What are the main types of ADHD medications. How do different ADHD medicines work. What are the common side effects of ADHD medications. When should adults and children with ADHD consider medication as a treatment option.

Understanding ADHD and Its Treatment Approaches

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects both children and adults. While there’s no permanent cure for ADHD, various treatment options can significantly alleviate symptoms and improve daily functioning. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, tailored to each individual’s needs.

Who oversees ADHD treatment? A specialist, such as a pediatrician or psychiatrist, usually arranges the treatment plan, while a general practitioner (GP) may monitor the condition over time. This collaborative approach ensures comprehensive care and ongoing support for individuals with ADHD.

The Five Main Types of ADHD Medications

There are five primary types of medications licensed for ADHD treatment:

• Methylphenidate
• Lisdexamfetamine
• Dexamfetamine
• Atomoxetine
• Guanfacine

Each of these medications works differently and may be prescribed based on individual symptoms, age, and response to treatment. Let’s explore each type in more detail.

Methylphenidate: The Most Common ADHD Medication

Methylphenidate is the most frequently prescribed medication for ADHD. It belongs to a class of drugs known as stimulants, which work by increasing brain activity, particularly in areas responsible for attention and behavior control.

Who can take methylphenidate? This medication may be prescribed to adults, teenagers, and children over 5 years old with ADHD. It’s available in two forms:

1. Immediate-release tablets: Taken 2-3 times daily in small doses
2. Modified-release tablets: Taken once daily in the morning, with the dose released throughout the day

Are there side effects associated with methylphenidate? Common side effects may include:

• Slight increase in blood pressure and heart rate
• Loss of appetite, potentially leading to weight loss
• Sleep difficulties
• Headaches
• Stomach discomfort
• Mood changes (aggression, irritability, depression, anxiety)

Lisdexamfetamine: A Stimulant Alternative

Lisdexamfetamine is another stimulant medication that improves concentration, focus, and reduces impulsive behavior. It’s often considered when methylphenidate hasn’t been effective after at least six weeks of treatment.

When is lisdexamfetamine prescribed? For teenagers and children over 5, it’s usually a second-line treatment. However, adults may be offered lisdexamfetamine as a first-choice medication instead of methylphenidate.

How is lisdexamfetamine administered? It comes in capsule form and is taken once daily. Common side effects may include decreased appetite, aggression, drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, and gastrointestinal issues.

Dexamfetamine: Similar to Lisdexamfetamine

Dexamfetamine is closely related to lisdexamfetamine and functions similarly. It can be prescribed to adults, teenagers, and children over 5 with ADHD.

How is dexamfetamine taken? It’s usually administered as a tablet 2-4 times daily, though an oral solution is also available. Side effects are similar to those of lisdexamfetamine, including decreased appetite, mood swings, agitation, dizziness, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Atomoxetine: A Non-Stimulant Option for ADHD Treatment

Atomoxetine works differently from stimulant medications. It’s classified as a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), which increases the amount of noradrenaline in the brain. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in attention and impulse control.

When is atomoxetine prescribed? It may be offered to adults, teenagers, and children over 5 if methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine aren’t suitable. It’s also approved for use in adults with confirmed ADHD symptoms.

How is atomoxetine administered? It comes in capsule form and is typically taken once or twice daily. Common side effects include:

• Slight increase in blood pressure and heart rate
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stomach discomfort
• Sleep difficulties
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Irritability

Are there any serious side effects associated with atomoxetine? While rare, atomoxetine has been linked to more severe side effects, including suicidal thoughts and liver damage. It’s crucial to monitor for these symptoms and consult a healthcare provider immediately if they occur.

Guanfacine: A Unique Approach to ADHD Management

Guanfacine offers a different mechanism of action compared to other ADHD medications. It acts on a specific part of the brain to improve attention while also reducing blood pressure.

Who might benefit from guanfacine? This medication may be prescribed when stimulants aren’t suitable or haven’t been effective. It’s typically used for children and teenagers with ADHD who have difficulty tolerating stimulants.

How does guanfacine work? Unlike stimulants, guanfacine doesn’t increase dopamine levels. Instead, it enhances the functioning of the prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain involved in attention and impulse control.

Tailoring ADHD Medication to Individual Needs

Choosing the right ADHD medication is a personalized process. Factors that influence medication selection include:

• Age of the patient
• Severity of symptoms
• Presence of co-existing conditions
• Potential side effects
• Individual response to treatment

How do healthcare providers determine the right medication and dosage? Treatment typically begins with small doses, which may be gradually increased. Regular check-ups with a GP are essential to monitor effectiveness and watch for any side effects or problems.

Is it possible to change ADHD medications? Yes, if you or your child experience significant side effects or if the medication isn’t providing adequate symptom relief, it’s important to discuss this with your healthcare provider. They may adjust the dosage, switch to a different medication, or explore alternative treatment options.

The Role of Treatment Breaks in ADHD Medication Management

Treatment breaks, also known as “drug holidays,” are occasionally recommended in ADHD medication management. These breaks serve several purposes:

1. Assessing continued need for medication
2. Minimizing side effects
3. Evaluating growth in children
4. Determining the medication’s ongoing effectiveness

When are treatment breaks typically considered? They’re often scheduled during school holidays or weekends when the demands for focus and attention may be lower. However, the decision to take a treatment break should always be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

How long do treatment breaks last? The duration can vary from a few days to several weeks, depending on individual circumstances and the specific medication being used. Some medications, like atomoxetine, may require a gradual reduction rather than an abrupt stop.

