What are the symptoms of a yeast infection on the outer labia. How can you diagnose a vaginal yeast infection. What are the most effective treatments for yeast infections. Are there any natural remedies for vaginal yeast infections. How can you prevent recurring yeast infections.

Understanding Vaginal Yeast Infections: A Comprehensive Guide

Vaginal yeast infections are a common condition affecting many women throughout their lives. These infections occur when there’s an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans in the vaginal area. While typically not serious, yeast infections can cause significant discomfort and impact a woman’s quality of life.

Did you know that approximately 75% of women will experience at least one yeast infection in their lifetime? This staggering statistic highlights the importance of understanding this condition, its symptoms, causes, and available treatments.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Yeast Infections on the Outer Labia

Yeast infections can affect various parts of the vaginal area, including the outer labia. Identifying the symptoms is crucial for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Common signs of a yeast infection on the outer labia include:

• Intense itching and irritation
• Redness and swelling
• Burning sensation, especially during urination or sexual intercourse
• Soreness and discomfort
• Thick, white, odorless discharge resembling cottage cheese

When experiencing these symptoms, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis, as other conditions may present similar symptoms.

How can you distinguish a yeast infection from other vaginal conditions?

While yeast infections share some symptoms with other vaginal conditions, certain characteristics can help differentiate them:

1. Discharge consistency: Yeast infections typically produce a thick, white, cottage cheese-like discharge, unlike the thin, grayish discharge associated with bacterial vaginosis.
2. Odor: Yeast infections generally don’t have a strong odor, unlike some sexually transmitted infections or bacterial vaginosis.
3. Itching intensity: The itching associated with yeast infections is often more intense than that of other conditions.
4. Presence of visible signs: Yeast infections may cause visible redness and swelling on the vulva and labia.

Unraveling the Causes of Vaginal Yeast Infections

Understanding the factors that contribute to yeast infections can help in prevention and management. Several factors can disrupt the vaginal flora balance and lead to an overgrowth of Candida:

• Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause
• Use of hormonal contraceptives
• Antibiotics, which can kill beneficial bacteria
• Weakened immune system
• Uncontrolled diabetes
• Tight, non-breathable clothing
• Douching or using scented hygiene products
• Sexual activity (although yeast infections are not considered sexually transmitted infections)

Can stress contribute to yeast infections?

While stress itself doesn’t directly cause yeast infections, it can indirectly contribute to their development. Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to maintain the balance of microorganisms in the vagina. Additionally, stress may lead to behaviors that increase the risk of yeast infections, such as poor diet choices or neglecting personal hygiene.

Diagnosing Yeast Infections: When to Seek Medical Attention

Proper diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment of yeast infections. While some women may be tempted to self-diagnose based on previous experiences, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider, especially if:

• It’s your first suspected yeast infection
• Symptoms persist despite over-the-counter treatment
• You experience recurrent infections (4 or more in a year)
• You’re pregnant
• You have other underlying health conditions, such as diabetes or HIV

Healthcare providers typically diagnose yeast infections through a combination of symptom assessment, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.

What does the diagnostic process for a yeast infection involve?

The diagnostic process for a yeast infection may include:

1. Medical history review: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, recent medications, and overall health.
2. Physical examination: A visual inspection of the affected area to check for signs of infection.
3. Vaginal pH test: Yeast infections typically don’t alter vaginal pH, unlike some other conditions.
4. Microscopic examination: A sample of vaginal discharge may be examined under a microscope to identify yeast cells.
5. Culture test: In some cases, a culture of the vaginal discharge may be taken to identify the specific type of yeast causing the infection.

Effective Treatments for Vaginal Yeast Infections

Once diagnosed, yeast infections can be treated with various antifungal medications. The choice of treatment depends on the severity of the infection, whether it’s a first-time or recurrent infection, and individual patient factors.

What are the most common treatments for yeast infections?

Common treatments for yeast infections include:

• Over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments, or suppositories (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole)
• Prescription oral antifungal medications (e.g., fluconazole, ibrexafungerp)
• Prescription vaginal antifungal medications
• For recurrent infections, long-term preventive therapies may be recommended

It’s important to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to prevent recurrence.

Natural Remedies and Home Treatments for Yeast Infections

While medical treatments are the most reliable way to address yeast infections, some women find relief from natural remedies. However, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before trying any alternative treatments.

Are there any effective natural remedies for yeast infections?

Some natural remedies that may help alleviate yeast infection symptoms include:

• Probiotic supplements or yogurt containing live cultures
• Tea tree oil (diluted and used externally)
• Boric acid suppositories (under medical supervision)
• Coconut oil (used externally)
• Garlic (consumed orally or used as a suppository)

While these remedies may provide relief for some women, scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited. Always consult a healthcare provider before using any alternative treatments.

Preventing Recurrent Yeast Infections: Lifestyle Changes and Strategies

Preventing yeast infections is often easier than treating them. By making certain lifestyle changes and adopting good hygiene practices, you can reduce your risk of developing recurrent infections.

How can you prevent recurring yeast infections?

