What are the common symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is the stomach flu transmitted. Which viruses cause viral gastroenteritis. Who is at higher risk of contracting stomach flu. How can you prevent viral gastroenteritis.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Stomach Flu

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as the stomach flu, is a highly contagious intestinal inflammation caused by various viruses. Despite its name, it’s not related to influenza. This illness can spread rapidly, especially in close-quarter environments like schools, nursing homes, and cruise ships.

The most common culprits behind viral gastroenteritis are norovirus and rotavirus, although adenoviruses and astroviruses can also cause the condition. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and prevention methods can help you better manage and avoid this uncomfortable illness.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis

Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis typically appear within 12 to 48 hours after infection, though some viruses may have a longer incubation period. The duration of symptoms can vary from 1 to 14 days, depending on the specific virus involved.

• Watery diarrhea (more than 3 times per day)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Fever or chills
• Headache, muscle aches, or joint pain
• Loss of appetite
• Sweating or clammy skin

Is bloody diarrhea a symptom of viral gastroenteritis? Typically, diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis is not bloody. If you notice blood in your stool, it could indicate a more severe infection, and you should seek medical attention promptly.

When to Seek Medical Help

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain situations warrant immediate medical attention:

• Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days without improvement
• Signs of dehydration (dry lips, dizziness, reduced urination)
• Blood in the stool
• Persistent high fever
• Severe abdominal pain

For infants and young children, additional warning signs include sunken eyes and lack of tears when crying.

The Culprits: Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis

Several viruses can lead to viral gastroenteritis. Understanding these pathogens can help in prevention and management of the illness.

Norovirus: The Leading Cause

Norovirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It’s highly contagious and can affect people of all ages. In the United States, norovirus outbreaks typically peak between November and April.

How long do norovirus symptoms typically last? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people with norovirus start feeling better within 1 to 3 days after symptom onset.

Rotavirus: A Threat to Young Children

Rotavirus primarily affects infants and young children, though it can spread to adults as well. It’s usually contracted orally and symptoms typically appear within 2 days of exposure.

Other Viral Culprits

While less common, adenoviruses and astroviruses can also cause viral gastroenteritis. Adenoviruses may have a longer incubation period, with symptoms appearing 3 to 10 days after exposure.

Transmission and Risk Factors of Viral Gastroenteritis

Understanding how viral gastroenteritis spreads is crucial for prevention. The virus can be transmitted through various means:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Sharing utensils or personal items with someone who has the virus
• Touching contaminated surfaces
• Poor hand hygiene, especially among food handlers

Who is at higher risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis? While anyone can get the stomach flu, certain groups are more vulnerable:

• Children under 5 years old
• Older adults, particularly those in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• People with weakened immune systems
• Individuals frequently in group settings (schools, dormitories, day care centers)

Are there other factors that increase the risk of viral gastroenteritis? Yes, additional risk factors include:

• Malnutrition, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• Recent travel to developing countries
• Antibiotic or antacid use
• Anal intercourse

Prevention Strategies for Viral Gastroenteritis

While viral gastroenteritis is highly contagious, there are several effective prevention strategies you can employ to reduce your risk of infection:

1. Practice good hand hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially before handling food, after using the bathroom, and after changing diapers.
2. Avoid contaminated food and water: Be cautious about food and water sources, especially when traveling.
3. Disinfect surfaces: Regularly clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, particularly if someone in your household is ill.
4. Avoid close contact with infected individuals: If possible, maintain distance from people who are showing symptoms of gastroenteritis.
5. Practice food safety: Cook foods thoroughly and avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood.
6. Consider vaccination: For rotavirus, vaccines are available and recommended for infants.

How effective is hand washing in preventing viral gastroenteritis? Hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of viral gastroenteritis. It can significantly reduce the risk of contracting or transmitting the virus.

Treatment and Management of Viral Gastroenteritis

There’s no specific cure for viral gastroenteritis, and antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. Treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications, particularly dehydration.

