Sultamicillin tosylate side effects. Sultamicillin Tosylate: A Comprehensive Review of Global Clinical Experience and Efficacy
What are the key benefits and side effects of sultamicillin tosylate. How effective is sultamicillin for treating common infections. What dosages are recommended for adults and children. Why is sultamicillin particularly suitable for otitis media treatment. How does sultamicillin compare to other antibiotics.
Understanding Sultamicillin: Composition and Mechanism of Action
Sultamicillin is a unique antibiotic compound consisting of ampicillin and sulbactam. This combination provides a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, making it effective against a wide range of bacterial infections. But how exactly does sultamicillin work?
The ampicillin component is a beta-lactam antibiotic that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Sulbactam, on the other hand, is a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria that can break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. By inhibiting these enzymes, sulbactam protects ampicillin from degradation, allowing it to maintain its antibacterial activity even against beta-lactamase-producing strains.
This synergistic action gives sultamicillin a significant advantage over ampicillin alone, particularly in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. The complementary binding of penicillin-binding proteins by ampicillin and sulbactam in ampicillin-sensitive organisms further enhances its efficacy.
Dosage Recommendations for Adults and Children
Proper dosing is crucial for the effective and safe use of sultamicillin. What are the recommended dosages for different age groups?
- For adults: 375-750 mg twice daily
- For children: 50 mg/kg/day, typically divided into two doses
These dosages have been established through extensive clinical trials and real-world experience. They provide an optimal balance between efficacy and tolerability for most patients. However, it’s important to note that individual dosing may vary based on factors such as the severity of infection, patient weight, and renal function.
Adjusting Dosages for Special Populations
While the standard dosages are suitable for most patients, certain groups may require dose adjustments:
- Elderly patients: May require lower doses due to potential decreased renal function
- Patients with renal impairment: Dose reduction may be necessary based on creatinine clearance
- Severely obese patients: May require higher doses based on ideal body weight
Healthcare providers should always consider these factors when prescribing sultamicillin to ensure optimal treatment outcomes while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.
Efficacy in Treating Common Infections
Sultamicillin has demonstrated impressive efficacy in treating a wide range of community-acquired infections. Which specific conditions has it proven effective against?
- Upper respiratory tract infections
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Urinary tract infections
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Otitis media (particularly in children)
The broad spectrum of activity makes sultamicillin a versatile choice for outpatient and office-based therapy. Its effectiveness against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including many beta-lactamase-producing strains, contributes to its success in treating these common infections.
Sultamicillin in Respiratory Infections
Respiratory infections, both upper and lower, are among the most common reasons for antibiotic prescriptions. Sultamicillin’s efficacy in this area is particularly noteworthy. It effectively targets key respiratory pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis (formerly known as Branhamella catarrhalis).
The ability to combat beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis makes sultamicillin an excellent choice for empiric therapy, especially in areas where these resistant strains are prevalent.
Sultamicillin’s Unique Advantages in Otitis Media Treatment
Otitis media, or middle ear infection, is a common childhood ailment that often requires antibiotic treatment. Why is sultamicillin particularly well-suited for this condition?
Several factors make sultamicillin an excellent choice for otitis media:
- Efficacy against H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, two common causative agents
- Activity against beta-lactamase-producing strains of these bacteria
- Good penetration into middle ear fluid
- Convenient twice-daily dosing, improving compliance in pediatric patients
- Availability of a palatable oral suspension formulation
The increasing prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing pathogens in otitis media underscores the importance of using an antibiotic like sultamicillin that can overcome this resistance mechanism. This is especially crucial in settings where diagnostic bacteriology is not readily available or practical, such as in primary care or pediatric offices.
Comparative Efficacy: Sultamicillin vs. Other Antibiotics
How does sultamicillin stack up against other commonly prescribed antibiotics? Several studies have compared sultamicillin to various antimicrobial agents across different infection types.
