What are the common symptoms of coxsackievirus infections. How long do these infections typically last. When should parents contact a doctor for their child’s coxsackievirus infection. What are the potential complications of coxsackievirus infections.

Understanding Coxsackievirus Infections: An Overview

Coxsackieviruses belong to the enterovirus family, which includes polioviruses and hepatitis A virus. These viruses primarily reside in the human digestive tract and can spread through person-to-person contact, often via unwashed hands and contaminated surfaces. While most coxsackievirus infections result in mild flu-like symptoms and resolve without treatment, some cases can lead to more severe complications.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Coxsackievirus Infections

Coxsackievirus infections can manifest in various ways, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Approximately half of all infected individuals may not exhibit any symptoms at all. For those who do experience symptoms, they may include:

• Sudden high fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Sore throat
• Abdominal discomfort
• Nausea

In some cases, a child with a coxsackievirus infection may simply feel hot without displaying any other symptoms. Typically, the fever lasts for about three days before subsiding.

Common Manifestations of Coxsackievirus Infections

Coxsackieviruses can affect different parts of the body, leading to various conditions:

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

This condition causes painful red blisters in the throat, on the tongue, gums, hard palate, inside of the cheeks, and the palms of hands and soles of feet. Blisters may also appear on the buttocks.

Herpangina

An infection of the throat characterized by red-ringed blisters and ulcers on the tonsils and soft palate (the fleshy back portion of the roof of the mouth).

Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis

This eye infection typically begins with eye pain, followed by red, watery eyes with swelling, light sensitivity, and blurred vision.

Serious Complications of Coxsackievirus Infections

In rare cases, coxsackieviruses can lead to more severe infections that may require hospitalization. These include:

• Viral meningitis: An infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
• Encephalitis: A brain infection
• Myocarditis: An infection of the heart muscle

Newborns are particularly vulnerable to serious infections, including myocarditis, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the brain and meninges). Symptoms in newborns can develop within two weeks after birth.

Transmission and Contagiousness of Coxsackievirus Infections

Coxsackieviruses are highly contagious and can spread through various means:

• Unwashed hands
• Contaminated surfaces
• Respiratory droplets from sneezing or coughing

The risk of infection is highest among infants and children younger than 5 years old, especially in group settings like schools, childcare centers, and summer camps. Infected individuals are most contagious during the first week of illness.

In cooler climates, outbreaks typically occur during summer and fall, while tropical regions may experience them year-round.

Treatment Approaches for Coxsackievirus Infections

The treatment for coxsackievirus infections primarily focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care. Here are some key points to consider:

• Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections like coxsackievirus
• Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help alleviate minor aches and pains
• Adequate rest and hydration are essential for recovery
• Most cases resolve on their own within a few days without specific medical treatment

For children with fever but no other symptoms, rest and quiet indoor activities are recommended. Ensure they drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

Duration and Recovery from Coxsackievirus Infections

The duration of a coxsackievirus infection can vary depending on the specific manifestation:

• Fever alone may resolve within 24 hours, though the average duration is 3 days
• Hand, foot, and mouth disease typically lasts 2-3 days but can persist for up to 7 days
• Viral meningitis may take 3-7 days to clear

Most children with uncomplicated coxsackievirus infections recover completely after a few days without requiring medical intervention.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Coxsackievirus Infections

While most coxsackievirus infections resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Parents should contact a doctor if their child experiences any of the following:

• High fever: Above 100.4째F (38째C) for infants younger than 6 months, or above 102째F (38.8째C) for older children
• Poor appetite or difficulty feeding
• Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
• Breathing difficulties
• Convulsions or seizures
• Unusual sleepiness or lethargy
• Chest or abdominal pain
• Skin sores or mouth ulcers
• Severe sore throat
• Intense headache, especially when accompanied by vomiting, confusion, or unusual sleepiness
• Neck stiffness
• Red, swollen eyes

Prompt medical evaluation can help identify and address any potential complications associated with coxsackievirus infections.

Preventing the Spread of Coxsackievirus Infections

Given the highly contagious nature of coxsackieviruses, prevention plays a crucial role in limiting their spread. Here are some effective strategies to reduce the risk of infection:

Hand Hygiene

Proper hand washing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of coxsackieviruses. Encourage frequent hand washing with soap and water, especially:

• Before eating or preparing food
• After using the bathroom
• After changing diapers
• After coughing, sneezing, or blowing the nose

When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be used as an alternative.

