What are the common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu transmitted. Which viruses cause viral gastroenteritis. Who is at higher risk of contracting stomach flu. How can you prevent and treat viral gastroenteritis.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Basics of Stomach Flu

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, is an inflammation and irritation of the intestines caused by various viruses. This highly contagious illness can spread rapidly through close contact with infected individuals or via contaminated food, water, or surfaces. Despite its name, it’s not related to influenza.

The most prevalent viruses responsible for viral gastroenteritis include norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus. Each of these pathogens has unique characteristics and can affect different age groups in varying ways.

How does viral gastroenteritis spread?

Viral gastroenteritis transmission occurs through several routes:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Sharing utensils or personal items with someone who has the virus
• Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your mouth
• Poor hand hygiene, especially among food handlers

The ease of transmission makes viral gastroenteritis particularly problematic in close-quarter environments such as childcare facilities, schools, nursing homes, and cruise ships.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis

Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis typically appear within 12 to 48 hours after infection, though some viruses like adenovirus may have a longer incubation period of 3 to 10 days. The onset of symptoms is often sudden, developing over the course of 1 to 2 hours.

What are the main symptoms of stomach flu?

Common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis include:

• Loose, watery diarrhea (more than 3 times per day)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever or chills
• Headache, muscle aches, or joint pain
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Loss of appetite
• Sweating or clammy skin

It’s important to note that diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis is typically not bloody. The presence of blood in stool could indicate a more severe infection and requires immediate medical attention.

When should you seek medical help for stomach flu?

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant emergency medical treatment:

• Diarrhea lasting for 2 days or more without improvement
• Blood in diarrhea
• Signs of dehydration (dry lips, dizziness)
• Infants developing diarrhea

For children, additional red flags include the appearance of sunken eyes or lack of tears when crying.

Exploring the Causes of Viral Gastroenteritis

Several viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis, each with its own characteristics and patterns of infection. Understanding these pathogens can help in prevention and management of the illness.

Norovirus: The Leading Cause of Stomach Flu

Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for numerous outbreaks, especially in crowded spaces. This highly contagious virus can affect people of all ages and is particularly prevalent in the United States between November and April.

Key features of norovirus include:

• Rapid onset of symptoms (within 12-48 hours)
• High infectivity (it takes very few virus particles to cause illness)
• Ability to survive on surfaces for extended periods
• Resistance to many common disinfectants

Most people infected with norovirus start feeling better within 1 to 3 days, but they can continue to shed the virus for up to 2 weeks after recovery.

Rotavirus: A Major Concern for Young Children

Rotavirus primarily affects infants and young children, though it can also infect adults. Before the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, this virus was the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5 years old globally.

Characteristics of rotavirus infection include:

• Symptoms appearing within 2 days of exposure
• Severe diarrhea and dehydration in young children
• Potential for serious complications in infants
• Seasonality, with peaks typically occurring in winter and early spring

The rotavirus vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus infections in many countries, highlighting the importance of immunization in preventing viral gastroenteritis.

Adenovirus and Astrovirus: Less Common but Significant Causes

While less frequent than norovirus and rotavirus, adenovirus and astrovirus can also cause viral gastroenteritis, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals.

Adenovirus:

• Can cause respiratory symptoms in addition to gastroenteritis
• Has a longer incubation period (3-10 days)
• May lead to more prolonged illness compared to other viral causes

Astrovirus:

• Often causes milder symptoms compared to other viral gastroenteritis agents
• More common in young children and the elderly
• Can occur year-round but may peak in winter months

Identifying High-Risk Groups for Viral Gastroenteritis

While anyone can contract viral gastroenteritis, certain groups are at higher risk of infection and complications. Understanding these risk factors can help in targeting prevention efforts and identifying those who may need closer monitoring during illness.

Who is most susceptible to stomach flu?

Groups at increased risk of viral gastroenteritis include:

• Children under the age of 5, especially in daycare settings
• Older adults, particularly those in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• Individuals with weakened immune systems due to medical conditions or treatments
• People frequently in group settings (schools, dormitories, religious gatherings)
• Malnourished individuals, especially those with low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• Recent travelers to developing countries
• Those using antibiotics or antacids

It’s important to note that while these groups are at higher risk, viral gastroenteritis can affect anyone, regardless of age or health status.

