What are the primary uses of ampicillin. How is ampicillin administered. What are the common side effects of ampicillin. How does ampicillin interact with other medications. What precautions should be taken when using ampicillin. What is the mechanism of action of ampicillin. How effective is ampicillin in treating various infections.

Understanding Ampicillin: An Overview of the Antibiotic

Ampicillin is a widely used antibiotic belonging to the penicillin group of drugs. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, effective against a variety of bacterial infections. Ampicillin works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, making it an essential medication in the treatment of various infectious diseases.

The drug is available under several trade names, including Omni-Pen®, Principen®, and Polyflex®. It comes in various formulations, such as capsules, tablets, oral suspensions, and injectable solutions, allowing for flexible administration based on the patient’s needs and the severity of the infection.

Key Facts About Ampicillin

• Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin
• It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
• The drug is used in both human and veterinary medicine
• Ampicillin requires a prescription and should only be used under medical supervision

Medical Uses of Ampicillin: Treating a Range of Bacterial Infections

Ampicillin is prescribed for a wide array of bacterial infections. Its broad-spectrum activity makes it a versatile antibiotic choice for healthcare providers. Some of the common conditions treated with ampicillin include:

• Respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
• Urinary tract infections
• Meningitis
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Septicemia (blood infections)
• Endocarditis

Can ampicillin be used for viral infections? No, ampicillin is not effective against viral infections such as the common cold or flu. It is specifically designed to combat bacterial infections and should not be used for viral illnesses.

Dosage Forms and Administration of Ampicillin

Ampicillin is available in various dosage forms to suit different medical needs and patient preferences. The most common formulations include:

1. Oral capsules (250 mg, 500 mg)
2. Oral tablets (250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g)
3. Oral suspension (125 mg/5mL, 250 mg/5mL)
4. Injectable solutions (250 mg, 500 mg, 1 g, 2 g)

The dosage and duration of treatment depend on several factors, including the type and severity of the infection, the patient’s age, weight, and overall health status. It’s crucial to follow the prescribed dosage regimen to ensure effective treatment and minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance.

Administration Guidelines

• Oral formulations should be taken on an empty stomach, typically 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
• Injectable forms are administered intramuscularly or intravenously by healthcare professionals
• The oral suspension should be shaken well before each use
• Complete the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished

Mechanism of Action: How Ampicillin Fights Bacterial Infections

Ampicillin’s effectiveness in treating bacterial infections stems from its unique mechanism of action. But how exactly does this antibiotic work to combat harmful bacteria?

Ampicillin belongs to the beta-lactam class of antibiotics. Its mechanism of action involves interfering with the bacterial cell wall synthesis. Specifically, ampicillin:

1. Binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the bacterial cell wall
2. Inhibits the final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis, a crucial component of bacterial cell walls
3. Weakens the cell wall structure, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death

This mechanism makes ampicillin bactericidal, meaning it kills bacteria rather than just inhibiting their growth. The drug’s broad-spectrum activity allows it to be effective against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Bacterial Susceptibility to Ampicillin

While ampicillin is effective against many bacterial strains, some bacteria have developed resistance mechanisms. These include:

• Production of beta-lactamase enzymes that break down the antibiotic
• Alterations in the bacterial cell wall structure
• Changes in the penicillin-binding proteins

To combat resistance, ampicillin is sometimes combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as sulbactam, to enhance its effectiveness against resistant strains.

Side Effects and Precautions: Managing Ampicillin Treatment

Like all medications, ampicillin can cause side effects. While many people tolerate the drug well, it’s essential to be aware of potential adverse reactions. Common side effects of ampicillin include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Skin rash
• Headache
• Candidiasis (yeast infection)

What should you do if you experience severe side effects while taking ampicillin? If you develop severe diarrhea, intense abdominal pain, or signs of an allergic reaction (such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, or severe skin rash), seek immediate medical attention.

