What are the main types of infectious colitis. How can you recognize the symptoms of this inflammatory condition. What causes infectious colitis and how is it treated. What are the potential complications of untreated colitis.

Understanding Infectious Colitis: An Overview

Infectious colitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the colon, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal discomfort. This acute illness typically results from pathogens like viruses, bacteria, or parasites entering the digestive system. While most cases resolve within a week, severe infections may persist for several weeks, potentially leading to complications if left untreated.

The condition shares similarities with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastroenteritis, often causing confusion in diagnosis. However, understanding the specific pathogen responsible for the infection is crucial for determining the most effective treatment approach.

Common Types of Infectious Colitis and Their Causative Agents

Infectious colitis can be categorized based on the type of pathogen causing the inflammation:

• Viral colitis: Caused by norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus
• Bacterial colitis: Resulting from Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium difficile, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Parasitic colitis: Primarily caused by Entamoeba histolytica
• Sexually transmitted colitis: Associated with HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes simplex 1 and 2, and syphilis

Is bacterial colitis more common than other types? Indeed, bacterial infections account for approximately 47% of all infectious colitis cases in the United States, with Salmonella and Clostridium difficile being the most prevalent causative agents.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Infectious Colitis

Identifying infectious colitis can be challenging due to its similarity with other gastrointestinal conditions. However, several key symptoms can help in diagnosis:

• Watery or bloody diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Nausea
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Rectal pain
• Increased urgency to pass stool
• Bloody mucus discharge from the anus

Do all patients with infectious colitis experience the same symptoms? While these symptoms are common, their severity and combination may vary depending on the causative pathogen and the individual’s immune response.

Risk Factors and Transmission of Infectious Colitis

Understanding the risk factors associated with infectious colitis can help in prevention and early detection. Common risk factors include:

1. Travel to foreign countries with poor sanitation
2. Extended hospital stays
3. Recent antibiotic use
4. Close contact with an infected person
5. Consumption of contaminated food or water

Certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia or hemolytic anemia, and the use of immunosuppressive medications can increase susceptibility to specific pathogens like Salmonella.

How is infectious colitis typically transmitted? The most common route of transmission is through ingestion of contaminated food or water, emphasizing the importance of proper hygiene and food safety practices.

Diagnostic Approaches for Infectious Colitis

Accurate diagnosis of infectious colitis involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests:

• Patient history and symptom assessment
• Stool sample analysis for bacterial cultures
• CT scans to visualize intestinal inflammation
• Colonoscopy for direct visualization of the colon
• Tissue biopsies to rule out other causes of colitis
• Fecal cultures to identify specific pathogens

Why is identifying the specific pathogen important in diagnosing infectious colitis? Determining the causative agent is crucial for selecting the most appropriate treatment strategy, as different pathogens may require different approaches.

Treatment Options and Management Strategies

The treatment of infectious colitis varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the infection:

• Mild cases: Often resolve on their own without specific treatment
• Bacterial infections: Typically treated with antibiotics, except in children due to the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Clostridium difficile infections: Require antibiotic treatment, especially in immunosuppressed individuals
• Supportive care: Includes fluid replacement to prevent dehydration
• Fecal transplant: May be considered in severe or recurrent cases, particularly for C. difficile infections

Is antibiotic treatment always necessary for infectious colitis? While antibiotics are effective for bacterial infections, they are not appropriate for viral causes and may not be needed in mild cases that resolve spontaneously.

Prevention and Recurrence Management

Preventing recurrence of infectious colitis involves several key strategies:

• Regular hand washing
• Proper sanitation of surfaces
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
• Adhering to food safety guidelines
• Completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics when necessary

Can infectious colitis recur after initial treatment? Yes, particularly in the case of C. difficile infections, where approximately 1 in 6 people experience a recurrence within 2-8 weeks of initial infection.

Potential Complications of Untreated Infectious Colitis

While most cases of infectious colitis resolve without significant complications, severe or untreated infections can lead to serious health issues:

• Toxic megacolon
• Intestinal perforation
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Reactive arthritis
• Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Encephalitis
• Seizures
• Hemorrhagic colitis
• Kidney failure
• Pancreatitis
• Cholecystitis
• Meningitis
• Low blood sugar
• Hyponatremia
• Septic shock
• In rare cases, death

Are all patients with infectious colitis at risk for these complications? The risk of developing severe complications is higher in individuals with weakened immune systems, underlying health conditions, or those who delay seeking medical attention.

