What are the common symptoms of prostatitis. How is prostatitis diagnosed. What treatment options are available for different types of prostatitis. Who is at risk for developing a prostate infection. How does prostatitis affect quality of life.

Understanding Prostatitis: A Comprehensive Overview

Prostatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the prostate gland and sometimes the surrounding area. It’s important to note that prostatitis is not cancer. The prostate gland, found only in males, is located in front of the rectum and below the bladder. It wraps around the urethra and plays a crucial role in producing the fluid part of semen.

Types of Prostatitis

There are four main types of prostatitis, each with its own characteristics and treatment approaches:

• Chronic prostatitis
• Acute bacterial prostatitis
• Chronic bacterial prostatitis
• Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis

Chronic prostatitis is the most common type, with symptoms that may fluctuate in intensity over time. Acute bacterial prostatitis, while the least common, requires immediate treatment due to its sudden onset and severe symptoms. Chronic bacterial prostatitis is a recurring infection that can be challenging to treat. Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis is often discovered incidentally during medical examinations for other conditions.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Prostatitis

The symptoms of prostatitis can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

• Frequent urination
• Burning or stinging sensation while urinating
• Pain during urination
• Reduced urine output
• Rectal pain or pressure
• Fever and chills (primarily in acute infections)
• Lower back or pelvic pain
• Discharge through the urethra during bowel movements
• Erectile dysfunction or decreased libido
• Throbbing sensations in the rectal or genital area

Do these symptoms always indicate prostatitis? Not necessarily. Many of these symptoms can be associated with other urinary tract or prostate conditions. Therefore, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis.

Causes and Risk Factors of Prostatitis

Prostatitis is most commonly caused by bacteria, which can spread from the rectum or through infected urine. It’s important to understand that prostatitis is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD), although it can result from certain STDs.

Several factors can increase the risk of developing prostatitis:

• Recent bladder or urinary tract infections
• Injury to the perineal area (between the scrotum and anus)
• Abnormal urinary tract anatomy
• Enlarged prostate
• Recent medical procedures involving catheterization or scope insertion into the urethra

Can prostatitis affect men of all ages? Yes, prostatitis can occur at any age, but certain risk factors may make some individuals more susceptible than others.

Diagnosing Prostatitis: Medical Approaches and Tests

Diagnosing prostatitis involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests. Healthcare providers may use the following methods to confirm a diagnosis:

1. Urine culture
2. Digital rectal exam (DRE)
3. Prostate massage
4. Semen culture
5. Cystoscopy
6. Transrectal ultrasound
7. CT scan

These tests help healthcare providers identify the type of prostatitis and rule out other potential conditions with similar symptoms.

The Importance of Accurate Diagnosis

Why is a precise diagnosis crucial for prostatitis treatment? An accurate diagnosis ensures that the appropriate treatment plan is implemented, addressing the specific type of prostatitis and its underlying causes. This targeted approach can lead to more effective symptom management and improved outcomes for patients.

Treatment Options for Different Types of Prostatitis

Treatment for prostatitis varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. Here’s an overview of treatment approaches for different types of prostatitis:

Chronic Prostatitis Treatment

For chronic prostatitis, treatment may include:

• Antibiotics to rule out infection
• Medications to relax muscles around the prostate and bladder
• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• Prostate massage to release built-up fluid
• Heat therapy using hot baths or heating pads

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Treatment

Treatment for chronic bacterial prostatitis typically involves:

• Long-term antibiotic therapy
• Alpha-blockers to improve urine flow
• Anti-inflammatory medications
• Lifestyle modifications

Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Treatment

Acute bacterial prostatitis requires prompt treatment, which may include:

• Intravenous antibiotics
• Pain management medications
• Hospitalization in severe cases
• Catheterization if urinary retention occurs

How long does prostatitis treatment typically last? The duration of treatment can vary significantly depending on the type of prostatitis and individual response to therapy. Acute cases may resolve within a few weeks, while chronic prostatitis may require ongoing management.

Living with Prostatitis: Lifestyle Adjustments and Self-Care

Managing prostatitis often involves more than just medical treatment. Lifestyle adjustments and self-care practices can play a crucial role in symptom management and overall well-being:

• Dietary modifications: Avoiding spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol
• Stress reduction techniques: Practicing relaxation exercises or meditation
• Regular exercise: Engaging in low-impact activities like walking or swimming
• Pelvic floor exercises: Strengthening muscles to improve urinary control
• Adequate hydration: Drinking plenty of water to flush out bacteria
• Avoiding prolonged sitting: Taking regular breaks to stand and move around

Can lifestyle changes alone cure prostatitis? While lifestyle modifications can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life, they are typically most effective when combined with medical treatment prescribed by a healthcare provider.

Complications and Long-Term Effects of Prostatitis

Prostatitis, if left untreated or poorly managed, can lead to various complications and long-term effects:

• Chronic pain syndrome
• Sexual dysfunction
• Fertility issues
• Increased risk of urinary tract infections
• Psychological impact, including depression and anxiety
• Reduced quality of life

Do all cases of prostatitis lead to complications? Not necessarily. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and management, many individuals with prostatitis can effectively control their symptoms and minimize the risk of long-term complications.

The Psychological Impact of Prostatitis

Living with prostatitis can have significant psychological effects on individuals. The chronic nature of some forms of prostatitis, coupled with its impact on daily life and intimate relationships, can lead to:

• Increased stress and anxiety
• Depression
• Reduced self-esteem
• Relationship strain
• Social isolation

How can individuals cope with the psychological impact of prostatitis? Seeking support from mental health professionals, joining support groups, and maintaining open communication with partners and healthcare providers can be instrumental in managing the psychological aspects of prostatitis.