Hydration: The Key to Recovery

Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes is crucial in treating viral gastroenteritis. This can be achieved through:

• Oral rehydration solutions (ORS)
• Clear broths
• Electrolyte-rich sports drinks (for adults)
• Plenty of water

In severe cases of dehydration, particularly in young children or older adults, intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Dietary Considerations

What should you eat when recovering from viral gastroenteritis? As you start to feel better, gradually reintroduce bland, easily digestible foods such as:

• Bananas
• Rice
• Applesauce
• Toast
• Crackers
• Boiled potatoes

Avoid dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods until you’ve fully recovered.

Over-the-Counter Medications

While not always necessary, certain over-the-counter medications may help alleviate symptoms:

• Anti-diarrheal medications (for adults only)
• Pain relievers for fever or body aches
• Anti-nausea medications

Always consult with a healthcare provider before using these medications, especially for children.

Long-Term Impact and Complications of Viral Gastroenteritis

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve without long-term effects, complications can occur, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Dehydration: The Primary Concern

Severe dehydration is the most common and serious complication of viral gastroenteritis. It can be life-threatening, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

What are the signs of severe dehydration? Look out for:

• Extreme thirst
• Dry mouth and skin
• Little or no urination
• Sunken eyes
• Rapid heartbeat
• Dizziness or lightheadedness

Rare Complications

In rare cases, viral gastroenteritis can lead to more serious complications:

• Reactive arthritis: Joint inflammation that can occur after certain infections
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome: A rare condition that can cause kidney failure, most often associated with E. coli infections
• Guillain-Barré syndrome: A rare neurological disorder that can occur after certain infections, including some that cause gastroenteritis

Can viral gastroenteritis recur? While having viral gastroenteritis doesn’t make you immune to future infections, it may provide short-term immunity to the specific virus that caused your illness. However, because many different viruses can cause gastroenteritis, you can still get sick from other strains.

Global Impact and Seasonal Patterns of Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is a significant global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide each year. Its impact varies by region, age group, and season.

Seasonal Trends

In temperate climates, viral gastroenteritis often shows seasonal patterns:

• Norovirus outbreaks typically peak in winter months
• Rotavirus infections were historically more common in cooler, drier months, but vaccination has altered this pattern in many countries

In tropical climates, viral gastroenteritis can occur year-round, with potential increases during rainy seasons.

Global Burden

How significant is the global impact of viral gastroenteritis? The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that:

• Diarrheal diseases, including viral gastroenteritis, are the second leading cause of death in children under five years old globally
• Rotavirus alone caused approximately 215,000 child deaths in 2013
• Norovirus is responsible for about 200,000 deaths per year globally, with more than 50% occurring in low-income countries

Economic Impact

Beyond its health implications, viral gastroenteritis has significant economic consequences:

• Lost productivity due to illness
• Healthcare costs for treatment and hospitalization
• Economic losses in the food service and hospitality industries due to outbreaks

In the United States alone, norovirus is estimated to cost about $2 billion annually in healthcare expenses and lost productivity.

Advances in Research and Prevention of Viral Gastroenteritis

Ongoing research continues to improve our understanding and management of viral gastroenteritis. Some notable areas of progress include:

Vaccine Development

Rotavirus vaccines have been a major success story in preventing viral gastroenteritis. What impact have rotavirus vaccines had? Since their introduction:

• Rotavirus-related hospitalizations have decreased by 80% in many countries
• Global child deaths from rotavirus have been cut by more than half

Researchers are also working on developing vaccines for other gastroenteritis-causing viruses, including norovirus.

Improved Diagnostics

Advances in diagnostic techniques, such as rapid molecular tests, allow for quicker and more accurate identification of the specific viruses causing gastroenteritis. This can help in managing outbreaks and guiding treatment decisions.

Novel Treatment Approaches

While the mainstay of treatment remains supportive care, researchers are exploring new approaches:

• Antiviral medications specifically targeting gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Probiotics and their potential role in preventing or reducing the severity of viral gastroenteritis
• Immunotherapy approaches to boost the body’s natural defenses against these viruses

Public Health Strategies

Improved surveillance systems and outbreak management protocols have enhanced our ability to detect and respond to viral gastroenteritis outbreaks quickly. This is particularly crucial in settings prone to rapid spread, such as cruise ships, schools, and healthcare facilities.

