What are the main symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu transmitted. What are the most common viruses causing gastroenteritis. Who is at higher risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. How long do symptoms typically last.

Understanding Viral Gastroenteritis: The Stomach Flu

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, is an inflammation and irritation of the intestines caused by various viruses. This highly contagious illness can spread rapidly through close contact with infected individuals or via contaminated food, water, or surfaces. Despite its name, it’s not related to influenza, which affects the respiratory system.

Stomach flu often circulates in enclosed spaces such as:

• Childcare facilities
• Schools
• Nursing homes
• Cruise ships

Understanding the symptoms, causes, and prevention methods can help you protect yourself and others from this uncomfortable illness.

Common Symptoms of Viral Gastroenteritis

Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis typically appear within 12 to 48 hours after infection, though some viruses may have a longer incubation period. The duration of symptoms can vary from 1 to 14 days, depending on the specific virus involved.

The most common symptoms include:

• Watery diarrhea (more than 3 times per day)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Fever or chills
• Headache, muscle aches, or joint pain
• Sweating or clammy skin
• Loss of appetite

Do these symptoms always indicate viral gastroenteritis? While these are typical signs, it’s important to note that the presence of blood in stool is not characteristic of viral gastroenteritis and may indicate a more severe infection requiring immediate medical attention.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Gastroenteritis

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain situations warrant immediate medical care:

• Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days without improvement
• Blood present in stool
• Signs of dehydration (dry lips, dizziness)
• Infants developing diarrhea

For children, additional warning signs include sunken eyes and lack of tears when crying. These symptoms may indicate severe dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children and infants.

Transmission and Risk Factors of Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis spreads easily, especially in group settings. Transmission can occur through:

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Sharing utensils or items with someone who has the virus
• Touching contaminated surfaces
• Poor hand hygiene, particularly among food handlers

Are certain groups more susceptible to viral gastroenteritis? Indeed, some individuals face a higher risk of contracting the illness:

• Children under 5 years old
• Older adults, especially those in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• People with compromised immune systems
• Individuals frequently in group settings (schools, dormitories, day care centers)

Additional risk factors include:

• Malnutrition, particularly low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• Recent travel to developing countries
• Antibiotic or antacid use
• Engaging in anal intercourse

Common Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis

Several viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis, with the most prevalent being:

Norovirus

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and in the United States. It’s highly contagious and can affect people of all ages. Key facts about norovirus include:

• Most outbreaks in the U.S. occur between November and April
• Symptoms typically include nausea, diarrhea, fever, and body aches
• Most people recover within 1 to 3 days

Rotavirus

Rotavirus primarily affects infants and young children but can be transmitted to adults. Important points about rotavirus include:

• Usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth
• Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of exposure
• Can cause severe diarrhea in young children

Adenovirus

Adenoviruses can cause various illnesses, including gastroenteritis. Notable aspects of adenovirus-induced gastroenteritis include:

• Longer incubation period (3 to 10 days)
• Can affect both children and adults
• May cause respiratory symptoms in addition to gastrointestinal issues

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is less common but can still cause outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Key features include:

• More prevalent in young children and the elderly
• Symptoms are generally milder compared to other viral causes
• Can cause outbreaks in institutional settings

Prevention Strategies for Viral Gastroenteritis

Preventing the spread of viral gastroenteritis is crucial, especially in group settings. Effective prevention methods include:

• Frequent and thorough hand washing, especially after using the bathroom and before handling food
• Proper food handling and preparation techniques
• Disinfecting surfaces, particularly in bathrooms and kitchens
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
• Staying home when ill to prevent spreading the virus

Can vaccination help prevent viral gastroenteritis? While there’s no vaccine for most causes of viral gastroenteritis, rotavirus vaccines are available and highly effective in preventing severe rotavirus infections in infants and young children.