Prognosis and Long-term Outlook for Infectious Colitis Patients

The prognosis for infectious colitis is generally favorable, with most cases resolving within a week. However, several factors can influence the long-term outlook:

• Severity of the initial infection
• Promptness of diagnosis and treatment
• Patient’s overall health and immune status
• Adherence to treatment protocols
• Implementation of preventive measures

What is the typical recovery time for infectious colitis? While most patients recover within 7 days, severe cases may take several weeks to fully resolve. Some individuals may experience lingering symptoms or develop post-infectious complications, necessitating ongoing medical attention.

Long-term Management and Follow-up Care

For patients who have experienced infectious colitis, long-term management may involve:

1. Regular check-ups to monitor for recurrence
2. Dietary modifications to support gut health
3. Probiotics to restore beneficial gut bacteria
4. Stress management techniques to support overall immune function
5. Education on prevention strategies to minimize the risk of future infections

How can patients reduce their risk of developing chronic gastrointestinal issues after infectious colitis? Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management, can help support gut health and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Infectious Colitis Treatment

The field of infectious colitis research is continually evolving, with several promising areas of investigation:

• Development of targeted antibiotics to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance
• Exploration of microbiome-based therapies to enhance gut health
• Investigation of novel diagnostic techniques for rapid pathogen identification
• Research into the long-term effects of infectious colitis on gut function
• Studies on the relationship between infectious colitis and other gastrointestinal disorders

What role might personalized medicine play in the future treatment of infectious colitis? As our understanding of individual genetic and microbiome profiles improves, tailored treatment approaches may become more prevalent, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the risk of recurrence.

Advancements in Prevention Strategies

Researchers are also focusing on developing more effective prevention strategies:

1. Improved vaccines against common pathogens causing infectious colitis
2. Enhanced food safety technologies to reduce contamination risks
3. Development of protective probiotics to strengthen gut defenses
4. Public health initiatives to increase awareness and promote preventive behaviors

Could advances in prevention strategies significantly reduce the incidence of infectious colitis? While complete eradication is unlikely, continued research and implementation of effective prevention measures could substantially decrease the global burden of infectious colitis.

Global Impact and Public Health Considerations of Infectious Colitis

Infectious colitis remains a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries with limited access to clean water and sanitation. The global impact of this condition extends beyond individual health outcomes:

• Economic burden due to healthcare costs and lost productivity
• Strain on healthcare systems, especially during outbreaks
• Potential for antimicrobial resistance development
• Impact on travel and tourism industries
• Food safety concerns in global food supply chains

How do socioeconomic factors influence the prevalence and outcomes of infectious colitis? Disparities in access to healthcare, sanitation, and education can significantly affect the incidence and severity of infectious colitis cases across different populations and regions.

International Efforts to Combat Infectious Colitis

Various international organizations and initiatives are working to address the global challenge of infectious colitis:

1. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for diarrheal disease management
2. UNICEF programs promoting access to clean water and sanitation
3. Global surveillance networks for monitoring outbreaks and emerging pathogens
4. International collaborations for vaccine development and distribution
5. Cross-border initiatives to improve food safety standards

Can global efforts effectively reduce the worldwide incidence of infectious colitis? While challenges remain, coordinated international efforts have the potential to significantly impact the global burden of infectious colitis through improved prevention, detection, and treatment strategies.

Patient Education and Empowerment in Managing Infectious Colitis

Empowering patients with knowledge and resources is crucial for effective management and prevention of infectious colitis. Key areas of patient education include:

• Understanding the signs and symptoms that warrant medical attention
• Proper hygiene practices to prevent infection and transmission
• Importance of completing prescribed treatments and follow-up care
• Recognizing potential complications and when to seek emergency care
• Strategies for maintaining gut health and supporting the immune system

How can healthcare providers effectively communicate complex information about infectious colitis to patients? Utilizing a combination of verbal explanations, written materials, and visual aids can help ensure patients fully understand their condition and treatment plan.

Support Resources for Patients with Infectious Colitis

Various resources are available to support patients dealing with infectious colitis:

1. Patient support groups and online communities
2. Nutritional counseling services
3. Mental health support for managing stress and anxiety
4. Educational workshops on gut health and disease prevention
5. Telemedicine options for ongoing care and monitoring

What role do patient support networks play in the management of infectious colitis? Support networks can provide valuable emotional support, practical advice, and a sense of community for individuals dealing with the challenges of infectious colitis.

Integrative Approaches to Managing Infectious Colitis

While conventional medical treatments remain the cornerstone of infectious colitis management, integrative approaches that combine traditional and complementary therapies are gaining attention:

• Dietary modifications to support gut healing and reduce inflammation
• Herbal remedies with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties
• Probiotics and prebiotics to restore gut microbiome balance
• Mind-body techniques for stress reduction and immune support
• Acupuncture for symptom relief and overall well-being

Can integrative approaches improve outcomes for patients with infectious colitis? While more research is needed, some studies suggest that combining conventional treatments with complementary therapies may enhance recovery and reduce the risk of recurrence in some patients.