Environmental Cleanliness

Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects, such as toys, doorknobs, and countertops. This is particularly important in settings where children gather, such as schools and daycare centers.

Respiratory Etiquette

Teach children to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and to dispose of used tissues immediately. If a tissue is not available, encourage them to cough or sneeze into their elbow rather than their hands.

Isolation of Infected Individuals

Keep children with coxsackievirus infections at home and away from group settings until their symptoms resolve. This helps prevent the spread of the virus to others.

Proper Diaper Disposal

For infants and young children, ensure proper disposal of soiled diapers and thorough hand washing after diaper changes.

Long-term Implications of Coxsackievirus Infections

While most coxsackievirus infections resolve without complications, it’s important to be aware of potential long-term effects, particularly in cases of severe infections:

Myocarditis

In rare cases, coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis can lead to long-term heart problems. Patients who have experienced myocarditis may require ongoing cardiac monitoring and follow-up care.

Cognitive Effects

Some studies suggest that severe coxsackievirus infections, particularly those affecting the central nervous system, may have subtle long-term effects on cognitive function. However, more research is needed to fully understand these potential impacts.

Type 1 Diabetes

There is ongoing research exploring a possible link between coxsackievirus infections and the development of type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible individuals. While the connection is not fully understood, it highlights the importance of monitoring for long-term health effects following coxsackievirus infections.

Coxsackievirus Infections in Special Populations

Certain groups may be at higher risk for complications from coxsackievirus infections or require special consideration:

Newborns and Infants

As mentioned earlier, newborns are particularly vulnerable to severe coxsackievirus infections. Close monitoring and prompt medical attention are crucial for this age group.

Pregnant Women

Coxsackievirus infections during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, can potentially be transmitted to the fetus. While most cases do not result in severe complications, pregnant women should consult their healthcare provider if they suspect exposure or infection.

Immunocompromised Individuals

People with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or with HIV/AIDS, may be at higher risk for severe or prolonged coxsackievirus infections. These individuals should seek medical advice promptly if they develop symptoms.

Emerging Research and Future Perspectives

The field of coxsackievirus research continues to evolve, with ongoing studies focusing on various aspects of these infections:

Vaccine Development

While there is currently no vaccine available for coxsackieviruses, researchers are exploring potential vaccine candidates to prevent infections, particularly for high-risk groups.

Antiviral Therapies

Scientists are investigating new antiviral treatments that could potentially target coxsackieviruses more effectively, especially for severe cases or in vulnerable populations.

Diagnostic Tools

Improved diagnostic methods are being developed to enable faster and more accurate identification of coxsackievirus infections, which could lead to more timely and targeted treatments.

Long-term Health Impacts

Ongoing research aims to better understand the potential long-term health effects of coxsackievirus infections, including their possible role in autoimmune disorders and other chronic conditions.

As our understanding of coxsackievirus infections continues to grow, it is likely that new prevention strategies, treatment options, and management approaches will emerge, ultimately improving outcomes for those affected by these common yet potentially serious viral infections.

Coxsackievirus Infections (for Parents) – Nemours KidsHealth

en español: Infecciones por el virus de coxsackie

Reviewed by: Patricia Solo-Josephson, MD

Primary Care Pediatrics at Nemours Children’s Health

What Are Coxsackievirus Infections?

Coxsackieviruses are part of the enterovirus family of viruses (which also includes polioviruses and hepatitis A virus) that can live in the human digestive tract.

The viruses can spread from person to person, usually on unwashed hands and surfaces contaminated by feces (poop), where they can live for several days.

In most cases,
coxsackievirusinfections cause mild flu-like symptoms and go away without treatment. But in some cases, they can lead to more serious infections.

What Are the Signs & Symptoms Coxsackievirus Infections?

Coxsackievirus (kok-sak-ee-VY-rus) can cause a wide variety of symptoms. About half of all kids with an infection have no symptoms. Others suddenly get a high fever, headache, and muscle aches, and some also develop a sore throat, belly discomfort, or nausea. A child with a coxsackievirus infection may simply feel hot but have no other symptoms. In most kids, the fever lasts about 3 days, then disappears.

What Problems Can Happen?

Coxsackieviruses can cause symptoms that affect different body parts, including:

• Hand, foot, and mouth disease, which causes painful red blisters in the throat and on the tongue, gums, hard palate, inside of the cheeks, and the palms of hands and soles of the feet. They also can appear on the buttocks.