Treatment Options for Viral Gastroenteritis

Treatment for viral gastroenteritis primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Key aspects of treatment include:

• Fluid replacement to prevent dehydration
• Rest to allow the body to recover
• Gradual reintroduction of food as symptoms improve
• Over-the-counter medications for symptom relief (under medical guidance)

Are antibiotics effective against viral gastroenteritis? Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections and are generally not prescribed for viral gastroenteritis unless there’s a secondary bacterial infection.

Impact of Viral Gastroenteritis on Public Health

Viral gastroenteritis has significant implications for public health:

• Economic burden due to healthcare costs and lost productivity
• Strain on healthcare systems during outbreaks
• Potential for rapid spread in institutional settings
• Particularly dangerous for vulnerable populations (young children, elderly, immunocompromised)

How can public health measures help control viral gastroenteritis outbreaks? Effective public health strategies include:

• Rapid identification and containment of outbreaks
• Public education on prevention and hygiene practices
• Implementing strict hygiene protocols in healthcare and food service settings
• Surveillance and reporting systems to track disease patterns

Understanding and implementing these measures can significantly reduce the impact of viral gastroenteritis on communities and healthcare systems.

Complications and Long-term Effects of Viral Gastroenteritis

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve without long-term consequences, certain complications can arise, particularly in severe cases or vulnerable populations:

• Dehydration: The most common and potentially serious complication
• Malnutrition: Especially in prolonged cases or in children
• Lactose intolerance: Temporary intolerance following infection
• Irritable bowel syndrome: Some studies suggest a link between severe gastroenteritis and subsequent IBS development

Can viral gastroenteritis lead to chronic health issues? While rare, severe cases of viral gastroenteritis, particularly in young children or immunocompromised individuals, may occasionally lead to more persistent gastrointestinal problems or nutritional deficiencies. However, for most people, full recovery without long-term effects is the norm.

Viral Gastroenteritis in Special Populations

Certain groups may experience viral gastroenteritis differently or face higher risks:

Infants and Young Children

Viral gastroenteritis can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children due to their higher risk of dehydration. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for signs of dehydration and seek medical attention promptly if concerned.

Elderly Individuals

Older adults may have more severe symptoms and a higher risk of complications. They may also take longer to recover and are more susceptible to dehydration.

Immunocompromised Individuals

People with weakened immune systems may experience more severe and prolonged symptoms. They may also be at higher risk for complications and may require more aggressive treatment.

Pregnant Women

Viral gastroenteritis during pregnancy can lead to dehydration, which may affect the developing fetus. Pregnant women should seek medical advice if they develop symptoms of gastroenteritis.

How should care be adapted for these special populations? Care for these groups often involves more aggressive hydration strategies, closer monitoring, and earlier intervention if symptoms worsen or persist.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

Ongoing research in viral gastroenteritis focuses on several key areas:

• Development of new antiviral treatments
• Improved diagnostic techniques for rapid identification of specific viral causes
• Vaccine development for norovirus and other common causative viruses
• Understanding the long-term effects of severe viral gastroenteritis
• Exploring the role of the gut microbiome in susceptibility and recovery

What promising developments are on the horizon for managing viral gastroenteritis? Recent advances include:

• Progress in norovirus vaccine trials
• Development of more effective antiviral compounds
• Improved understanding of virus-host interactions, potentially leading to new treatment strategies
• Advancements in rapid diagnostic tools for point-of-care use

These research directions hold promise for improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral gastroenteritis in the future.

Global Perspective on Viral Gastroenteritis

Viral gastroenteritis is a global health concern with varying impacts across different regions:

• Developing countries often face higher morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among children
• Access to clean water and sanitation plays a crucial role in prevention
• Climate change may influence the spread and seasonality of certain gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• International travel can contribute to the global spread of viral strains

How do global efforts address viral gastroenteritis? International organizations and collaborations focus on:

• Improving access to clean water and sanitation in developing regions
• Global surveillance networks to monitor and respond to outbreaks
• Education and training programs on prevention and management
• Research collaborations to develop new vaccines and treatments

Understanding the global context of viral gastroenteritis is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat this widespread illness.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

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Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Viral Gastroenteritis (Stomach Flu): Symptoms and Treatment

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis can cause nausea and vomiting. You can get the virus that causes it from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces. Washing your hands often may help prevent it.