The Role of Nutrition in Recovery and Prevention

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in both recovering from infectious colitis and preventing future infections:

1. Hydration with clear fluids to prevent dehydration
2. Gradual introduction of easily digestible foods during recovery
3. Incorporation of probiotic-rich foods to support gut health
4. Avoiding potential trigger foods that may exacerbate symptoms
5. Long-term dietary strategies to strengthen the immune system

How can patients optimize their diet to support recovery from infectious colitis? Working with a registered dietitian can help patients develop a personalized nutrition plan that supports gut healing and overall health during and after an infectious colitis episode.

Infectious colitis: Types, symptoms, and more

Infectious colitis is an inflammatory condition that can cause diarrhea. Treatment depends on whether the colitis results from bacteria, a virus, or a parasite.

Infectious colitis causes symptoms similar to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including rectal pain, increased urgency to pass stool, and bloody mucus discharge from the anus.

Several pathogens may cause this acute form of diarrhea, including viruses, parasites, and bacteria.

This article reviews what infectious colitis is, its types, symptoms, causes, and more.

Colitis is inflammation of the colon, which is the part of the intestines where stool forms.

Colitis can cause several symptoms, including:

• abdominal pain
• bloating
• nausea
• urgent diarrhea

Infectious colitis is a type of colitis resulting from viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

It is generally an acute illness that will clear within about 7 days, with or without treatment. More severe cases can last for several weeks.

Common types of colitis and their causes include:

• Viral colitis: Norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus.
• Bacterial colitis: Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium difficile, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Parasitic colitis: Entamoeba histolytica
• Sexually transmitted colitis: HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes simplex 1 and 2, and syphilis.

While different types of colitis can cause similar symptoms, the underlying cause may affect treatment.

Infectious colitis can cause symptoms similar to those of IBD and gastroenteritis, such as:

• watery or bloody diarrhea
• vomiting
• abdominal pain
• nausea
• fevers
• appetite loss
• weight loss

Most people who develop infectious colitis do so after coming into contact with contaminated food or water.

People may be at higher risk of contracting infectious colitis if they:

• travel to foreign countries
• stay in a hospital
• take antibiotics
• have close contact with an infected person

Bacterial infections account for about 47% of all cases. Common bacterial causes in the United States include Salmonella and Clostridium difficile, also known as Clostridioides difficile.

Living with certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia or hemolytic anemia, or taking certain medications, such as immunosuppressors, puts a person at a higher risk of Salmonella infection.

Other possible bacterial causes include:

• Campylobacter
• Shigella
• E. coli
• Yersinia

Less commonly, amebic (parasitic) and viral infections can cause colitis.

During an exam, a doctor will ask about a person’s symptoms. They may also ask about possible exposure to known risk factors, such as a recent hospital stay or travel abroad.

They will likely run bacteria cultures of stool samples to determine whether the underlying cause of symptoms is bacterial in origin.

The doctor may also order additional testing, such as CT scans, a colonoscopy, tissue biopsies, and fecal cultures, to rule out other colitis causes.

Treatment may vary depending on the cause. Antibiotics can help treat bacterial colitis. However, antibiotics are inappropriate for children because of the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

For C. diff, doctors recommend antibiotic treatment for most people, especially if they are immunosuppressed.

Most people with mild forms of colitis do not need treatment. Infections typically clear on their own.

A person may develop dehydration due to fluid loss from diarrhea.

Other complications depend on the underlying pathogen causing the infection. Possible complications include:

• toxic megacolon
• intestinal perforation
• hemolytic uremic syndrome
• reactive arthritis
• post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• encephalitis
• seizures
• hemorrhagic colitis
• kidney failure
• pancreatitis
• cholecystitis
• meningitis
• low blood sugar
• hyponatremia
• septic shock
• death

Most cases of infectious colitis will clear in about 7 days. However, in severe cases, it may take several weeks before the infection clears.

In some cases, a person can contract the infection again shortly after infection — for example, about 1 in 6 people with C. diff get it again within the following 2–8 weeks. Washing hands regularly, sanitizing surfaces, and avoiding people with the infection can help prevent a recurrence.

In addition to antibiotic treatment, in some cases, a fecal transplant may be necessary.

Below are some common questions on infectious colitis.

How serious is infectious colitis and how long does it last?

Most people start to feel better in about 7 days. In severe cases, it can take several weeks before the infection passes.

How do you get a colitis infection?

The most common form of transmission is through contaminated food or water.

What is the treatment for infectious colitis?