Sultamicillin vs. Ampicillin
Sultamicillin has shown superior efficacy compared to ampicillin alone, particularly in infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing organisms. The addition of sulbactam provides protection against these enzymes, allowing ampicillin to maintain its activity where it would otherwise be degraded.
Sultamicillin vs. Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid
Both combinations have shown similar efficacy in many studies. However, sultamicillin may have an advantage in terms of gastrointestinal tolerability, with some studies reporting lower rates of diarrhea compared to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.
Sultamicillin vs. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
In urinary tract infections, sultamicillin has demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This is particularly relevant in areas with high rates of resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
These comparisons highlight sultamicillin’s competitive efficacy profile, making it a valuable option in the antibiotic armamentarium.
Safety Profile and Adverse Effects
While sultamicillin has proven to be highly effective, what about its safety profile? Extensive clinical experience and laboratory testing have provided valuable insights into the tolerability of this antibiotic.
Overall, sultamicillin has demonstrated a favorable safety profile. Extensive testing of various laboratory parameters has revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity. This is reassuring, as it suggests that sultamicillin does not cause significant harm to major organ systems when used as directed.
Common Side Effects
The most frequently reported side effect of sultamicillin is gastrointestinal disturbance, primarily manifesting as:
- Diarrhea
- Loose stools
- Nausea
- Abdominal discomfort
While these symptoms can be frequent in some studies, they are generally described as mild to moderate in severity. Importantly, the rate of treatment discontinuation due to these side effects is low, indicating that most patients can tolerate the medication well enough to complete their prescribed course.
Allergic Reactions
As with all beta-lactam antibiotics, there is a risk of allergic reactions with sultamicillin. These can range from mild skin rashes to more severe reactions such as anaphylaxis. Patients with a known penicillin allergy should not receive sultamicillin unless under close medical supervision.
Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea
Like other broad-spectrum antibiotics, sultamicillin use can potentially lead to Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). While this is a rare complication, healthcare providers should be aware of this possibility, especially in patients presenting with severe or persistent diarrhea during or after treatment.
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions
Understanding the pharmacokinetics of sultamicillin is crucial for its optimal use. How is this drug absorbed, distributed, and eliminated from the body?
Sultamicillin is administered orally as a prodrug. Upon absorption, it is rapidly hydrolyzed to release ampicillin and sulbactam in a 1:1 ratio. This unique delivery system provides several advantages:
- Improved oral bioavailability compared to ampicillin alone
- Simultaneous delivery of both active components to the site of infection
- Consistent 1:1 ratio of ampicillin to sulbactam, optimizing their synergistic effect
The drug is widely distributed throughout the body, including into the middle ear fluid, making it effective for a variety of infection sites. Both ampicillin and sulbactam are primarily excreted unchanged in the urine, which contributes to their efficacy in urinary tract infections.
Potential Drug Interactions
While sultamicillin generally has a low potential for drug interactions, there are a few considerations:
- Probenecid: Can increase and prolong serum levels of ampicillin and sulbactam
- Allopurinol: Concurrent use with ampicillin may increase the risk of skin rash
- Oral contraceptives: Like other antibiotics, sultamicillin may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
Healthcare providers should consider these potential interactions when prescribing sultamicillin, especially in patients on multiple medications.
Sultamicillin in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance
In an age where antibiotic resistance is a growing concern, how does sultamicillin fit into the current antimicrobial landscape?
Sultamicillin’s combination of a beta-lactam antibiotic with a beta-lactamase inhibitor makes it particularly relevant in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Several factors contribute to its continued usefulness:
- Activity against beta-lactamase-producing organisms
- Lack of resistance development in sulbactam/ampicillin-sensitive strains, as suggested by in vitro studies
- Inability of sulbactam to induce beta-lactamase production
- Broad spectrum of activity, reducing the need for multiple antibiotics
These characteristics make sultamicillin a valuable tool in antimicrobial stewardship programs, which aim to optimize antibiotic use and minimize resistance development.
