Test for staph. Staph Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention Strategies
How does staph spread. What are the risk factors for staph infection. How do you know if you have a staph infection. What are the treatment options for staph infections. How can you prevent staph infections.
Understanding Staphylococcus Infections: An Overview
Staphylococcus, commonly known as staph, is a type of bacteria that can cause various infections in the human body. While many people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses without any issues, these microorganisms can sometimes lead to serious health problems. Let’s delve into the world of staph infections to better understand their causes, symptoms, and prevention methods.
The Transmission of Staph: How Does It Spread?
Staph bacteria are remarkably adept at spreading from person to person. But how exactly does this transmission occur?
- Skin-to-skin contact: This is the primary mode of transmission for staph bacteria.
- Contact with contaminated objects: Touching items that have staph on them, such as clothing or towels, can lead to infection.
- Entry through skin breaks: The bacteria can enter the body through cuts, scratches, or even pimples.
It’s important to note that many individuals are colonized with staph, meaning they carry the bacteria without developing an infection. These carriers can unknowingly spread the bacteria to others. In some cases, colonized individuals may develop an actual staph infection that causes illness.
The Progression of Staph Infections
While most staph infections remain localized to the skin, they can sometimes progress to more serious conditions. In severe cases, the infection can spread to:
- Bloodstream
- Bones
- Joints
- Organs (lungs, heart, brain)
These deep-tissue infections can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
Identifying Risk Factors for Staph Infections
Certain factors can increase an individual’s likelihood of developing a staph infection. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for prevention and early intervention.
Who is at Higher Risk?
You may be more susceptible to staph infections if you:
- Have open wounds or skin sores
- Use injectable drugs (medical or recreational)
- Have medical devices in your body (catheters, feeding tubes, artificial joints)
- Suffer from a weakened immune system or chronic illness
- Live with or have close contact with a staph carrier
- Participate in contact sports or share athletic equipment
- Share personal items like towels, razors, or cosmetics
- Have recently stayed in a healthcare facility
Recognizing these risk factors can help individuals take appropriate precautions to minimize their chances of contracting a staph infection.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Staph Infections
Identifying a staph infection can be challenging, as symptoms can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. What are the telltale signs of a staph infection?
Common Symptoms of Skin Infections
- Boils: Painful, pus-filled bumps on the skin
- Impetigo: A contagious skin rash characterized by red sores that break open and crust over
- Cellulitis: A painful, swollen, and red area of skin that feels hot to the touch
Symptoms of Severe Staph Infections
In more serious cases, such as toxic shock syndrome, symptoms may include:
- High fever
- Nausea and vomiting
- A sunburn-like rash
- Confusion or disorientation
- Muscle aches
- Seizures
It’s crucial to seek medical attention if you suspect a staph infection, especially if symptoms are severe or persist.
Diagnostic Procedures for Staph Infections
Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of staph infections. How do healthcare providers confirm the presence of staph bacteria?
Sample Collection Methods
- Skin swab: A cotton swab is used to collect a sample from an open skin rash or sore.
- Blood test: A blood sample may be taken to check for systemic infections.
- Urine or sputum sample: These may be collected if urinary tract or respiratory infections are suspected.
Laboratory Testing
Once collected, samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis. The lab technicians will:
- Test for the presence of staph bacteria
- Identify the specific strain of staph
- Conduct antibiotic susceptibility tests to determine which antibiotics will be most effective
These diagnostic procedures help healthcare providers develop targeted treatment plans for each patient.
Treatment Approaches for Staph Infections
The treatment of staph infections varies depending on the severity and location of the infection. What are the primary treatment options available?
Topical Treatments
- Cleaning and draining of wounds: This is often the first step in treating skin infections.
- Topical antibiotics: Ointments or creams may be prescribed for minor skin infections.
Systemic Treatments
- Oral antibiotics: These may be prescribed for more widespread or severe infections.
- Intravenous antibiotics: Used in cases of serious infections or when oral antibiotics are ineffective.
Surgical Interventions
In some cases, surgical procedures may be necessary to:
- Remove infected tissue
- Drain large abscesses
- Remove infected medical devices
The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the strain of staph, the location and severity of the infection, and the patient’s overall health status.
Preventive Measures: Protecting Yourself from Staph Infections
Prevention is always better than cure, especially when it comes to staph infections. What steps can you take to reduce your risk of contracting or spreading staph?