Treatments may involve letting the infection run its course or providing fluids and antibiotics. Some people may need fluids in a hospital setting.

What is the difference between infectious and ulcerative colitis?

Ulcerative colitis is a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. It results from an abnormal immune response where the immune system attacks healthy colon tissue.

Infectious colitis results from an infectious agent that causes inflammation in the colon. It is generally self-limiting and clears within a few days.

What is the difference between infectious colitis and gastroenteritis?

Gastroenteritis occurs due to a viral or bacterial infection, commonly rotavirus. It is common in children. Similar to infectious colitis, it causes intestinal inflammation, but it also causes inflammation in the stomach.

Another main difference is that gastroenteritis typically does not cause bloody diarrhea.

Infectious colitis is inflammation of the intestines resulting from an underlying bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection. Bacteria are the most common cause of infectious colitis.

Generally, the condition does not require medical treatment.

Some people may contract the infection again. Regular handwashing and avoiding those with an infection can help prevent reinfection.

Infectious Colitis – What You Need to Know

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Jul 3, 2023.

• Care notes
• Aftercare
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What is infectious colitis?

Infectious colitis is swelling and irritation of your colon. It is caused by bacteria, parasites, or viruses.

What are the symptoms of infectious colitis?

• Diarrhea 3 or more times in a day
• Bowel movements that contain blood or mucus
• Headache or body aches
• Low-grade fever (less than 101.0 F)
• Abdominal pain, bloating, and cramps

What increases my risk for infectious colitis?

• You live or work in a skilled nursing facility
• You work in a daycare center, or your child goes to daycare
• You do not wash your hands after using the bathroom or before handling food
• You drink contaminated water or eat contaminated food
• You have recently taken antibiotics
• You have a weak immune system

How is infectious colitis diagnosed and treated?

A sample of your bowel movement may be tested to identify the bacteria, virus, or parasite causing your symptoms. A colonoscopy is a procedure that may be done to look inside your colon. You may need to take medicine to treat the bacteria, virus, or parasite.

How can I care for myself?

• Drink liquids to help prevent dehydration. Ask your healthcare provider how much liquid to drink each day and which liquids are best for you. You may need to drink an oral rehydration solution (ORS). An ORS contains a balance of water, salt, and sugar to replace body fluids lost during diarrhea. Ask what kind of ORS to use, how much to drink, and where to get it.
• Do not take medicine to stop your diarrhea. These medicines may make your symptoms last longer.

How can I prevent infectious colitis?

• Clean food and utensils thoroughly. Rinse fruits and vegetables in running water. Clean cutting boards, knives, countertops, and other areas where you prepare food before and after you cook. Wash sponges and dishtowels weekly in hot water.
• Keep cooked and raw foods separate in your grocery cart, grocery bags, and refrigerator. This prevents cross contamination. Cross contamination is when germs from one food spread to another food. This happens when juices from raw meat, fish, and eggs get on cooked or ready-to-eat foods. Use a separate cutting board for raw foods. Never put cooked food on an unwashed plate that had raw meat, seafood, or eggs on it.
• Cook meat as directed.
  • Cook ground meat to 160°F.
  • Cook ground poultry, whole poultry, or cuts of poultry to at least 165°F. Remove the meat from heat. Let it stand for 3 minutes before you eat it.
  • Cook whole cuts of meat other than poultry to at least 145°F. Remove the meat from heat. Let it stand for 3 minutes before you eat it.
• Do not eat raw or undercooked oysters, clams, or mussels. These foods may be contaminated and cause infection.
• Refrigerate food immediately. This will help slow down the growth of germs. Your refrigerator should be at 40°F or below to keep foods safe. Put meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood in the refrigerator or freezer within 2 hours after cooking or buying them. Always thaw food in the refrigerator, cold water, or microwave. Do not thaw food on your countertop.
• Drink safe water. Drink only treated water. Do not drink water from ponds or lakes, or swimming pools. Drink bottled water when traveling.

Treatment options

The following list of medications are in some way related to or used in the treatment of this condition.

• Flagyl
• metronidazole
• Vancocin
• Flagyl IV
• Flagyl 375

What can I do to prevent the spread of germs?

• Wash your hands often. Wash your hands several times each day. Wash after you use the bathroom, change a child’s diaper, and before you prepare or eat food. Use soap and water every time. Rub your soapy hands together, lacing your fingers. Wash the front and back of your hands, and in between your fingers. Use the fingers of one hand to scrub under the fingernails of the other hand. Wash for at least 20 seconds. Rinse with warm, running water for several seconds. Then dry your hands with a clean towel or paper towel. Use hand sanitizer that contains alcohol if soap and water are not available. Do not touch your eyes, nose, or mouth without washing your hands first.
  