Preventive Measures and Prostate Health

While not all cases of prostatitis can be prevented, certain measures may help reduce the risk of developing the condition or experiencing recurrent episodes:

• Practicing good hygiene
• Staying hydrated
• Urinating regularly and completely
• Avoiding prolonged sitting
• Managing stress
• Maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine
• Seeking prompt treatment for urinary tract infections

Is prostate health only important for older men? No, maintaining prostate health is crucial for men of all ages. While the risk of certain prostate conditions increases with age, adopting healthy habits early on can contribute to long-term prostate health.

Regular Prostate Check-ups

Regular prostate examinations are an essential part of preventive health care for men. These check-ups can help detect prostate issues early, including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. The frequency of these examinations may vary based on age, risk factors, and individual health status.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Prostatitis Treatment

The field of prostatitis research is continuously evolving, with ongoing studies exploring new treatment approaches and diagnostic methods. Some areas of current research include:

• Novel antibiotic therapies for bacterial prostatitis
• Immunomodulatory treatments for chronic prostatitis
• Advanced imaging techniques for more accurate diagnosis
• Biomarker identification for personalized treatment approaches
• Microbiome studies to understand the role of gut bacteria in prostatitis

What potential breakthroughs can we expect in prostatitis treatment? While it’s difficult to predict specific breakthroughs, ongoing research aims to develop more targeted and effective treatments, improve diagnostic accuracy, and enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of prostatitis.

The Role of Integrative Medicine in Prostatitis Management

Integrative medicine approaches are gaining attention in the management of prostatitis. These approaches combine conventional medical treatments with complementary therapies to address the condition holistically. Some integrative approaches being explored include:

• Acupuncture for pain management
• Herbal supplements with anti-inflammatory properties
• Mind-body techniques for stress reduction
• Dietary interventions to support prostate health
• Physical therapy focusing on pelvic floor rehabilitation

Can integrative medicine replace conventional prostatitis treatments? Integrative approaches are typically used in conjunction with, not as a replacement for, conventional medical treatments. It’s essential to discuss any complementary therapies with a healthcare provider to ensure they are safe and appropriate for individual cases.

Navigating Healthcare: Finding the Right Prostatitis Specialist

Managing prostatitis often requires specialized care. Finding the right healthcare provider can significantly impact treatment outcomes and quality of life. When seeking a prostatitis specialist, consider the following factors:

• Experience and expertise in treating various types of prostatitis
• Familiarity with the latest diagnostic techniques and treatment options
• Willingness to collaborate with other healthcare professionals for comprehensive care
• Good communication skills and a patient-centered approach
• Accessibility and availability for follow-up care

How can patients ensure they’re receiving the best possible care for prostatitis? Open communication with healthcare providers, asking questions about treatment options, and seeking second opinions when necessary can help patients make informed decisions about their prostatitis care.

The Importance of Patient Education and Self-Advocacy

Empowering patients with knowledge about prostatitis is crucial for effective management of the condition. Well-informed patients are better equipped to:

• Recognize early symptoms and seek timely medical attention
• Actively participate in treatment decisions
• Adhere to prescribed treatment plans
• Implement lifestyle changes that support prostate health
• Communicate effectively with healthcare providers about symptoms and concerns

What resources are available for patients seeking to learn more about prostatitis? Reputable medical websites, patient support groups, and educational materials provided by healthcare institutions can offer valuable information for individuals looking to expand their knowledge about prostatitis.

Prostatitis | Johns Hopkins Medicine

What is prostatitis?

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland and sometimes the area around it. It is not cancer.

Only males have a prostate gland. It sits in front of the rectum and below the bladder. The gland wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. The prostate makes the fluid part of semen.

Types of prostatitis

• Chronic prostatitis. This is the most common type of prostatitis. Symptoms may get better and then come back without warning. Healthcare providers do not know why this happens. There is no cure, but you can manage symptoms.
• Acute bacterial prostatitis. This is the least common type of prostatitis. It happens in men at any age. It often starts suddenly and has severe symptoms. It’s important to get treatment right away. You may find urination difficult and very painful. Other symptoms include fever, chills, lower back pain, pain in the genital area, frequent urination, burning during urination, or urinary urgency at night. You may also have aches and pains throughout your body.
• Chronic bacterial prostatitis. This type is fairly uncommon. It is an infection that comes back again and again, and is hard to treat. Symptoms  are like a mild form of acute bacterial prostatitis. But they last longer. Often you have no fever.
• Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. This is prostatitis with no symptoms. Your healthcare provider often diagnoses it during an exam for another health problem. He or she may diagnose it if you have infection-fighting cells in your prostate fluid or semen.

What causes prostatitis?

Prostatitis is most often caused by bacteria. They spread from the rectum or from infected urine.

You cannot get prostatitis from another person. It is not an STD. But it can result from several STDs.

Who is at risk for prostatitis?

You can get prostatitis at any age, but some things raise your risk:

• Recent bladder or urinary tract infection, or other infection in the body
• Injury to the area between the scrotum and the anus
• Abnormal urinary tract anatomy
• Enlarged prostate
• Recent test where a catheter or scope was put into the urethra

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

These are the most common symptoms of prostatitis:

• Need to urinate often
• Burning or stinging while urinating
• Pain when urinating
• Less urine when you urinate
• Rectal pain or pressure
• Fever and chills (often only with an acute infection)
• Pain in your lower back or pelvis
• Discharge through the urethra during bowel movements
• Erectile dysfunction or loss of sex drive
• Throbbing sensations in the rectal or genital area

The symptoms of prostatitis may look like other medical conditions or problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will review your past health and sexual history. He or she will also do a physical exam. Other tests may include:

• Urine culture. This test collects prostatic fluid and urine. They are checked for white blood cells and bacteria.
• Digital rectal exam (DRE). In this test, the healthcare provider puts a gloved finger into the rectum to check the part of the prostate next to the rectum. This is done to look for swelling or tenderness.
• Prostate massage. The healthcare provider massages your prostate gland to drain fluid into the urethra. This fluid is then checked under a microscope to look for inflammation or infection. This test is usually done during a digital rectal exam (DRE).
• Semen culture. A semen sample is tested in the lab for bacteria and white blood cells.
• Cystoscopy. A thin, flexible tube and viewing device is put into the penis and through the urethra. Your healthcare provider uses the device to look at your bladder and urinary tract for structure changes or blockages.
• Transrectal ultrasound. A thin transducer is inserted into the rectum next to the prostate to show images of the prostate.
•  CT scan. This is an imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed images of the body. A CT scan shows details of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs.