Personal Hygiene Practices
- Hand washing: Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Wound care: Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal.
- Personal item management: Avoid sharing personal items like towels, clothing, or cosmetics.
Precautions for Athletes
Athletes, who are at higher risk due to close physical contact and shared equipment, should take additional precautions:
- Cover wounds with clean bandages before participating in sports.
- Wash hands before and after athletic activities.
- Shower immediately after exercising.
- Clean shared equipment with antiseptic solution or wipes before use.
- Use a barrier (clothing or towel) between skin and shared equipment.
- Avoid using communal whirlpools or saunas if you have an open sore.
Healthcare-Associated Precautions
If you’re in a healthcare setting:
- Ensure healthcare providers clean their hands before treating you.
- Ask about the facility’s infection control policies.
- Inform staff if you have a history of MRSA or other antibiotic-resistant infections.
By implementing these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce your risk of contracting or spreading staph infections.
The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Staph: MRSA
One of the most concerning developments in the world of staph infections is the emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). What makes MRSA a significant public health concern?
Understanding MRSA
MRSA is a strain of staph bacteria that has developed resistance to many common antibiotics, including methicillin and other similar drugs. This resistance makes MRSA infections more difficult to treat and potentially more dangerous.
Types of MRSA
- Healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA): This type is typically found in healthcare settings and affects individuals who have been hospitalized or undergone medical procedures.
- Community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA): This strain is found in the general community and can affect otherwise healthy individuals who haven’t been in healthcare settings.
Treating MRSA Infections
While MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics, it’s not untreatable. Treatment options may include:
- Alternative antibiotics: Drugs like vancomycin, daptomycin, or linezolid may be effective against MRSA.
- Combination therapy: Using multiple antibiotics together can sometimes overcome resistance.
- Surgical interventions: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue.
The emergence of MRSA underscores the importance of proper antibiotic use and infection control measures to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria.
Long-Term Implications of Staph Infections
While many staph infections can be successfully treated, some cases may lead to long-term health consequences. What are the potential long-term effects of staph infections?
Chronic Infections
In some cases, staph infections can become chronic, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. These persistent infections may require ongoing treatment and management.
Complications from Severe Infections
Severe staph infections, especially those that spread to deep tissues or organs, can lead to complications such as:
- Sepsis: A life-threatening condition caused by the body’s extreme response to infection
- Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart’s inner lining
- Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone
- Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs
Psychological Impact
The experience of battling a severe staph infection can have psychological effects, including:
- Anxiety about recurrent infections
- Depression related to prolonged illness or hospitalization
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in cases of severe, life-threatening infections
Understanding these potential long-term implications emphasizes the importance of early detection, proper treatment, and diligent prevention of staph infections.
The Role of Research in Combating Staph Infections
As staph bacteria continue to evolve and develop resistance to antibiotics, ongoing research is crucial in the fight against these infections. What areas of research are scientists focusing on to combat staph?
Vaccine Development
Researchers are working on developing vaccines that could prevent staph infections. While no staph vaccine is currently available for widespread use, several candidates are in various stages of clinical trials.
Novel Antibiotics
The search for new antibiotics effective against resistant strains of staph is ongoing. Scientists are exploring natural sources, such as soil bacteria and marine organisms, as well as synthetic compounds for potential new drugs.
Alternative Therapies
Research into alternative treatment methods is also underway, including:
- Bacteriophage therapy: Using viruses that infect and kill bacteria
- Immunotherapy: Enhancing the body’s natural immune response to fight staph infections
- Antimicrobial peptides: Naturally occurring molecules that can kill bacteria
Improved Diagnostic Tools
Developing faster, more accurate diagnostic tools is another focus of research. These advancements could lead to earlier detection and more targeted treatment of staph infections.
The ongoing research in these areas offers hope for more effective prevention and treatment strategies in the future, potentially reducing the impact of staph infections on global health.
Global Impact of Staph Infections: A Public Health Perspective
Staph infections are not just an individual health concern; they have significant implications for public health on a global scale. How do staph infections impact societies and healthcare systems worldwide?