• Cover a sneeze or cough. Use a tissue that covers your mouth and nose. Throw the tissue away in a trash can right away. Use the bend of your arm if a tissue is not available. Wash your hands well with soap and water or use a hand sanitizer.
• Stay away from others while you are sick. Avoid crowds as much as possible.
• Ask about vaccines you may need. Talk to your healthcare provider about your vaccine history. He or she will tell you which vaccines you need, and when to get them.
  • Get the influenza (flu) vaccine as soon as recommended each year. The flu vaccine is available starting in September or October. Flu viruses change, so it is important to get a flu vaccine every year.
  • Get the pneumonia vaccine if recommended. This vaccine is usually recommended every 5 years. Your provider will tell you when to get this vaccine, if needed.

When should I seek immediate care?

• You are urinating less than normal or not at all.
• You have a headache, dizziness, or confusion.
• You have irregular or fast breathing or a fast or pounding heartbeat.
• You suddenly lose weight without trying.

When should I call my doctor?

• You are more tired than usual or weak.
• Your symptoms last for more than 30 days.
• You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.

Care Agreement

You have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your healthcare providers to decide what care you want to receive. You always have the right to refuse treatment. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.

© Copyright Merative 2023 Information is for End User’s use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.

Learn more about Infectious Colitis

• Common Side Effects from Antibiotics, and Allergies and Reactions

Treatment options

• Medications for Infectious Gastroenteritis
• Medications for Pseudomembranous Colitis

Care guides

• Acute Diarrhea in Children
• C. Diff (Clostridioides Difficile) Infection
• Chronic Diarrhea
• Enteritis
• Gastroenteritis
• Gastroenteritis in Children
• Giardiasis

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Infectious colitis. What is Infectious Colitis?

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Infectious colitis is a polyetiological group of inflammatory diseases of the large intestine, which occur as a result of the activation of opportunistic intestinal flora or the ingress of pathogenic microorganisms from the external environment. They are manifested by diarrhea with mucus, sometimes with blood and an unpleasant odor, abdominal pain, symptoms of general intoxication and dehydration. They are diagnosed on the basis of clinical data, stool cultures, and a general blood test. If necessary, sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are performed. Treatment of infectious colitis is conservative, including antibiotic therapy, antiparasitic drugs, detoxification, and the fight against dehydration).

ICD-10

A00-A09 Intestinal infections

• Causes
• Pathogenesis
• Classification
• Symptoms of infectious colitis
• Diagnostics
• Treatment of infectious colitis
• Prognosis and prevention
• Prices for treatment

General information

Infectious colitis is an acute (rarely chronic) disease of the large intestine, which is caused by various types of bacteria, protozoa, sometimes parasites and some viruses, accompanied by general intoxication, dehydration; other parts of the gastrointestinal tract are often involved in the process. Widespread: it is believed that there are no people who at least once in their life have not experienced manifestations of acute infectious colitis. The problem becomes more urgent in the warm season.

The disease is more common in countries with a hot climate, in those areas where access to drinking water is difficult, communications are not developed. The most dangerous regions are the countries of Africa, Southeast and Central Asia. Men and women get sick the same way, infectious colitis is diagnosed more often in young children. Treatment is carried out by infectious diseases doctors. Patients may be admitted to the proctology department if the disease is mistaken for non-specific infectious colitis or other diseases of the large intestine.

infectious colitis

Causes

The main cause of infectious colitis is a variety of bacteria. Most often, the disease is caused by shigella (causative agents of dysentery), E. coli, salmonella, clostridium, yersinia, typhoid bacillus, campylobacter, proteus, staphylococcus. Symptoms of infectious colitis are observed with adenovirus, enterovirus infection, sometimes with diseases caused by rotavirus. Amoeba, Giardia, and some other types of parasites can also cause colitis.

Infectious colitis sometimes develops as a complication of tuberculosis or syphilis. In weakened patients with depressed immunity, fungi (Candida, actinomycetes) can cause the disease. Fungal infectious colitis is one of the markers of AIDS, and it also occurs in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or in individuals who have been treated with steroid hormones for a long time. With dysbacteriosis provoked by antibiotic therapy or chemotherapy, infectious colitis can be caused by opportunistic bacteria, such as clostridia.

Pathogenesis

In case of infectious colitis, inflammatory changes occur in the large intestine, motility is disturbed, fluid secretion by endothelial cells increases and reverse absorption of water is disturbed, the intestinal walls become more permeable to various toxins, which cause general intoxication of the body.