• Herpangina, an infection of the throat, causes red-ringed blisters and ulcers on the tonsils and soft palate, the fleshy back portion of the roof of the mouth.
• Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, an infection that affects the whites of the eyes, usually begins as eye pain, followed quickly by red, watery eyes with swelling, light sensitivity, and blurred vision.

Occasionally, coxsackieviruses can cause more serious infections that may need to be treated in a hospital, including:

• viral meningitis, an infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
• encephalitis, a brain infection
• myocarditis, an infection of the heart muscle

Mothers can pass an infection to their newborns during or just after birth. Babies are more at risk for a serious infection, including myocarditis, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis (an inflammation of the brain and meninges). In newborns, symptoms can develop within 2 weeks after birth.

Are Coxsackievirus Infections Contagious?

Coxsackieviruses are very contagious. They can pass from person to person on unwashed hands and contaminated surfaces. They also can spread through droplets of fluid sprayed into the air when an infected person sneezes or coughs.

If there’s an outbreak in a community, the risk for coxsackievirus infection is highest among infants and kids younger than 5. The virus spreads easily in group settings like schools, childcare centers, and summer camps. People are most contagious the first week they’re sick.

In cooler climates, outbreaks most often happen in the summer and fall, but tropical parts of the world have them year-round.

How Are Coxsackievirus Infections Treated?

Depending on the type of infection and symptoms, the doctor may prescribe medicines to make your child feel more comfortable. Because antibiotics only work against bacteria, they can’t be used to fight a coxsackievirus infection.

You can give acetaminophen or ibuprofen to ease minor aches and pains. If the fever lasts for more than 24 hours or if your child has any symptoms of a more serious coxsackievirus infection, call your doctor.

Most kids with a simple coxsackievirus infection recover completely after a few days without needing any medical treatment. A child who has a fever without any other symptoms should rest in bed or play quietly indoors. Offer plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.

How Long Do Coxsackievirus Infections Last?

How long the infection lasts can vary. Kids who only have a fever may see their temperature return to normal within 24 hours, although the average fever lasts 3 days. Hand, foot, and mouth disease usually lasts for 2–3 days but can last as long as 7 days. Viral meningitis can take 3–7 days to clear up.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Call the doctor right away if your child has any of these symptoms:

• fever higher than 100.4°F (38°C) for infants younger than 6 months and higher than 102°F (38.8°C) for older kids
• poor appetite
• trouble feeding
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• trouble breathing
• convulsions
• unusual sleepiness
• pain in the chest or belly
• sores on the skin or inside the mouth
• severe sore throat
• severe headache, especially with vomiting, confusion, or unusual sleepiness
• neck stiffness
• red, swollen, and watery eyes
• pain in one or both testicles

Can Coxsackievirus Infections Be Prevented?

There is no vaccine to prevent coxsackievirus infection. Hand washing is the best protection. Remind everyone in your family to wash their hands well and often, especially after using the toilet, after changing a diaper, before meals, and before preparing food. Shared toys in childcare centers should be cleaned often with a disinfectant because the virus can live on these objects for days.

Kids who are sick with a coxsackievirus infection should be kept out of school or childcare for a few days to avoid spreading the infection.

Reviewed by: Patricia Solo-Josephson, MD

Date reviewed: August 2022

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Coxsackievirus Infections in Children – HealthyChildren.

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​By: J. Michael Klatte, MD, FAAP

Coxsackieviruses are one of the four kinds of viruses (along with polioviruses, echoviruses, and numbered enteroviruses) that together are known as enteroviruses. These viruses cause a wide variety of illnesses, especially in young children. Infections are most common during summer and early fall.

How do coxsackieviruses spread?

Coxsackieviruses can be spread through respiratory droplets that becomes airborne by sneezing and coughing. Children may also become infected after touching surfaces or objects contaminated with the virus. Other ways the virus spreads is through contact with the stool of a someone with the infection or from a mother to her infant at birth. The usual amount of time from exposure to the start of symptoms for most coxsackieviruses is 3 to 6 days.

Coxsackieviruses can cause children to develop illnesses that include:

Infections of the skin and mouth

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an extremely common infection seen in children, and is usually caused by coxsackievirus types A16 and A6. It most often affects infants and children younger than 5 years. The rash of HFMD is known for being located over the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and within the mouth. However, rashes may also be found over the face, arms, legs, and within the diaper area. Symptoms of HFMD can also include fever, headaches and poor appetite.

Children with coxsackievirus infections can have herpangina no relation to herpes infections), painful ulcers or sores on the roof of the mouth and tonsils. This infection is typically seen in children between 3 and 10 years of age. Herpangina often develops suddenly, and additional symptoms may include high fevers and headaches. Most cases resolve within 3-6 days.