Combining Medication with Other ADHD Treatment Approaches

While medication can be highly effective in managing ADHD symptoms, a multimodal approach often yields the best results. Complementary treatments may include:

• Behavioral therapy
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
• Social skills training
• Parent training and education programs
• Educational support and accommodations
• Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, sleep hygiene)

How do these treatments work alongside medication? Non-pharmacological interventions can help individuals develop coping strategies, improve organizational skills, and address any emotional or social challenges associated with ADHD. When combined with medication, these approaches can lead to more comprehensive symptom management and improved overall functioning.

Long-Term Considerations for ADHD Medication Use

ADHD is often a lifelong condition, which raises questions about the long-term use of medication. Some key considerations include:

1. Efficacy over time
2. Potential long-term side effects
3. Changes in symptoms with age
4. Development of coping strategies

How long should ADHD medication be continued? The duration of treatment varies for each individual. Some people may need to take medication indefinitely, while others might be able to reduce or discontinue medication as they develop better coping mechanisms or as symptoms naturally diminish with age.

Is it safe to use ADHD medication long-term? While long-term studies are ongoing, current evidence suggests that ADHD medications are generally safe for extended use when properly monitored. Regular check-ups and open communication with healthcare providers are essential for managing any potential risks.

Monitoring and Adjusting Treatment Over Time

As individuals with ADHD grow and their life circumstances change, their treatment needs may evolve. Regular monitoring allows for timely adjustments to the treatment plan, ensuring optimal symptom management and minimizing side effects.

What factors might necessitate changes in ADHD medication? Changes in lifestyle, work or school demands, the development of new coping skills, or the emergence of other health conditions can all influence the need for medication adjustments. Additionally, as children grow into adolescence and adulthood, their response to medication may change, requiring dose modifications or switches to different medications.

ADHD Medication for Adults: Special Considerations

Adult ADHD presents unique challenges and considerations when it comes to medication management. Adults who were not diagnosed with ADHD in childhood may require a different approach to treatment.

What are the primary considerations for adult ADHD medication? Key factors include:

• Coexisting mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression)
• Cardiovascular health
• Potential interactions with other medications
• Impact on work and relationships
• Substance use history

How is ADHD medication initiated in adults? A thorough evaluation by a specialist is crucial. Treatment often begins with a trial of medication, typically starting with stimulants like methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine. If these are ineffective or poorly tolerated, non-stimulant options like atomoxetine may be considered.

Balancing ADHD Medication with Adult Responsibilities

Adults with ADHD often need to balance medication use with various life responsibilities, including work, family, and social obligations. Factors to consider include:

1. Timing of medication doses to optimize work performance
2. Managing potential side effects in professional settings
3. Adjusting treatment during pregnancy or breastfeeding
4. Considering the impact on driving or operating machinery

How can adults effectively communicate their ADHD treatment needs? Open dialogue with healthcare providers, employers (when appropriate), and family members is crucial. This can help ensure that treatment is optimized for individual circumstances and that necessary accommodations are made in various life domains.

Navigating ADHD Medication Side Effects

While ADHD medications can be highly effective, they may also cause side effects. Understanding and managing these side effects is crucial for successful treatment.

What are common strategies for managing ADHD medication side effects? Approaches may include:

• Adjusting medication dosage or timing
• Switching to a different formulation (e.g., from immediate-release to extended-release)
• Trying a different medication within the same class
• Implementing lifestyle changes to mitigate side effects
• Adding supportive treatments (e.g., melatonin for sleep issues)

When should side effects prompt a change in treatment? While some side effects may be temporary and resolve as the body adjusts to the medication, others may persist or significantly impact quality of life. It’s important to communicate any troublesome side effects to your healthcare provider promptly.

Monitoring for Rare but Serious Side Effects

While uncommon, some ADHD medications can cause more serious side effects that require immediate attention. These may include:

1. Cardiovascular issues (e.g., significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure)
2. Psychiatric symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, mania, or suicidal thoughts)
3. Severe allergic reactions
4. Signs of liver problems (particularly with atomoxetine)

How can patients and caregivers stay vigilant about potential serious side effects? Education about warning signs, regular check-ups, and open communication with healthcare providers are essential. Any sudden or severe changes in physical or mental health while taking ADHD medication should be reported immediately.

The Future of ADHD Medication: Emerging Treatments and Research

The field of ADHD treatment is continually evolving, with ongoing research into new medications and treatment approaches. Some areas of current interest include:

• Novel drug delivery systems for more consistent symptom control
• Medications targeting different neurotransmitter systems
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiles
• Combination therapies that enhance the effectiveness of existing medications
• Non-pharmacological interventions, such as neurofeedback and transcranial magnetic stimulation

What potential benefits could these advancements bring? Future treatments may offer more tailored approaches with fewer side effects, longer-lasting symptom control, and options for individuals who don’t respond well to current medications.