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of a number of viruses, most commonly norovirus or rotavirus. This illness is also known as the stomach flu.

This highly contagious illness spreads through close contact with people who have the virus or through contaminated food or water.

It can easily spread in close quarters, such as:

• childcare facilities
• schools
• nursing homes
• cruise ships

This article will help you understand more about viral gastroenteritis including symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis usually begin shortly after infection. For example, symptoms caused by norovirus typically develop within 12 to 48 hours. Symptoms from adenoviruses may be delayed 3 to 10 days after contact.

Depending on which type of virus you’ve contracted, symptoms can last anywhere from 1 to 14 days. Symptoms often start suddenly over the course of 1 or 2 hours.

Symptoms can include:

• loose, watery diarrhea more than 3 times per day
• fever or chills
• nausea and vomiting
• headache, muscle aches, or joint aches
• sweating or clammy skin
• abdominal cramps and pain
• loss of appetite

Diarrhea caused by viral gastroenteritis isn’t usually bloody. Blood in your stool could be a sign of a more severe infection.

You should seek emergency medical treatment if:

• diarrhea has lasted for 2 days or more without getting less frequent
• your infant develops diarrhea
• blood is present in your diarrhea
• you show or see signs of dehydration, such as dry lips or dizziness

In addition to the above symptoms, you should seek emergency attention for your child if they have the appearance of sunken eyes or if they aren’t making tears when they cry.

Viral gastroenteritis is caused by a number of different viruses. It’s easy for these viruses to spread in group situations. Some of the ways the virus is transmitted include:

• eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water
• being in close contact with someone who has the virus
• sharing utensils or other items with someone who has the virus
• touching contaminated surfaces
• not washing hands properly, especially food handlers

Viral gastroenteritis affects people of all ages all over the world. But some factors can increase the risk of contracting viral gastroenteritis. People who are at a higher risk include:

• children under the age of 5
• older adults, especially those who live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities
• people with a compromised or weakened immune system
• those who are often in group settings, such as schools, dormitories, day care, religious gatherings, and other indoor group settings

Other factors that may increase the risk of becoming ill with viral gastroenteritis include:

• being malnourished, especially low levels of vitamin A or zinc
• recent travel to developing countries
• antibiotic or antacid use
• anal intercourse

Several different types of viruses can cause viral gastroenteritis. The most common include:

• norovirus
• rotavirus
• adenovirus
• astrovirus

Let’s look at each of these viruses in more detail.

Norovirus

Norovirus is highly contagious and can affect anyone at any age. It spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, or by people who have the virus. Norovirus is common in crowded spaces.

Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide. Most outbreaks in the United States occur between November and April.

Symptoms include:

• nausea
• diarrhea
• fever
• body aches

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), most people who become ill with norovirus start to feel better within 1 to 3 days of symptom onset.

Rotavirus

Rotavirus commonly affects infants and young children. Those who contract it can then pass the virus to other children and adults. It’s usually contracted and transmitted via the mouth.

Symptoms typically appear within 2 days of infection and include:

• vomiting
• loss of appetite
• watery diarrhea that lasts anywhere from 3 to 8 days

A rotavirus vaccine was approved for infants in 2006. Early vaccination is recommended to prevent severe rotavirus illnesses in infants and small children.

Adenovirus

The adenovirus affects people of all ages. It can cause several types of illness, including gastroenteritis. The adenovirus can also cause common cold-like symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pink eye (conjunctivitis).

Children in daycare, especially those under 2 years of age, are more likely to get adenovirus.

