD.

Preventive Measures and Maintaining Digestive Health

While not all digestive diseases can be prevented, there are several steps individuals can take to promote digestive health and reduce the risk of developing certain conditions.

Balanced Diet

Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support digestive health. How does fiber contribute to digestive health? Fiber helps maintain regular bowel movements, feeds beneficial gut bacteria, and may reduce the risk of certain digestive disorders.

Hydration

Adequate hydration is essential for proper digestion and bowel function. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day can help prevent constipation and support overall digestive health.

Regular Exercise

Physical activity can promote healthy digestion by stimulating intestinal muscles and reducing the risk of constipation. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.

Stress Management

Chronic stress can negatively impact digestive health. Implementing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises can help maintain a healthy gut-brain connection.

The Role of Gut Microbiome in Digestive Health

The gut microbiome, consisting of trillions of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, plays a crucial role in overall health, including digestion, immune function, and even mental health. Understanding and maintaining a healthy gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of digestive health.

Factors Influencing Gut Microbiome

Several factors can impact the composition of the gut microbiome, including:

• Diet
• Antibiotic use
• Stress levels
• Sleep patterns
• Environmental exposures

Maintaining a diverse and balanced gut microbiome is essential for optimal digestive function and overall health.

Probiotics and Prebiotics

Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that can be consumed through fermented foods or supplements. Prebiotics, on the other hand, are types of fiber that feed these beneficial bacteria. How do probiotics and prebiotics support digestive health? They can help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria, potentially reducing the risk of certain digestive disorders and supporting immune function.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Digestive Health

The field of gastroenterology is rapidly evolving, with new research constantly uncovering insights into digestive diseases and potential treatments. Several areas of research show promise for improving our understanding and management of digestive disorders.

Microbiome Research

Ongoing studies are exploring the complex relationships between the gut microbiome and various health conditions. This research may lead to new therapeutic approaches, such as targeted probiotic treatments or fecal microbiota transplantation for certain digestive disorders.

Personalized Medicine

Advances in genetic testing and biomarker identification are paving the way for more personalized approaches to diagnosing and treating digestive diseases. This could allow for more targeted therapies based on an individual’s genetic profile and specific disease characteristics.

Novel Therapies

Researchers are exploring new treatment modalities for digestive diseases, including:

• Biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel disease
• Gut-directed hypnotherapy for functional gastrointestinal disorders
• Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infections

These emerging therapies hold promise for improving outcomes in patients with various digestive disorders.

In conclusion, understanding digestive diseases, their symptoms, and available treatments is crucial for maintaining optimal health. By recognizing the importance of digestive health and staying informed about the latest research and recommendations, individuals can take proactive steps to support their digestive system and overall well-being. As research in this field continues to advance, we can look forward to more effective diagnostic tools and treatment options for a wide range of digestive disorders.

Digestive Diseases – NIDDK

The digestive system made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), liver, pancreas, and gallbladder helps the body digest food. Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which your body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair.

Some digestive diseases and conditions are acute, lasting only a short time, while others are chronic, or long-lasting.

Your Digestive System & How It Works

Featured Topics

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Crohn’s Disease
• Celiac Disease

• Bowel Control Problems (Fecal Incontinence)
• Gas
• Lactose Intolerance

• Diarrhea
• Diverticulosis & Diverticulitis
• Acid Reflux (GER & GERD)

More Digestive Disease Topics

Infants & Children

• Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Infants
• Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Children
• Chronic Diarrhea in Children
• Constipation in Children
• Hirschsprung Disease
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Children

Diagnostic Tests

• Celiac Disease Testing (for Health Care Professionals)
• Colonoscopy
• ERCP

• Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
• Lower GI Series
• Upper GI Endoscopy
• Upper GI Series
• Virtual Colonoscopy

Digestive Disease Topics

• Abdominal Adhesions
• Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults
• Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Infants
• Anatomic Problems of the Lower GI Tract
• Appendicitis
• Barrett’s Esophagus
• Bowel Control Problems (Fecal Incontinence)
• Celiac Disease
• Colon Polyps
• Constipation
• Crohn’s Disease

• Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
• Diarrhea
• Diverticulosis & Diverticulitis
• Dumping Syndrome
• Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)
• Food Poisoning
• Gallstones
• Gas
• Gastritis
• Gastroparesis
• GI Bleeding
• Hemorrhoids
• Hirschsprung Disease
• Indigestion (Dyspepsia)

• Inguinal Hernia
• Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
• Lactose Intolerance
• Liver Disease
• Microscopic Colitis
• Ostomy Surgery of the Bowel
• Pancreatitis
• Peptic Ulcers (Stomach Ulcers)

• Proctitis
• Short Bowel Syndrome
• Ulcerative Colitis
• Viral Gastroenteritis
• Your Digestive System & How It Works
• Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Statistics

Statistics for Digestive Diseases in the United States

Healthy Moments Radio

Listen to health tips from Dr. Rodgers in his weekly 1-minute episodes.

• 
  Irritable Bowel Syndrome & Your Diet
  
• 
  What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
  
• 
  How to Stay Gluten Free
  
• 
  Celiac Disease: What Is a Gluten-Free Diet?
  
• 
  Diagnosing Celiac Disease
  
• 
  What Is Celiac Disease?
  

More Healthy Moments Radio

Digestive Diseases for Health Professionals

• Dermatitis Herpetiformis
• Dental Enamel Defects & Celiac Disease
• Celiac Disease Testing

More Resources for Digestive Diseases Health Professionals

Clinical Trials

Watch a video of NIDDK Director Dr. Griffin P. Rodgers explaining the importance of participating in clinical trials

Research Discoveries & News

• 
  Cellular response to bacteria may explain why infection sometimes causes stomach cancer
• 
  Identifying the distinguishing features of bile acid diarrhea
• 
  How gut bacteria use a bile acid to keep inflammation in check
• 
  Identifying defects in wound healing in inflammatory bowel disease
• 
  How a gut “feeling” helps digestion
• 
  Chatty neighboring cells promote eosinophilic esophagitis

More Research News

Common digestive disorders: Symptoms and treatments

People may experience stomach issues for reasons ranging from eating habits to digestive disorders. Common symptoms of stomach issues include cramps, vomiting, and changes to stool.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Together with the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, these organs work together to absorb nutrients and expel waste.

Disturbances to this process can cause a range of symptoms, from cramps to vomiting. Many of these issues may pass with time and pose little risk of complication. However, seemingly common stomach issues can be the result of several digestive disorders.

Knowing the signs and symptoms of common digestive disorders can help people identify them and seek relevant treatment.

In this article, we provide a list of more and less common digestive disorders, discuss their symptoms and treatments, and indicate when to contact a doctor.

Digestive disorders are a group of conditions that occur when the digestive system does not function as it should. Health experts split them into two categories: organic and functional GI disorders.

Organic GI disorders occur when there are structural abnormalities in the digestive system, which prevents it from working properly.

In functional GI disorders, the GI tract appears to be structurally normal but still does not function well.

Some of the more common digestive disorders include:

• irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
• gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• gallstones
• celiac disease
• Crohn’s disease
• ulcerative colitis (UC)

Examples of less common digestive disorders include:

• Hirschsprung’s disease
• achalasia
• Ménétrier disease

In the following sections, we look at these conditions in more detail.

The main symptom of IBS is abdominal pain, which may occur before or after bowel movements. People can also experience diarrhea, constipation, or both.

Whether a person typically experiences diarrhea or constipation more often, or both equally, determines which type of IBS they have.

Other symptoms of IBS may include:

• bloating
• white mucus in the stool
• incomplete bowel movements

A combination of factors can cause or worsen IBS symptoms. People with IBS are more likely to have experienced traumatic life events or to have a mental health condition. However, IBS can also develop after an infection or as a result of SIBO.

A variety of factors can contribute to IBS. That is why different people benefit from different approaches to managing their symptoms. They may need to:

• make dietary changes
• learn to reduce stress
• address underlying conditions

Learn more about treatments for IBS here.