How is prostatitis treated?

Your healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment based on:

• How old you are
• Your overall health and health history
• How sick you are
• How well you can handle specific medicines, procedures, or therapies
• How long the condition is expected to last
• Your opinion or preference

Treatment depends on what type of  prostatitis you have.

Chronic prostatitis

You may take antibiotics until infection can be ruled out. Depending on the symptoms, other treatments may include:

• Medicines to help relax the muscles around the prostate and bladder, decrease inflammation, and ease pain
• Prostate massage to release the fluid that is causing pressure in the prostate
• Heat from hot baths or a heating pad to help ease discomfort

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

Treatment usually involves taking antibiotics for 4 to 12 weeks. This type of prostatitis is hard to treat and the infection may come back. If antibiotics don’t work in 4 to 12 weeks, you may need to take a low dose of antibiotics for a while. Rarely, you may need surgery to remove part or all of the prostate. This may be done if you have trouble emptying your bladder.

Acute bacterial prostatitis

For this type of prostatitis, you usually take antibiotics for 2 to 4 weeks. It’s important to take the full course of antibiotics, even when you don’t have symptoms. This is to stop the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. You may also need pain medicines. You may be told to drink more fluids. In severe cases, you may need to stay in the hospital.

Always see your healthcare provider for more information about the treatment of prostatitis.

Key points about prostatitis

• Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland caused by infection. It can be one of several types.
• Prostatitis is not contagious and is not an STD.
• Any man can get prostatitis at any age. Symptoms of prostatitis may include urinating more often, burning or stinging during urination, pain during urination, and fever and chills. Your healthcare provider usually diagnoses prostatitis by your symptoms and by checking your urine and semen for signs of infection.
• Antibiotics are used to treat prostatitis. In rare cases, you may need surgery.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.

Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate

Prostatitis is a frequently painful condition that involves inflammation of the prostate and sometimes the areas around the prostate.

Scientists have identified four types of prostatitis:

• chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome
• acute bacterial prostatitis
• chronic bacterial prostatitis
• asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis

Men with asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis do not have symptoms. A health care provider may diagnose asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis when testing for other urinary tract or reproductive tract disorders. This type of prostatitis does not cause complications and does not need treatment.

The prostate is a walnut-shaped gland that is part of the male reproductive system. The main function of the prostate is to make a fluid that goes into semen. Prostate fluid is essential for a man’s fertility. The gland surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder. The bladder neck is the area where the urethra joins the bladder. The bladder and urethra are parts of the lower urinary tract. The prostate has two or more lobes, or sections, enclosed by an outer layer of tissue, and it is in front of the rectum, just below the bladder. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. In men, the urethra also carries semen out through the penis.

The prostate is a walnut-shaped gland that is part of the male reproductive system.

What causes prostatitis?

The causes of prostatitis differ depending on the type.

Chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The exact cause of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is unknown. Researchers believe a microorganism, though not a bacterial infection, may cause the condition. This type of prostatitis may relate to chemicals in the urine, the immune system’s response to a previous urinary tract infection (UTI), or nerve damage in the pelvic area.

Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. A bacterial infection of the prostate causes bacterial prostatitis. The acute type happens suddenly and lasts a short time, while the chronic type develops slowly and lasts a long time, often years. The infection may occur when bacteria travel from the urethra into the prostate.

How common is prostatitis?

Prostatitis is the most common urinary tract problem for men younger than age 50 and the third most common urinary tract problem for men older than age 50.¹ Prostatitis accounts for about two million visits to health care providers in the United States each year.²

Chronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome is

• the most common and least understood form of prostatitis.
• can occur in men of any age group.
• affects 10 to 15 percent of the U.S. male population.³

Who is more likely to develop prostatitis?

The factors that affect a man’s chances of developing prostatitis differ depending on the type.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Men with nerve damage in the lower urinary tract due to surgery or trauma may be more likely to develop chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Psychological stress may also increase a man’s chances of developing the condition.

Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. Men with lower UTIs may be more likely to develop bacterial prostatitis. UTIs that recur or are difficult to treat may lead to chronic bacterial prostatitis.

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

Each type of prostatitis has a range of symptoms that vary depending on the cause and may not be the same for every man. Many symptoms are similar to those of other conditions.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The main symptoms of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome can include pain or discomfort lasting 3 or more months in one or more of the following areas:

• between the scrotum and anus
• the central lower abdomen
• the penis
• the scrotum
• the lower back

Pain during or after ejaculation is another common symptom. A man with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome may have pain spread out around the pelvic area or may have pain in one or more areas at the same time. The pain may come and go and appear suddenly or gradually. Other symptoms may include

• pain in the urethra during or after urination.
• pain in the penis during or after urination.
• urinary frequency—urination eight or more times a day. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination.
• urinary urgency—the inability to delay urination.
• a weak or an interrupted urine stream.