Adenovirus is passed through the air via sneezing and coughing, by touching contaminated objects, or by touching the hands of someone with the virus.

Symptoms associated with adenovirus include:

• sore throat
• pink eye
• fever
• coughing
• runny nose

Most children will feel better within a few days of experiencing adenovirus symptoms. However, symptoms such as pink eye may last longer than a few days.

Astrovirus

Astrovirus is another virus that commonly causes gastroenteritis in children. Symptoms associated with astrovirus include:

• diarrhea
• headache
• mild dehydration
• stomach pain

The virus most often affects people in late winter and early spring. It’s transmitted through contact with a person who has the virus or via an infected surface or food.

Symptoms usually appear within 2 to 3 days after initial exposure, and the virus will usually go away within 1 to 4 days.

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration, which can be quite severe in babies and young children. Viral gastroenteritis accounts for over 200,000 childhood deaths worldwide per year.

Other complications of viral gastroenteritis include:

• nutritional imbalances
• body weakness or fatigue
• muscle weakness

Dehydration can be life threatening. Call your doctor if you or your child have these symptoms:

• diarrhea lasting more than a few days
• blood in the stool
• confusion or lethargy
• dizziness or feeling like you’re going to faint
• nausea
• dry mouth
• an inability to produce tears
• no urine for more than 8 hours or urine that is dark yellow or brown
• sunken eyes
• sunken fontanel on an infant’s head

Dehydration that accompanies viral gastroenteritis can lead to several complications of its own. These include:

• brain swelling
• coma
• hypovolemic shock, a condition that occurs when your body doesn’t have enough fluid or blood
• kidney failure
• seizures

To prevent complications, get immediate medical attention if you or your child have symptoms of dehydration.

Most of the time, your medical history and physical exam are the basis for diagnosis, especially if there’s evidence that the virus is spreading through your community.

Your doctor may also order a stool sample to test for the type of virus, or to find out if your illness is caused by a parasitic or bacterial infection.

The main focus of treatment is to prevent dehydration by drinking plenty of fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization and intravenous fluids may be necessary.

Over-the-counter oral rehydration solutions (OHS), such as Pedialyte, can be helpful in mild cases. These solutions are easy on your child’s stomach, and contain a balanced mixture of water and salts to replenish essential fluids and electrolytes.

These solutions are available at local pharmacies and don’t require a prescription. However, you should follow the instructions carefully.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. Check with your physician before taking any over-the-counter medications.

Shop online for oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte and oral electrolyte products.

Treating diarrhea and vomiting

Diarrhea can be treated in adults with over-the-counter medications such as loperamide (Imodium) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol).

Your doctor may also prescribe probiotics to replace the healthy bacteria that’s lost during diarrhea or they may prescribe medications to treat severe vomiting.

What to eat and what to avoid

As you start to feel better and reintroduce foods into your diet, it’s best to opt for bland foods, such as:

• rice
• potatoes
• toast
• bananas
• applesauce

These foods are easier to digest and less likely to cause further stomach upset. Until you’re feeling better, you may want to avoid some types of foods, such as:

• fatty or fried foods
• caffeine
• alcohol
• sugary foods
• dairy products

Self-care steps

If you have viral gastroenteritis, consider these self-care measures to help ease your symptoms and prevent dehydration:

• Drink extra fluids with and between meals. If you have difficulty, try drinking very small amounts of water or sucking on ice chips.
• Avoid fruit juices. These don’t replace the minerals that you’ve lost and can actually increase diarrhea.
• Electrolytes. Children and adults can consume sports drinks to replenish electrolytes. Younger children and infants should use products formulated for children, such as OHS.
• Limit portion sizes. Try to eat food in smaller amounts to help your stomach recover.
• Get lots of rest. Prioritize getting at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night. Don’t exert yourself until you feel that you have your usual level of energy and strength.
• Medications. Check with your doctor before taking medications or giving them to children. Never give aspirin to children or teenagers with a viral illness. This can cause Reye’s syndrome, a potentially life threatening condition.