How can technology aid in preventing viral gastroenteritis outbreaks? Advanced data analytics and predictive modeling are being used to forecast potential outbreaks, allowing for proactive prevention measures. Additionally, smartphone apps and online platforms are being developed to track and report gastroenteritis cases in real-time, facilitating faster responses to potential outbreaks.

Living with and Beyond Viral Gastroenteritis

While viral gastroenteritis is usually a short-term illness, its impact can extend beyond the immediate symptoms. Understanding how to manage the condition and its aftermath can help ensure a smoother recovery and prevent future infections.

Recovery Period

How long does it typically take to fully recover from viral gastroenteritis? Most people start feeling better within a few days, but it’s not uncommon for fatigue and weakness to persist for a week or more after other symptoms have resolved. During this time, it’s important to:

• Continue to stay hydrated
• Gradually reintroduce a normal diet
• Get plenty of rest
• Avoid strenuous activities until you feel fully recovered

Returning to Normal Activities

When is it safe to return to work or school after viral gastroenteritis? Generally, you should be symptom-free for at least 24 to 48 hours before returning to your normal routine. This helps prevent spreading the virus to others. However, it’s important to note that you may continue to shed the virus in your stool for several days or even weeks after recovery, so maintaining good hygiene practices is crucial.

Psychological Impact

While often overlooked, the psychological impact of viral gastroenteritis can be significant, especially for those who experience severe symptoms or complications. Some individuals may develop anxiety about future infections or experience changes in their eating habits. If these feelings persist, it may be helpful to speak with a healthcare provider or mental health professional.

Long-Term Health Considerations

For most people, viral gastroenteritis doesn’t lead to long-term health issues. However, in rare cases, some individuals may experience prolonged symptoms or develop post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). If you continue to experience digestive issues weeks after the initial infection, consult with your healthcare provider.

Building Resilience

While it’s not possible to completely eliminate the risk of viral gastroenteritis, you can build resilience to help your body better cope with future infections:

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

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In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

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Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Gastroenterology – Private Doctor – medical center in Moscow, family doctor’s clinic: new cheryomushki, academic, Kaluga, trade union, South-West Administrative District medical center

Gastroenterology is a branch of medicine that studies the causes and mechanisms of the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, develops new methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing gastroenterological diseases.
If you are concerned about: pain or discomfort in the abdomen of various localization, bloating, belching, heartburn, bitterness in the mouth, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea or constipation – do not postpone your visit to a gastroenterologist.

In general, the digestive system is very complex and very vulnerable. Our life is filled with stress, malnutrition, bad ecology, fast rhythm and haste. All this significantly affects the state of the gastrointestinal tract, so the number of patients with gastroenterological diseases is growing. As stated in one of the ancient Indian treatises, which is dated 1515 – “Know that diseases come from eating bad food or eating during illness.” Often, ineffective treatment or self-medication contributes to the transition of the disease into a chronic form.

A gastroenterologist diagnoses and treats such diseases as:

• Gastritis;
• Pancreatitis;
• Intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease or reflux esophagitis
• Ulcers of the duodenum and stomach;
• Colitis;
• Enteritis, enterocolitis,
• Cholecystitis, cholelithiasis,
• Hepatosis and hepatitis,
• Biliary dyskinesia,
• Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation.

The most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

Gastritis is characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa. The general condition of a person worsens, pains, heaviness in the stomach, fatigue, weakness appear. Self-treatment in most cases leads to a chronic process. Gastritis is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Only properly selected H.pylori therapy gives positive results in the treatment of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, the achievement of stable remission of these diseases for a long time.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease – if you are worried about heartburn, belching or chest pain, you should definitely see a gastroenterologist. You can not take soda on your own, as its intake leads to a violation of the acid-base balance in the blood. Only a doctor can identify the causes leading to reflux (insufficiency of the sphincter in the area of ​​​​the transition of the esophagus to the stomach (cardia insufficiency), hiatal hernia) and choose the right treatment to prevent such serious complications as erosion and ulcer of the esophagus, perforation of the esophagus.