Precautions and Contraindications

Certain individuals may need to avoid ampicillin or use it with caution. These include:

• People with a history of penicillin allergy
• Patients with mononucleosis (as ampicillin can cause a rash in these individuals)
• Individuals with certain types of viral infections
• Patients with kidney or liver problems
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women (although ampicillin is generally considered safe, it should be used under medical supervision)

Always inform your healthcare provider about any medical conditions, allergies, or medications you’re taking before starting ampicillin treatment.

Drug Interactions: Ampicillin’s Impact on Other Medications

Ampicillin can interact with various medications, potentially altering their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Some notable drug interactions include:

1. Oral contraceptives: Ampicillin may reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills
2. Allopurinol: This combination may increase the risk of skin rash
3. Probenecid: Can increase ampicillin levels in the blood
4. Certain antibiotics: May have antagonistic effects when combined with ampicillin
5. Warfarin: Ampicillin may alter the anticoagulant effect of warfarin

How can you minimize the risk of drug interactions while taking ampicillin? Always provide your healthcare provider with a complete list of all medications, supplements, and herbal products you’re taking. This information helps in identifying potential interactions and adjusting treatment plans accordingly.

Food Interactions

While ampicillin is generally taken on an empty stomach, certain foods can affect its absorption and effectiveness:

• Dairy products: Can reduce ampicillin absorption
• High-fiber foods: May decrease the drug’s bioavailability
• Alcohol: Should be avoided during treatment to prevent increased risk of side effects

Ampicillin in Veterinary Medicine: Uses and Considerations

Ampicillin is not limited to human medicine; it also plays a crucial role in veterinary practice. The antibiotic is used to treat various bacterial infections in animals, including dogs, cats, horses, and livestock. Some common veterinary applications of ampicillin include:

• Respiratory infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Dental infections

In veterinary medicine, ampicillin is often marketed under brand names such as Polyflex® and Principen®. The dosage and administration methods vary depending on the animal species, weight, and the specific condition being treated.

Considerations for Pet Owners

If your veterinarian prescribes ampicillin for your pet, keep the following points in mind:

• Follow the prescribed dosage and administration schedule carefully
• Complete the entire course of antibiotics, even if your pet seems to improve
• Be aware of potential side effects, such as vomiting or diarrhea
• Inform your veterinarian of any other medications your pet is taking
• Store the medication as directed, typically in a cool, dry place

Can humans use veterinary ampicillin formulations? No, it’s crucial to use only human-grade antibiotics prescribed by a medical professional. Veterinary formulations may have different dosages or additional ingredients not suitable for human consumption.

Antibiotic Resistance: The Growing Concern with Ampicillin

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern, and ampicillin is not immune to this issue. Over time, some bacteria have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of ampicillin, making infections more difficult to treat. This resistance can occur due to several factors:

1. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics
2. Incomplete antibiotic courses
3. Use of antibiotics in livestock farming
4. Natural bacterial evolution and adaptation

To combat antibiotic resistance, healthcare providers may employ several strategies:

• Prescribing ampicillin only when necessary and appropriate
• Using combination therapies with beta-lactamase inhibitors
• Rotating different classes of antibiotics
• Encouraging proper antibiotic use among patients

How can individuals help prevent antibiotic resistance? By taking antibiotics only when prescribed, completing the full course as directed, and not sharing antibiotics with others, individuals can play a crucial role in combating antibiotic resistance.

The Future of Ampicillin and Antibiotic Development

As antibiotic resistance continues to be a challenge, researchers are exploring new ways to enhance the effectiveness of existing antibiotics like ampicillin. Some areas of focus include:

• Developing new beta-lactamase inhibitors
• Exploring novel drug delivery methods
• Investigating combination therapies with other antibiotics or compounds
• Researching alternative approaches to treating bacterial infections

These efforts aim to extend the useful life of ampicillin and other important antibiotics while scientists work on developing new classes of antimicrobial agents.