Why are young children and older adults more vulnerable?

Young children and older adults are particularly susceptible to viral gastroenteritis for several reasons:

Children under 5:

• Developing immune systems that are less effective at fighting off infections
• Frequent hand-to-mouth contact and poor hygiene habits
• Close contact with other children in daycare or school settings

Older adults:

• Weakened immune systems due to aging
• Chronic health conditions that may compromise immunity
• Living in close quarters in nursing homes or care facilities
• Potential for more severe dehydration due to age-related changes in body composition

Preventing the Spread of Viral Gastroenteritis

Given the highly contagious nature of viral gastroenteritis, prevention is crucial in controlling its spread. While it’s not always possible to avoid exposure completely, several measures can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

How can you protect yourself and others from stomach flu?

Effective prevention strategies for viral gastroenteritis include:

1. Proper hand hygiene:
   • Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food
   • Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water are not available
2. Food safety practices:
   • Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption
   • Cook seafood and shellfish completely
   • Avoid preparing food for others when you’re sick
3. Environmental cleaning:
   • Regularly clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces (doorknobs, light switches, countertops)
   • Use chlorine bleach-based cleaners for surfaces contaminated with vomit or feces
4. Isolation when sick:
   • Stay home from work or school when experiencing symptoms
   • Avoid close contact with others for at least 48 hours after symptoms resolve
5. Safe water practices:
   • Drink bottled or boiled water when traveling to areas with poor sanitation
   • Avoid swallowing water in swimming pools or recreational water facilities

What role does vaccination play in preventing viral gastroenteritis?

Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing certain types of viral gastroenteritis, particularly rotavirus infections. The rotavirus vaccine has been highly effective in reducing severe rotavirus disease in children worldwide.

Key points about rotavirus vaccination:

• Recommended for infants in many countries as part of routine childhood immunizations
• Typically administered orally in two or three doses, depending on the vaccine brand
• Has led to significant reductions in rotavirus-related hospitalizations and deaths
• Provides protection against severe rotavirus disease, though mild infections may still occur

While vaccines are not yet available for other common causes of viral gastroenteritis like norovirus, research is ongoing, and future developments may expand vaccination options for preventing stomach flu.

Treatment and Management of Viral Gastroenteritis

There is no specific cure for viral gastroenteritis, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. However, several strategies can help manage symptoms and prevent complications, particularly dehydration.

How is stomach flu typically treated?

The primary goals of treatment for viral gastroenteritis are to:

• Prevent dehydration
• Manage symptoms
• Support the body’s natural healing process

Common treatment approaches include:

1. Fluid replacement:
   • Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) to replace lost fluids and electrolytes
   • Clear broths or electrolyte-enhanced water for adults
   • Continued breastfeeding for infants, supplemented with ORS if needed
2. Gradual reintroduction of food:
   • Start with bland, easily digestible foods (bananas, rice, toast, applesauce)
   • Avoid dairy products, caffeine, and fatty or spicy foods initially
3. Rest and recovery:
   • Get plenty of sleep to support the immune system
   • Avoid strenuous activities until fully recovered
4. Symptom management:
   • Over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medications (for adults only, and after consulting a healthcare provider)
   • Pain relievers for fever or body aches

When is medical intervention necessary for viral gastroenteritis?

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain situations require medical attention:

• Severe dehydration, especially in young children and older adults
• Persistent vomiting that prevents oral rehydration
• High fever (above 39°C or 102°F)
• Bloody stools or severe abdominal pain
• Symptoms lasting more than a few days without improvement

In these cases, healthcare providers may recommend:

• Intravenous fluid replacement for severe dehydration
• Prescription anti-nausea medications
• Further testing to rule out other causes of symptoms
• Hospitalization for close monitoring in severe cases

Long-Term Impact and Complications of Viral Gastroenteritis

While most people recover fully from viral gastroenteritis within a few days, the illness can sometimes lead to complications or have longer-term effects, especially in vulnerable populations.