Pancreatitis is a disease of the pancreas that requires immediate treatment and consultation with a gastroenterologist. Complications of the disease can be life-threatening or lead to serious consequences, up to pancreatic necrosis and death.
Intestinal dysbacteriosis is an imbalance in the intestinal microflora. When the “beneficial” flora of the intestine decreases or disappears, as a result, the absorption of nutrients is disturbed. Also, dysbacteriosis is characterized by increased multiplication of “harmful” bacteria in the intestines, which should normally be small, resulting in flatulence (bloating) and diarrhea (diarrhea). This disease is very common in both adults and children after taking antibiotics. The disease may be accompanied by: bloating, belching, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, skin and allergic manifestations, early aging of the body. Even slightly pronounced dysbacteriosis requires treatment, as it can lead to metabolic and immunological changes in the body.

Peptic ulcer of the duodenum and stomach are chronic diseases prone to relapse. Often an ulcer is accompanied by the appearance of pain in the epigastric region, weakness, the appearance of a “black” stool. During such a period, it is necessary to urgently contact a gastroenterologist and undergo a diagnosis, since peptic ulcer disease entails serious complications that can threaten a person’s life – gastric bleeding, perforation of the ulcer.

Colitis – inflammation and damage to the mucous membrane of the large intestine, which usually appears with various infections, malnutrition, poisoning, immune system disorders. Its symptoms are abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, sometimes accompanied by the appearance of blood and mucus in the stool.

Cholecystitis is characterized by inflammation of the gallbladder, which most often occurs as a result of ingestion of pathogenic bacteria or the development of gallstone disease. Stones in the gallbladder may not make themselves felt for a long time, but with banal infections, injuries or errors in the diet, an inflammatory process occurs in the gallbladder. If left untreated, this leads to purulent inflammation of the peritoneum, which requires immediate surgical intervention. If medical care is not provided within a few hours and an operation is performed, serious complications can follow, up to death from peritonitis and sepsis.

Enteritis is an inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, which in the advanced stage threatens to ulcerate it. In the acute period of the disease, abdominal pain occurs, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness, and sometimes fever. Often with enteritis, the stomach and large intestine are involved in the inflammatory process.

Modern diagnostics of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract makes it possible to detect diseases of the digestive system even at the initial stage and includes the following examinations:

Blood tests – complete blood count; biochemical blood test for liver enzymes and samples; indicators of pigment metabolism of bilirubin; pancreatic enzymes; blood test for intestinal infections; helicobacter; viruses; protozoan and helminthic invasions.

Fecal tests – coprogram, fecal occult blood test, bile pigments; analysis of feces for dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, protozoa, worms.
Urinalysis for bile pigments.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy – endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum – provides complete information about the state of the mucosa and digestive disorders in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In addition, during gastroscopy, you can get 100% information about the presence of a Helicobacter pylori infection in a person’s stomach and determine cancer in the early stages. Therefore, gastroscopy is recommended in terms of clinical examination annually (!) To all patients over 45 years of age.

Colonoscopy — endoscopic examination of the mucosa of all parts of the large intestine. Colonoscopy allows early detection of diverticula, tumors, intestinal inflammation, detection of polyps and their endoscopic removal. Both gastroscopy and colonoscopy can optionally be performed in a “medicated” sleep state, i. under anesthesia. This makes the procedure easy and painless.

Abdominal ultrasound – helps the doctor to obtain accurate information about disorders in the structure and function of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Urease breath test for Helicobacter Pylori is a method of non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection by exhaled air. This method is very easily tolerated by patients, as it is a fast, accurate, safe and painless method, which is allowed even for children and pregnant women. It allows you to determine the effectiveness of the antimicrobial therapy for this infection.

Only an experienced gastroenterologist, having carefully collected all complaints, examined you objectively, analyzed your analyzes and examinations, can create a true picture of the disease, prescribe effective and modern therapy and save you from suffering.

Attention!!! Coronavirus! Flu!! SARS!!!

Influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI)

Influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are in first place in terms of the number of people who fall ill every year

Despite constant efforts aimed at combating the pathogens of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections, they still cannot be defeated.

Thousands of people die every year from influenza complications.