When to contact a doctor

Individuals with IBS should consult a doctor if they experience severe abdominal pain or cramps.

They should also contact a medical professional if any other IBS symptoms suddenly worsen or change or affect the person’s daily functioning or quality of life.

SIBO occurs when bacteria from the large intestine migrate to the small intestine, causing symptoms such as:

• bloating
• diarrhea
• constipation

Treatment for SIBO involves taking antibiotics, but it may also include medications to help with digestion and address the underlying cause.

When to contact a doctor

A person experiencing SIBO symptoms for the first time should contact a doctor immediately. The doctor can advise them about what medications or lifestyle changes may help with their condition.

People who have a previous SIBO diagnosis should contact a doctor if their symptoms suddenly become worse or affect their daily life or if their treatment plan is no longer working.

Acid reflux occurs when a person’s stomach contents come back up into the esophagus or food pipe. If this happens frequently, a person may have GERD, which is a long-term condition.

GERD can cause esophagitis, which is inflammation or irritation of the esophagus. However, a person can also have GERD without esophagitis.

Common symptoms of GERD with esophagitis include:

• heartburn
• acid reflux
• chest pain
• nausea
• pain while swallowing

Doctors are not always sure what causes GERD, but risk factors can include:

• taking certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• having obesity
• inhaling secondhand smoke
• being pregnant
• having a hiatal hernia

Treatment for GERD may include making dietary changes, quitting smoking, taking over-the-counter medications to manage the symptoms, or receiving treatments that address the underlying cause.

When to contact a doctor

Severe GERD can impact a person’s quality of life.

Individuals should consult a healthcare professional if they experience any of the following:

• worsening symptoms
• an increase in symptom frequency
• difficulty swallowing
• unexplained weight loss
• vomiting as a result of GERD

The gallbladder is a small sac that stores bile, which the body uses during digestion. Gallstones are small stones that form in the gallbladder.

In most cases, a person may not know that they have gallstones, as they usually do not produce any symptoms. However, people may experience symptoms if the gallstones form in front of an opening in the gallbladder.

Symptoms may include:

• persistent pain below the ribs, on the right-hand side of the body
• jaundice
• a high temperature
• nausea
• vomiting
• sweating

Treatment for gallstones may include surgical removal of the gallbladder or a procedure whereby a healthcare professional will remove gallstones from the bile duct.

When to contact a doctor

While gallstones often do not cause any symptoms, they can lead to serious complications.

People should seek medical attention if they experience any of the following:

• abdominal pain that lasts for more than 8 hours
• jaundice
• a high temperature or chills

It is also advisable to consult a healthcare professional if an individual is experiencing any of these symptoms more than 2–3 times per week over the course of weeks or months.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition that causes the body to attack the intestinal lining if a person eats foods containing gluten.

Unlike non-celiac gluten sensitivity, celiac disease is a serious condition that can cause damage to the intestines if left untreated.

Symptoms of celiac disease can include:

• long-term diarrhea
• constipation
• stools that are pale, that are smellier than usual, and that float
• abdominal pain
• bloating
• gas
• nausea
• vomiting

Over time, untreated celiac disease can lead to complications such as:

• malnutrition
• bone softening
• problems relating to the nervous system
• problems with reproduction

The main treatment for celiac disease is following a gluten-free diet.

When to contact a doctor

The sooner doctors can reach a celiac disease diagnosis, the sooner they can recommend dietary and medicinal treatment options.

People experiencing recurring symptoms of celiac disease should contact a doctor for assessment.

A person with a diagnosis should seek medical help if previous symptoms return suddenly or worsen or if the person experiences unexplained fatigue.

Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes chronic inflammation in the GI tract, most often in the small intestine.

Some common symptoms of Crohn’s disease include:

• chronic diarrhea
• unexplained weight loss
• stomach pain
• bloody stools
• fatigue

Crohn’s disease may be due to an autoimmune reaction to certain bacteria in the digestive tract. However, genetic and environmental factors can play a role as well.

People with Crohn’s disease often require drugs to reduce the inflammation. Some people may also require bowel rests to help the intestines heal, or surgery.