Participating in ADHD Research

Clinical trials and research studies play a crucial role in advancing ADHD treatment. Individuals with ADHD may have opportunities to participate in research that could lead to new treatment options.

How can people with ADHD get involved in research? Interested individuals can inquire about clinical trials through their healthcare providers, academic medical centers, or reputable online databases of clinical studies. Participation in research not only contributes to scientific knowledge but may also provide access to new treatments before they become widely available.

As our understanding of ADHD continues to grow, so too will the range of treatment options available. By staying informed about current and emerging treatments, individuals with ADHD and their caregivers can work with healthcare providers to find the most effective management strategies for this complex condition.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – Treatment

Treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can help relieve the symptoms and make the condition much less of a problem in day-to-day life.

ADHD can be treated using medicine or therapy, but a combination of both is often best.

Treatment is usually arranged by a specialist, such as a paediatrician or psychiatrist, although the condition may be monitored by a GP.

Medicine

There are 5 types of medicine licensed for the treatment of ADHD:

• methylphenidate
• lisdexamfetamine
• dexamfetamine
• atomoxetine
• guanfacine

These medicines are not a permanent cure for ADHD but may help someone with the condition concentrate better, be less impulsive, feel calmer, and learn and practise new skills.

Some medicines need to be taken every day, but some can be taken just on school days. Treatment breaks are occasionally recommended to assess whether the medicine is still needed.

If you were not diagnosed with ADHD until adulthood, a GP and specialist can discuss which medicines and therapies are suitable for you.

If you or your child is prescribed one of these medicines, you’ll probably be given small doses at first, which may then be gradually increased. You or your child will need to see a GP for regular check-ups to ensure the treatment is working effectively and check for signs of any side effects or problems.

It’s important to let the GP know about any side effects and talk to them if you feel you need to stop or change treatment.

Your specialist will discuss how long you should take your treatment but, in many cases, treatment is continued for as long as it is helping.

Methylphenidate

Methylphenidate is the most commonly used medicine for ADHD. It belongs to a group of medicines called stimulants, which work by increasing activity in the brain, particularly in areas that play a part in controlling attention and behaviour.

Methylphenidate may be offered to adults, teenagers and children over the age of 5 with ADHD.

The medicine can be taken as either immediate-release tablets (small doses taken 2 to 3 times a day) or as modified-release tablets (taken once a day in the morning, with the dose released throughout the day).

Common side effects of methylphenidate include:

• a small increase in blood pressure and heart rate
• loss of appetite, which can lead to weight loss or poor weight gain
• trouble sleeping
• headaches
• stomach aches
• feeling aggressive, irritable, depressed, anxious or tense

Read more about methylphenidate for adults

Read more about methylphenidate for children

Lisdexamfetamine

Lisdexamfetamine is a medicine that stimulates certain parts of the brain. It improves concentration, helps focus attention and reduces impulsive behaviour.

It may be offered to teenagers and children over the age of 5 with ADHD if at least 6 weeks of treatment with methylphenidate has not helped. 

Adults may be offered lisdexamfetamine as the first-choice medicine instead of methylphenidate.

Lisdexamfetamine comes in capsule form, taken once a day.

Common side effects of lisdexamfetamine include:

• decreased appetite, which can lead to weight loss or poor weight gain
• aggression
• drowsiness
• dizziness
• headaches
• diarrhoea
• nausea and vomiting

Dexamfetamine

Dexamfetamine is similar to lisdexamfetamine and works in the same way. It may be offered to adults, teenagers and children over the age of 5 with ADHD.

Dexamfetamine is usually taken as a tablet 2 to 4 times a day, although an oral solution is also available.

Common side effects of dexamfetamine include:

• decreased appetite
• mood swings
• agitation and aggression
• dizziness
• headaches
• diarrhoea
• nausea and vomiting

Atomoxetine

Atomoxetine works differently from other ADHD medicines.

It’s a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), which means it increases the amount of a chemical in the brain called noradrenaline.

This chemical passes messages between brain cells, and increasing it can aid concentration and help control impulses.

Atomoxetine may be offered to adults, teenagers and children over the age of 5 if it’s not possible to use methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine. It’s also licensed for use in adults if symptoms of ADHD are confirmed.

Atomoxetine comes in capsule form, usually taken once or twice a day.

Common side effects of atomoxetine include:

• a small increase in blood pressure and heart rate
• nausea and vomiting
• stomach aches
• trouble sleeping
• dizziness
• headaches
• irritability

Atomoxetine has also been linked to some more serious side effects that are important to look out for, including suicidal thoughts and liver damage.

If either you or your child begin to feel depressed or suicidal while taking this medicine, speak to your doctor.

Guanfacine

Guanfacine acts on part of the brain to improve attention, and it also reduces blood pressure.

It may be offered to teenagers and children over the age of 5 if it’s not possible to use methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine. Guanfacine should not be offered to adults with ADHD.

Guanfacine is usually taken as a tablet once a day, in the morning or evening.

Common side effects include:

• tiredness or fatigue
• headache
• abdominal pain
• dry mouth

Therapy

As well as taking medicine, different therapies can be useful in treating ADHD in children, teenagers and adults. Therapy is also effective in treating additional problems, such as conduct or anxiety disorders, that may appear with ADHD.

Here are some of the therapies that may be used.