Acute bacterial prostatitis. The symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis come on suddenly and are severe. Men should seek immediate medical care. Symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis may include

• urinary frequency
• urinary urgency
• fever
• chills
• a burning feeling or pain during urination
• pain in the genital area, groin, lower abdomen, or lower back
• nocturia—frequent urination during periods of sleep
• nausea and vomiting
• body aches
• urinary retention—the inability to empty the bladder completely
• trouble starting a urine stream
• a weak or an interrupted urine stream
• urinary blockage—the complete inability to urinate
• a UTI—as shown by bacteria and infection-fighting cells in the urine

Chronic bacterial prostatitis. The symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis are similar to those of acute bacterial prostatitis, though not as severe. This type of prostatitis often develops slowly and can last 3 or more months. The symptoms may come and go, or they may be mild all the time. Chronic bacterial prostatitis may occur after previous treatment of acute bacterial prostatitis or a UTI. The symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis may include

• urinary frequency
• urinary urgency
• a burning feeling or pain during urination
• pain in the genital area, groin, lower abdomen, or lower back
• nocturia
• painful ejaculation
• urinary retention
• trouble starting a urine stream
• a weak or an interrupted urine stream
• urinary blockage
• a UTI

What are the complications of prostatitis?

The complications of prostatitis may include

• bacterial infection in the bloodstream
• prostatic abscess—a pus-filled cavity in the prostate
• sexual dysfunction
• inflammation of reproductive organs near the prostate

When to Seek Medical Care

A person may have urinary symptoms unrelated to prostatitis that are caused by bladder problems, UTIs, or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Symptoms of prostatitis also can signal more serious conditions, including prostate cancer.

Men with symptoms of prostatitis should see a health care provider.

Men with the following symptoms should seek immediate medical care:

• complete inability to urinate
• painful, frequent, and urgent need to urinate, with fever and chills
• blood in the urine
• great discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen and urinary tract

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

A health care provider diagnoses prostatitis based on

• a personal and family medical history
• a physical exam
• medical tests

A health care provider may have to rule out other conditions that cause similar signs and symptoms before diagnosing prostatitis.

Personal and Family Medical History

Taking a personal and family medical history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to help diagnose prostatitis.

Physical Exam

A physical exam may help diagnose prostatitis. During a physical exam, a health care provider usually

• examines a patient’s body, which can include checking for
  • discharge from the urethra
  • enlarged or tender lymph nodes in the groin
  • a swollen or tender scrotum
• performs a digital rectal exam

A digital rectal exam, or rectal exam, is a physical exam of the prostate. To perform the exam, the health care provider asks the man to bend over a table or lie on his side while holding his knees close to his chest. The health care provider slides a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum and feels the part of the prostate that lies next to the rectum. The man may feel slight, brief discomfort during the rectal exam. A health care provider usually performs a rectal exam during an office visit, and the man does not need anesthesia. The exam helps the health care provider see if the prostate is enlarged or tender or has any abnormalities that require more testing.

Many health care providers perform a rectal exam as part of a routine physical exam for men age 40 or older, whether or not they have urinary problems.

Digital rectal exam

Medical Tests

A health care provider may refer men to a urologist—a doctor who specializes in the urinary tract and male reproductive system. A urologist uses medical tests to help diagnose lower urinary tract problems related to prostatitis and recommend treatment. Medical tests may include

• urinalysis
• blood tests
• urodynamic tests
• cystoscopy
• transrectal ultrasound
• biopsy
• semen analysis

Urinalysis. Urinalysis involves testing a urine sample. The patient collects a urine sample in a special container in a health care provider’s office or a commercial facility. A health care provider tests the sample during an office visit or sends it to a lab for analysis. For the test, a nurse or technician places a strip of chemically treated paper, called a dipstick, into the urine. Patches on the dipstick change color to indicate signs of infection in urine.

The health care provider can diagnose the bacterial forms of prostatitis by examining the urine sample with a microscope. The health care provider may also send the sample to a lab to perform a culture. In a urine culture, a lab technician places some of the urine sample in a tube or dish with a substance that encourages any bacteria present to grow; once the bacteria have multiplied, a technician can identify them.

Blood tests. Blood tests involve a health care provider drawing blood during an office visit or in a commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis. Blood tests can show signs of infection and other prostate problems, such as prostate cancer.

Urodynamic tests. Urodynamic tests include a variety of procedures that look at how well the bladder and urethra store and release urine. A health care provider performs urodynamic tests during an office visit or in an outpatient center or a hospital. Some urodynamic tests do not require anesthesia; others may require local anesthesia. Most urodynamic tests focus on the bladder’s ability to hold urine and empty steadily and completely and may include the following:

• uroflowmetry, which measures how rapidly the bladder releases urine
• postvoid residual measurement, which evaluates how much urine remains in the bladder after urination

Cystoscopy. Cystoscopy is a procedure that uses a tubelike instrument, called a cystoscope, to look inside the urethra and bladder. A urologist inserts the cystoscope through the opening at the tip of the penis and into the lower urinary tract. He or she performs cystoscopy during an office visit or in an outpatient center or a hospital. He or she will give the patient local anesthesia. In some cases, the patient may require sedation and regional or general anesthesia. A urologist may use cystoscopy to look for narrowing, blockage, or stones in the urinary tract.

Transrectal ultrasound. Transrectal ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. The health care provider can move the transducer to different angles to make it possible to examine different organs. A specially trained technician performs the procedure in a health care provider’s office, an outpatient center, or a hospital, and a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging—interprets the images; the patient does not require anesthesia. Urologists most often use transrectal ultrasound to examine the prostate. In a transrectal ultrasound, the technician inserts a transducer slightly larger than a pen into the man’s rectum next to the prostate. The ultrasound image shows the size of the prostate and any abnormalities, such as tumors. Transrectal ultrasound cannot reliably diagnose prostate cancer.

Biopsy. Biopsy is a procedure that involves taking a small piece of prostate tissue for examination with a microscope. A urologist performs the biopsy in an outpatient center or a hospital. He or she will give the patient light sedation and local anesthetic; however, in some cases, the patient will require general anesthesia. The urologist uses imaging techniques such as ultrasound, a computerized tomography scan, or magnetic resonance imaging to guide the biopsy needle into the prostate. A pathologist—a doctor who specializes in examining tissues to diagnose diseases—examines the prostate tissue in a lab. The test can show whether prostate cancer is present.