Economic Burden
The economic impact of staph infections is substantial, including:
- Healthcare costs: Expenses related to treatment, hospitalization, and long-term care
- Lost productivity: Time off work for infected individuals and their caregivers
- Research and development costs: Investments in new treatments and prevention strategies
Antibiotic Resistance Concerns
The rise of antibiotic-resistant staph strains, particularly MRSA, is a global health concern. This problem:
- Complicates treatment of infections
- Increases mortality rates
- Strains healthcare resources
Healthcare-Associated Infections
Staph is a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide. This issue:
- Prolongs hospital stays
- Increases healthcare costs
- Compromises patient safety
Global Health Inequities
The impact of staph infections is not equally distributed globally. Factors contributing to these inequities include:
- Variations in access to healthcare
- Differences in infection control practices
- Disparities in antibiotic availability and use
Addressing the global impact of staph infections requires coordinated efforts from healthcare providers, researchers, policymakers, and public health officials worldwide. By working together, we can develop more effective strategies to prevent, detect, and treat these potentially serious infections.
Staph infections – self-care at home Information | Mount Sinai
Staphylococcus infections – self-care at home; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections – self-care at home; MRSA infections – self-care at home
How Does Staph Spread?
Many healthy people normally have staph on their skin, in their noses, or other body areas. Most of the time, the germ does not cause an infection or symptoms. This is called being colonized with staph. These people are known as carriers. They can spread staph to others. Some people colonized by staph develop an actual staph infection that makes them sick.
Most staph germs are spread by skin-to-skin contact. They can also be spread when you touch something that has the staph germ on it, such as clothing or a towel. Staph germs can then enter a break in the skin, such as cuts, scratches, or pimples. Usually the infection is minor and stays in the skin. But the infection can spread deeper and affect the blood, bones, or joints.
Organs such as the lungs, heart, or brain can also be affected. Serious cases can be life threatening.
What are the Risk Factors for Staph Infection?
You are more likely to get a staph infection if you:
- Have an open cut or sore
- Inject medicines or illegal drugs
- Have a medical tube such as urinary catheter or feeding tube
- Have a medical device inside your body such as an artificial joint
- Have a weakened immune system or ongoing (chronic) illness
- Live with or have close contact with a person who has staph
- Play contact sports or share athletic equipment
- Share items such as towels, razors, or cosmetics with others
- Recently stayed in a hospital or long-term care facility
How Do You Know If You Have a Staph Infection?
Symptoms depend on where the infection is located.
For example, with a skin infection you may have a boil or a painful rash called impetigo. With a serious infection, such as toxic shock syndrome, you may have a high fever, nausea and vomiting, and a sunburn-like rash.
The only way to know for sure if you have a staph infection is by seeing a health care provider.
- A cotton swab is used to collect a sample from an open skin rash or skin sore.
- A blood, urine, or sputum sample may also be collected.
- The sample is sent to a lab to test for staph. If staph is found, it will be tested to see which antibiotic should be used to treat your infection, if treatment is necessary.
Treatment
If test results show you have a staph infection, treatment may include:
- Cleaning and draining the wound
- Using antibiotics on your skin or taking them by mouth or injection
- Surgery to remove an infected device
Preventing Staph Infection
Follow these steps to avoid a staph infection and prevent it from spreading.
- Keep your hands clean by washing them thoroughly with soap and water. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with bandages until they heal.
- Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages.
- Do not share personal items such as towels, clothing, or cosmetics.
Simple steps for athletes include:
- Cover wounds with a clean bandage. Do not touch other people’s bandages.
- Wash your hands well before and after playing sports.
- Shower right after exercising. Do not share soap, razors, or towels.
- If you share sports equipment, clean it first with antiseptic solution or wipes. Use clothing or a towel between your skin and the equipment.
- Do not use a common whirlpool or sauna if another person with an open sore used it. Always use clothing or a towel as a barrier.
- Do not share splints, bandages, or braces.
- Check that shared shower facilities are clean.
If they are not clean, shower at home.
If they are not clean, shower at home.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Vital signs: Staph infections can kill. www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/staph/index.html. Updated March 22, 2019. Accessed June 18, 2021.
Chambers HF, Sakoulas G. Staphylococcal infections. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 272.
Rupp ME, Fey PD. Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 195.
Last reviewed on: 4/17/2021
Reviewed by: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
Staph infections – Diagnosis & treatment
Diagnosis
To diagnose a staph infection, your health care provider typically will:
- Perform a physical exam. During the exam, your provider examines any skin sores or reddened areas you may have. Your provider can also review any other symptoms.