Psychoeducation

Psychoeducation means you or your child will be encouraged to discuss ADHD and its effects. It can help children, teenagers and adults make sense of being diagnosed with ADHD, and can help you to cope and live with the condition.

Behaviour therapy

Behaviour therapy provides support for carers of children with ADHD and may involve teachers as well as parents. Behaviour therapy usually involves behaviour management, which uses a system of rewards to encourage your child to try to control their ADHD.

If your child has ADHD, you can identify types of behaviour you want to encourage, such as sitting at the table to eat. Your child is then given some sort of small reward for good behaviour.

For teachers, behaviour management involves learning how to plan and structure activities, and to praise and encourage children for even very small amounts of progress.

Parent training and education programmes

If your child has ADHD, specially tailored parent training and education programmes can help you learn specific ways of talking to your child, and playing and working with them to improve their attention and behaviour.

You may also be offered parent training before your child is formally diagnosed with ADHD.

These programmes are usually arranged in groups of around 10 to 12 parents. A programme usually consists of 10 to 16 meetings, lasting up to 2 hours each.

Being offered a parent training and education programme does not mean you have been a bad parent – it aims to teach parents and carers about behaviour management, while increasing confidence in your ability to help your child and improve your relationship.

Social skills training

Social skills training involves your child taking part in role-play situations and aims to teach them how to behave in social situations by learning how their behaviour affects others.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

CBT is a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave. A therapist would try to change how you or your child feels about a situation, which would in turn potentially change their behaviour.

CBT can be carried out with a therapist individually or in a group.

Other possible treatments

There are other ways of treating ADHD that some people with the condition find helpful, such as cutting out certain foods and taking supplements. However, there’s no strong evidence these work, and they should not be attempted without medical advice.

Diet

People with ADHD should eat a healthy, balanced diet. Do not cut out foods before seeking medical advice.

Some people may notice a link between types of food and worsening ADHD symptoms. If this is the case, keep a diary of what you eat and drink, and what behaviour follows. Discuss this with a GP, who may refer you to a dietitian (a healthcare professional who specialises in nutrition).

Supplements

Some studies have suggested that supplements of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may be beneficial for people with ADHD, although the evidence supporting this is very limited.

It’s advisable to talk to a GP before using any supplements, because some can react unpredictably with medicine or make it less effective.

You should also remember that some supplements should not be taken long term, as they can reach dangerous levels in your body.

Tips for parents

If you’re the parent of a child with ADHD:

• be sure your GP or specialist helps you understand the difference between ADHD and any other problems your child may have
• think about who else needs to know about your child’s ADHD, such as their school or nursery
• find out the side effects of any medicine your child takes and what you need to look out for
• getting to know people at local support groups can stop you feeling isolated and help you to cope

The charity AADD-UK has a list of support groups across the UK, including groups for adults, parents and carers.

Read more about living with ADHD

Page last reviewed: 24 December 2021
Next review due: 24 December 2024

ADHD Medication Treatment Options: Stimulants, Nonstimulants & More

ADHD Medication Treatments: Which Are Best?

The number of medications available to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is overwhelming at best, and the process for selecting the best ADHD medication for you or your child, or deciding to medicate at all, is incredibly personal.

The ADHD medications prescribed to both children (as young as age 6) and adults are broadly categorized as

• Stimulants – considered the first-line treatment for ADHD. Amphetamines fall under this category, along with methylphenidate, the most widely used treatment for ADHD, and their derivatives.¹
• Nonstimulants – prescribed to patients who don’t tolerate or see benefits from stimulant medications (up to 30 percent of patients do not respond to stimulants²). Four non-stimulants are approved to treat ADHD: atomoxetine, guanfacine, viloxazine, and clonidine. Non-stimulants may also be prescribed for use alongside stimulants to treat symptoms that the latter does not alleviate.

[People Also Ask: How Should I Treat My Child’s ADHD?]

Selecting the “best” ADHD medication can be a lengthy trial-and-error process of dosage and timing that is often related to a patient’s history, genetics, experienced side effects, and unique metabolism. ADHD medication is also often accompanied by behavioral therapy and other non-pharmacological treatments.

The most popular ADHD medications among ADDitude readers include (in alphabetical order):

1. Adderall XR (amphetamine)
2. Concerta (methylphenidate)
3. Dexedrine (amphetamine)
4. Evekeo (amphetamine)
5. Focalin XR (dexmethylphenidate)
6. Quillivant XR (methylphenidate)
7. Ritalin (methylphenidate)
8. Strattera (atomoxetine hydrochloride)
9. Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate)
10. Azstarys (serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate)

Many parents and adults with ADHD remain confused about the distinctions and similarities between these and other treatment choices for ADHD. Our ADHD medication chart offers a side-by-side comparison of the most popular stimulants and non-stimulants in the treatment of ADHD.

What Are the Newest ADHD Medications?

Qelbree is a non-stimulant approved for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Azstarys is a once-daily central nervous system (CNS) stimulant approved for the treatment of ADHD in patients ages six or older in 2021.

Jornay PM is taken in the evening; the medication begins working by the time the patient wakes and through the rest of the day.

Xelstrym was approved by the FDA in March 2022. It is a once-daily transdermal amphetamine patch used to treat ADHD in adults and children ages six and older.