Semen analysis. Semen analysis is a test to measure the amount and quality of a man’s semen and sperm. The man collects a semen sample in a special container at home, a health care provider’s office, or a commercial facility. A health care provider analyzes the sample during an office visit or sends it to a lab for analysis. A semen sample can show blood and signs of infection.

How is prostatitis treated?

Treatment depends on the type of prostatitis.

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome aims to decrease pain, discomfort, and inflammation. A wide range of symptoms exists and no single treatment works for every man. Although antibiotics will not help treat nonbacterial prostatitis, a urologist may prescribe them, at least initially, until the urologist can rule out a bacterial infection. A urologist may prescribe other medications:

• silodosin (Rapaflo)
• 5-alpha reductase inhibitors such as finasteride (Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart)
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs—also called NSAIDs—such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium
• glycosaminogly
• CANS such as chondroitin sulfate
• muscle relaxants such as cyclobenzaprine (Amrix, Flexeril) and clonazepam (Klonopin)
• neuromodulators such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor), and pregabalin (Lyrica)

Alternative treatments may include

• warm baths, called sitz baths
• local heat therapy with hot water bottles or heating pads
• physical therapy, such as
  • Kegel exercises—tightening and relaxing the muscles that hold urine in the bladder and hold the bladder in its proper position. Also called pelvic muscle exercises.
  • myofascial release—pressing and stretching, sometimes with cooling and warming, of the muscles and soft tissues in the lower back, pelvic region, and upper legs. Also known as myofascial trigger point release.
• relaxation exercises
• biofeedback
• phytotherapy with plant extracts such as quercetin, bee pollen, and saw palmetto
• acupuncture

To help ensure coordinated and safe care, people should discuss their use of complementary and alternative medical practices, including their use of dietary supplements, with their health care provider. Read more at www.nccih.nih.gov.

For men whose chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome symptoms are affected by psychological stress, appropriate psychiatric treatment and stress reduction may reduce the recurrence of symptoms.

To help measure the effectiveness of treatment, a urologist may ask a series of questions from a standard questionnaire called the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. The questionnaire helps a urologist assess the severity of symptoms and how they affect the man’s quality of life. A urologist may ask questions several times, such as before, during, and after treatment.

Acute bacterial prostatitis. A urologist treats acute bacterial prostatitis with antibiotics. The antibiotic prescribed may depend on the type of bacteria causing the infection. Urologists usually prescribe oral antibiotics for at least 2 weeks. The infection may come back; therefore, some urologists recommend taking oral antibiotics for 6 to 8 weeks. Severe cases of acute prostatitis may require a short hospital stay so men can receive fluids and antibiotics through an intravenous (IV) tube. After the IV treatment, the man will need to take oral antibiotics for 2 to 4 weeks. Most cases of acute bacterial prostatitis clear up completely with medication and slight changes to diet. The urologist may recommend

• avoiding or reducing intake of substances that irritate the bladder, such as alcohol, caffeinated beverages, and acidic and spicy foods
• increasing intake of liquids—64 to 128 ounces per day—to urinate often and help flush bacteria from the bladder

Chronic bacterial prostatitis. A urologist treats chronic bacterial prostatitis with antibiotics; however, treatment requires a longer course of therapy. The urologist may prescribe a low dose of antibiotics for up to 6 months to prevent recurrent infection. The urologist may also prescribe a different antibiotic or use a combination of antibiotics if the infection keeps coming back. The urologist may recommend increasing intake of liquids and avoiding or reducing intake of substances that irritate the bladder.

A urologist may use alpha blockers that treat chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome to treat urinary retention caused by chronic bacterial prostatitis. These medications help relax the bladder muscles near the prostate and lessen symptoms such as painful urination. Men may require surgery to treat urinary retention caused by chronic bacterial prostatitis. Surgically removing scar tissue in the urethra often improves urine flow and reduces urinary retention.

How can prostatitis be prevented?

Men cannot prevent prostatitis. Researchers are currently seeking to better understand what causes prostatitis and develop prevention strategies.

Eating, Diet, and Nutrition

Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing prostatitis. During treatment of bacterial prostatitis, urologists may recommend increasing intake of liquids and avoiding or reducing intake of substances that irritate the bladder. Men should talk with a health care provider or dietitian about what diet is right for them.

Clinical Trials

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and other components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct and support research into many diseases and conditions.

What are clinical trials, and are they right for you?

Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Clinical trials look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. Find out if clinical trials are right for you.

What clinical trials are open?

Clinical trials that are currently open and are recruiting can be viewed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

References

[1] Nickel JC. Prostatitis and related conditions, orchitis, and epididymitis. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012: 327–356.

[2] Barry MJ, Collins MM. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman’s Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2011: 805–810.

[3] Murphy AB, Macejko A, Taylor A, Nadler RB. Chronic prostatitis: management strategies. Drugs. 2009;69(1):71–84.

treatment of prostatitis symptoms and signs

Table of contents

Prostatitis is a disease associated with inflammation of the prostate gland. It can develop in men of any age, wear a chronic or acute course. There are problems in diagnosis, so often patients seek help from a doctor when prostatitis is in advanced form and traditional treatment does not help. The danger lies in the high probability of developing prostate cancer and complete infertility.

If prostatitis is diagnosed in time, then the treatment lasts only 2 weeks, after which the man will only need to follow the doctor’s recommendations and periodically undergo a follow-up examination. In this case, there will be no complications after the inflammation of the prostate – the reproductive abilities are preserved in full, even if the prostatitis proceeded with acute symptoms.