Was this helpful?

In addition to rehydrating and resting, there are some natural and home remedies that may help you relieve the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis.

Heating pad or heat pack

If you have abdominal pain, try applying a low-temperature heating pad or a warm heat pack to your stomach. Cover the heating pad with a cloth and don’t leave it on for more than 15 minutes at a time.

The heat can help relax the muscles in your digestive tract and keep them from spasming.

Shop online for heating pads and heat packs.

Brown rice water

Some parents serve rice water to their children. This is the water that remains after boiling brown rice. It’s high in electrolytes and can help with rehydration.

To make rice water:

1. Boil 1 cup of rice and 2 cups of water for about 10 minutes until the water becomes cloudy.
2. Strain the rice and keep the water.
3. Cool the rice water before serving.

Ginger

Products containing ginger, such as ginger ale or ginger tea, may help soothe an upset stomach.

A 2019 review of studies found that a divided daily dose of 1,500 milligrams of ginger taken in two parts throughout the day may help reduce nausea. More research needs to be done on ginger’s ability to treat other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Shop online for ginger ale and ginger tea.

Mint

Mint may also have anti-nausea properties similar to those of ginger. Sipping a soothing mint tea may help you feel better.

Studies have found that peppermint oil may help relax the muscles in your gut. It also has anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Shop online for mint tea.

Yogurt or kefir

Although dairy products should be avoided when you have your most acute symptoms, eating unflavored yogurt with live active cultures or drinking kefir may help restore your body’s natural bacterial balance after illness.

Shop online for plain yogurt and kefir.

Viral gastroenteritis can spread easily. However, there are some steps you can take to lower your risk of contracting the virus or passing it to others.

Prevention tips

• Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before food preparation. If necessary, use hand sanitizer until you can access soap and water.
• Don’t share kitchen utensils, plates, or towels if someone in your household is sick.
• Don’t eat raw or undercooked foods.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
• Take special precautions to avoid contaminated water and food when traveling. Avoid ice cubes and use bottled water whenever possible.
• Ask your doctor if you should have your infant vaccinated against rotavirus. There are two vaccines, and they’re generally started around 2 months old.

Was this helpful?

Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation and irritation of your intestines caused by one of several types of viruses.

Vomiting and diarrhea are among the most common symptoms. You can get viral gastroenteritis from other people or through contaminated foods, drinks, or surfaces.

Generally, viral gastroenteritis symptoms come on suddenly and pass quickly. If diarrhea lasts longer than 48 hours, be sure to follow up with your doctor.

It’s also a good idea to get medical attention if your infant or young child develops diarrhea because it can lead to serious complications due to dehydration.

Attention!!! Coronavirus! Flu!! SARS!!!

Influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI)

Influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) are in first place in terms of the number of people who fall ill every year

Despite constant efforts aimed at combating the pathogens of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections, they still cannot be defeated.

Thousands of people die every year from influenza complications.

This is due to the fact that viruses, primarily influenza viruses and coronaviruses, have the ability to change their structure and a mutated virus is able to infect a person again. So, a person who has had the flu has a good immune barrier, but nevertheless, a new modified virus is able to easily penetrate through it, since the body has not yet developed immunity against this type of virus.

For whom is the most dangerous encounter with the virus?

The infection is especially difficult for children and the elderly, for these age groups the complications that can develop during the illness are very dangerous. Children get sick more severely due to the fact that their immune systems have not yet encountered this virus, and for the elderly, as well as for people with chronic diseases, the virus is dangerous due to a weakened immune system.

Risk groups

• Children

• People over 60

• People with chronic lung diseases (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

• People with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system (congenital heart disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure)

• Pregnant women

• Medical workers

• Workers of public transport, public catering establishments

How does infection occur?

