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Vitamin b12 pill side effects. Vitamin B12 Supplement Side Effects: Understanding the Risks and Benefits

What are the potential side effects of vitamin B12 supplements. How can you safely incorporate vitamin B12 into your diet. What are the recommended dosages for different age groups. How do certain medications interact with vitamin B12 absorption.

The Importance of Vitamin B12 and Its Functions in the Body

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a crucial nutrient that plays a vital role in various bodily functions. But what exactly does this vitamin do for our health?

  • DNA synthesis
  • Red blood cell formation
  • Nervous system function
  • Energy production

While most people obtain sufficient vitamin B12 through their diet, some individuals may require supplements to maintain optimal levels. However, it’s essential to understand that excessive intake of vitamin B12 supplements can lead to potential side effects.

Common Side Effects of Oral Vitamin B12 Supplements

When taken orally at recommended doses, vitamin B12 supplements are generally considered safe for healthy individuals. However, some people may experience mild side effects, including:

  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Mild diarrhea

These side effects are typically mild and transient, often resolving on their own as the body adjusts to the supplement. If you experience persistent or severe symptoms, it’s advisable to consult your healthcare provider.

Injectable Vitamin B12 and Associated Risks

Injectable vitamin B12 is typically used to treat significant deficiencies. While it can be highly effective, it may also carry a higher risk of side effects compared to oral supplements. Some potential side effects of injectable vitamin B12 include:

  • Itching or skin rash
  • Sensation of swelling
  • Vein thrombosis
  • Pulmonary edema (rare)
  • Congestive heart failure (rare, early in treatment)

In extremely rare cases, injectable vitamin B12 may lead to a condition called polycythemia vera, a slow-growing blood cancer. It’s crucial to receive injectable vitamin B12 under the supervision of a healthcare professional to minimize these risks.

Allergic Reactions to Vitamin B12 Supplements

While rare, severe allergic reactions to vitamin B12 supplements can occur. These reactions, known as anaphylaxis, can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include:

  • Swelling of the face, tongue, and throat
  • Difficulty swallowing or breathing
  • Hives or severe itching
  • Rapid heartbeat

If you experience any of these symptoms after taking a vitamin B12 supplement, seek emergency medical care immediately. It’s essential to inform your healthcare provider about any known allergies before starting vitamin B12 supplementation.

Interactions Between Vitamin B12 and Medications

Certain medications can interfere with the absorption or effectiveness of vitamin B12. Understanding these interactions is crucial for maintaining optimal vitamin B12 levels. Some medications that may affect vitamin B12 include:

  • Metformin (diabetes medication)
  • Proton pump inhibitors (used for acid reflux)
  • H2 blockers (used for heartburn)
  • Colchicine (used for gout)
  • Chloramphenicol (antibiotic)

If you’re taking any of these medications, your healthcare provider may recommend vitamin B12 supplements or adjust your dosage to ensure adequate absorption. It’s important to discuss all medications and supplements you’re taking with your doctor to avoid potential interactions.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Vitamin B12

The National Institutes of Health has established Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin B12 based on age and specific conditions. These guidelines help ensure adequate intake while minimizing the risk of side effects. The RDAs for vitamin B12 are as follows:

  • 2.4 micrograms (mcg) daily for individuals 14 years and older
  • 2.6 mcg daily for pregnant women
  • 2.8 mcg daily for breastfeeding women

For adults over 50, it’s recommended to obtain vitamin B12 through fortified foods or supplements, as the ability to absorb naturally occurring B12 may decrease with age. A supplement containing 25 to 100 mcg of B12 is often suggested for this age group.

Natural Sources of Vitamin B12 in Diet

While supplements can be beneficial for some individuals, obtaining vitamin B12 through dietary sources is often the preferred method. Incorporating B12-rich foods into your diet can help maintain adequate levels without the risk of supplement-related side effects. Some excellent food sources of vitamin B12 include:

  • Eggs
  • Cheese
  • Fish (especially salmon, trout, and tuna)
  • Shellfish (clams, oysters, and mussels)
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Red meat

For vegetarians and vegans, fortified plant-based milk, nutritional yeast, and fortified cereals can be good sources of vitamin B12. However, individuals following these diets may need to pay extra attention to their B12 intake and consider supplements if necessary.