Empiric Therapy and Diagnostic Challenges
In many outpatient settings, particularly in primary care, diagnostic bacteriology is often not available or practical. This presents a challenge in selecting the most appropriate antibiotic. Sultamicillin’s broad spectrum of activity, including against beta-lactamase-producing strains, makes it a suitable choice for empiric therapy in many common infections.
By providing coverage against both susceptible and resistant strains, sultamicillin can help ensure effective treatment even when the specific pathogen is unknown. This is particularly important in areas with high rates of beta-lactamase-producing organisms.
Future Perspectives and Ongoing Research
As the field of antimicrobial therapy continues to evolve, what does the future hold for sultamicillin? While the drug has a well-established track record, ongoing research continues to explore its potential in various clinical scenarios.
Emerging Indications
Researchers are investigating the use of sultamicillin in new or expanded indications, including:
- Complicated intra-abdominal infections
- Diabetic foot infections
- Prophylaxis in certain surgical procedures
These studies aim to determine if sultamicillin’s unique properties can provide benefits in these challenging clinical situations.
Combination Therapies
Another area of interest is the potential use of sultamicillin in combination with other antibiotics to combat highly resistant organisms. While still in the early stages, this approach could potentially extend the utility of sultamicillin against emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Long-Term Resistance Monitoring
Ongoing surveillance of bacterial resistance patterns is crucial to ensure sultamicillin’s continued effectiveness. Long-term studies tracking the susceptibility of various pathogens to sultamicillin will help guide its appropriate use in the future.
As antibiotic resistance continues to be a global health concern, sultamicillin’s role in the antimicrobial arsenal is likely to remain significant. Its unique combination of efficacy, safety, and resistance-fighting properties positions it well to continue meeting the challenges of bacterial infections in the years to come.
Worldwide clinical experience with sultamicillin
Review
. 1989;5:23-34.
N E Pitts
1
, G S Gilbert, A K Knirsch, Y Noguchi
Affiliations
Affiliation
- 1 Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT.
PMID:
2660868
Review
N E Pitts et al.
APMIS Suppl.
1989.
. 1989;5:23-34.
Authors
N E Pitts
1
, G S Gilbert, A K Knirsch, Y Noguchi
Affiliation
- 1 Department of Clinical Research, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, CT.
PMID:
2660868
Abstract
Sultamicillin at an adult dose of 375-750 mg twice daily or a pediatric dose of 50 mg/kg/d provides effective outpatient/office therapy for community-acquired infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, and skin/soft tissue structures. Given the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in otitis media and the frequent occurrence of beta-lactamase-producing strains, it is particularly appropriate for the therapy of otitis media in infants and children. The increasing prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing pathogens in these infections, coupled with the fact that diagnostic bacteriology is often not available or practical in office practice, suggests that the broad use of sultamicillin might be desirable. Several factors support such usage: 1) the superiority of sultamicillin compared with the ampicillin commercial dosage form as a delivery system for ampicillin; 2) the possible occurrence at the infection site of beta-lactamase-producing organisms, not themselves pathogens, which nevertheless impair the activity of the beta-lactam antibiotic against sensitive pathogens; 3) the complementary binding of penicillin-binding proteins by ampicillin and sulbactam in ampicillin-sensitive organisms; 4) the lack of resistance development following repeated exposure of strains sensitive to sulbactam/ampicillin suggested by in vitro studies; and 5) the inability of sulbactam to induce beta-lactamase production. In addition to broad use in community-acquired infections, oral therapy with sultamicillin should also provide convenient outpatient follow-up for initial parenteral sulbactam/ampicillin therapy. Extensive testing of various laboratory parameters has revealed no evidence of systemic toxicity with sultamicillin. The only significant side effect of sultamicillin is diarrhea/loose stools, which, although a frequent complaint in some studies, is of mild to moderate severity and results in a low discontinuation rate.