This is due to the fact that viruses, primarily influenza viruses and coronaviruses, have the ability to change their structure and a mutated virus is able to infect a person again. So, a person who has had the flu has a good immune barrier, but nevertheless, a new modified virus is able to easily penetrate through it, since the body has not yet developed immunity against this type of virus.

For whom is the most dangerous encounter with the virus?

The infection is especially difficult for children and the elderly, for these age groups the complications that can develop during the illness are very dangerous. Children get sick more severely due to the fact that their immune systems have not yet encountered this virus, and for the elderly, as well as for people with chronic diseases, the virus is dangerous due to a weakened immune system.

Risk groups

• Children

• People over 60

• People with chronic lung diseases (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

• People with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system (congenital heart disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure)

• Pregnant women

• Medical workers

• Workers of public transport, catering establishments

How does infection occur?

The infection is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through the smallest droplets of saliva or mucus that are released during sneezing, coughing and talking.

Contact transmission is also possible.

Symptoms

Depending on the specific type of pathogen, symptoms can vary significantly, both in severity and combination options.

• Temperature increase

• Chills, general malaise, weakness headache, muscle pain

• Decreased appetite, possible nausea and vomiting

• Conjunctivitis (possible)

• Diarrhea (possibly)

On average, the illness lasts about 5 days. If the temperature lasts longer, there may be complications.

Complications

The treatment of the disease is carried out under the supervision of a doctor who, only after examining the patient, prescribes a treatment regimen and gives other recommendations. The sick person should observe bed rest, eat well and drink more fluids.

Antibiotics

Taking antibiotics in the early days of illness is a big mistake.

Antibiotics are not able to cope with the virus, in addition, they adversely affect the normal microflora. Antibiotics are prescribed only by a doctor, only in case of complications caused by the addition of a bacterial infection. Taking antibacterial drugs as a preventive measure for the development of complications is dangerous and useless.

A sick person should stay at home and not pose a risk of infecting others.

Prevention

The most effective way to prevent influenza is to get vaccinated every year. The composition of the flu vaccine changes every year. First of all, vaccination is recommended for those who are at risk. The optimal time for vaccination is October-November. Children can be vaccinated against influenza from the age of 6 months.

Vaccines against most pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections have not been developed.

Checklist: Flu and Coronavirus Prevention

Influenza and coronavirus infections cause respiratory diseases of varying severity in humans. The symptoms of the disease are similar to those of a regular (seasonal) flu. The severity of the disease depends on a number of factors, including the general condition of the body and age.

Predisposed to the disease: the elderly, young children, pregnant women and people suffering from chronic diseases (asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease), and with a weakened immune system.

RULE 1: WASH YOUR HANDS FREQUENTLY WITH SOAP

Clean and disinfect surfaces using household detergents.

Hand hygiene is an important measure to prevent the spread of influenza and coronavirus infection. Washing with soap removes viruses. If you cannot wash your hands with soap and water, use alcohol-based or disinfectant wipes.

Cleaning and regular disinfection of surfaces (tables, doorknobs, chairs, gadgets, etc.) removes viruses.

RULE 2. OBSERVE DISTANCE AND ETIQUETTE

distance of at least 1 meter from patients.

Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth with hands. Influenza virus and coronavirus are spread in these ways.

Wear a mask or other available protective equipment to reduce the risk of illness.

When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with disposable tissues, which should be discarded after use.

Avoiding unnecessary travel and crowded places can reduce the risk of illness.

RULE 3: LIVE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

A healthy lifestyle increases the body’s resistance to infection. Follow a healthy regimen, including proper sleep, consumption of foods rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, physical activity.

RULE 4: PROTECT YOUR RESPIRATORY WITH A MEDICAL MASK

Among other preventive measures, the wearing of masks, which limits the spread of the virus, is of particular importance.

Medical masks for respiratory protection are used:

– when visiting crowded places, traveling in public transport during the period of increasing incidence of acute respiratory viral infections;

– when caring for patients with acute respiratory viral infections;

– when communicating with persons with signs of an acute respiratory viral infection;

– at risks of infection with other infections transmitted by airborne droplets.

HOW TO WEAR A MASK CORRECTLY?