What are the potential complications of stomach flu?

Possible complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• Severe dehydration: This is the most common and serious complication, particularly dangerous for young children and older adults. Severe dehydration can lead to:
  • Electrolyte imbalances
  • Kidney problems
  • In extreme cases, death
• Malnutrition: Prolonged or recurrent episodes of viral gastroenteritis can lead to:
  • Weight loss
  • Nutrient deficiencies
  • Delayed growth in children
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Some studies suggest that viral gastroenteritis may trigger IBS in susceptible individuals
• Lactose intolerance: Temporary lactose intolerance can occur following a bout of viral gastroenteritis
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare but serious complication more commonly associated with bacterial gastroenteritis, but occasionally seen with viral infections

Can viral gastroenteritis have long-term health effects?

While most people recover completely from viral gastroenteritis without long-term effects, some individuals may experience:

• Persistent gastrointestinal symptoms: A small percentage of people may develop chronic diarrhea or recurrent abdominal pain following a severe bout of viral gastroenteritis
• Increased susceptibility to future infections: Repeated episodes of viral gastroenteritis may temporarily weaken the gut’s immune defenses
• Nutritional impacts: Severe or recurrent infections, especially in children, can lead to malnutrition and associated developmental issues if not properly managed
• Psychological effects: Severe cases or frequent recurrences may lead to anxiety or fear related to food and eating in some individuals

It’s important to note that these long-term effects are relatively rare, and most people can expect a full recovery from viral gastroenteritis. However, individuals experiencing persistent symptoms should consult with a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Gastroenterology – Private Doctor – medical center in Moscow, family doctor’s clinic: new cheryomushki, academic, Kaluga, trade union, South-West Administrative District medical center

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine that studies the causes and mechanisms of the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, develops new methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing gastroenterological diseases.
If you are concerned about: pain or discomfort in the abdomen of various localization, bloating, belching, heartburn, bitterness in the mouth, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea or constipation – do not postpone your visit to a gastroenterologist.

In general, the digestive system is very complex and very vulnerable. Our life is filled with stress, malnutrition, bad ecology, fast rhythm and haste. All this significantly affects the state of the gastrointestinal tract, so the number of patients with gastroenterological diseases is growing. As stated in one of the ancient Indian treatises, which is dated 1515 – “Know that diseases come from eating bad food or eating during illness.” Often, ineffective treatment or self-medication contributes to the transition of the disease into a chronic form.

A gastroenterologist diagnoses and treats such diseases as:

• Gastritis;
• Pancreatitis;
• Intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease or reflux esophagitis
• Ulcers of the duodenum and stomach;
• Colitis;
• Enteritis, enterocolitis,
• Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis,
• Hepatosis and hepatitis,
• Biliary dyskinesia,
• Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation.

The most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

Gastritis is characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa. The general condition of a person worsens, pains, heaviness in the stomach, fatigue, weakness appear. Self-treatment in most cases leads to a chronic process. Gastritis is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Only properly selected H.pylori therapy gives positive results in the treatment of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, the achievement of stable remission of these diseases for a long time.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease – if you are worried about heartburn, belching or chest pain, you should definitely see a gastroenterologist. You can not take soda on your own, as its intake leads to a violation of the acid-base balance in the blood. Only a doctor can identify the causes leading to reflux (insufficiency of the sphincter in the area of ​​​​the transition of the esophagus to the stomach (cardia insufficiency), hiatal hernia) and choose the right treatment to prevent such serious complications as erosion and ulcer of the esophagus, perforation of the esophagus.