Learn about the five types of Crohn’s disease and their symptoms here.

When to contact a doctor

Crohn’s disease is a serious condition that requires medicinal or surgical treatment.

People should contact a doctor to test for Crohn’s disease if they experience any of the above symptoms. The sooner that a person can treat and control their flare-ups, the better chance they have of avoiding complications in the future.

Individuals with the condition should seek emergency medical help if their treatments appear to have stopped working or if symptoms become more frequent or severe.

UC is a type of IBD that causes inflammation in the rectum and large intestine. The inflammation can also spread to other parts of the intestine over time.

Some symptoms of UC may include:

• long-term diarrhea
• unexplained weight loss
• tiredness
• abdominal pain

As with other types of IBD, what triggers UC could be a combination of an autoimmune response, genetics, and environmental causes.

When to contact a doctor

People without a previous diagnosis of UC should seek immediate medical help if they experience any of the above symptoms. Doctors will be able to determine whether the person has the condition or not and suggest a treatment plan if necessary.

Treatment may involve dietary changes, medications to manage inflammation and reduce symptoms, or surgery. The sooner that a person starts treating their UC, the better their long-term outlook will be.

Individuals with UC should contact a doctor if they experience severe or recurring flare-ups.

Other less common digestive disorders can cause stomach issues. A person experiencing any of the below symptoms should contact a doctor immediately for testing and potential treatment.

Hirschsprung’s disease

Hirschsprung’s disease is a rare condition that people are born with. It involves the body’s inability to reflexively open the internal anal sphincter.

Symptoms in newborns may include:

• not passing their first bowel movement within 48 hours of birth
• constipation
• vomiting
• swollen stomach

Symptoms occurring later in life may include:

• lack of appetite
• diarrhea
• small, watery stools

The usual treatment for Hirschsprung’s disease is surgery.

Achalasia

Achalasia is a rare condition that typically affects adults aged 25–60 years. It occurs when the esophagus loses the ability to move food toward the stomach, and the valve at the end may fail to open.

Symptoms may include:

• the sensation while eating that food is not “going down”
• heartburn
• regurgitation of food
• coughing or choking during sleep

Treatment may involve medication or surgery.

Ménétrier disease

Ménétrier disease occurs when the mucous membrane that lines the stomach overgrows and leads to large gastric folds.

Some symptoms that people may experience are:

• pain in the upper middle region of the stomach
• nausea
• vomiting
• diarrhea

However, some people have no symptoms. Doctors do not know the exact cause of Ménétrier disease.

Treatment may involve medications or potentially a gastrectomy, which is the surgical removal of part or all of the stomach.

Doctors may begin trying to diagnose a digestive condition by performing a physical examination and asking questions about an individual’s symptoms and medical history. For example, a doctor may ask about:

• medications a person takes
• their diet and lifestyle
• whether any relatives have digestive conditions

They may then proceed to order tests such as:

• blood tests, which may help detect celiac disease, inflammation, or signs of infection
• stool tests, which can detect inflammation and examine the bacteria in a person’s gut
• endoscopy, which involves a doctor inserting a tiny camera into the esophagus to examine the upper GI tract
• colonoscopy, during which a doctor inserts a tiny camera into the rectum to examine the lower GI tract
• lactulose breath tests, which doctors use to diagnose SIBO
• medical imaging, such as CT scans, ultrasounds, and X-rays

A person may need to consult different medical professionals while getting a diagnosis. For instance, they may consult a primary care physician, gastroenterologists, or dietitians, among others.

There are many digestive disorders, ranging from common to rare. Many involve similar symptoms, which can make them difficult to diagnose.

If a person notices that they have symptoms that are not normal for them, they should seek medical advice to rule out serious conditions, receive a diagnosis, and begin to undergo treatment.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract – symptoms and prevention

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are usually associated with problems in other systems of the human body. Accompanied by unpleasant, painful symptoms and need urgent treatment.

Every person wants to be always healthy, full of strength and enjoy all the delights of life. However, unfortunately, in recent years there has been a trend towards the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract all over the world.