Prostatitis does not develop “from scratch”, the cause of the onset of the inflammatory process is Escherichia coli, mycoplasmas, streptococci, staphylococci, Trichomonas and other pyogenic microorganisms. Their peculiarity lies in the very rapid reproduction and rapid destruction of prostate tissues. The main causes of the disease are:

• any inflammatory diseases of the urinary system – cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis;
• chronic stool disorders – in particular, constipation, in which men have a need to push hard and prostatitis develops as an organ’s response to pressure;
• infections from distant foci – severe forms of tonsillitis, pneumonia, influenza, when prostatitis is directly related to the penetration of infectious agents into the tissues of the gland;
• frequent hypothermia or, conversely, overheating – may be associated with the peculiarities of labor activity;
• lack of regular sexual life, hypodynamia – prostatitis provokes stagnation of secretion in the tissues of the prostate gland, more often it is the cause of prostatitis in a 40-year-old man;
• weakened immune system due to serious hormonal disorders;
• sexually transmitted infections – gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia;
• frequent urinary retention – an enlarged bladder puts a lot of pressure on the prostate gland;
• injuries in the pelvic area.

Most often, prostatitis develops after infection enters the prostate tissue through the urethra, much less often it occurs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Prostatitis has one very important provoking factor – a general weakening of the immune system, if it happened as the body’s response to stress, constant fatigue, nervous exhaustion, emotional “outbursts”.

Men should have a regular sexual life and make their lifestyle active. Otherwise, stagnation of secretion occurs in the tissues of the prostate gland, which is an ideal environment for the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms – prostatitis develops rapidly. Inevitably, prostate cells experience oxygen starvation, which only increases the chances that prostatitis will go beyond the organ – inflammation will also affect nearby organs.

Types of prostatitis in men, features of the course

Depending on the cause of origin, there are several types of prostatitis:

• bacterial prostatitis – begins against the background of penetration into the tissues of the prostate infection, the diagnosis of this type of prostatitis occurs more often in young and older men;
• congestive prostatitis – caused by a sedentary lifestyle, lack of regular sexual activity in men and injuries of the small pelvis, often accompanied by infection and then the prostatitis becomes a mixed type;
• calculous prostatitis – develops as a result of an untreated chronic form of the course of the disease, more often such prostatitis occurs in elderly men.

According to the form of the course, prostatitis is divided into acute and chronic. Diagnosis of the acute form of the disease is rare, treatment should be carried out only in a hospital, because prostatitis occurs with severe symptoms. Chronic prostatitis is characterized by a “sluggish” clinical picture, periodic remissions, a complete absence of specific symptoms and a rapid transformation into serious problems – the degeneration of healthy prostate cells into malignant ones, the cessation of secretion production, and a decrease in sperm secretion.

Symptoms and diagnosis of inflammation of the prostate gland

Symptoms directly depend on what type of prostatitis begins to develop in the tissues of the prostate gland:

• jet, “drip” urine output), acute pain in the perineum, poor general health;
• calculous prostatitis – weak or no erection, blood in the urine, such symptoms of prostatitis are more common in men 50 years and older;
• congestive prostatitis – discomfort in the perineum and testicles, partial or complete lack of erection, improper urination.

Prostatitis of the chronic form of the course is characterized by a “blurred” clinical picture, all symptoms are unexpressed and may disturb periodically. But if men develop pain in the groin and testicles within 2-3 months, the general body temperature rises, and sexual desire decreases, then this means that you need to see a doctor, confirm the diagnosis of “chronic prostatitis” and undergo treatment. It is worth knowing the following nuances:

• symptoms of prostatitis in men at the age of 50 are a weakening of erection and a feeling of heaviness in the groin, but the pain syndrome may be completely absent;
• The symptoms of prostatitis in men at the age of 30 are always acute and the first sign is a violation of urination: an enlarged prostate compresses the bladder and men simply cannot go to the toilet;
• symptoms of prostatitis in men at the age of 60 may be absent – at this age, prostatitis is often chronic, but a complete lack of erection may be disturbing.

A doctor can prescribe an effective treatment only after diagnosing the disease – prostatitis often has symptoms of other diseases of the genitourinary system. Therefore, the patient’s complaints alone are not enough to make a diagnosis; the following are prescribed:

• rectal examination;
• laboratory examination of prostate secretions;
• test for detection/denial of sexually transmitted infections;
• prostate ultrasound;
• Computed tomography of the organ.

Ultrasound examinations of the pelvic organs and scrotum may be prescribed as additional examinations. It may be necessary to involve narrow specialists to exclude or confirm concomitant diseases.

Treatment – general principles, course duration

The symptoms of prostatitis in a man and his treatment are directly related, because when prescribing therapy, the doctor must first of all alleviate the general condition of the patient. In men, severe pain is often present, which means that treatment should begin with painkillers. How to treat prostatitis is determined by a urologist or andrologist and the following medications will most often be prescribed:

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and diuretics – prostatitis is manifested by a violation of the urinary process;
• antispasmodics and muscle relaxants – prostatitis is accompanied by severe pain in the groin;
• prostate supportive and alpha blockers.

Is there a cure for lack of erection due to prostatitis? Yes, with such complaints, the doctor prescribes specific drugs that improve the blood supply to the penis and cleanse the vessels of the prostate gland from toxins and toxins. If the symptoms of prostatitis are detected in men aged 40, then additional drugs to restore erection will not be needed – as soon as the inflammatory process stops, all sexual abilities will be restored. But if venereal diseases (sexually transmitted infections) became the cause of prostatitis in men of 30 years old, then additional treatment and the identified infection will be necessary to restore sexual activity.

The best treatment is complex and therefore, in order to stop prostatitis as soon as possible, you need to follow some doctor’s recommendations: on the organ and reduce its swelling;

As soon as the signs of the disease become less pronounced, it will be necessary to restore sexual activity. Prostatitis will be cured much faster if regular drainage of the prostate gland is ensured and even a slight stagnation of secretion in its tissues is not allowed.

If drug treatment does not give positive results, prostatitis occurs in a chronic form with frequent relapses, then this is a reason for surgical intervention. The operation can be of two types:

• transurethral resection – the surgeon removes prostate tissue affected by prostatitis;
• prostatectomy – prostatitis poses a real danger to a man’s life, so he is completely removed both the prostate and the seminal vesicles with adjacent tissues.