Infection is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person through the smallest droplets of saliva or mucus that are released during sneezing, coughing and talking.

Contact transmission is also possible.

Symptoms

Depending on the specific type of pathogen, symptoms can vary significantly, both in severity and combination options.

• Temperature increase

• Chills, general malaise, weakness headache, muscle pain

• Decreased appetite, possible nausea and vomiting

• Conjunctivitis (possibly)

• Diarrhea (possibly)

On average, the illness lasts about 5 days. If the temperature lasts longer, there may be complications.

Complications

The treatment of the disease is carried out under the supervision of a doctor who, only after examining the patient, prescribes a treatment regimen and gives other recommendations. The sick person should observe bed rest, eat well and drink more fluids.

Antibiotics

Taking antibiotics in the early days of illness is a big mistake.

Antibiotics are not able to cope with the virus, in addition, they adversely affect the normal microflora. Antibiotics are prescribed only by a doctor, only in case of complications caused by the addition of a bacterial infection. Taking antibacterial drugs as a preventive measure for the development of complications is dangerous and useless.

A sick person should stay at home and not pose a risk of infecting others.

Prevention

The most effective way to prevent influenza is to get vaccinated every year. The composition of the flu vaccine changes every year. First of all, vaccination is recommended for those who are at risk. The optimal time for vaccination is October-November. Children can be vaccinated against influenza from the age of 6 months.

Vaccines against most pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections have not been developed.

Leaflet: Prevention of influenza and coronavirus infection

Influenza and coronavirus infections cause respiratory diseases of varying severity in humans. The symptoms of the disease are similar to those of a regular (seasonal) flu. The severity of the disease depends on a number of factors, including the general condition of the body and age.

Predisposed to the disease: the elderly, young children, pregnant women and people suffering from chronic diseases (asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular disease), and with a weakened immune system.

RULE 1: WASH YOUR HANDS FREQUENTLY WITH SOAP

Clean and disinfect surfaces using household detergents.

Hand hygiene is an important measure to prevent the spread of influenza and coronavirus infection. Washing with soap removes viruses. If you cannot wash your hands with soap and water, use alcohol-based or disinfectant wipes.

Cleaning and regular disinfection of surfaces (tables, doorknobs, chairs, gadgets, etc.) removes viruses.

RULE 2. OBSERVE DISTANCE AND ETIQUETTE

distance of at least 1 meter from patients.

Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth with hands. Influenza virus and coronavirus are spread in these ways.

Wear a mask or other available protective equipment to reduce the risk of illness.

When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with disposable tissues, which should be discarded after use.

Avoiding unnecessary travel and crowded places can reduce the risk of illness.

RULE 3: LIVE A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

A healthy lifestyle increases the body’s resistance to infection. Follow a healthy regimen, including proper sleep, consumption of foods rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, physical activity.

RULE 4: PROTECT YOUR RESPIRATORY WITH A MEDICAL MASK

Among other preventive measures, the wearing of masks, which limits the spread of the virus, is of particular importance.

Medical masks for respiratory protection are used:

– when visiting crowded places, traveling in public transport during the period of increasing incidence of acute respiratory viral infections;

– when caring for patients with acute respiratory viral infections;

– when communicating with persons with signs of an acute respiratory viral infection;

– at risks of infection with other infections transmitted by airborne droplets.

HOW TO WEAR A MASK CORRECTLY?

Masks are available in different designs. They can be disposable or can be used multiple times. There are masks that last 2, 4, 6 hours. The cost of these masks is different, due to different impregnation. But you can not wear the same mask all the time, thereby you can infect yourself twice. Which side inside to wear a medical mask is unprincipled.

To protect yourself from infection, it is extremely important to wear it correctly:

– the mask must be carefully fastened, tightly cover the mouth and nose, leaving no gaps;

– try not to touch the surfaces of the mask when removing it, if you touch it, wash your hands thoroughly with soap or alcohol;

– a wet or damp mask should be changed to a new, dry one;

– do not reuse a disposable mask;

– The used disposable mask should be immediately discarded.