According to scientists, the reason for this is malnutrition, regular stress, environmental problems and many harmful substances that surround us all the time.

The main task of the digestive system is to perform vital functions in our body. Life without it is absolutely impossible, because due to its main processes (digestion of the nutrients received and their absorption), a person receives the necessary energy for work and rest. The stomach and intestines are the main organs of digestion, with the activity of which both the initial and final stages of the entire digestive tract are associated. If the stomach and intestines are healthy, they will never let you down.

It is worth noting that the human digestive system is quite sensitive. It immediately reacts to any, even insignificant changes, both in the internal environment of the whole organism and in the entire external world, leading to various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. They deliver a lot of inconvenience to the patient: discomfort and pain.

What is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

In order to understand the principle of the GIT, you must first understand what it actually is. The gastrointestinal tract is a system of organs whose purpose is the processing and extraction of all the nutrients the body needs from food, assisting in the absorption of the resulting nutrients into the blood, as well as removing food debris from the body that have not been completely digested.

The entire gastrointestinal tract is represented in the body by a continuous tube that connects the mouth with the anus. Food masses move along it in the caudal direction, which, in the process of advancing, are split into smaller particles suitable for absorption.

For example, the average length of the gastrointestinal tract in an adult male reaches 6.5 meters.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are a group of diseases that affect this anatomical region. All pathologies are divided into several main groups, among which are:

• infectious and non-infectious by nature;
• according to the localization of the disease: small intestine, large intestine, stomach or esophagus;
• acquired and hereditary diseases.

Causes of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

The main causes of the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include: improper diet or its complete absence, strict diet or overeating, various stressful situations, infections, sedentary lifestyle and others.

For example, Tibetan medicine considers the human body as something integral, interconnected and absolutely indivisible. Here, another reason for the occurrence of problems with the gastrointestinal tract stands out, namely problems in the work of other systems of the human body. For example, the health of the spine is reflected in the work of all digestive organs.

Absolutely all internal organs are interned by nerves that come out of the spinal canal. Any organ is able to fully function only on the condition that nerve impulses flow freely to it. A disease such as osteochondrosis pinches the nerve endings and thereby slows down and even prevents the normal passage of impulses.

The stomach becomes sluggish because of this, and its smooth muscles of the walls are more relaxed. In the event of a prolonged violation of innervation, the stomach descends. Moreover, sluggish and weak muscles of the gastrointestinal tract are one of the reasons for poor digestion of food.

In turn, poorly digested food is not able to fully nourish the body and thus disrupts the work of other important body systems. Improper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract also manifests itself in the form of a decrease in immunity, skin lesions and metabolic disorders.

The main symptoms of diseases of the digestive system:

• Pain in the abdomen, both of different localization and of varying intensity;
• Belching and heartburn;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Disorders of the stool;
• Flatulence and rumbling in the abdomen;
• White coating on the tongue;
• Rapid weight loss;
• Aversion to certain formerly favorite foods, or complete lack of appetite.

Diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Today, thanks to technological progress in modern gastroenterology, a thorough diagnosis of all organs of the gastrointestinal tract. It consists of:

• Ultrasound – ultrasound examination;
• FGDS and irrigoscopy – endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract;
• intragastric pH-metry;
• manometry of all digestive organs;
• electrogastroenterography;
• radiology;
• biopsies.

Treatment, as well as diagnosis of any diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, is recommended to be carried out exclusively by a qualified gastroenterologist. This will help minimize discomfort.