Muscle infections

Infection with coxsackievirus types B3, B5, or B6 can cause repeated sharp spasms in the muscles located between the ribs and over the upper half of the belly. The spasms generally last about 15-30 minutes at a time and are made worse by deep breathing. This infection is usually seen in young adults, and tends to resolve after 1 to 6 days.

Nervous system infections

Certain types of coxsackieviruses can cause meningitis (infection of the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord). Stiff neck, headache, vomiting, and pain related to bright lights (photophobia) are signs of meningitis. Meningitis occurs most frequently in young children, but older children and teenagers can also be affected.

Heart infections

Infections with coxsackievirus types B2 to B5 can cause swelling and inflammation of the heart’s muscle and tissue layers, which is known as “myopericarditis.” Physically active teenagers are at highest risk for developing myopericarditis. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath (especially with exercise), and abnormal heart rhythms.

Infections in newborns

Newborns that get enterovirus infections from their mothers at birth may have an overwhelming infection with fever that leads to liver failure, heart failure, meningitis, seizures, bleeding, and sometimes death.

When to call your pediatrician

Call your pediatrician if your child complains of neck pain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, listlessness, or lethargy. Also consult your pediatrician if your child has mouth sores that are causing difficulty swallowing, which may lead to dehydration.

How are coxsackievirus infections diagnosed?

Your pediatrician will conduct a physical examination that evaluates signs and symptoms which may indicate a coxsackievirus infection. If the doctor suspects that your child has hand, foot and mouth disease, your pediatrician will look for the rash associated with this infection as well as for sores in the mouth and throat.

In most cases, the diagnosis is based on clinical findings, and no lab work is done. However, to confirm the diagnosis, your doctor can test samples from the throat, nose, stools, or other areas of your child’s body. Tests of the blood, skin lesions (if present) and urine may suggest enterovirus infection. If your pediatrician suspects meningitis, they may perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) so that the spinal fluid can be examined in the laboratory. If myopericarditis is suspected, a chest x-ray film and electrocardiogram (EKG) will help with the diagnosis.

How are coxsackievirus infections treated?

There is no licensed specific treatment available for coxsackieviruses or any of the other types of enteroviruses. An antiviral drug (pleconaril) has been tested, but is not licensed for general use or available in the United States at this time. Your pediatrician may recommend the use of acetaminophen to reduce your child’s fever and ease the discomfort of the mouth sores.

What is the prognosis?

Almost always, children recover from these infections within 7 to 10 days without problems. Complications do occur on occasion, including heart failure related to myopericarditis and even sudden death related to abnormal heart rhythms. Newborns with enterovirus infections during the first 1-2 weeks of life can get severe infections leading to liver failure and massive bleeding, which may be fatal.

How to prevent coxsackievirus infections

Children and adults should adopt good hand-washing habits to reduce the chances of spreading these viruses. In particular, parents and other caregivers who change baby diapers should wash their hands frequently. When a child becomes ill with any type of enterovirus infection, be sure to avoid going to school, swimming pools, and child care settings for the first few days of the illness.

More information

• Enterovirus: What Parents Need to Know

About Dr. Klatte

J. Michael Klatte, MD, FAAP is an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical School – Baystate and a member of the Division of Infectious Diseases at Baystate Children’s Hospital, where he serves as medical director of antimicrobial stewardship. His research and clinical interests include enterovirus infections, Clostridium difficile infections, and antibiotic stewardship. Within the American Academy of Pediatrics, he is a member of the Section on Infectious Diseases Education Subcommittee.

The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.

Coxsackie virus: symptoms, treatment, prevention

Burobina Aigul Rafkatovna, pediatrician of the Semeynaya network of medical clinics, talks about the Coxsackie virus.

Recently, news resources have been full of reports about the epidemic of the Coxsackie virus – an enterovirus infection that affects mainly preschoolers, proceeds with high fever and has a long incubation period. Let’s figure out what kind of animal it is – Coxsackie, how to recognize it, and how to deal with it.

What is Coxsackie virus?

Coxsackie is an intestinal virus, or rather, a rather large group, numbering as many as 30 enteroviruses. It received this name in honor of the town of Coxsackie in the USA, where it was first discovered in 1948. Then Coxsackie was isolated from the fecal matter of children with polio. Since then, Coxsackie epidemics have already happened more than once, and most likely they are waiting for us again. The virus is extremely contagious, and it is localized not only in the gastrointestinal tract, but can also affect other organs. The good news is that once you have been ill, you won’t get infected with Coxsackie anymore: lifelong immunity is formed. The virus dies when exposed to high temperatures and disinfectants, but in plain tap water and feces it persists for a very long time.