How Much Vitamin B12 Can You Get from Food?

The amount of vitamin B12 in food varies depending on the source. For example:

  • 3 ounces of cooked salmon contains about 4.8 mcg of B12
  • 1 cup of low-fat milk provides approximately 1.2 mcg
  • 1 large egg contains about 0.6 mcg

By incorporating a variety of these foods into your diet, most people can meet their daily vitamin B12 needs without resorting to supplements.

Signs of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

While excessive intake of vitamin B12 can lead to side effects, a deficiency can also cause significant health issues. Recognizing the signs of vitamin B12 deficiency is crucial for timely intervention. Some common symptoms of B12 deficiency include:

  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Pale or jaundiced skin
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Pins and needles sensation
  • Changes in mobility
  • Vision problems
  • Mood changes or depression

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. A simple blood test can determine your vitamin B12 levels and help guide appropriate interventions.

Who is at Risk for Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

Certain groups of people are more susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency and may require closer monitoring or supplementation. These include:

  • Older adults (over 50 years)
  • Vegetarians and vegans
  • Individuals with gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., Crohn’s disease, celiac disease)
  • Those who have undergone weight loss surgery
  • People taking certain medications (e.g., metformin, proton pump inhibitors)

If you fall into any of these categories, discuss your vitamin B12 status with your healthcare provider to determine if supplementation is necessary.

Managing and Preventing Vitamin B12 Supplement Side Effects

If you experience side effects from taking vitamin B12 supplements, there are several steps you can take to manage and prevent them:

  1. Adjust the dosage: Consult your healthcare provider about lowering your supplement dose to see if it alleviates side effects.
  2. Change the form: If you’re using oral supplements, consider switching to a sublingual form or vice versa.
  3. Timing: Take your supplement with food to potentially reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
  4. Monitor your diet: Try to increase your intake of B12-rich foods and reduce reliance on supplements.
  5. Regular check-ups: Have your B12 levels monitored regularly to ensure you’re not taking more than necessary.

Remember, if side effects persist or worsen, discontinue use of the supplement and consult your healthcare provider immediately.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While most side effects of vitamin B12 supplements are mild, there are instances when medical attention is necessary. Seek immediate medical care if you experience:

  • Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
  • Chest pain or shortness of breath
  • Sudden, severe headache
  • Unusual swelling or pain in your legs

These symptoms could indicate a serious reaction or complication and require prompt medical evaluation.

The Future of Vitamin B12 Supplementation

As our understanding of nutrition and supplementation evolves, so does the approach to vitamin B12 intake. Researchers are exploring new methods of supplementation and ways to enhance absorption. Some exciting developments include:

  • Nasal gel formulations for improved absorption
  • Personalized supplementation based on genetic factors
  • Development of more bioavailable forms of B12
  • Improved fortification techniques for plant-based foods

These advancements may lead to more efficient and tailored approaches to vitamin B12 supplementation in the future, potentially reducing the risk of side effects while improving overall efficacy.

The Role of Gut Health in Vitamin B12 Absorption

Emerging research suggests that gut health plays a crucial role in vitamin B12 absorption. A healthy gut microbiome may enhance the body’s ability to absorb and utilize vitamin B12 effectively. Some ways to support gut health include:

  • Consuming a diverse range of fiber-rich foods
  • Including fermented foods in your diet
  • Staying hydrated
  • Managing stress levels
  • Limiting processed foods and added sugars

By focusing on gut health, you may improve your body’s natural ability to absorb vitamin B12, potentially reducing the need for high-dose supplements and minimizing the risk of side effects.