Prevention of diseases of the digestive system

It is very important to prevent the occurrence and development of various problems with the gastrointestinal tract. To do this, you must follow the following rules:

• Adhere to the diet. It is recommended to eat often and in small portions. It is very important not to skip meals, especially breakfast. Before each preparation and eating, wash your hands thoroughly, as well as foods that you have not subjected to heat treatment. Thus, you can protect your body from the penetration of various pathogenic microbes.
• It is recommended to minimize the consumption of fried and fatty foods, as well as smoked and salted foods. Instead, increase the amount of fiber: vegetables, fruits, cereals and bran bread. Eat as much fresh salads, coarse-grained foods as possible, and avoid vinegar while cooking.
• Do not overeat and do not starve. It is recommended to eat in moderation so as not to feel hungry, and then pounce on food.
• Control your weight. If you have extra pounds, try to say goodbye to them. Just remember that rapid weight loss can also harm the digestive tract.
• Minimize or avoid alcohol consumption. Do not forget that low-quality alcoholic beverages contain a lot of dyes, chemical components, as well as an excess of sugar, flavorings and preservatives. All this adversely affects the digestive system.
• Quit smoking completely. Much has been said about its harm.
• Avoid stressful situations. Learn to manage your emotions. Walk a lot in the fresh air, relax and get enough sleep. You will not only improve your digestive system, but also improve your overall health.
• Minimize coffee and carbonated drinks. The recommended dose per day of coffee is 2-3 small cups, and drinks – one glass. However, it is best to refuse regular use.
• Lead an active lifestyle. For an adult, the norm of intense physical activity per week is at least 150 minutes. If this indicator is insufficient, then it is recommended to increase it through sports.

However, if you still failed to avoid diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, then our clinics “Diamed” will become your assistant in the fight against the disease. We treat such common diseases of the digestive system today as:

• various types of gastritis;
• gastroesophageal disease;
• dysbacteriosis;
• pancreatitis, both chronic and acute;
• stool problems;
• irritable bowel syndromes;
• colitis and flatulence;
• hepatosis and hepatitis;
• cholelithiasis;
• hepatosis and hepatitis of various types;
• peptic ulcer of the duodenum and stomach;
• cirrhosis.

If you need the help of a qualified gastroenterologist, you can make an appointment with the specialists of our centers by calling the numbers listed on the website or by filling out the online form.

We are ready to help you solve your problem!

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) – GBU “Polyclinic No. 4 of Grozny”

Digestion involves a dozen organs that grind food, absorb nutrients and remove excess from the body. This is a “full cycle” system – from the absorption of food and its processing to the removal of undigested residues. It is extremely important that each of its elements work clearly and do not fail.

How the human gastrointestinal tract works

The process of digestion is somewhat reminiscent of going down a slide in a water park. The beginning of the journey is oral cavity , where food is chewed, crushed, mixed with saliva and turns into a soft food bolus.

Interesting

The oral mucosa has receptors that help recognize taste, temperature and texture of food. These sensors transmit signals to the brain, which activates the salivary, fundus, and pancreas glands.

This is followed by pharynx — a funnel-shaped canal in which the digestive and respiratory tracts intersect.

The journey of food continues in the esophagus, a cylindrical muscular tube 22–25 cm long.

Stomach is a sac-like muscular organ that connects the esophagus to the duodenum (duodenum). It is like a cauldron in which food is accumulated, mixed to a paste-like mass and digested by the action of gastric juice. Gastric juice consists of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, which is why it has a pronounced acidity (about 1.5–2.0 pH). Gastric juice breaks down proteins and other chemical compounds, after which they are transported to the small intestine for final digestion and assimilation.

Length of the small intestine , consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and occupying most of the abdominal cavity, is about 4.5 m. The small intestine contains glands that produce intestinal juice for the main digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients into the blood .

Large intestine – the lower part of the intestine, in which water, electrolytes, fiber are absorbed and unusable food residues are formed in the feces. The large intestine is 1.5 m long and is divided into the caecum, colon, and rectum. The rectum – the final section of the digestive tract – ends with an opening (anus). Serves for the accumulation of feces and bowel movements. Here ends the “unprecedented journey” – processed food residues leave the body.

Digestion also involves the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, gallbladder and liver.

The pancreas is located in close proximity to the stomach and duodenum. It secretes pancreatic juice, which contributes to the full digestion of food and the flow of metabolic processes.

Liver takes part in the metabolism of lipids, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, synthesizes blood proteins: globulins, albumins and fibrinogen. The organ is involved in immunological reactions.