When caring for a sick person, after contact with the sick person, the mask should be removed immediately. After removing the mask, wash your hands immediately and thoroughly.

Mask is appropriate when you are in a crowded place, in public transport, and when caring for the sick, but it is not practical in the open air.

Breathing fresh air while outdoors is good and masks should not be worn.

However, doctors remind that this single measure does not provide complete protection against the disease. In addition to wearing a mask, other preventive measures must be observed.

RULE 5. WHAT TO DO IF YOU HAVE THE FLU, CORONAVIRUS INFECTION?

Stay at home and seek immediate medical attention.

Follow your doctor’s orders, stay in bed and drink plenty of fluids.

WHAT ARE THE FLU/CORONAVIRUS SYMPTOMS Fever, chills, headache, weakness, nasal congestion, cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, conjunctivitis.

In some cases, there may be symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS

Viral pneumonia is the leading complication. Viral pneumonia worsens rapidly, and many patients develop respiratory failure within 24 hours, requiring immediate respiratory support with mechanical ventilation.

Rapidly started treatment helps to alleviate the severity of the disease.

Call a doctor.

Give the patient a separate room in the house. If this is not possible, keep a distance of at least 1 meter from the patient.

Minimize contact between sick people and loved ones, especially children, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses.
Ventilate the room frequently.

Stay clean by washing and disinfecting surfaces as often as possible with household cleaners.

Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.

When caring for a sick person, cover your mouth and nose with a mask or other protective equipment (kerchief, scarf, etc.

).
Only one family member should care for the sick person.

Hygiene in case of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory viral infections

What should you do during the period of active circulation of influenza, coronavirus infection and other pathogens of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in order to prevent your own infection and protect others if you get sick?

The causative agents of all these diseases are highly contagious and transmitted mainly by airborne droplets.

When sneezing and coughing, microdroplets of saliva, sputum and respiratory secretions containing viruses spread around a sick person in the air. Larger droplets settle on surrounding objects and surfaces, small ones remain in the air for a long time and are transported over distances of up to several hundred meters, while viruses retain the ability to infect from several hours to several days. The main measures of hygienic prevention are aimed at preventing contact of healthy people with virus-containing particles of the secretions of a sick person.

Compliance with the following hygiene rules will significantly reduce the risk of infection or further spread of influenza, coronavirus infection and other acute respiratory infections.

.

How not to get infected

• Wash hands after visiting any public places, transport, touching doorknobs, money, office equipment for public use in the workplace, before eating and preparing food. Pay special attention to thoroughly lathering (at least 20 seconds), and then completely drying your hands.

• After returning home from the street, wash hands and face with soap and rinse the nose with isotonic saline.

• Touch the face, eyes only with freshly washed hands. If soap and water are not available, use alcohol-based hand sanitizers to clean hands. Or use a disposable tissue, if necessary touch the eyes or nose

• Wear a disposable medical mask in public places and transport.

  You need to change the mask to a new one every 2-3 hours, you cannot reuse the mask.

• Prefer sleek hairstyles when you are in crowded places, loose hair, often in contact with the face, increases the risk of infection.

• Avoid close contact and stay in the same room with people who have visible signs of SARS (coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge).

• Do not touch doorknobs, railings, other objects or surfaces in public spaces with bare hands.

• Limit welcome handshakes, kisses and hugs.

• Ventilate rooms more often.

• Do not share towels.

How not to infect others

• Minimize

  contacts with healthy people (greeting handshakes, kisses).

• If you feel unwell but have to communicate with other people or use public transport, use a disposable mask, be sure to change it for a new one every hour.

  

• When coughing or sneezing, be sure to cover your mouth, if possible with a disposable handkerchief, if not, with your palms or elbows.

• Use only personal or disposable tableware.