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Learn About Sultamicillin Uses, Dosage, Side-Effects, Warnings on PharmEasy
Molecule Description
Sultamicillin belongs to the class of Beta-Lactam antibiotics. It is used in th
e treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections.
Uses of Sultamicillin
Skin and soft tissue infections (bacterial infections)
Urinary tract infections
Female genital infections (gonorrhoea)
Ear infections
Respiratory tract infections
Infections of nose, sinuses and throat
Contraindications of Sultamicillin
When should one not use Sultamicillin
Do not take this medicine if you have an allergy to this medicine, any other Beta-Lactam antibiotic or liver disease such as hepatitis.
Side effects of Sultamicillin
Common side effects of this drug are:
Diarrhea
Site pain (if taken via injection – I.V or I.M)
Allergic symptoms – itching, hives, rash, and swelling of lips, face, throat, etc.
Precautions and Warnings of Sultamicillin
Pregnancy
Q:
Can I take Sultamicillin during pregnancy?
A:
Limited information is available about its safety in pregnancy. Hence do not take this medicine unless considered essential by your physician.
Breast Feeding
Q:
Can I take Sultamicillin while breastfeeding?
A:
A small amount of this medicine passes into human breast milk. Watch for any symptoms like skin rash, diarrhea or vomiting to a newborn baby. This medicine is not recommended unless considered essential by your physician.
Driving
Q:
Can I drive if I have consumed Sultamicillin?
A:
If you feel unstable after taking this medicine, you should avoid driving.
Alcohol
Q:
Can I consume alcohol with Sultamicillin?
A:
Consumption of alcohol with this medicine can make you feel worse; you should avoid drinking alcohol.
Other General Warnings
Talk to your doctor if
You experience an allergy to any medicine like skin reactions
You have liver or kidney disease
Mode of Action of Sultamicillin
How Does It Work?
Sultamicillin interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis, which is the protective covering of bacteria. This leads to death of bacterial cells, thereby offering effective infection control.
Interactions of Sultamicillin
Interactions with other medicines
Concurrent use with Warfarin increases the risk of bleeding
Concurrent use with Methotrexate increases toxicity
It decreases the efficacy of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives
Excretion of this medicine is reduced when used with Probenecid. This leads to higher efficacy
This medicine may reduce the effectiveness of live vaccines
Inform your doctor regarding all the medications that you are following
Interactions with food items
No specific interactions with food have been reported yet.
Dietary Restrictions of Sultamicillin
No information is available on dietary restrictions while you are taking Sultamicillin, consult your doctor or pharmacist for further information.
Dosage of Sultamicillin
Overdose
If you think you have taken an overdose of Sultamicillin, contact your doctor immediately or visit the nearest hospital.
Missed a Dose
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If the time for the next dose is near, do not take a double dose if you have missed the dose.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What should I discuss with my healthcare expert before taking Sultamicillin?
Tell your doctor if you have-
Allergy to this medicine or any other beta-lactam antibiotic
Liver disease such as hepatitis
Serious kidney disease
Any other medicine that you may be taking already
Q: What precautions must I take while on the medication of Sultamicillin?
A: It decreases the efficacy of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Talk to your doctor about additional methods of contraception that you will need to follow.