[ADHD Directory: Find an ADHD Specialist or Clinic Near You]

How Do Stimulant Medications Treat ADHD?

ADHD is a neurological disorder resulting from the deficiency of a neurotransmitter, or a group of neurotransmitters, in specific areas of the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells by bridging the synapse (or gap) between them.³

One key neurotransmitter often deficient in individuals with ADHD is norepinephrine, along with its building blocks, dopa and dopamine. In theory, the primary stimulant medications used to treat ADHD stimulate specific cells within the brain to produce more of this deficient neurotransmitter. That’s why these medications are called stimulants — though it’s unknown exactly how they work to relieve ADHD symptoms.

The two main classes of stimulant medications, methylphenidate and dextro-amphetamine — both generic names — have been used since the 1930s.⁴ All brand-name stimulants are variations of these two medications. The ADHD medication Adderall, for instance, is a modification of dextro-amphetamine. Methylphenidate, on the other hand, comes in many forms (including a chewable tablet, a liquid, and a skin patch) with each variation having its own name.

How Do Nonstimulants Work to Treat ADHD?

Atomoxetine (brand name Strattera) and viloxazine (brand name Qelbree) are selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that work, in theory, by increasing concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex, which is believed to regulate behavior and thus helps with ADHD symptoms¹.

[Free Download: The Ultimate Guide to ADHD Medication]

Clonidine (Kapvay) and guanfacine (Intuniv) are alpha2-agonists. The prevailing theory is that these medications work by mimicking the effects of norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex’s receptors.¹

Bupropion (Wellbutrin), while not approved for ADHD treatment, is an antidepressant that clinicians commonly prescribe off-label to treat ADHD.

How is ADHD Medication Dosed?

The FDA requires, among other provisions, that medication be labeled according to its⁵:

• Dosage Form/Route of Administration: Capsule, tablet, liquid, patch, etc. The patient information sheet inside the medication’s box or packaging states how much medication is in each unit of liquid; for example, 5mg per 5ml of liquid. Another methylphenidate product — Daytrana — is a patch that releases medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Daytrana 30mg contains about 30mg of methylphenidate and releases about 3.3mg of it per hour.
• Dose Quantity/Strength: The specific amount of medication released into the blood over a given period of time. In other words, the number value for each product represents the total amount of the medication in the tablet/liquid/capsule/patch, not the amount in the blood at any one time. If methylphenidate, for example, is in the form of a four-hour tablet and it releases 5mg over that time, it is called methylphenidate 5mg. A capsule of Adderall, on the other hand, that releases 10mg immediately and 10mg four hours later is called Adderall XR 20.
• Release mechanism/Duration of Administration (released immediately or over an extended period of time): The length of time a medication will remain available and active. Stimulants release medications over many time frames, including an hour, four hours, or over eight or 12 hours. Here’s an example: The ADHD medication Ritalin is a tablet that is released immediately into the bloodstream and works for four hours, according to information provided by the drug’s manufacturer. Ritalin LA, on the other hand, is a capsule that releases over a longer period of time and works for eight hours, again, according to information provided by the drug’s manufacturer. Different names, even though both contain the same medicine — methylphenidate.

Even with the FDA’s guidelines, the average consumer may find labels on ADHD medications confusing. Take the ADHD medication Concerta. Designed to last 12 hours, Concerta has a “sponge” on the bottom of the capsule, medication on top, and a tiny hole above the medication. As the capsule passes through the gastrointestinal tract and absorbs moisture, the sponge expands and pushes the medication out of the hole.

The number value assigned to each dose is where the confusion tends to lie. Take Concerta 18mg. If the goal is to release 5mg consistently every four hours over a 12-hour period, then there needs to be 15mg in the capsule. However, it takes time for the sponge to become moist enough to start to expand. So an initial release of medication is needed until the sponge starts working. Researchers figured out that it should be 3mg. Thus, to release 5mg over 12 hours, one needs the initial 3mg, plus 5mg every four hours during the 12 hours. The total amount of medication is 18mg. That’s why the medication is called Concerta 18.

What Are The Side Effects of ADHD Medication?

Generally, stimulant medications have similar side effects that include¹

• decreased appetite
• stomach pain
• sleep disturbances
• headaches

Some side effects associated with non-stimulants include¹:

• fatigue
• stomach pain
• decreased appetite
• nausea

It is common for patients to experience side effects when trying and adjusting stimulant medications. Clinicians may start with small doses and increase dosing if the patient does not see benefits and if side effects are tolerable. Many side effects are also temporary until the patient adjusts. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) notes that clinicians should titrate doses of ADHD medication to achieve maximum benefit with tolerable side effects.⁶

If adverse reactions persist, the clinician can make the switch to another stimulant, or to a non-stimulant.