Operations are not carried out at a young age, because this can lead to complete infertility – prostatitis is treated with therapeutic methods, physiotherapy procedures can be prescribed in addition to medications. How much prostatitis will be treated depends on the stage and form of the disease, the degree of neglect. Usually the treatment lasts 2 weeks, but this figure is very average.

It is possible to cure prostatitis completely, it is only important to consult a doctor in time. Treatment should be prescribed individually, alternative methods will absolutely not help to stop prostatitis, but they can bring the onset of complications closer.

Branches and departments where prostatitis is treated

• 3rd urological department S.A. Maslov

• Department of urolithiasis and endoscopic urology, Head – S.A. Prokhorov

Prostatitis in men. Types, symptoms and effects

What kind of disease is prostatitis, and what are the first symptoms it causes, every man should know. Prostatitis is a common urological pathology in which inflammatory processes progress in the prostate gland. Basically, the disease is diagnosed in men over the age of 35 – 40 years. Predisposing factors contributing to the onset of the disease are reduced immunity, an inactive lifestyle, the abuse of bad habits, and malnutrition. A doctor called a urologist deals with the diagnosis and treatment of pathology. It is to him that you need to sign up for a consultation if you are concerned about the characteristic symptoms. It is important for any man to remember that the earlier the disease is diagnosed and its treatment is started, the greater the chances for a full recovery and recovery. The lack of timely therapy threatens with serious consequences, up to male infertility and prostate cancer. Professional urologists work in the Medial multidisciplinary medical clinic, who will quickly establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the most effective treatment regimen, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body.

Essence of pathology

Inflammation of the prostate gland is called prostatitis. The prostate is the male organ responsible for producing a secret that maintains normal sperm activity. In most cases, the disease is infectious in nature. Infection can occur through the urethra, blood or lymph flow, when the infection moves throughout the body from distant inflammatory foci. Microorganisms that can provoke an inflammatory complication:

• Escherichia coli;
• staphylococci;
• enterococci;
• proteas;
• Klebsiella etc.

All these microscopic organisms are conditionally pathogenic microflora, the active vital activity of which is suppressed by the human immune system. But as soon as the immune system is weakened, under the influence of predisposing factors, the infection is activated, causing inflammation in the tissues of the gland.

Depending on the nature of the course, there are such forms of prostatitis:

• acute;
• chronic.

Acute is characterized by pronounced symptoms, with timely seeking medical help, it is successfully cured. The chronic type of pathology occurs due to inadequate or untimely treatment of the acute form. The disease is characterized by recurrent infection, which is manifested by blurred symptoms. Chronic prostatitis cannot be completely cured, but properly selected therapy and preventive measures help prolong remission.

Reasons

The key causes of prostatitis are reduced immunity, untreated urological and venereal infections. Inflammation often occurs against the background of a bacterial infection, which, with the proper functioning of the immune system, is in a latent state. But as soon as the immune system weakens, pathogens become active, causing inflammation of the prostate tissues.

What causes prostatitis:

• Hypothermia. Hypothermia causes stress in the body, contributes to vasospasm, circulatory disorders, and a decrease in immunity.
• Inactive lifestyle. With a sedentary lifestyle, the blood supply to the pelvic organs worsens, which leads to stagnation and the development of inflammation in them.
• Chronic constipation. Hardened stools, which lie in the intestines for a long time, put pressure on the gland, disrupting microcirculation. This creates favorable conditions for the life of pathogenic microflora.
• Injuries. Traumatic damage to the prostate contributes to the deterioration of blood flow and a decrease in local immunity.
• Overweight. Overweight people move little, because of which blood circulation in the internal organs worsens. Stagnant processes lead to swelling and inflammation of the tissues of the prostate gland.
• Violation of the rhythm of sexual activity. Prostatitis can cause both too active sex life and prolonged abstinence.
• Presence of chronic pathologies. Any focus of chronic infection can be potentially dangerous for the prostate and can cause inflammation.
• Conditions that contribute to the suppression of the immune system. The general condition of the body is negatively affected by chronic stress, overwork, regular lack of sleep, and physical overload.

Types of prostatitis

Symptoms of prostatitis depend on its type and nature of the course. There are several types of the disease, each of which has its own characteristics.

Bacterial

The main cause of the occurrence is a bacterial infection that develops against a background of weakened immunity. Bacterial prostatitis is:

• sharp;
• chronic.

In an acute course, pronounced prostatitis syndromes are disturbing:

• sudden rise in temperature;
• urination disorder;
• pain, discomfort in the perineum;
• purulent, bloody inclusions in the urine;
• deterioration in general well-being.

In a chronic course, the symptoms are blurred and manifest weakly. But in the case of relapse, the signs in intensity resemble an acute process.

Calculous

This type of pathology is mainly diagnosed in men over 55 years of age. An inflammatory complication develops against the background of the formation of stones in the tissues of the prostate. Most often, stones are formed due to improper treatment of chronic prostatitis. Another common underlying cause is untreated urolithiasis.

Characteristic signs of calculous prostatitis:

• urination disorder;
• hematuria;
• weakening of erection.

Stagnant

It develops against the background of chronic prostatitis and is associated with impaired microcirculation in the pelvic organs. Also, the stagnant form can manifest itself with a long absence of sexual intercourse, which leads to stagnation of secretions in the gland.

Typical symptoms of congestive prostatitis:

• urinary problems;
• discomfort in the groin and testicles;
• erectile dysfunction.

Purulent

Purulent prostatitis develops against the background of an acute form of the disease, the treatment of which is incorrect or completely absent. Pathology is characterized by a significant increase in body temperature, impaired urination, the presence of purulent inclusions in the urine, acute pain in the groin and perineum. If treatment is not started immediately, there is a high probability of developing an abscess and blood poisoning, which can lead to the death of the patient.