Vitamin B-12 Side Effects

Vitamin B-12 Side Effects

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Medically reviewed by Jared Meacham, Ph. D., RD, PMP, MBA, CSCS — By Emily Cronkleton — Updated on June 8, 2023

Your doctor will give you the right dosage of vitamin B-12 supplement, especially if you will inject it. Taking too much can cause side effects like nausea, headache, dizziness, and in rarely, blood clots or cancer.

Everyone needs vitamin B-12, and most people get enough through their diet. However, it’s important to know what side effects occur when you take too much.

Vitamin B-12 is water-soluble and absorbed in the intestines. After it’s absorbed, it’s used to make DNA and red blood cells. Vitamin B-12 that isn’t being used is stored in the liver. But if you take supplements, you might ingest more than your body needs.

Oral vitamin B-12 is safe to take at recommended doses for healthy people.

Injectable vitamin B-12, which is used to treat significant deficiencies, can cause the following side effects:

  • mild diarrhea
  • itching
  • skin rash
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure early in treatment
  • vein thrombosis
  • sensation of swelling
  • polycythemia vera (rare, slow growing blood cancer)

Vitamin B-12 can cause very rare but serious allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). This includes swelling of the face, tongue, and throat, and difficulty swallowing and breathing. If this occurs after you take vitamin B-12, call 911 or your local emergency services immediately.

Some agents are linked to reduced absorption or serum levels of vitamin B-12. You may need vitamin B-12 supplements if you take any of the following:

  • colchicine
  • metformin
  • proton pump inhibitors
  • vitamin C
  • chloramphenicol
  • h3 blockers
  • aminosalicylic acid

Folic acid supplements may interfere with vitamin B-12. Be sure to tell your doctor if you take folic acid.

You may need to take vitamin B-12 separately from the above drugs and supplements — say, one in the morning and one at night — so you can get the full dose of vitamin B-12.

Don’t take vitamin B-12 supplements if you have sensitivities or allergies to vitamin B-12, cobalt, and any other ingredients. Vitamin B-12 is safe to take in recommended dosages if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding.

If you notice any adverse effects after you start taking vitamin B-12 supplements, you should discontinue use immediately. Seek medical attention if your symptoms get worse or are severe.

You can consult your doctor to establish an appropriate dose if it’s determined that you don’t get enough B-12 from food sources.

According to the National Institutes of Health, the recommended dietary amounts (RDAs) are as follows:

  • 2.4 micrograms (mcg) daily for ages 14 years or older
  • 2.6 mcg daily for pregnant women
  • 2.8 mcg daily for breastfeeding women

If you’re over the age of 50, you should try to get your RDA by eating foods with B-12 or by taking a supplement containing 25 to 100 mcg of B-12.

Foods with vitamin B-12 include:

  • eggs
  • cheese
  • fish
  • shellfish
  • liver
  • kidney
  • red meat

See your doctor if you have bothersome side effects that don’t go away once you stop taking the supplements. Avoid taking supplements if possible, and try to get B-12 from food sources.

If you develop any side effects from taking vitamin B-12, you can stop taking the supplement and the symptoms should subside.

After this, you’ll need to determine either an appropriate dose or how to get the vitamin B-12 you need from food sources. You can discuss this with your doctor.

Article resources

  • Cyanocobalamin – cyanocobalamin injection. (2023). https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a66eb3c4-3e1d-4d49-b963-4fa2334cc9b6
  • Vitamin B12: Fact sheet for health professionals. (2022). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/

Last medically reviewed on June 8, 2023

How we reviewed this article:

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Jun 8, 2023

Written By

Emily Cronkleton

Edited By

John Bassham

Medically Reviewed By

Jared Meacham, Ph. D., RD, PMP, MBA, CSCS

Copy Edited By

Copy Editors

Feb 15, 2023

Written By

Emily Cronkleton

Edited By

Frank Crooks

VIEW ALL HISTORY

Share this article

Medically reviewed by Jared Meacham, Ph.D., RD, PMP, MBA, CSCS — By Emily Cronkleton — Updated on June 8, 2023