ADHD Medications List: Stimulants

Methylphenidate

• Generic: tablet; immediate release; lasts about four hours; comes in 5mg, 10mg, 15mg*
• Aptensio XR: brand name; capsule; immediate and extended release; lasts 12 hours; comes in 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 30mg, 40mg, 50mg, and 60mg*
• Concerta: brand name; tablet; lasts about 12 hours; comes in 18mg, 27mg, 36mg, 54mg dosages, generic equivalents available*
• Cotempla XR-ODT: brand name; extended release orally disintegrating table; comes in 8. 6mg, 17.3mg, 25.9mg, and 34.6mg
• Daytrana: brand name; skin patch; lasts about eight hours; comes in 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 30mg, generic equivalents available*
• Jornay PM: brand name; delayed release extended release capsule; comes in 20mg, 40mg, 60mg, 80mg, and 100mg
• Methylin: brand name; liquid; immediate release; lasts about four hours; 5mg/tsp and 10mg/tsp, generic equivalents available*
• QuilliChew ER: brand name; chewable tablet; extended release; lasts about eight hours; comes in 20mg, 30mg, and 40mg*
• Quillivant XR: brand name; liquid; extended release; lasts 12 hours; dosages range from 10mg/2 ml, 20mg/4ml, 30mg/6ml, 40mg/8ml, 50mg/10 ml, 60mg/12ml*
• Ritalin: brand name; tablet; immediate release; lasts about four hours; comes in 5mg, 10mg, generic equivalents available*
• Ritalin LA: brand name; capsule; lasts about eight hours; comes in 10mg, 20mg, 30mg, 40mg, generic equivalents available*

Dextro-Methylphenidate

• Focalin: brand name; tablet; lasts four hours; immediate release; comes in 2. 5mg, 5mg, 10mg, generic equivalents available*
• Focalin XR: brand name; capsule; lasts eight hours; immediate release followed by second delayed release; comes in 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 25mg, 30mg, 35mg, generic equivalents available*

Serdexmethylphenidate and Dexmethylphenidate

• Azstarys: brand name; capsule; lasts 13 hours; co-formulated with immediate release; comes in 26.1mg/5.2mg, 39.2mg/7.8mg, and 52.3mg/10.4mg* 

Dextro-Amphetamine/Modified Amphetamine Mixture

• Generic; tablet; immediate release; lasts four hours; comes in 5mg and 10mg*
• Adderall: brand name; tablet; immediate release; lasts four hours; comes in 5mg, 7.5mg, 10mg, 12.5mg, 15mg, 20mg, 30mg, generic equivalents available*
• Adderall XR: brand name; capsule; immediate and delayed release; lasts eight hours; comes in 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 25mg, 30mg, generic equivalents available*
• Adzenys ER: brand name; extended release oral suspension; 3. 1mg/2.5mL, 6.3mg/5mL, 9.4mg/7.5mL, 12.5mg/10mL, 15.7mg/12.5mL, 18.8mg/15mL
• Adzenys XR-ODT: brand name; orally-disintegrating tablet; immediate and delayed release; lasts up to 12 hours; comes in 3.1mg, 6.3mg, 9.4mg, 12.5mg, 15.7mg, and 18.8mg*
• Dexedrine Spansule: brand name; capsule; immediate release followed by gradual release; lasts eight hours; comes in 15mg, generic equivalent available*
• Dyanavel XR: brand name; liquid; tablet, extended release; lasts 13 hours; comes in 2.5mg/1mL, 5mg/2mL, 7.5mg/3mL, 10mg/4mL, 12.5mg/5mL, 15mg/mL, 17.5mg/7mL, 20mg/8mL*
• Evekeo: brand name; tablet; immediate release; lasts four fours; comes in 5mg and 10mg
• Evekeo ODT: brand name; orally disintegrating tablet, immediate release, comes in 5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg
• Mydayis: brand name; long-acting capsule; comes in 12.5mg, 25mg, 37.5 mg, and 50mg
• ProCentra: brand name; liquid; immediate release; lasts four hours; comes in 5mg/5mL*
• Vyvanse: brand name; capsule and chewable tablet; lasts 10 to 12 hours; comes in 20mg, 30mg, 40mg, 50mg, 60mg, and 70mg (capsule only)*
• Xelstrym: brand name; transdermal patch; comes in 5mg, 9mg, 13. 5mg and 18mg
• Zenzedi: brand name; immediate release tablet; comes in 2.5mg, 5mg, 7.5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, and 30mg, generic equivalents available in 5mg and 10mg

ADHD Medications: Non-Stimulants

Atomoxetine

• Strattera: brand name; capsule; long-acting; 24-hour duration; 10mg, 18mg, 25mg, 40mg, 60mg, 80mg, 100mg, generic equivalents available*

Clonidine

• Kapvay: brand name; extended release tablets; 24-hour duration; 0.1mg and 0.2mg, generic equivalents available in o.1mg*

Guanfacine

• Intuniv: brand name; extended-release tablets 1mg, 2mg, 3mg, 4mg; 24-hour duration, generic equivalents available*

Viloxazine Hydrochloride

• Qelbree: brand name; 100mg or 200mg once daily.

*The medication’s estimated duration of action is based on information provided by the drug’s manufacturer. For any individual patient, this medication’s effects may last longer or shorter than indicated.

How to Treat ADHD in Children: Next Questions

1. 1. What ADHD medications are used to treat children?
      • What are all of my ADHD medication options?
      • What are the most popular ADHD medications?
      • How does ADHD medication work?
      • How do stimulants and non stimulants differ?
      • How do short-acting and long-acting stimulants differ?
      • What are the benefits and risks of ADHD medication?
   2. Are ADHD meds safe for my child?
   3. What are common side effects associated with ADHD medication?
   4. What natural treatments help kids with ADHD?
   5. How can I find an ADHD specialist near me?