Pancreatitis is a disease of the pancreas that requires immediate treatment and consultation with a gastroenterologist. Complications of the disease can be life-threatening or lead to serious consequences, up to pancreatic necrosis and death.
Intestinal dysbacteriosis is an imbalance in the intestinal microflora. When the “beneficial” flora of the intestine decreases or disappears, as a result, the absorption of nutrients is disturbed. Also, dysbacteriosis is characterized by increased multiplication of “harmful” bacteria in the intestines, which should normally be small, resulting in flatulence (bloating) and diarrhea (diarrhea). This disease is very common in both adults and children after taking antibiotics. The disease may be accompanied by: bloating, belching, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, skin and allergic manifestations, early aging of the body. Even slightly pronounced dysbacteriosis requires treatment, as it can lead to metabolic and immunological changes in the body.

Peptic ulcer of the duodenum and stomach are chronic diseases prone to relapse. Often an ulcer is accompanied by the appearance of pain in the epigastric region, weakness, the appearance of a “black” stool. During such a period, it is necessary to urgently contact a gastroenterologist and undergo a diagnosis, since peptic ulcer disease entails serious complications that can threaten a person’s life – gastric bleeding, perforation of the ulcer.

Colitis – inflammation and damage to the mucous membrane of the large intestine, which usually appears with various infections, malnutrition, poisoning, immune system disorders. Its symptoms are abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by the appearance of blood and mucus in the stool.

Cholecystitis is characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, which most often occurs as a result of ingestion of pathogenic bacteria or the development of gallstone disease. Stones in the gallbladder may not make themselves felt for a long time, but with banal infections, injuries or errors in the diet, an inflammatory process occurs in the gallbladder. If left untreated, this leads to purulent inflammation of the peritoneum, which requires immediate surgical intervention. If medical care is not provided within a few hours and an operation is performed, serious complications can follow, up to death from peritonitis and sepsis.

Enteritis is an inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, which in the advanced stage threatens to ulcerate it. In the acute period of the disease, abdominal pain occurs, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness, and sometimes fever. Often with enteritis, the stomach and large intestine are involved in the inflammatory process.

Modern diagnostics of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract makes it possible to detect diseases of the digestive system even at the initial stage and includes the following examinations:

Blood tests – complete blood count; biochemical blood test for liver enzymes and samples; indicators of pigment metabolism of bilirubin; pancreatic enzymes; blood test for intestinal infections; helicobacter; viruses; protozoan and helminthic invasions.

Fecal tests – coprogram, fecal occult blood test, bile pigments; analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, protozoa, worms.
Urinalysis for bile pigments.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy – endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum – provides complete information about the state of the mucosa and digestive disorders in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In addition, during gastroscopy, you can get 100% information about the presence of a Helicobacter pylori infection in a person’s stomach and determine cancer in the early stages. Therefore, gastroscopy is recommended in terms of clinical examination annually (!) To all patients over 45 years of age.

Colonoscopy — endoscopic examination of the mucosa of all parts of the large intestine. Colonoscopy allows early detection of diverticula, tumors, intestinal inflammation, detection of polyps and their endoscopic removal. Both gastroscopy and colonoscopy can optionally be performed in a “medicated” sleep state, i. under anesthesia. This makes the procedure easy and painless.

Abdominal ultrasound – helps the doctor to obtain accurate information about disorders in the structure and function of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Urease breath test for Helicobacter Pylori is a method of non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by exhaled air. This method is very easily tolerated by patients, as it is a fast, accurate, safe and painless method, which is allowed even for children and pregnant women. It allows you to determine the effectiveness of the antimicrobial therapy for this infection.

Only an experienced gastroenterologist, having carefully collected all complaints, examined you objectively, analyzed your analyzes and examinations, can create a true picture of the disease, prescribe effective and modern therapy and save you from suffering.

Attention!!! Coronavirus! Flu!! SARS!!!

Influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI)

Influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are in first place in terms of the number of people who fall ill every year

Despite constant efforts aimed at combating the pathogens of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections, they still cannot be defeated.

Thousands of people die every year from influenza complications.

This is due to the fact that viruses, primarily influenza viruses and coronaviruses, have the ability to change their structure and a mutated virus is able to infect a person again. So, a person who has had the flu has a good immune barrier, but nevertheless, a new modified virus is able to easily penetrate through it, since the body has not yet developed immunity against this type of virus.