- Medscape. Sultamicillin. [Accessed 14 Sept. 2019](online):
- CDSCO. Sultamicillin. [Accessed 14.sept.2019] (online):
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Rec. INN drug interaction Included in preparations: Pharmacological actionBroad spectrum antibacterial agent. It is a double ester of ampicillin (semi-synthetic penicillin) and sulbactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor). Acts bactericidal. Sultamycillin is active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, incl. producing β-lactamase. Indications of the active substance |
A54 | Gonococcal infection |
H66 | Suppurative and unspecified otitis media |
J01 | Acute sinusitis |
J02 | Acute pharyngitis |
J03 | Acute tonsillitis |
J04 | Acute laryngitis and tracheitis |
J15 | Bacterial pneumonia, not elsewhere classified |
J20 | Acute bronchitis |
J31. 2 | Chronic pharyngitis |
J32 | Chronic sinusitis |
J35.0 | Chronic tonsillitis |
J37 | Chronic laryngitis and laryngotracheitis |
J42 | Chronic bronchitis, unspecified |
K81.0 | Acute cholecystitis |
K81.1 | Chronic cholecystitis |
K83.0 | Cholangitis |
L01 | Impetigo |
L02 | Skin abscess, furuncle and carbuncle |
L03 | Phlegmon |
L08. 0 | Pyoderma |
L08.8 | Other specified local skin and subcutaneous tissue infections |
M00 | Pyogenic arthritis |
M86 | Osteomyelitis |
N10 | Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (acute pyelonephritis) |
N11 | Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (chronic pyelonephritis) |
N30 | Cystitis |
N34 | Urethritis and urethral syndrome |
N37.0 | Urethritis in diseases classified elsewhere |
N41 | Inflammatory diseases of the prostate |
N70 | Salpingitis and oophoritis |
N71 | Inflammatory disease of the uterus other than the cervix (including endometritis, myometritis, metritis, pyometra, uterine abscess) |
N72 | Inflammatory disease of the cervix (including cervicitis, endocervicitis, exocervicitis) |
N74. 3 | Gonococcal inflammatory diseases of the female pelvic organs |
T79.3 | Post-traumatic wound infection, not elsewhere classified |
Dosage regimen
For adults and children weighing more than 30 kg, the daily dose is 375-750 mg/day, for children weighing less than 30 kg – 25-50 mg/kg (depending on the severity of the infection) . Multiplicity of reception – 2 times / day. The course of treatment is 5-14 days. In the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea, sultamicillin can be administered as a single dose of 2.25 g (in combination with probenecid).
Side effect
From the side of the digestive reaction: diarrhea; rarely – nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, colic, enterocolitis and pseudomembranous colitis.
From the side of the central nervous system: rarely – drowsiness, malaise, headache.
Allergic reactions: itching, rash, skin reactions; in some cases – severe anaphylactic reactions.
Other: development of superinfection (including fungal infection).
Contraindications for use
Hypersensitivity to penicillins.
Pregnancy and lactation
The safety of sultamicillin during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.
Use for impaired renal function
In case of severe impaired renal function, the intervals between doses should be increased.
Use in children
Use is possible according to the dosing regimen.
Special instructions
Do not use sultamicillin in patients with infectious mononucleosis.
When indicating a history of allergic reactions to cephalosporins, the possibility of cross-allergy should be considered.
In case of severe impairment of renal function, the intervals between doses should be increased.
In long-term treatment with sultamicillin, it is necessary to monitor the picture of peripheral blood, liver and kidney function.
Sultamicillin :: Instructions :: Price :: Description of the drug
Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration 0.75 g contains: ampicillin sodium 0.5 g, sodium sulfabactam 0.25 g Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration 1.5 g contains: ampicillin sodium 1.0 g, sodium sulfabactam 0.5 g Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration 3 g contains: ampicillin sodium 2.0 g, sodium sulfabactam 1.0 g.
5 ml of powder for suspension contains 0.25 g of the drug.
Sulbactam-sodium does not have a pronounced antibacterial activity, but irreversibly inhibits (suppresses activity) beta-lactamase (an enzyme that destroys the beta-lactam nucleus of penischshshnov). When used together with penicillins, sulbactam protects the latter from hydrolysis (decomposition involving water) and inactivation (partial or complete loss of biological activity). Unazine (a combination of sulbactami with ampicillin) is a highly effective drug that acts on gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes (microorganisms that develop only in the presence of oxygen) and anaerobes (microorganisms that can exist in the absence of oxygen), including penicillin-resistant strains.