ADHD Medication: Next Steps

• Read: Your ADHD Treatment Options — Medication, Diet, Therapy & More
• Review: The Ultimate ADHD Medication List
• Find: ADHD Specialists and Clinics Near You
• Research: User Reviews of Popular ADHD Medications
• Free Tracking Chart: How Do We Know the Medication Is Working?
• ADDitude Guide: 13 Questions to Ask Before Starting a Stimulant

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View Article Sources

¹ Briars, L., & Todd, T. (2016). A Review of Pharmacological Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG, 21(3), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.192

² Mohammadi, M. R., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2007). Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: nonstimulant medication approaches. Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 7(2), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.7.2.195

³ Curatolo, Paolo et al. “The neurobiological basis of ADHD.” Italian journal of pediatrics (Dec. 2010) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3016271/

⁴ Kolar, Dusan et al. “Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.” Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment (Apr. 2008) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2518387/

⁵ General Labeling Provisions, 21 CFR §201.5. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=3023b9178a21af215b85e0f947c64c74&mc=true&n=pt21.4.201&r=PART&ty=HTML#se21.4.201_15

⁶Wolraich ML, Hagan JF, Allan C, et al; Subcommittee on Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20192528; https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528

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How to treat ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

Read the first part of the article (on diagnosing ADHD) here.

Passionate controversy accompanies the use of drugs. In the United States, stimulants are used to treat the symptoms of ADHD, the most common of which is Ritalin (methylphenidad). Their use is sharply criticized by some experts, the public, the World Health Organization expresses concern about them, but a number of medical agencies insist on the effectiveness and safety of stimulants.

Studies confirming the efficacy of stimulants and counter-work demonstrating ineffectiveness, harmful side effects, and the risk of cocaine addiction in adolescence in long-term stimulant users could be the subject of a separate article.

Both in the West and in Russia, antipsychotic drugs (Sonapax, Neuleptil, Rispolept, Abilify, Seroquel) are widely used to reduce hyperactivity and excitability of a child. Meanwhile, studies show that these drugs reduce the volume of brain tissue, not to mention such side effects as weight gain, increased blood cholesterol levels, increased blood pressure, the development of diabetes, tremors, up to tardive dyskinesia.

In the UK, the right to prescribe antipsychotics is given not only to narrow specialists, but also to pediatricians. In 2011, the British found that over the past 10 years the number of children taking these drugs has doubled, and among them there are many who are barely 5 years old.

This made a strong impression on the government, which decided to allocate 32 million pounds to expand mental health services for children and adolescents.

As mentioned in the first part of the article, it is very important to conduct a medical examination of a child with ADHD. In some cases, by taking control of physical problems, it is possible to reduce the symptoms of hyperactivity and impaired attention. For example, this happens when the normal blood supply to the brain is restored after the correction of birth injuries of the cervical spine.

In Russia, to improve brain metabolism and increase cortical tone, children with ADHD are often prescribed nootropic drugs (piracetam, encephabol, akatinol memantine, glycine, phenibut). We often hear from doctors that they observe a positive effect of drugs in their practice, but their effectiveness has not been clinically proven.

The image of a child with an unnamed diagnosis of ADHD – inattentive in class, poorly in time, unorganized in everyday life – is often used to advertise multivitamins. I drank the Alphabet and immediately mastered the alphabet and other academic knowledge and skills. In fact, it is unlikely that multivitamins will produce just such an effect. This does not exclude the possibility that a number of specific nutrients may have a positive effect on ADHD symptoms.

There are studies (like this one) that show a lack of omega-3 fatty acids in children and adolescents with ADHD, as well as a positive effect of taking them (like this). The best source of omega-3 fatty acids is fish oil, which is beneficial in many ways and has no harmful side effects, except for individual intolerance.

Photo courtesy of huffingtonpost.com

In this French study, 40 children with symptoms of ADHD were given vitamin B6 (0. 6 mg per 1 kg of body weight) and magnesium (6 mg per 1 kg of body weight) daily for 8 weeks. The study participants significantly decreased hyperactivity and aggressiveness, and improved attention. Children in the control group who took placebo showed no such changes. A few weeks after the end of the course, the symptoms of ADHD in children from the experimental group resumed, which also indicates that the improvements were provided precisely by the intake of B6 and magnesium.

For a child and adolescent with ADHD, dietary patterns are important. Some parents are very happy with the effects of a gluten-free/casein-free diet (eliminating the protein gluten found in wheat, rye and a number of other grains, and casein found in milk), which is often recommended for children with autism who share some of the common symptoms of ADHD. (Mercy published a detailed article on the gluten-free diet). Others praise the sugar-free diet (excluding polysaccharides, that is, sucrose and starches), which is also called the specific carbohydrate diet or paleo diet in Russian-language sources, and SCD, GAPS, Paleo Diet in English-language sources.

A recent meta-analysis by Danish scientists suggests that the best results in ADHD were achieved by elimination diets that eliminated certain foods that provoke hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. By the way, the same study also revealed the usefulness of fish oil for children with ADHD.