Masks may be of different designs. They can be disposable or can be used multiple times. There are masks that last 2, 4, 6 hours. The cost of these masks is different, due to different impregnation. But you can not wear the same mask all the time, thereby you can infect yourself twice. Which side inside to wear a medical mask is unprincipled.

To protect yourself from infection, it is extremely important to wear it correctly:

– the mask must be carefully fastened, tightly cover the mouth and nose, leaving no gaps;

– try not to touch the surfaces of the mask when removing it, if you touch it, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or alcohol;

– a wet or damp mask should be changed to a new, dry one;

– do not reuse a disposable mask;

– The used disposable mask should be immediately discarded.

When caring for a sick person, after contact with the sick person, the mask should be removed immediately. After removing the mask, wash your hands immediately and thoroughly.

Mask is appropriate when you are in a crowded place, in public transport, and when caring for the sick, but it is not practical in the open air.

Breathing fresh air while outdoors is beneficial and masks should not be worn.

However, doctors remind that this single measure does not provide complete protection against the disease. In addition to wearing a mask, other preventive measures must be observed.

RULE 5. WHAT TO DO IF YOU HAVE THE FLU, CORONAVIRUS INFECTION?

Stay at home and seek immediate medical attention.

Follow your doctor’s instructions to stay in bed and drink plenty of fluids.

WHAT ARE THE FLU/CORONAVIRUS SYMPTOMS Fever, chills, headache, weakness, nasal congestion, cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, conjunctivitis.

In some cases, there may be symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

COMPLICATIONS

Viral pneumonia is the leading complication. Viral pneumonia worsens rapidly, and many patients develop respiratory failure within 24 hours, requiring immediate respiratory support with mechanical ventilation.

Promptly started treatment helps to alleviate the severity of the disease.

Call a doctor.

Give the patient a separate room in the house. If this is not possible, keep a distance of at least 1 meter from the patient.

Minimize contact between sick people and loved ones, especially children, the elderly and people with chronic illnesses.
Ventilate the room frequently.

Maintain cleanliness by washing and disinfecting surfaces as often as possible with household detergents.

Wash your hands often with soap and water.

When caring for a sick person, cover your mouth and nose with a mask or other protective equipment (kerchief, scarf, etc.

).
Only one family member should care for the sick person.

Hygiene in case of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections

What should you do during the period of active circulation of influenza, coronavirus infection and other pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in order to prevent your own infection and protect others if you get sick?

The causative agents of all these diseases are highly contagious and transmitted mainly by airborne droplets.

When sneezing and coughing, microdroplets of saliva, sputum and respiratory secretions that contain viruses spread around a sick person in the air. Larger droplets settle on surrounding objects and surfaces, small ones remain in the air for a long time and are transported over distances of up to several hundred meters, while viruses retain the ability to infect from several hours to several days. The main measures of hygienic prevention are aimed at preventing contact of healthy people with virus-containing particles of the secretions of a sick person.

Compliance with the following hygiene rules will significantly reduce the risk of infection or further spread of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory infections.

.

How not to get infected

• Wash hands after visiting any public places, transport, touching doorknobs, money, office equipment for public use in the workplace, before eating and preparing food. Pay special attention to thoroughly lathering (at least 20 seconds), and then completely drying your hands.

• After returning home from the street, wash hands and face with soap and rinse the nose with isotonic saline.

• Touch face, eyes only with freshly washed hands. If soap and water are not available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizers to clean hands. Or use a disposable tissue, if necessary touch the eyes or nose

• Wear a disposable medical mask in public places and transport.

  You need to change the mask to a new one every 2-3 hours, you cannot reuse the mask.

• Prefer sleek hairstyles when you are in crowded places, loose hair, often in contact with the face, increases the risk of infection.

• Avoid close contact and stay in the same room with people who have visible signs of SARS (coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge).

• Do not touch doorknobs, railings, other objects or surfaces in public spaces with bare hands.

• Limit welcome handshakes, kisses and hugs.

• Ventilate rooms more often.

• Do not share towels.

How not to infect others

• Minimize

  contacts with healthy people (greeting handshakes, kisses).

• If you feel unwell but have to communicate with other people or use public transport, use a disposable mask, be sure to change it for a new one every hour.