Classification

Taking into account morphological changes, the following forms of infectious colitis are distinguished: catarrhal, fibrous, catarrhal-hemorrhagic, phlegmonous, phlegmonous-gangrenous and necrotic. The process can progress quite quickly and move from one form to another, or it can stop at one stage of development. In addition, the form depends on the type of pathogen. Catarrhal forms are characteristic of viral diseases, catarrhal-hemorrhagic is typical for dysentery. Clostridia often cause necrotizing and phlegmonous-gangrenous infectious colitis.

Symptoms of infectious colitis

The clinical manifestations of the disease largely depend on its cause. Common to all forms are an acute or subacute onset, diarrhea with the release of a large amount of mucus, abdominal pain, often spasmodic in nature, fever, deterioration in general well-being, weakness, dry mucous membranes, and a white-coated tongue. If the small intestine is involved in the process (enterocolitis develops), the amount of feces increases, the processes of fluid loss increase and the symptoms of dehydration worsen. If the stomach is also affected (gastroenterocolitis), the disease may begin with vomiting.

In dysentery, the sigmoid colon is more commonly affected. The disease is manifested by diarrhea with a small amount of feces, defecation 3-20 times a day or more. In the feces, mucus and blood are detected, in severe cases, only small mucous clots with streaks of blood (rectal spit) are released during defecation. Patients complain of sharp pains in the abdomen, their body temperature rises to high numbers, symptoms of general intoxication are expressed, sometimes to confusion or loss of consciousness.

Amoebiasis has a similar clinic. This type of infectious colitis develops less acutely, the cecum, ascending colon or the entire large intestine is involved in the process. Stool with a lot of mucus mixed with blood, like raspberry jelly. Symptoms of intoxication are not very pronounced, the disease can become chronic or recurrent.

Infectious colitis caused by Salmonella presents with foul-smelling swamp-colored diarrhea. The feces are liquid, as the small intestine is also affected. Patients develop a fever, severe infectious colitis may be complicated by sepsis and septicemia.

Clostridial pseudomembranous colitis occurs during antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, or severe dysbiosis. It is manifested by fever, cramping pains in the abdomen, profuse diarrhea with a putrid odor. Pseudomembranous infectious colitis often recurs, may be complicated by intestinal necrosis.

Diagnostics

Laboratory tests are of primary importance in the diagnosis of infectious colitis. To clarify the etiology of the disease, virological, parasitological bacteriological studies of feces are carried out. Less commonly, blood serum is examined to detect antibodies to a particular pathogen. Blood cultures for sterility may be performed if septic complications are suspected. In a general blood test with bacterial infectious colitis, leukocytosis with a shift of the formula to the left, an increase in ESR can be detected. With viral colitis, the level of lymphocytes increases, and with parasitic – mainly eosinophils.

Endoscopic studies are of an auxiliary nature, since the picture of morphological changes is not specific, and this type of diagnosis is carried out in order to differentiate from other diseases of the large intestine. Proctologists or infectious disease specialists perform sigmoidoscopy for bacterial dysentery, pseudomembranous infectious colitis. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs is indicated for suspected complications. Differentiate infectious colitis with Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, diverticular disease, dysbiosis. It is also very important to distinguish between different types of infectious colitis, since specific therapy depends on the cause.

Treatment of infectious colitis

For specific treatment, antibiotics are primarily used, preferably by mouth. For dysentery, the drugs of choice are fluoroquinolones or 8-hydroxyquinolones. Salmonellosis or infectious colitis caused by Escherichia coli require the use of III and IV generation cephalosporins acting on gram-negative flora. Pseudomembranous colitis is best treated with metronidazole. In amoebiasis, amoebicides of direct and indirect action (quiniofon, chloroquine), tetracycline antibiotics, metronidazole are used. In fungal infectious colitis, antifungal drugs are prescribed.

An important area of ​​treatment for infectious colitis is rehydration. With a slight and moderate degree of fluid loss, the absence of vomiting, oral saline solutions are used. If the patient’s condition is severe, infusion rehydration and detoxification therapy are carried out. In infectious colitis, it is recommended to take probiotics and enzyme preparations (pancreatin).

Prognosis and prevention

The prognosis for infectious colitis is quite favorable, since effective methods of etiotropic therapy of this disease are known today. The prognosis worsens in severe forms of infectious colitis caused by clostridia, salmonella, fungi, as well as in debilitated patients with oncopathology, in patients with AIDS. Children are more severely affected by infectious colitis. Of the preventive measures, hygiene is the main one. The purity and shelf life of food products, especially those consumed without heat treatment, as well as the quality of the water consumed, should be carefully monitored.

You can share your medical history, what helped you in the treatment of infectious colitis.