Ampicillin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action

Injection, solution	Intravenous	1 g/3mL
Tablet, film coated	Oral	500 mg
Capsule, coated	Oral	500 mg
Tablet, film coated	Oral
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1.5 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Suspension	Oral	2.5 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1000 mg
Powder, for suspension	Oral	5 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg
Injection, powder, for suspension	Parenteral	500 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	500 mg
Capsule, coated	Oral	250 mg
Tablet	Oral	250 mg
Tablet	Oral	1 g
Powder, for suspension	Oral	2. 5 g
Capsule	Oral	250 mg/1
Capsule	Oral	500 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g/1mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	125 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	10 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	10 g/100mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	2 g/1mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	2 g/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	250 mg/1
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous	500 mg/1
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g/1g
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g/2g
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg/250mg
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg/500mg
Suspension	Oral	125 mg/5mL
Suspension	Oral	25 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral	250 mg/5mL
Suspension	Oral	50 mg/1mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution	Intravenous
Injection, powder, for suspension	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	10 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1000 mg / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2000 mg / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg / vial
Suspension	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral
Injection, powder, for solution		1 G
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 MG/2. 5ML
Powder	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1000 MG
Powder	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 MG
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular
Powder, for solution	Intravenous	2 g / vial
Ointment	Ophthalmic
Solution / drops	Oral
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	1 G/4mL
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	500 MG/2.5mL
Powder, for suspension	Oral	250 MG
Powder, for suspension	Oral	250 MG/5ML
Solution / drops	Oral	2 g/20ml
Suspension	Oral	3 g
Granule
Tablet, soluble	Oral	250 mg
Injection, solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Liquid	Oral	125 mg / 5 mL
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet	Oral
Injection	Intramuscular
Injection, powder, for solution
Powder, for suspension	Oral	5000 mg
Tablet	Oral	1000 mg
Injection, solution	Intramuscular
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet	Oral	1 gr
Tablet	Oral	500 mg
Powder, for solution	Oral	500 mg / 5 mL
Powder, for solution	Oral	125 mg / 5 mL
Powder, for solution	Oral	250 mg / 5 mL
Suspension	Oral	125 mg / 5 mL
Suspension	Oral	250 mg / 5 mL
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Injection	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg
Injection, powder, for solution
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g / vial
Liquid	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intravenous	1 g / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	125 mg / vial
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	250 mg / vial
Syrup
Suspension	Oral	80 ml
Solution / drops	Oral	30 ml
Suspension	Oral	8 ml
Powder, for suspension	Oral
Capsule; tablet	Oral
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral
Capsule	Oral
Capsule	Oral	250 mg / cap
Capsule	Oral	500 mg / cap
Powder
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	1 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	2 g
Injection, powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous	500 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution		1 g/vial
Injection, powder, for solution		250 mg
Injection, powder, for solution		500 mg
Capsule	Oral	250 mg
Capsule	Oral	500 mg
Powder, for suspension	Oral	125 mg/5ml
Tablet	Oral	125 mg
Tablet, film coated	Oral	125 mg

Ampicillin | VCA Animal Hospitals

What is ampicillin?

Ampicillin (brand names: Omni-Pen®, Teva-ampicillin®, Polyflex, Aminopenicillin®, Principen®, Princillin®, Totacillin®) is an antibacterial medication used to treat certain bacterial infections in small and large animals.

Its use in cats, dogs, and other small animals to treat certain conditions is ‘off label’ or ‘extra-label’. Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off label use in veterinary medicine. In these instances, follow your veterinarian’s directions and cautions very carefully as their direction may be significantly different from those on the label.

How is ampicillin given?

Ampicillin trihydrate injection is given under the skin or into the muscle, but should NOT be given into the vein, as this can cause sudden death. If giving subcutaneous injections at home, use a new needle and syringe for each injection, and dispose of the needle and syringe into a proper sharps disposal container. Ampicillin sodium is given in the hospital by injection into the vein (IV).