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Vitamin B-12 Side Effects

Vitamin B-12 Side Effects

  • Health Conditions
    • Featured
      • Breast Cancer
      • IBD
      • Migraine
      • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
      • Rheumatoid Arthritis
      • Type 2 Diabetes
    • Articles
      • Acid Reflux
      • ADHD
      • Allergies
      • Alzheimer’s & Dementia
      • Bipolar Disorder
      • Cancer
      • Crohn’s Disease
      • Chronic Pain
      • Cold & Flu
      • COPD
      • Depression
      • Fibromyalgia
      • Heart Disease
      • High Cholesterol
      • HIV
      • Hypertension
      • IPF
      • Osteoarthritis
      • Psoriasis
      • Skin Disorders and Care
      • STDs
  • Discover
    • Wellness Topics
      • Nutrition
      • Fitness
      • Skin Care
      • Sexual Health
      • Women’s Health
      • Mental Well-Being
      • Sleep
    • Product Reviews
      • Vitamins & Supplements
      • Sleep
      • Mental Health
      • Nutrition
      • At-Home Testing
      • CBD
      • Men’s Health
    • Original Series
      • Fresh Food Fast
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      • You’re Not Alone
      • Present Tense
    • Video Series
      • Youth in Focus
      • Healthy Harvest
      • No More Silence
      • Future of Health
  • Plan
    • Health Challenges
      • Mindful Eating
      • Sugar Savvy
      • Move Your Body
      • Gut Health
      • Mood Foods
      • Align Your Spine
    • Find Care
      • Primary Care
      • Mental Health
      • OB-GYN
      • Dermatologists
      • Neurologists
      • Cardiologists
      • Orthopedists
    • Lifestyle Quizzes
      • Weight Management
      • Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens
      • Are You a Workaholic?
      • How Well Do You Sleep?
    • Tools & Resources
      • Health News
      • Find a Diet
      • Find Healthy Snacks
      • Drugs A-Z
      • Health A-Z
  • Connect
      • Breast Cancer
      • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      • Psoriatic Arthritis
      • Migraine
      • Multiple Sclerosis
      • Psoriasis

Medically reviewed by Jared Meacham, Ph. D., RD, PMP, MBA, CSCS — By Emily Cronkleton — Updated on June 8, 2023

Your doctor will give you the right dosage of vitamin B-12 supplement, especially if you will inject it. Taking too much can cause side effects like nausea, headache, dizziness, and in rarely, blood clots or cancer.

Everyone needs vitamin B-12, and most people get enough through their diet. However, it’s important to know what side effects occur when you take too much.

Vitamin B-12 is water-soluble and absorbed in the intestines. After it’s absorbed, it’s used to make DNA and red blood cells. Vitamin B-12 that isn’t being used is stored in the liver. But if you take supplements, you might ingest more than your body needs.

Oral vitamin B-12 is safe to take at recommended doses for healthy people.

Injectable vitamin B-12, which is used to treat significant deficiencies, can cause the following side effects:

  • mild diarrhea
  • itching
  • skin rash
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure early in treatment
  • vein thrombosis
  • sensation of swelling
  • polycythemia vera (rare, slow growing blood cancer)

Vitamin B-12 can cause very rare but serious allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). This includes swelling of the face, tongue, and throat, and difficulty swallowing and breathing. If this occurs after you take vitamin B-12, call 911 or your local emergency services immediately.

Some agents are linked to reduced absorption or serum levels of vitamin B-12. You may need vitamin B-12 supplements if you take any of the following:

  • colchicine
  • metformin
  • proton pump inhibitors
  • vitamin C
  • chloramphenicol
  • h3 blockers
  • aminosalicylic acid

Folic acid supplements may interfere with vitamin B-12. Be sure to tell your doctor if you take folic acid.

You may need to take vitamin B-12 separately from the above drugs and supplements — say, one in the morning and one at night — so you can get the full dose of vitamin B-12.

Don’t take vitamin B-12 supplements if you have sensitivities or allergies to vitamin B-12, cobalt, and any other ingredients. Vitamin B-12 is safe to take in recommended dosages if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding.