• Isolate personal hygiene items from household members: toothbrush, washcloth, towels.

• Clean house daily, including doorknobs, light switches, and office equipment control panels.

Enteroviral infection

09/18/2017

Enterovirus infection is a multiple group of acute infectious diseases that can affect children and adults when infected with viruses of the Enterovirus genus. The insidiousness of the causative agents of enterovirus infection is that they can cause various forms of clinical manifestations, from mild malaise to serious damage to the central nervous system. With the development of an enterovirus infection, the symptoms are characterized by a feverish state and a wide variety of other signs caused by damage to the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, central nervous system and other organs.

How the infection spreads:

The main route of transmission of enterovirus infection is considered fecal-oral .
Contact-household , through household items, contaminated hands, if personal hygiene is not observed.
Airborne if the pathogen multiplies in the respiratory tract, when coughing, sneezing.
Waterway – infection can occur when vegetables and fruits are irrigated with contaminated sewage, as well as when swimming in open contaminated water bodies, according to some reports, even water in coolers is a source of enterovirus infection.
If a pregnant woman is infected with an enterovirus infection, a vertical route of transmission of the pathogen to the child is also possible.

Enterovirus infection is characterized by summer-autumn seasonality, a person has a very high natural susceptibility, and after the illness, type-specific immunity is maintained for several years.
The incubation period of any enteroviral infections is no more than 2-7 days.

All diseases that can be caused by enteroviruses according to the severity of the inflammatory process can be conditionally divided into 2 groups:0101 Serious diseases
These include acute paralysis, hepatitis, serous meningitis in children and adults, pericarditis, myocarditis, neonatal septic-like diseases, any chronic infections in HIV-infected people (HIV infection: symptoms, stages).
Less severe diseases
Conjunctivitis, three-day fever without rash or with rash, herpangina, vesicular pharyngitis, pleurodynia, uveitis, gastroenteritis. Enterovirus D68 can occur with severe cough and bronchopulmonary obstruction.

Symptoms:

Signs of SARS . Children develop perspiration, sore throat, sometimes runny nose, cough, fever. The temperature is high at the first stages, then decreases and after 2-3 days it jumps sharply again. This phenomenon is called “enterovirus fever”. It lasts, as a rule, 3 days, the child will feel unwell. During this period, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea sometimes appear, which can stop abruptly.

Rash . This manifestation of the disease is called “exanthema”. A rash appears on the second day after the temperature rises. As a rule, it is localized on the neck, legs, arms, face, back, chest. Outwardly, it looks like small red dots on the skin, identical to the manifestation of measles. Sometimes the rash is localized in the mouth, throat, looks like bubbles filled with liquid, which then turn into sores.

Muscle pain . Enterovirus infection in some cases affects muscle tissue. It is localized more often in the chest, abdomen, much less often in the back, arms, legs. Deterioration of the condition is manifested by movement, the pain has a paroxysmal character. The duration can be several minutes and up to half an hour. If you do not start timely therapy, muscle pain will become chronic.

Diarrhea, vomiting. Often manifested in children under 2 years of age when the body is affected by an enterovirus infection. Sometimes the symptom is accompanied by bloating, pain. Diarrhea can last for several days. The main task of parents during this period is to restore fluid deficiency in time.

Additional symptoms of enterovirus infection:
drowsiness, lethargy;
abdominal pain;
loss of appetite;
swelling of the extremities;
general malaise;
dehydration;
conjunctivitis, redness of the eyes, lacrimation;
enlargement of the lymph nodes.

In healthy adults with strong immunity, enterovirus infection cannot develop to severe pathological processes, and most often it is asymptomatic, which cannot be said about young children, especially newborns and adults weakened by other diseases, such as HIV infection, cancer, tuberculosis.

To prevent the disease of enterovirus infection, it is necessary to observe preventive measures:

Use guaranteed safe water and drinks (boiled water and drinks in factory packaging).