Who is at risk and how can you get infected?

Most often, children from about 3 to 10 years old get sick with this virus, which is associated with lifestyle features: rare hand washing, insufficient hygiene. 4-5 years is the most dangerous age for infection with this virus. But Coxsackie’s babies are almost not afraid: firstly, their immunity protects their mother’s milk, and secondly, they usually have everything in perfect order with hygiene: they don’t play in sandboxes and they don’t drag dirty fingers and objects into their mouths for the time being . Infections most often occur in summer and autumn, especially on vacation by the seas. There are several ways of transmitting the virus: airborne droplets, through unwashed hands, dirty raw food, shared utensils.

What are the manifestations of the disease?

It can take up to 10 days from the moment of infection to the first signs of illness. It all starts quite abruptly, the temperature rises to 39 degrees or more, and lasts up to 3-4 days, only then normalizing. The fever is accompanied by weakness, headache and muscle pain. Very similar to the flu, but with this virus, a specific rash and stool disorders are added. A rash in the form of small bubbles occurs on the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, on the face around the mouth, on the palms, feet, between the fingers, on the buttocks. Rashes on the oral mucosa are accompanied by severe pain, while children refuse to eat and drink. It is very important to give your baby pain medication and make sure you drink enough fluids. Loose stools can disturb several times a day, and vomiting is also possible. Adults may develop signs of conjunctivitis.

How to understand that it is Coxsackie and not something else?

The best thing to do is to pass laboratory tests. To do this, a swab is taken from the nasopharynx and stool analysis, and then the sample is examined by the PCR method, which makes it possible to identify the genotype of the virus. In addition, you can take a blood test for antibodies to the virus. What kind of analysis you need to pass (and whether you need it at all), the doctor will tell you based on your symptoms and condition.

How to be treated?

First, you need to call a doctor at home. Only a pediatrician or a therapist (in case an adult is ill), on the basis of an examination and a special analysis, will be able to make the correct diagnosis. It is usually not necessary to go to the hospital, it is quite possible to be treated at home. Special antiviral drugs are not required, only symptomatic therapy is needed: at a high temperature, drink an antipyretic, with itching of the skin or other skin reactions to a rash, you may need an antiseptic and antihistamine, for intoxication – taking sorbents, for sore throat – antiseptics for the throat. If everything is in order with immunity, all manifestations of the virus will disappear on their own in a few days without a trace. Antibiotics are not used in the treatment, their appointment is necessary only in case of a bacterial infection.

Are there any complications?

In most cases, complications of the virus do not occur. But occasionally the development of extremely dangerous situations is possible:

• Serous meningitis. It is characterized by sore throat, muscle pain, cramps, fever, fainting, and other symptoms. With proper and timely treatment, it passes without consequences.
• Endocarditis, myocarditis, that is, lesions of the heart. With this disease, the child is sleepy all the time, his pressure is lowered, arrhythmia, shortness of breath, convulsions may appear. For any of the described phenomena, you should immediately call an ambulance.
• Hepatitis. If the virus infects the liver, then it increases, the pain in the right side of the abdomen worries.
• Dehydration. Its signs are crying without tears in a child, very rare urge to urinate, all the time tends to sleep. If this happens, treatment in the form of droppers is necessary.
• Accession of a secondary bacterial infection (where there was a rash, purulent discharge, redness occur, this place swells). This condition is treated with antibacterial ointments.

In order not to miss complications, you need to be under the supervision of a doctor from the very beginning of the disease and consult with him on all issues, and in emergency cases, urgently call an ambulance.

Is it possible to prevent the virus?

Of course it is possible.

• Firstly, it is the constant observance of hygiene, frequent washing of hands, avoidance of large crowds of people without unnecessary necessity.
• Secondly, this is a thorough washing and cooking, because the virus does not survive during heat treatment. You should not drink water from the tap, from reservoirs and various springs, it would be much more correct to drink proven bottled water.

If you follow all these simple rules, you and your children will be less likely to become infected with Coxsackie and other viruses.

Make an appointment with a pediatrician

Be sure to consult a qualified specialist in the field of childhood diseases at the Semeynaya clinic.

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Coxsackie virus treatment in Moscow: a pediatrician in the clinic and at home, accurate diagnosis0001

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