Sources

1. Intestinal infections / Pak S.G. – 2006
2. Intestinal infections / Kharchenko G.A. – 2007
3. Acute intestinal infections Library of the practitioner / Vorotyntseva N.V. Mazankova L.N. – 2001
4. 0005 The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

   Ulcerative colitis (UC) – symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis and prevention and treatment methods in the “SM-Clinic”

   This disease is treated by Gastroenterologist
   , Proctologist

   • What is it?
   • About disease
   • Types of ulcerative colitis
   • Symptoms of ulcerative colitis
   • Causes of ulcerative colitis
   • Diagnosis of ulcerative colitis
   • Expert opinion
   • Treatment of ulcerative colitis
   • Surgical treatment
   • Prevention of ulcerative colitis
   • Rehabilitation
   • Q&A

   About the disease

   Most often, UC occurs in the developed countries of Europe and North America. The prevalence of the disease in Russia is 20-30 cases per 100,000 population. Most often, the pathology occurs in men and women aged 20 to 42 years, as well as in the elderly.

   Two most dangerous periods of development can be distinguished in ulcerative colitis:

   • the first year; at this time, the likelihood of developing life-threatening complications is high;
   • tenth year; at this point, the likelihood of developing malignant neoplasms increases.

   Types of ulcerative colitis

   The European consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis in 2006 identified 3 forms of the disease according to the degree of its prevalence:

   • proctitis – an inflammatory process occurs only in the rectum and is limited by the rectosigmoid angle;
   • left-sided colitis – inflammation reaches the splenic flexure of the colon;
   • widespread colitis is a complete lesion of the large intestine.

   Depending on the severity of the pathology, three degrees are distinguished:

   • mild;
   • medium;
   • heavy.

   Classification of ulcerative colitis according to the nature of development and course:

   • acute: less than six months have passed since the first manifestation of the disease;
   • fulminant (rapidly developing) course;
   • chronic continuous course: with adequate treatment, periods of remission are less than six months;
   • chronic relapsing course: periods of remission last more than six months.

   In the recurrent course of the disease, rarely recurrent (less than once a year) and often recurrent (2 times a year or more) are distinguished. Exacerbations of ulcerative colitis usually occur as a result of malnutrition, stress, or taking certain medications, but they can also occur without an obvious reason.

   Symptoms of ulcerative colitis

   Nonspecific ulcerative colitis is characterized by a cyclic course: periods of remission alternate with exacerbations. During remissions, there are usually no signs of UC, while exacerbations are characterized by various manifestations that vary depending on the location of inflammation and the intensity of the course of the disease.

   The main symptoms of proctitis are:

   • pain in the lower abdomen;
   • bloody discharge from the anus;
   • painful urge to empty the bowels.

   Signs of left-sided ulcerative colitis with damage to the descending colon are:

   • diarrhea with bloody impurities;
   • weight loss;
   • pronounced pain in the left side of the abdomen.

   Widespread ulcerative colitis with total involvement of the large intestine is characterized by:

   • persistent abdominal pain;
   • persistent profuse diarrhea with bleeding.

   In the latter case, the patient’s life is threatened by severe dehydration and blood loss.

   It is also noted that sometimes people with ulcerative colitis may experience non-intestinal symptoms:

   • stomatitis;
   • vascular inflammation;
   • diseases of the joints;
   • dermatological pathologies;
   • diseases of the biliary tract;
   • bone softening or osteoporosis;
   • ocular inflammatory diseases.

   Causes of ulcerative colitis

   At the moment, the causes of the disease remain unclear. It is statistically determined that ulcerative colitis of the intestine is more often diagnosed in people whose relatives had this pathology, and therefore the main cause is considered to be a genetic predisposition. The key to the development of ulcerative colitis is thought to be an imbalance in the immune system. The pathogenic microorganism provokes an immune response, due to which an inflammatory process develops that affects the intestinal mucosa and leads to ulcers and erosions.

   There are several main factors in the development of ulcerative colitis:

   • prolonged use of antibiotics;
   • viral and bacterial infections;
   • hereditary predisposition;
   • congenital and acquired defects of immunity.

   Get advice

   If you experience these symptoms, we recommend that you make an appointment with your doctor. Timely consultation will prevent negative consequences for your health.

   You can find out more about the disease, prices for treatment and sign up for a consultation with a specialist by phone:

   +7 (495) 292-39-72

   Request a call back
   Book online

   Why SM-Clinic?

   1

   Treatment is carried out in accordance with clinical recommendations

   2

   Comprehensive assessment of the nature of the disease and treatment prognosis

   3

   Modern diagnostic equipment and own laboratory

   4

   High level of service and balanced pricing policy

   Diagnosis of ulcerative colitis

   The proctologist is engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of pathology. First of all, the specialist collects complaints and anamnesis, and then examines the patient, including a digital examination of the rectum.