Ampicillin is also available as a liquid oral solution, tablet, or capsule and is given by mouth. If given by mouth, give on an empty stomach at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after feeding. If vomiting occurs after dosing on an empty stomach, try giving future doses with food or a small treat.

This medication will take effect quickly, in about 1 to 2 hours, but effects may not be visibly obvious for a few days.

What if I miss giving my pet the medication?

If you miss a dose, give it when you remember, but if it is close to the time for the next dose, skip the dose you missed and give it at the next scheduled time, and return to the regular dosing schedule. Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses.

Are there any potential side effects?

Side effects are not common, but may include allergic reaction, lack of appetite, pain at the injection site, vomiting, and diarrhea. In dogs, incoordination is associated with very high doses. Increased breathing rate, breathing problems, swelling, increased heart rate, and elevated liver values on bloodwork have been reported. In cats, if there is a complete loss of appetite, contact your veterinarian immediately.

This short-acting medication should stop working within 24 hours, although effects can be longer in pets with liver or kidney disease.

Ampicillin can cause false positives with certain urine glucose tests.

Are there any risk factors for this medication?

Ampicillin should not be used in patients that are hypersensitive to penicillin-type antibiotics and should be used with caution in patients that are hypersensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics. Avoid use of this medication in rabbits, guinea pigs, chinchillas, or hamsters.

Using ampicillin during pregnancy and lactation has not been shown to be problematic, but it has not been clearly established as safe. Therefore, ampicillin should be used with caution in pregnant or lactating pets, and only used when the benefits will outweigh the risks.

Are there any drug interactions I should be aware of?

The following medications should be used with caution when given with ampicillin: allopurinol, aminoglycosides, atenolol, bacteriostatic antimicrobials, dichlorphenamide, lanthanum, methotrexate, mycophenolate, pantoprazole, probenecid, and warfarin.

Be sure to tell your veterinarian about any medications (including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies) that your pet is taking.

Is there any monitoring that needs to be done with this medication?

There is no specific monitoring that needs to be done while your pet is taking this medication. Your veterinarian may monitor your pet to be sure that the medication is working.

How do I store ampicillin?

Ampicillin trihydrate powder should be stored below 25°C (77°F) with trips permitted up to 30°C (86°F), and the reconstituted suspension should be stored for up to 3 months in the refrigerator between 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Tablets, capsules, and powder for oral use should be stored at room temperature between 15°C and 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Once reconstituted, the oral suspension should be stored in the refrigerator and discarded after 14 days. It may be stored at room temperature, but in these cases, it should be discarded after 7 days.

What should I do in case of emergency?

If you suspect an overdose or an adverse reaction to the medication, call your veterinary office immediately. If they are not available, follow their directions in contacting an emergency facility.

Active substance AMPICILLIN (AMPICILLINUM) | Compendium – drug reference book

• Pharmacological properties
• Indications AMPICILLIN
• Application of AMPICILLIN
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Special instructions
• Interactions
• Overdose
• Diagnosis
• Recommended alternatives
• Trade names

Medicinal preparations containing the active substance AMPICILLIN

Prices in pharmacies

Prices in pharmacies

Prices in pharmacies

Semi-synthetic antibiotic of the penicillin group. It has a bactericidal effect by competitive blocking of transpeptidases involved in the synthesis of the mucopeptide, which is part of the cell membrane. Active against proliferating bacteria. Effective against gram-positive and some gram-negative microorganisms, including E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis. Ampicillin is also active against gram-positive anaerobic cocci and bacteria (Peptococcus spp., Pertosteptococcus spp., Clostridium spp., Corynebacterium spp.). Penicillinase-forming staphylococci are resistant to ampicillin.

When taken orally, ampicillin is not destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach and is well absorbed in the digestive tract. Simultaneous ingestion of food reduces the absorption of the antibiotic. C _max in the blood is achieved 1-2 hours after administration and slowly decreases over 6 hours.