Unazine is used for pneumonia (pneumonia), bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi), otitis media (inflammation of the ear cavity), sinusitis (inflammation of the paranasal sinuses), purulent surgical infections (abscesses – ulcers, phlegmon – acute, clearly not delimited purulent inflammation, osteomyelitis – inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone tissue, etc.), peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum), urological (urinary tract) and gynecological infections, for the prevention of postoperative purulent complications, with gonorrhea and other infections.
Before prescribing a drug to a patient, it is desirable to determine the sensitivity of the microflora to it that caused the disease in this patient. Adults are prescribed 375-750 mg (1-2 tablets) 2 times a day, including the elderly.
Children weighing less than 30 kg – 25-50 mg / kg per day in 2 doses, depending on the severity of the infection and at the discretion of the physician. With a body weight of 30 kg or more – as in adults, i.e. 375-750 mg (1-2 tablets) 2 times a day. For children, the drug can be prescribed in the form of a suspension (suspension).
The course of treatment is usually from 5 to 14 days, but if necessary, can be extended. After normalization of temperature and disappearance of the main pathological symptoms, treatment continues for another 48 hours.
In the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea, sultamicillin can be prescribed as a single dose of 2.25 g (6 tablets of 375 g). To prolong the residence time of sulbactam and ampicillin in the blood plasma, a 1 g sample of necidine should be prescribed as a concomitant drug.
Patients with gonorrhea with suspected syphilis should have microscopic tests during treatment and monthly serological tests for at least 4 months.
In the treatment of any infection caused by hemolytic streptococci, to prevent the occurrence of rheumatism or glomerulonephritis (kidney disease), antibiotic therapy is recommended for 10 days.
In patients with severely impaired renal function (creatinine clearance / rate of blood clearance from the end product of nitrogen metabolism – creatinine / less than 30 ml / min), the dynamics of the release of sulbactam and ampicillin is exposed to the same effect, therefore, the ratio of one to the other in plasma will remain constant. In such patients, the dose of sultamicillin is administered at large intervals in accordance with the usual practice of using ampicillin.
After dilution, the suspension should be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 14 days.
The most common side effect is diarrhea (diarrhea), but also nausea, vomiting, pain in the epigastric region (the area of the abdomen just below the junction of the costal arches and the sternum), abdominal pain and colic. As with other antibiotics of the ampicillin series, enterocolitis (inflammation of the small and large intestines) and pseudomembranous colitis (intestinal colic characterized by bouts of abdominal pain and the release of large amounts of mucus with feces) have been reported in rare cases. Rash, itching and other skin reactions. Drowsiness, malaise, headache. In rare cases, anemia (decrease in hemoglobin in the blood), thrombocytopenia (decrease in the number of platelets in the blood), eosinophilia (increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood) and leukopenia (decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood). These effects disappear after treatment is stopped. Perhaps a transient increase in the level of enzymes alanine transferase and asparagine transferase. With intramuscular injection, pain at the injection site is possible. In isolated cases – the development of phlebitis (inflammation of the vein) after intravenous administration of the drug.
History of allergies to any of the penicillins (formerly).
The drug should be used with caution in patients with a history of allergic reactions.
Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration 0.75 g in 10 ml vials (ampicillin sodium 0.5 g, sodium sulfabactam 0.25 g). Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration 1.5 g in 20 ml vials (sodium ampicillin 1.0 g, sodium sulfabactam 0.5 g). Sterile powder for intramuscular and intravenous administration 3 g in 20 ml vials (ampicillin sodium 2.0 g, sodium sulfabactam 1.0 g). Tablets of 0.375 g of the drug. Powder for the preparation of a suspension (5 ml – 0.25 g of the drug).
List B. In a dark place.
Sulaiillin, Betamp, Unazin.
See also the list of analogues of the drug Sultamicillin.
The instruction was compiled by a team of authors and editors of the Piluli website. The list of authors of the drug reference book is presented on the site editorial page: Site editors.
References to used sources of information.
Attention!
The description of the drug “ Sultamicillin ” on this page is a simplified and supplemented version of the official instructions for use.