Experts advise parents to identify foods to which a child may have an individual intolerance. To do this, you need to rotate products, alternately removing them from the diet for a week or two, observing the severity of ADHD symptoms and evaluating the result.

Dr. Richard Sogn, a child psychiatrist and one of America’s leading experts on ADHD, believes that anything that is good for the brain is good for children with ADHD. First of all, their diet should be rich in protein in the form of meat, eggs, nuts, cheese, legumes. He advises to give these products to the child for breakfast, and also as a snack between lessons.

Carbohydrates are necessary, but in the form of vegetables and fruits, but sugar, sweets, flour products, rice and potatoes should be eliminated or severely limited. It is important to include fish and other sources of omega-3 fatty acids such as walnuts, Brazil nuts, olive oil, and canola oil in your diet.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding foods with preservatives and artificial food coloring in children with ADHD, and some experts believe that all food additives should be avoided.

The most important method of treating ADHD is behavioral therapy: for children, this is primarily Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), for adolescents and young people – cognitive behavioral therapy (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy).

Applied Behavior Analysis is considered the gold standard in behavioral intervention for autistic children in the US and the UK, but is also being applied to children with ADHD.

In Russia, this method appeared not so long ago and mainly due to the efforts of parents-activists with the continuing resistance of domestic defectology and correctional pedagogy, who declared this therapy to be training. Such an opinion can only be formed with a very superficial acquaintance with this technique. In fact, it is based on a careful analysis of the child’s behavior, allowing to identify his strengths and weaknesses and create a carefully structured behavior modification program based on the encouragement of the desired behavior of the child.

Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to find a competent behavioral analyst and therapist outside the capital, but many parents complete distance courses, participate in conferences, seminars and webinars in order to learn the basics of therapy and help their child on their own. (You can learn more about this in the group “Autism Problem Center”).

There are also home behavioral strategies that experts recommend to parents. Make it up and make sure your child follows it.

Organize the space so that there is a designated place for all the items your child needs (clothes, toys, school supplies). This will allow the child to lose them less often.

In general, ADHD is a diagnosis in which a child can overcome his limitations only with the help of his parents, even if they are handled by the most highly qualified specialists. Parents need a deep understanding of the problems and needs of the child, patience and willingness to go with him a long and difficult path to recovery or maximum adaptation for an independent successful life.

sources:

ADHD Diets

Facts About ADHD

Drugs for the treatment of attention disorders can cause irresistible erections

Prolonged and painful erections may occur in attention-deficit adolescents treated with psychostimulants. The boys, as well as their parents, were warned about this by the American authorities.

The US Food and Drug Administration has issued a warning announcing the discovery of unusual side effects of a drug used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Overdiagnosis syndrome

Increasingly widespread attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is close to being debunked:…

04 April 11:57

ADHD syndrome is a behavioral developmental disorder that manifests itself even in preschool and early school age. Children with this disease have difficulty controlling their behavior, they fail to concentrate on solving tasks –

they are careless, careless and frivolous.

It is believed that ADHD is based on neurobiological factors: genetic mechanisms or early organic damage to the brain. According to statistics, from 2 to 12% of children suffer from the syndrome, and it is more common in boys. Sometimes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does not disappear and continues to be observed in adolescence and even in adults.

One drug used to treat the disorder is methylphenidate, a synthetic central nervous system stimulant that is similar to the amphetamine groups and produces similar effects. It was he who became the cause of concern for patients and medical services.

The US regulatory agency has stated that drugs based on this substance, such as Ritalin and concerto,

can cause priapism, a painful erection that lasts for several hours.

“Spice” kills the kidneys

Acute kidney failure, as another short-term adverse outcome of the use of synthetic. ..

April 24 11:44

“Patients on methylphenidate who have erections lasting more than four hours should seek medical attention to avoid long-term penis problems. Failure to take proper measures can lead to its permanent damage, ”says control statement .

For various reasons, priapism can occur in men when, without sexual arousal, the outflow of blood from the cavernous bodies of the penis is disturbed. Teenagers who have not reached puberty may not realize there is a problem and be embarrassed to turn to adults for help, officials warn.

Therefore, patients and their parents should “memorize” the signs and symptoms of priapism and, if it occurs, realize the need for treatment, doctors remind.

In total, from 1997 to 2012, the supervisory authorities received 15 complaints of priapism from those who took these psychostimulants. But due to the fact that doctors rely only on the statistics of voluntary applications, it is not known what the real danger of the drug is.

According to the doctors, the oldest person who applied was 33 years old, the youngest was 8 years old, and the average age is 12.5 years. Sometimes undesirable consequences occur when the dose of the drug is changed or when the drug is stopped.

Gas from Nord-Ost became a drug

The opioid carfentanil, which was allegedly part of the gas used in the assault…

17 June 19:29

According to doctors, in two cases, patients required surgery.

Doctors warn that if symptoms appear, you should not abruptly stop taking medication without consulting a specialist. Today in the United States, methylphenidate-based drugs help teenagers improve attention, reduce impulsivity, and improve overall social adjustment.

Between 1996 and 2008, the percentage of children and adolescents taking drugs to treat ADHD increased from 2.4 to 3.5, almost half a million, according to US government data released two years ago. “The steady increase in use among adolescents reflects the recent perception of the syndrome as childish.