Cmax _max in blood plasma after i / m administration is reached after 1 hour. About 28% of ampicillin binds to plasma proteins. T _½ from blood plasma is 1-2 hours, in newborns, the elderly and patients with impaired renal function may be lengthened.

Ampicillin is well distributed in tissues and body fluids. Weakly penetrates through the BBB, with meningitis its concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid increases. Penetrates through the placental barrier. Small amounts are found in breast milk. It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion, about 20% of the antibiotic is excreted in the bile. Partially removed during hemodialysis.

infections caused by ampicillin-susceptible organisms, including bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, pyelonephritis, cystitis, otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis, gynecological infections, biliary tract infections, digestive tract infections caused by shigella or salmonella (ampicillin is also used for sanitation of carriers), infections of the skin and soft tissues, sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis, prevention of postoperative complications.

orally, IM, IV. The dose of ampicillin is set individually depending on the localization of the process and the severity of the disease.

Adults usually take 250-500 mg 4 times a day. In severe infections, the dose of ampicillin may be increased.

Children are prescribed at a dose of 50-100 mg/kg of body weight per day in 4 divided doses. Children weighing >20 kg – at the adult dose. In severe infections, the dose of ampicillin may be increased.

Duration of treatment – 7-14 days or more. Treatment with ampicillin should be continued for at least 48-72 hours after normalization of body temperature and the disappearance of symptoms of the disease. For infections caused by hemolytic streptococcus, the duration of treatment should be at least 10 days.

In renal insufficiency, the dose and interval between injections must be adjusted according to the plasma creatinine concentration.

hypersensitivity to penicillin antibiotics.

possible allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, candidiasis of the oral mucosa, pseudomembranous colitis (both during treatment and a few weeks after its termination), reversible disorders of hematopoiesis and, in some cases, interstitial nephritis are rarely noted.

During treatment with ampicillin, transient increases in plasma aminotransferases, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine, a false-positive glucosuric test, and a false-positive Coombs reaction may occur.

An antibiotic susceptibility test should be performed before using ampicillin. With extreme caution prescribed to patients with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, griseofulvin or penicillamine. With long-term treatment with ampicillin, it is recommended to periodically monitor the function of the kidneys, liver and hematopoietic organs.

The possibility of superinfection caused by pathogenic fungi or resistant bacteria should be considered. With the development of superinfection, adequate therapy is prescribed.

If combined parenteral treatment with ampicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics is required, they should be administered at different sites with an interval of 1 hour due to the risk of inactivation. Ampicillin may cause a decrease in the effectiveness of oral hormonal contraceptives. Ampicillin in high doses reduces the level of atenolol in the blood plasma, so it is recommended to use these drugs separately, with atenolol taken before the use of ampicillin. Simultaneous use with allopurinol significantly increases the likelihood of skin rashes. Probenecid may reduce the excretion of ampicillin by the kidneys and lead to an increase in plasma concentrations.

During treatment with ampicillin, false-positive results of non-enzymatic glucosuric tests may be determined.

symptomatic treatment. In patients with impaired renal function, antibiotics such as ampicillin can be removed by hemodialysis, but not by peritoneal dialysis.

MR Ampicillin sodium salt powder for injection – Merrymed farm

Pharmacological properties

Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the group of semi-synthetic penicillins. It acts bactericidal, inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms. Destroyed by penicillinase.

The following microorganisms are constantly sensitive to the drug: Streptococci A, B, C, F, G, Str. pneumoniae that do not produce penicillinase; L. monocytogernes, Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae, Erysipelotrixrhusopathiae, Eikenella, N. Meningitides, Bordetellapertussis, Clostridiumspp., Propioniobacteriumacnes, Peptostreptococcusspp., Actinomycesspp., Leptospiraspp., Treponema; not always sensitive: Enterococcusfaecalis, E.Coli, Proteusmirabilis, Salmonellaspp., Vibriocholerae, H.Influenzae, N.gonorrhoeae, Fusobacteriumspp., Prevotella.