Functions of the gallbladder – store and supply as needed concentrated bile, which is constantly produced by liver cells. Bile is directly involved in human digestion and acts as a kind of antibacterial agent.

It is worth mentioning the role in digestion of the kidneys and adrenal glands related to the urinary system. They process the water that comes from the colon, filtering it into suitable for the needs of the body and into urine containing unnecessary impurities and to be excreted.

At each stage of the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract, failures are possible, leading to incomplete digestion of food, problems with the excretion of waste material and threatening the development of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

The leading cause of problems with the digestive system is malnutrition, which has various forms. These are overeating and eating heavy meals, malnutrition and starvation, irregular meals, quick snacks, scarcity and imbalance in the diet. The gastrointestinal tract is adversely affected by poorly purified water, harmful food additives.

Other factors: poor environment, stress, harmful working conditions, addictions, congenital predisposition, autoimmune diseases and disruptions in the endocrine system, side effects of drugs (antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, painkillers, hormonal drugs), violation of sanitary standards in the preparation and use of food capable of causing infectious diseases and parasitic infestation.

Disruptions in the digestive system negatively affect the entire body, reduce immunity, disrupt metabolism, lead to a deterioration in the appearance of the skin, brittle hair and nails. They are fraught with numbness of the limbs, pain in the muscles and bones, sleep disturbance.

Possible complications for the cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, risk of stroke and heart attack. Against the background of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, anular stomatitis, glossitis, bleeding gums, eczema, neurodermatitis can develop. With advanced forms of gastrointestinal diseases, damage to the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, sex glands, and thyroid gland is possible.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: what the statistics say

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are among the most common pathologies in the world.

Medical statistics Mortality from gastroenterological causes in Russia ranks third after cardiovascular and oncological diseases and is about 0.08% (80 cases per 100,000 people). An increase in deaths by an average of 0.003% is recorded annually.

Men are 38% more likely to become victims of gastrointestinal diseases, which is associated with both uncontrolled alcohol consumption and late seeking medical help.

Among the deadly gastroenterological diseases, over 45% are liver diseases caused by alcohol. Men die twice as many as women (ratio 16:7). Acute pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas are the cause of death in 17% of gastroenterologist patients. Death from peritonitis due to gallbladder rupture is less than 1%.

Lethal bowel diseases are caused by neglected forms of inflammation and perforation (violation of integrity, formation of holes) of the walls of the small and large intestines. In particular, appendicitis (inflammation of the caecum) is responsible for up to 4% of all deaths associated with the gastrointestinal tract. The same amount falls on a heart attack (necrosis, necrosis) of the intestine.

Despite its wide prevalence, gastric and duodenal ulcer is the cause of death in no more than 10% in the gastroenteric group.

Chronic gastritis is the leader among non-lethal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Up to 80–90% of patients in the world suffer from it, which is facilitated by the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa. In developing countries, infection with Helicobacter pylori in people over the age of 40 reaches 95%.

In Russia, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach is noted according to various sources in 62–94% of adult patients.

Consequence of gastritis – stomach ulcer is found in every 15th inhabitant of the Earth. In our country, the statistics are more optimistic – only 1 out of 40 Russians is sick. Men “earn” an ulcer 2-4 times more often than women.

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) reaches 50% among the adult population. Symptoms of the disease are observed equally often in both men and women.

Duodenitis is a common duodenal disease affecting 5-10% of patients. In men, it is diagnosed twice as often due to alcohol abuse and poor lifestyle.

Relatively common and colitis — inflammatory diseases of the walls of the large intestine. The cause of the disease are pathogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli).

Appendicitis (inflammation of the caecum) occurs in 30% of Russians.

Every tenth man and every fourth woman who complains of abdominal pain is diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis (cholelithiasis).

dysbacteriosis is common among children and adults — an imbalance of the intestinal microflora, leading to disruption of the digestive system.

Symptoms of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Typical signs of gastrointestinal pathologies: heartburn (burning from the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus), intestinal flatulence and stenosis (bloating caused by accumulation of gases in the intestines), belching (exhalation of gases from the stomach or esophagus) , nausea and vomiting, stool problems (constipation or diarrhea), bad breath, plaque on the tongue.