- Collect a sample for testing. Most often, providers diagnose staph infections by checking blood, urine, skin, infected material or nasal secretions for signs of the bacteria. Additional tests can help your provider choose the antibiotic that will work best against the bacteria.
- Recommend other tests. If you’re diagnosed with a staph infection, your provider may order an imaging test called an echocardiogram. This test can check if the infection has affected your heart. Your provider may order other imaging tests, depending on your symptoms and the exam results.
Your provider may order other imaging tests, depending on your symptoms and the exam results.Treatment
Treatment of a staph infection may include:
Antibiotics. Your health care provider may perform tests to identify the staph bacteria behind your infection. This can help your provider choose the antibiotic that will work best for you. Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid.
For serious staph infections, vancomycin may be required. This is because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other traditional antibiotics. This means other antibiotics can no longer kill the staph bacteria. Vancomycin and some other antibiotics used for antibiotic-resistant staph infections have to be given through a vein (intravenously).
If you’re given an oral antibiotic, be sure to take it as directed. Finish all the medication your provider gives you.
Ask your provider what signs and symptoms you should watch for that might mean your infection is getting worse.- Wound drainage. If you have a skin infection, your provider may make a cut (incision) into the sore to drain fluid that has collected there. The area is also thoroughly cleaned.
- Device removal. If your infection involves a medical device, such as a urinary catheter, cardiac pacemaker or artificial joint, prompt removal of the device may be needed. For some devices, removal might require surgery.
Ask your provider what signs and symptoms you should watch for that might mean your infection is getting worse.Antibiotic resistance
Staph bacteria are very adaptable. Many varieties have become resistant to one or more antibiotics. For example, today, most staph infections can’t be cured with penicillin.
Antibiotic-resistant strains of staph bacteria are often described as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The increase in antibiotic-resistant strains has led to the use of IV antibiotics, such as vancomycin or daptomycin, with the potential for more side effects.
Clinical trials
Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.
Preparing for your appointment
While you may first see your family health care provider, you may be referred to a specialist, depending on which of your organ systems is affected by the infection. For example, you may be referred to a specialist in treating skin conditions (dermatologist), heart disorders (cardiologist) or infectious diseases.
What you can do
Before your appointment, you may want to make a list that includes:
- Detailed descriptions of your symptoms
- Information about medical problems you’ve had
- Information about the medical problems of your parents or siblings
- All medications, herbs, vitamins and other supplements you take
- Questions you want to ask your health care provider
For a staph infection, some basic questions to ask include:
- What’s the most likely cause of my symptoms?
- What kind of tests do I need?
- What’s the best treatment for a staph infection?
- Am I contagious?
- How can I tell if my infection is getting better or worse?
- Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?
- I have other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?
- Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take? What websites do you recommend?
How can I best manage these conditions together?What to expect from your doctor
Your health care provider will likely ask you a number of questions, such as:
- When did you first notice your symptoms? Could you describe them to me?
- How severe are your symptoms?
- Have you been around anyone with a staph infection?
- Do you have any implanted medical devices, such as an artificial joint or a cardiac pacemaker?
- Do you have any ongoing medical conditions, including a weakened immune system?
- Have you recently been in the hospital?
- Do you play contact sports?
What you can do in the meantime
If you suspect that you have a staph infection on your skin, keep the area clean and covered until you see your health care provider so that you don’t spread the bacteria. And until you know whether or not you have a staph infection, don’t share towels, clothing and bedding and don’t prepare food for others.
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- IgG, allergen-specific
- ImmunoCAP technology
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- ALEX technology
- Autoimmune disease markers
- Systemic connective tissue diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis, joint damage
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Vasculitis and kidney damage
- Autoimmune lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Celiac disease
- Autoimmune liver disease
- Neurological autoimmune diseases
- Autoimmune endocrinopathies
- Autoimmune skin diseases
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- Description of the results of genetic studies by a geneticist
- Pharmacogenetics
- Xenobiotics and carcinogens detoxification system
- Fetal sex determination
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- Hereditary metabolic diseases
- Additional tests (after screening and consultation with a specialist) 9 0006
- Determination of biological relationship in the family: paternity and motherhood
- Calculated tests performed based on the results of SteatoScreen without blood sampling
- General assessment natural microflora of the body
- Study of the microbiocenosis of the urogenital tract
- Femoflor: profiles of studies of dysbiotic conditions of the urogenital tract in women
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