Symptoms

Symptoms and treatment of prostatitis depend on the stage of its progression:

• catarrhal. At this stage, the patient complains of frequent urination, pain when going to the toilet, discomfort in the perineum during physical activity.
• Follicular. The pain symptom becomes more pronounced, disturbs even at rest, can be given to the lower abdomen, lower back. The process of urination is disturbed, the liquid flows out in a thin stream, sometimes urinary retention occurs.
• Parenchymal. The advanced stage, in which general intoxication of the body develops, the body temperature rises significantly, unbearable pain in the perineum disturbs, problems with urination become more pronounced.

Pain syndrome

There are no pain receptors in the prostate, but the pain syndrome occurs due to an increase in the gland in size and irritation of nearby nerve fibers. The more neglected the disease, the more severe the pain worries the person. The pain syndrome can change intensity during sexual abstinence or increased sexual activity. Discomfort spreads to the lower abdomen, lumbar region, perineum, scrotum.

Dysuric syndrome

With inflammation, the prostate increases in size and begins to put pressure on the ureters, due to which their lumen gradually decreases. The patient begins to worry about frequent urination, and after visiting the restroom there is a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder.

Sexual deviations

In the initial stages of the development of pathology, a man may be disturbed by frequent erections or, conversely, the lack of sexual arousal. Accelerated ejaculation is explained by a decrease in the sensitivity threshold of the excitation center. If you do not start treatment of prostatitis at the initial stages, complications develop that lead to impotence and infertility.

Diagnostics

If you have characteristic symptoms, you should consult a doctor. Diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis is carried out by a urologist. It is to him that a man should sign up for an initial appointment. During the examination, the doctor will ask about disturbing symptoms, complaints, collect an anamnesis, and conduct a rectal examination of the prostate gland. To confirm the diagnosis, the urologist will give a referral for an additional diagnostic examination, including the following procedures:

• clinical analysis of blood and urine;
• PCR study;
• uroflowmetry;
• gland secretion examination;
• Ultrasound of the prostate;
• CT or MRI.

Treatment

The treatment regimen is determined taking into account the nature of the course and the degree of neglect of the pathology. If the patient’s condition is serious, the doctor decides on hospitalization. Otherwise, treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis. The patient must strictly follow the instructions of the urologist, adhere to the treatment plan and not self-medicate.

Medical therapy

Antibiotics will help to stop the inflammatory process and destroy the pathogenic microflora. If prostatitis is provoked by viruses or fungi, the antibacterial therapy regimen is supplemented with the appropriate groups of drugs.

To eliminate pathological symptoms, the following groups of drugs are additionally prescribed:

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• painkillers;
• muscle relaxants;
• antispasmodics;
• alpha blockers;
• diuretics;
• drugs that normalize the function of the prostate gland.

If a man complains about problems with potency and sexual dysfunction, the doctor prescribes drugs that stimulate blood circulation in the genitals and restore erection.

Supportive care

The effect of drug therapy will be enhanced by supportive measures, including the following rules:

• Drinking the required amount of fluid – at least 1.5 – 2 liters per day.
• Compliance with bed rest.
• Warm therapeutic baths.
• Compliance with a sparing diet, during which salty, spicy, fatty foods, alcohol, coffee, acidic drinks are excluded from the diet.

The patient’s condition is favorably affected by regular sex life, which provides drainage of the prostate and prevents stagnation of the secret.

Surgery

If conservative treatment does not bring the desired effect, the doctor decides to perform a surgical operation. In modern urology, such surgical methods for the treatment of prostatitis are practiced:

• Transurethral resection (TUR). During the operation, the surgeon removes all the affected tissue of the gland.
• Prostatectomy. It involves the removal of the prostate, adjacent tissues, seminal vesicles.

Surgery is not performed on young men, because any of the operations can cause infertility.

Folk remedies

In addition to complex drug therapy, alternative medicine can be used. The treatment regimen must be agreed with the doctor. Self-medication is unacceptable.

To combat inflammation and disturbing symptoms, medicinal herbs are used that are rich in beneficial substances, elements that have a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effect. On the basis of medicinal herbs, infusions, tinctures, decoctions are prepared, which can be taken orally, make compresses and lotions, add to the bath.

For the treatment of prostatitis, the following herbs are used:

• sage;
• calendula;
• chamomile;
• licorice;
• yarrow;
• nettle;
• parsley;
• St. John’s wort;
• bearberry;
• rosemary;
• centaury;
• ginseng;
• sweet clover;
• chestnut.

In chronic prostatitis, bee propolis is widely used, which is famous for its anti-inflammatory properties and analgesic effect. Adherents of alternative medicine advise making candles from propolis, which are inserted into the rectum. The recipe is this:

1. Grind 20 g of propolis to a powder.
2. Combine the main component with 200 ml of alcohol and evaporate over low heat.
3. Add 2 g of cocoa butter to the resulting mass.
4. Form a candle from the finished composition.
5. The product is inserted into the rectum at night. Treatment is carried out in a course and lasts 1 month.

Consequences

Lack of proper treatment or self-medication can result in serious health problems. The spread of infection leads to the development of such negative consequences as:

• cystitis;
• pyelonephritis;
• vesiculitis;
• colliculitis and urethritis;
• epididymitis;
• prostate sclerosis.

Against the background of such complications, erectile and psychological disorders join. In severe cases, the disease can progress to chronic calculous prostatitis, causing an abscess and other life-threatening complications. Frequent relapses often cause the development of male infertility, adenoma and even prostate cancer.

Prevention

It is much easier to prevent prostatitis than to deal with the disease and its consequences. To prevent inflammation of the prostate or to prolong remission in the chronic form, such simple and affordable preventive measures will help:

• active lifestyle;
• control of proper nutrition and water regime;
• exclusion of bad habits;
• elimination of stress factors;
• hardening;
• observance of the basics of personal hygiene;
• normalization of body weight;
• timely and adequate treatment of infectious pathologies;
• regular, quality, protected sex;
• annual preventive visits to the urologist.