Less common: dysphagia (swallowing disorder, accompanied by pain and a feeling of stopping the food bolus), impurities in the feces (blood, mucus, undigested food residues), swelling of the tongue, bitterness in the mouth, skin itching and other allergic reactions. Diseases of a single pathogenesis have both general and specific signs.

Diseases of the stomach

Pain in the epigastric (epigastric) region and dyspeptic syndrome (sour belching, heartburn, vomiting and nausea) may indicate a number of diseases of the stomach, esophagus and PrEP.

With peptic ulcer , which is a wound in the wall of the DCT or stomach, there are sharp periodic pains in the left hypochondrium, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, bloody impurities in the feces.

Inflammatory processes of the stomach ( gastritis ) and duodenum ( duodenitis ) are similarly manifested. Diseases are accompanied by sharp, aching or pulling pains in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, problems with stools. Patients experience a feeling of a full stomach and heaviness in the abdomen even with a small intake of food.

Hernia of the esophagus also gives pain in the epigastric region when changing positions and after eating. It is also possible to experience back pain and girdle pain. In 20% of patients (mostly older than 60 years), there are pains in the region of the heart against the background of concomitant cardiac diseases.

The intestine often suffers from inflammatory processes and infectious lesions. Inflammation of the large and small intestines ( enteritis and colitis ) are accompanied by stool disorder (up to 15 times a day). During a bowel movement and immediately after it, the patient experiences severe weakness, dizziness, nausea, and a drop in pressure. There is bloating, cold sweat, trembling of the limbs, tachycardia, as well as loud rumbling, splashing noise and pain on palpation.

Signs of paraproctitis, or abscess (purulent inflammation) rectum are severe pains in the rectum or perineum. Against the background of an increase in the size of the abscess, the pain intensifies, the urge to defecate becomes painful, the temperature rises, chills are possible.

Dysbacteriosis is manifested by impaired stool, bloating, cramping pain, dyspeptic disorders and allergic reactions (itching and skin rashes).

Hemorrhoids (varicose veins of the rectum) are characterized by bleeding or smearing with blood after defecation, prolapse of hemorrhoids through the anus and pain during bowel movements, continuing for some time (when walking, sitting and lying down).

Symptoms of appendicitis are determined by the age of the patient, the location of the appendix in the abdominal cavity and the presence of complications. Characterized by dull pain in the right side, weakness and headache, which may be accompanied by pain in the legs, nausea in combination with a single vomiting, frequent loose stools, temperature within 38 degrees.

One of the most common and meanwhile mysterious pathologies should not be overlooked – irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) , accompanied by abdominal cramps, stool disorders, painful bloating. IBS has a negative effect on the entire body: the patient complains of headache, insomnia, increased fatigue, palpitations even at complete rest. According to most experts, IBS is psychosomatic in nature and appears as a result of stress, severe emotional overload. However, to get rid of the problem, it is important not only to come to peace of mind, but also to apply complex medical treatment. One solution may be to take bismuth preparations, which simultaneously have a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Liver diseases

Acute hepatitis C (inflammatory viral liver disease) is marked by a whole range of symptoms. Among them: weakness, decreased appetite and performance, sleep disturbance, aversion to food, a feeling of heaviness in the abdomen, pain in large joints, the appearance of a rash, fever, dark urine, yellowing of the skin (hence the popular name for the disease is jaundice).

First signs liver cirrhosis are: a feeling of a full abdomen, decreased performance, pain in the right hypochondrium, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, bleeding gums and nosebleeds, fever, flatulence, nausea, vomiting.

Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract

Signs of cholecystitis (inflamed gall bladder) – acute pain in the right of the subordinate, bloating of nausea and vomiting. The pain intensifies with a deep breath while probing the zone of the gallbladder. Many patients report a slight increase in temperature.

Diseases of the pancreas

Patients with pancreatitis often complain of acute abdominal pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting with gastric juice, mucus, bile, etc.