If you notice any adverse effects after you start taking vitamin B-12 supplements, you should discontinue use immediately. Seek medical attention if your symptoms get worse or are severe.

You can consult your doctor to establish an appropriate dose if it’s determined that you don’t get enough B-12 from food sources.

According to the National Institutes of Health, the recommended dietary amounts (RDAs) are as follows:

  • 2.4 micrograms (mcg) daily for ages 14 years or older
  • 2.6 mcg daily for pregnant women
  • 2.8 mcg daily for breastfeeding women

If you’re over the age of 50, you should try to get your RDA by eating foods with B-12 or by taking a supplement containing 25 to 100 mcg of B-12.

Foods with vitamin B-12 include:

  • eggs
  • cheese
  • fish
  • shellfish
  • liver
  • kidney
  • red meat

See your doctor if you have bothersome side effects that don’t go away once you stop taking the supplements. Avoid taking supplements if possible, and try to get B-12 from food sources.

If you develop any side effects from taking vitamin B-12, you can stop taking the supplement and the symptoms should subside.

After this, you’ll need to determine either an appropriate dose or how to get the vitamin B-12 you need from food sources. You can discuss this with your doctor.

Article resources

  • Cyanocobalamin – cyanocobalamin injection. (2023). https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a66eb3c4-3e1d-4d49-b963-4fa2334cc9b6
  • Vitamin B12: Fact sheet for health professionals. (2022). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/

Last medically reviewed on June 8, 2023

How we reviewed this article:

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Jun 8, 2023

Written By

Emily Cronkleton

Edited By

John Bassham

Medically Reviewed By

Jared Meacham, Ph. D., RD, PMP, MBA, CSCS

Copy Edited By

Copy Editors

Feb 15, 2023

Written By

Emily Cronkleton

Edited By

Frank Crooks

VIEW ALL HISTORY

Share this article

Medically reviewed by Jared Meacham, Ph.D., RD, PMP, MBA, CSCS — By Emily Cronkleton — Updated on June 8, 2023

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    A vitamin B-12 test measures the amount of B-12 in your blood. Find out what your B-12 results mean and how to optimize your B-12 intake.

    READ MORE

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    READ MORE

  • 8 Best Personalized Vitamin Subscription Services of 2023, According to Dietitians

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Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) – instructions for use, doses, side effects, reviews of the drug:

Description of the drug in 1998

Date of approval: 07/31/1998

Content

  • Active substance
  • ATX
  • Pharmacological group
  • Nosological classification (ICD-10)
  • Composition and form of release
  • pharmachologic effect
  • pharmachologic effect
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Dosage and administration
  • Side effects
  • Interaction
  • Precautionary measures
  • Storage conditions
  • Best before date
  • Reviews

Active ingredient

Cyanocobalamin* (Cyanocobalamin*)

ATX

B03BA01 Cyanocobalamin

Pharmacological group

Stimulants of hematopoiesis

Vitamins and vitamin-like products

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

ICD-10 code list

Composition and formulation

1 ml solution for injection contains cyanocobalamin (vitamin B 12 ) 200 or 500 mcg; in ampoules of 1 ml, in a cardboard box 10 pcs.

Pharmacological action

Pharmacological action

hematopoietic , stimulating cell metabolism .

Participates in the transfer of methyl fragments, the formation of choline, methionine, creatine, nucleic acids, the maturation of erythrocytes, promotes the accumulation of compounds containing sulfhydryl groups in erythrocytes.

Participates in the transfer of methyl fragments, the formation of choline, methionine, creatine, nucleic acids, the maturation of erythrocytes, promotes the accumulation of compounds containing sulfhydryl groups in erythrocytes.

Indications

Anemia (Addison-Birmer, alimentary macrocytic, iron deficiency,
posthemorrhagic, aplastic, caused by toxic substances and drugs), cirrhosis of the liver,
hepatitis, myelosis, polyneuritis, sciatica, trigeminal neuralgia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, children
cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Down’s disease, skin diseases, peripheral nerve injuries.