   For further research and differentiation from Crohn’s disease and other diseases of this type, a comprehensive diagnostic examination of the patient is required. The main most important procedures are colonoscopy with intestinal biopsy and sigmoidoscopy. These methods allow you to visually assess the condition of the colon mucosa.

   To clarify the presence of edema, perforations, ulcers and other formations (inflammatory polyps, thickenings, and so on), an X-ray examination may be prescribed.

   In addition to instrumental methods, laboratory diagnostics are performed:

   • total fecal analysis;
   • complete blood count to detect leukocytosis and anemia;
   • fecal analysis to determine the severity of the inflammation process;
   • biochemical blood test to exclude concomitant pathologies;
   • Examine feces for Clostridial toxins A and B to rule out clostridial intestinal infection.

   Expert opinion

   Ulcerative colitis is a dangerous disease that, if left untreated, can cause severe life-threatening consequences. At the same time, there is a high probability that urgent surgical intervention will be required to eliminate them. Complications of NUC can affect not only the intestines, but also many other vital organs.

   Timely medical diagnosis makes it possible to detect the disease even in the remission phase and take it under control. At the same time, the quality of life of the patient will improve significantly, and exacerbations will occur much less frequently. With ulcerative colitis, it is extremely important to diagnose the disease before severe complications appear: persistent diarrhea, bleeding, etc. This will avoid surgical intervention and confine itself to conservative therapy.

   Matyukhin Anatoly Andreevich

   Gastroenterologist, hepatologist, Ph.D.

   Treatment of ulcerative colitis

   Tactics of therapy are selected depending on the degree of intestinal damage and the severity of the course of the disease. If only the rectum is affected, outpatient treatment is sufficient in most cases. With left-sided and widespread colitis, hospitalization is necessary.

   Treatment for ulcerative colitis includes diet, drug therapy, and, if necessary, surgery.

   Conservative treatment

   The main goal of drug therapy is to relieve the symptoms of the disease and stop the development of inflammation and ulceration.

   In ulcerative colitis, a doctor prescribes several groups of drugs:

   • painkillers;
   • antidiarrheals;
   • immunosuppressants;
   • iron preparations for anemia;
   • non-steroidal and hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs.

   Diet plays an important role in the therapy process. The patient is forbidden to eat foods rich in fiber, as well as fried, fatty, spicy, salty and sour foods. At the same time, it is recommended to eat more protein foods.

   During a severe flare-up, a complete refusal to eat may be recommended in order to ease bowel movements. In this case, nutrients are injected into the body intravenously.

   Surgery

   If conservative treatment fails, surgeons excise the affected part of the colon. After that, a reservoir is formed from the area of ​​the small intestine, which takes over the functions of the remote department. With a small lesion, the use of a graft is not necessary.

   Prevention of ulcerative colitis

   Since the causes of ulcerative colitis are not fully understood, the main preventive measure is to maintain a healthy lifestyle:

   • minimization of stressful situations;
   • adherence to a proper diet;
   • smoking cessation and alcohol abuse;
   • maintaining moderate physical activity.

   Rehabilitation

   After the operation, the patient can return to normal life in 2-3 weeks. In the presence of severe complications, full recovery of capacity can take up to four months. After discharge from the hospital, the patient must comply with all the instructions of the attending physician and register with the dispensary. Until the tissues heal, it is necessary to limit physical activity, carrying weights, thermal procedures, and insolation. In order to maintain a normal state of health, it is recommended to undergo annual spa treatment. The diet is for life.

   Question-answer

   In the absence of treatment against the background of UC, severe complications may develop, these include:

   • toxic dilatation (expansion) of the large intestine;
   • profuse intestinal bleeding;
   • perforation of the colon wall;
   • stricture (narrowing) of the intestine;
   • colorectal cancer.

   Ulcerative colitis does not go away on its own. Delay in seeking medical help can lead to life-threatening complications.

   Ishutina IN Therapeutic aspects of nonspecific ulcerative colitis // BMIK. 2015. No. 5.

   Andreeva NA X-ray examination in nonspecific ulcerative colitis // BMIK. 2014. No. 11.

   Stepanov Yu.M., Psareva I. V. Clinical and endoscopic parallels in nonspecific ulcerative colitis // Gastroenterology. 2019. №3.

   Tikhonova TA Objective and subjective approaches in the management of patients with bowel diseases // BMIK. 2014. No. 5.

   Tazhibaeva F.R., Mamasaidov A.T., Zhalalova G.T. New aspects of the treatment of nonspecific ulcerative colitis // Territory of Science. 2016. No. 1.

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