For whom is the most dangerous encounter with the virus?

The infection is especially difficult for children and the elderly, for these age groups the complications that can develop during the illness are very dangerous. Children get sick more severely due to the fact that their immune systems have not yet encountered this virus, and for the elderly, as well as for people with chronic diseases, the virus is dangerous due to a weakened immune system.

Risk groups

• Children

• People over 60

• People with chronic lung diseases (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

• People with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system (congenital heart disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure)

• Pregnant women

• Medical workers

• Workers of public transport, catering establishments

How does infection occur?

The infection is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through the smallest droplets of saliva or mucus that are released during sneezing, coughing and talking.

Contact transmission is also possible.

Symptoms

Depending on the specific type of pathogen, symptoms can vary significantly, both in severity and combination options.

• Temperature increase

• Chills, general malaise, weakness headache, muscle pain

• Decreased appetite, possible nausea and vomiting

• Conjunctivitis (possible)

• Diarrhea (possibly)

On average, the illness lasts about 5 days. If the temperature lasts longer, there may be complications.

Complications

The treatment of the disease is carried out under the supervision of a doctor who, only after examining the patient, prescribes a treatment regimen and gives other recommendations. The sick person should observe bed rest, eat well and drink more fluids.

Antibiotics

Taking antibiotics in the early days of illness is a big mistake.

Antibiotics are not able to cope with the virus, in addition, they adversely affect the normal microflora. Antibiotics are prescribed only by a doctor, only in case of complications caused by the addition of a bacterial infection. Taking antibacterial drugs as a preventive measure for the development of complications is dangerous and useless.

A sick person should stay at home and not pose a risk of infecting others.

Prevention

The most effective way to prevent influenza is to get vaccinated every year. The composition of the flu vaccine changes every year. First of all, vaccination is recommended for those who are at risk. The optimal time for vaccination is October-November. Children can be vaccinated against influenza from the age of 6 months.

Vaccines against most pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections have not been developed.

Checklist: Flu and Coronavirus Prevention

Influenza and coronavirus infections cause respiratory diseases of varying severity in humans. The symptoms of the disease are similar to those of a regular (seasonal) flu. The severity of the disease depends on a number of factors, including the general condition of the body and age.

Predisposed to the disease: the elderly, young children, pregnant women and people suffering from chronic diseases (asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease), and with a weakened immune system.

RULE 1: WASH YOUR HANDS FREQUENTLY WITH SOAP

Clean and disinfect surfaces using household detergents.

Hand hygiene is an important measure to prevent the spread of influenza and coronavirus infection. Washing with soap removes viruses. If you cannot wash your hands with soap and water, use alcohol-based or disinfectant wipes.

Cleaning and regular disinfection of surfaces (tables, doorknobs, chairs, gadgets, etc.) removes viruses.

RULE 2. OBSERVE DISTANCE AND ETIQUETTE

distance of at least 1 meter from patients.

Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth with hands. Influenza virus and coronavirus are spread in these ways.

Wear a mask or other available protective equipment to reduce the risk of illness.

When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with disposable tissues, which should be discarded after use.

Avoiding unnecessary travel and crowded places can reduce the risk of illness.

RULE 3: LIVE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

A healthy lifestyle increases the body’s resistance to infection. Follow a healthy regimen, including proper sleep, consumption of foods rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, physical activity.

RULE 4: PROTECT YOUR RESPIRATORY WITH A MEDICAL MASK

Among other preventive measures, the wearing of masks, which limits the spread of the virus, is of particular importance.

Medical masks for respiratory protection are used:

– when visiting crowded places, traveling in public transport during the period of increasing incidence of acute respiratory viral infections;

– when caring for patients with acute respiratory viral infections;

– when communicating with persons with signs of an acute respiratory viral infection;

– at risks of infection with other infections transmitted by airborne droplets.

HOW TO WEAR A MASK CORRECTLY?

Masks may be of different designs. They can be disposable or can be used multiple times. There are masks that last 2, 4, 6 hours. The cost of these masks is different, due to different impregnation. But you can not wear the same mask all the time, thereby you can infect yourself twice. Which side inside to wear a medical mask is unprincipled.