Contraindications

Thromboembolism, angina.

Dosage and administration

Information for healthcare professionals only.
Are you a healthcare professional?

S/C, IM, IV and intralumbar.

Addison-Birmer anemia – 100-200 mcg every other day; with Addison-Birmer anemia with symptoms of funicular myelosis and with macrocytic anemia with disorders of the nervous system – 500 mcg or more per injection (daily for the first week, and then with intervals between injections of up to 5-7 days). Simultaneously appoint folic acid. In the period of remission, in the absence of funicular myelosis phenomena, 100 mcg is administered for maintenance therapy 2 times a month, and in the presence of neurological phenomena, 200-400 mcg 2-4 times a month.

For iron deficiency and posthemorrhagic anemia – 30-100 mcg 2-3 times a week; with aplastic anemia (especially in children) – 100 mcg until the onset of clinical and hematological improvement; with alimentary anemia in children at an early age and in premature babies – 30 mcg / day for 15 days.

In diseases of the central nervous system and neurological diseases with pain syndrome, it is administered in increasing doses from 200 to 500 mcg per injection, and when the condition improves, 100 mcg/day; course – up to 2 weeks.

In traumatic lesions of the peripheral nerves – 200-400 mcg every other day for 40-45 days.

For hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, 30–60 mcg per day or 100 mcg every other day for 25–40 days.

With dystrophies in young children, Down’s disease and cerebral palsy – 15-30 mcg every other day.

In case of funicular myelosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, sometimes 15-30 mcg is injected into the spinal canal (gradually increasing the dose to 200-250 mcg).

Side effects

Excitation, pain in the heart, tachycardia, allergic reactions.

Interactions

Information for healthcare professionals only.
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Incompatible (in one syringe) with thiamine bromide, riboflavin.

Precautions

In angina pectoris, use with caution and in lower doses.

Storage conditions

In a place protected from light.

Keep out of reach of children.

Expiry date

2 years.

Do not use after the expiry date which is stated on the packaging.

Update date: 04/30/2020

Vitamin B12 – instructions for use, doses, side effects, reviews of the drug: instant tablets, 5000 mcg

0.004 ‰

Analogs

Description selection

Lec. form Dosage

instant tablets

5000 mcg

injection

0. 2 mg/ml

instant tablets

5000 mcg

injection

0.2 mg/ml

All forms of release, dosages, registration certificates, drug manufacturers, drug characteristics

Product description Vitamin B12 (solution for injection, 0.2 mg/ml) based on the official instructions, approved by the manufacturer in 1998

Date approved: 07/31/1998

Contents

  • Active substance
  • ATX
  • Pharmacological group
  • Composition and form of release
  • Dosage and administration
  • Storage conditions
  • Best before date
  • Reviews

Active ingredient

Cyanocobalamin* (Cyanocobalamin*)

ATX

B03BA01 Cyanocobalamin

Pharmacological group

Stimulants of hematopoiesis

Vitamins and vitamin-like products

Composition and form of release

1 ampoule with 1 ml solution for injection contains cyanocobalamin 200 or 500 mcg; in a box of 10 pcs. , complete with an ampoule knife.

Dosage and administration

Information for healthcare professionals only.
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S/C, IM, IV and intralumbar. For Addison-Birmer anemia (in combination with folic acid)
– 100-200 mcg once a day, for 2 days; with Addison-Birmer anemia with symptoms
funicular myelosis and macrocytic anemia with disorders of the nervous system – 500 mcg and
more per injection (in the first week daily, and then at intervals between injections up to 5-7 days). During
remissions – 100 mcg 2 times a month (maintenance therapy), in the presence of neurological phenomena
(funicular myelosis) – 200-400 mcg 2-4 times a month. With iron deficiency and
posthemorrhagic anemia – 30-100 mcg 2-3 times a week; with aplastic anemia
(especially in children) – 100 mcg until the onset of clinical and hematological improvement; with alimentary
anemia in children at an early age and in premature babies – 30 mcg / day for 15 days.