Resistant to the drug: Staphylococcusspp., B.catarrhalis, Klebsiellaspp., Enterobacterspp., C.diversus, C.freundii, Proteusvulgaris, Providenciarettgeri, Morganellamoranii, Y.enterocolitica.,Pseudomonasspp., Acinetbacterspp., Xanthomonasspp., Flavob acterium spp., Alcaligenesspp., Nocardiaspp., Campylobacterspp., Legionellapneumophila, Mycobacteriumspp., Bacteriodesspp., Mycoplasmaspp., Chlamydiaspp.

Pharmacokinetics

After parenteral administration, it penetrates into tissues and body fluids, is found in therapeutic concentrations in pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids, in bile. The drug crosses the placental barrier, is excreted in breast milk. The elimination half-life is approximately 1 hour, with anuria it increases to 12-20 hours. The main part is excreted from the body by the kidneys, and a very high concentration of the antibiotic is created in the urine. The drug does not accumulate during repeated injections, which makes it possible to use it in large doses and for a long time.

Indications for use

Bacterial infections: bronchitis, pneumonia, dysentery, salmonellosis, long-term carriage of salmonella, cholecystitis, whooping cough, pyelonephritis, urethritis, endocarditis, infections of the skin and soft tissues, gynecological infections, infections of the ear, throat, nose, odontogenic infections, meningitis, sepsis and other infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug.

Methods of administration and doses

Parenterally: intramuscularly (IM) and intravenously (IV) (stream or drip). With both methods of administration for adults, 250-500 mg 4-6 times a day; in severe infections, the daily dose may be increased to 10 g or more; children, depending on age in a daily dose: newborns 100 mg / kg, under the age of 1 year 50 mg / kg, from 1 year to 4 years 50-75 mg / kg, over 4 years 50 mg / kg.

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of therapy (from 5-10 days to 2-3 weeks or more).

Solution for intramuscular injection is prepared extempore by adding 2 ml of water for injection or 0.5% solution of novocaine for injection to the contents of the vial (with the exception of patients with hypersensitivity to novocaine). For intravenous jet administration, a single dose of the drug (not more than 2 g) is dissolved in 5-10 ml of sterile water for injection or isotonic sodium chloride solution, injected slowly.

Side effects

Allergic reactions (urticaria, erythema, Quincke’s edema, rhinitis, conjunctivitis; rarely – fever, joint pain, eosinophilia; extremely rarely – anaphylactic shock). Perhaps a toxic effect on the central nervous system (when using high doses in patients with renal insufficiency), dyspeptic symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting), candidiasis, intestinal dysbacteriosis.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (including to other penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), severe hepatic impairment, breastfeeding (must be stopped during treatment).

Drug interactions

Simultaneous administration with bacteriostatic antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and others) causes mutual antagonism. With aminoglycoside antibiotics, there is synergism in antimicrobial efficacy. Co-administration of probenecid reduces the excretion of the drug in the urine and leads to an increase in its content in the blood serum, and with allopurinol it slows down the metabolism of the drug and increases the incidence of skin rashes. The drug in rare cases weakens the effect of oral contraceptives.

Special instructions

In case of allergic reactions it is necessary to stop taking the drug and carry out desensitizing therapy. When using the drug in patients with sepsis, a bacteriolysis reaction (the Jarisch-Gerksgeimer reaction) is possible. In debilitated patients with long-term treatment, it is possible to develop superinfection caused by drug-resistant microorganisms (yeast-like fungi, gram-negative microorganisms). It is advisable for these patients to prescribe vitamins of group B and vitamin C during treatment with the drug, if necessary, give nystatin or levorin. With bronchial asthma, hay fever and other allergic diseases, if necessary, the drug is used with the simultaneous appointment of desensitizing agents.

Systematic monitoring of kidney function, liver function and blood count is required. Caution should be exercised when prescribing the drug to patients with renal insufficiency.

Keep out of the reach of children and should not be used after the expiration date.