To protect yourself from infection, it is extremely important to wear it correctly:

– the mask must be carefully fastened, tightly cover the mouth and nose, leaving no gaps;

– try not to touch the surfaces of the mask when removing it, if you touch it, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or alcohol;

– a wet or damp mask should be changed to a new, dry one;

– do not reuse a disposable mask;

– The used disposable mask should be immediately discarded.

When caring for a sick person, after contact with the sick person, the mask should be removed immediately. After removing the mask, wash your hands immediately and thoroughly.

Mask is appropriate when you are in a crowded place, in public transport, and when caring for the sick, but it is not practical in the open air.

Breathing fresh air while outdoors is beneficial and masks should not be worn.

However, doctors remind that this single measure does not provide complete protection against the disease. In addition to wearing a mask, other preventive measures must be observed.

RULE 5. WHAT TO DO IF YOU HAVE THE FLU, CORONAVIRUS INFECTION?

Stay at home and seek immediate medical attention.

Follow your doctor’s instructions to stay in bed and drink plenty of fluids.

WHAT ARE THE FLU/CORONAVIRUS SYMPTOMS Fever, chills, headache, weakness, nasal congestion, cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, conjunctivitis.

In some cases, there may be symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

COMPLICATIONS

Viral pneumonia is the leading complication. Viral pneumonia worsens rapidly, and many patients develop respiratory failure within 24 hours, requiring immediate respiratory support with mechanical ventilation.

Promptly started treatment helps to alleviate the severity of the disease.

Call a doctor.

Give the patient a separate room in the house. If this is not possible, keep a distance of at least 1 meter from the patient.

Minimize contact between sick people and loved ones, especially children, the elderly and people with chronic illnesses.
Ventilate the room frequently.

Maintain cleanliness by washing and disinfecting surfaces as often as possible with household detergents.

Wash your hands often with soap and water.

When caring for a sick person, cover your mouth and nose with a mask or other protective equipment (kerchief, scarf, etc.

).
Only one family member should care for the sick person.

Hygiene in case of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections

What should you do during the period of active circulation of influenza, coronavirus infection and other pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in order to prevent your own infection and protect others if you get sick?

The causative agents of all these diseases are highly contagious and transmitted mainly by airborne droplets.

When sneezing and coughing, microdroplets of saliva, sputum and respiratory secretions that contain viruses spread around a sick person in the air. Larger droplets settle on surrounding objects and surfaces, small ones remain in the air for a long time and are transported over distances of up to several hundred meters, while viruses retain the ability to infect from several hours to several days. The main measures of hygienic prevention are aimed at preventing contact of healthy people with virus-containing particles of the secretions of a sick person.

Compliance with the following hygiene rules will significantly reduce the risk of infection or further spread of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory infections.

.

How not to get infected

• Wash hands after visiting any public places, transport, touching doorknobs, money, office equipment for public use in the workplace, before eating and preparing food. Pay special attention to thoroughly lathering (at least 20 seconds), and then completely drying your hands.

• After returning home from the street, wash hands and face with soap and rinse the nose with isotonic saline.

• Touch face, eyes only with freshly washed hands. If soap and water are not available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizers to clean hands. Or use a disposable tissue, if necessary touch the eyes or nose

• Wear a disposable medical mask in public places and transport.

  You need to change the mask to a new one every 2-3 hours, you cannot reuse the mask.

• Prefer sleek hairstyles when you are in crowded places, loose hair, often in contact with the face, increases the risk of infection.

• Avoid close contact and stay in the same room with people who have visible signs of SARS (coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge).

• Do not touch doorknobs, railings, other objects or surfaces in public spaces with bare hands.

• Limit welcome handshakes, kisses and hugs.

• Ventilate rooms more often.

• Do not share towels.

How not to infect others

• Minimize

  contacts with healthy people (greeting handshakes, kisses).

• If you feel unwell but have to communicate with other people or use public transport, use a disposable mask, be sure to change it for a new one every hour.