To minimize the risk of recurrent yeast infections, consider the following strategies:

• Wear breathable, cotton underwear
• Avoid tight-fitting clothing, especially in the genital area
• Change out of wet swimwear or sweaty clothes promptly
• Avoid douching and using scented hygiene products in the vaginal area
• Wipe from front to back after using the bathroom
• Maintain good blood sugar control if you have diabetes
• Consider taking probiotics, especially when on antibiotics
• Avoid unnecessary antibiotic use
• Practice safe sex and maintain good hygiene

By incorporating these habits into your daily routine, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing yeast infections.

The Role of Diet in Managing Yeast Infections

While there’s no definitive evidence that diet directly causes or prevents yeast infections, some dietary choices may influence the body’s ability to maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms.

Can certain foods help prevent or exacerbate yeast infections?

Some dietary considerations that may help manage yeast infections include:

• Reducing sugar and refined carbohydrate intake, as yeast thrives on sugar
• Incorporating probiotic-rich foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut
• Consuming foods with antifungal properties, such as garlic, coconut oil, and oregano
• Staying hydrated to help flush out toxins
• Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, which can disrupt vaginal flora

While these dietary changes may be beneficial for overall health, they should not replace medical treatment for active yeast infections.

Understanding the Connection Between Yeast Infections and Sexual Health

While yeast infections are not typically considered sexually transmitted infections, they can impact sexual health and relationships. Understanding the relationship between sexual activity and yeast infections is crucial for maintaining vaginal health.

How do yeast infections affect sexual health and relationships?

Yeast infections can impact sexual health and relationships in several ways:

1. Discomfort during intercourse: The irritation and inflammation associated with yeast infections can make sexual activity painful or uncomfortable.
2. Transmission to partners: While not classified as an STI, yeast can be passed between sexual partners, potentially causing irritation or infection.
3. Emotional impact: Recurrent infections can lead to anxiety, frustration, or decreased sexual desire, affecting intimate relationships.
4. Treatment considerations: Some antifungal treatments may weaken condoms or diaphragms, requiring alternative contraception methods during treatment.

Open communication with sexual partners and healthcare providers is essential for managing the impact of yeast infections on sexual health.

Yeast Infections During Pregnancy: Special Considerations

Pregnant women are more susceptible to yeast infections due to hormonal changes. While yeast infections don’t typically harm the fetus, they can cause significant discomfort for the mother and require special consideration in treatment.

How are yeast infections managed during pregnancy?

Managing yeast infections during pregnancy involves:

• Accurate diagnosis by a healthcare provider
• Use of pregnancy-safe antifungal treatments, typically topical creams or suppositories
• Avoiding oral antifungal medications, which may not be safe during pregnancy
• Implementing preventive measures, such as wearing breathable clothing and maintaining good hygiene
• Regular monitoring to ensure the infection clears and doesn’t recur

Pregnant women should always consult their obstetrician before using any treatments for yeast infections.

When to Worry: Complications and Recurrent Infections

While most yeast infections are easily treatable, some situations warrant additional concern and medical attention. Understanding when a yeast infection might indicate a more serious problem is crucial for overall health.

What are the signs that a yeast infection might be more serious?

Signs that may indicate a more serious condition or need for immediate medical attention include:

• Symptoms that persist or worsen despite treatment
• Recurrent infections (4 or more in a year)
• Severe pain, swelling, or redness
• Fever or chills
• Unusual discharge color or consistency
• Associated abdominal pain
• Infections occurring alongside other health conditions, such as HIV or uncontrolled diabetes

In these cases, prompt medical evaluation is essential to rule out other conditions and ensure appropriate treatment.

The Future of Yeast Infection Treatment: Research and Innovations

As our understanding of the microbiome and fungal infections grows, researchers continue to explore new treatment options and preventive strategies for yeast infections. Staying informed about these developments can help individuals better manage their vaginal health.

What new treatments or approaches are being researched for yeast infections?

Emerging areas of research in yeast infection treatment include:

• Development of new antifungal drugs with fewer side effects and reduced risk of resistance
• Exploration of probiotic therapies to restore and maintain healthy vaginal flora
• Investigation of immunomodulatory treatments to enhance the body’s natural defenses against fungal overgrowth
• Research into personalized treatment approaches based on individual microbiome profiles
• Development of rapid diagnostic tests for more accurate and timely identification of yeast infections

While these research areas show promise, it’s important to rely on currently approved treatments and consult healthcare providers for the most up-to-date and evidence-based care.

Yeast Infection (Vaginal): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

• What Are Vaginal Yeast Infections?
• Symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infections
• Causes of Vaginal Yeast infections
• Treatments for Vaginal Yeast Infections
• Can Probiotics Help?

They’re itchy and uncomfortable, and no one really likes to talk about them. But vaginal yeast infections are very common in women. It’s estimated that 75% of women will have at least one yeast infection in their lifetime.

Though yeast infections can happen to anyone at any time, there are certain things that make getting them more likely. Most infections can be cleared up quickly and easily.

The vagina normally contains a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast. The hormone estrogen helps bacteria called lactobacilli to grow. These bacteria kill harmful organisms in the vagina and keep you healthy. But when something happens to tip that balance, a fungus called candida can grow out of control and cause a yeast infection.

Itchiness and discomfort are the main symptoms of a yeast infection, but there are others. You may also experience any or all of the following:

• Burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and the vulva (the outer part of the female genitals)
• Pain or burning when you pee
• Pain during sex
• A thick, white, odorless discharge, similar to cottage cheese

If you think you have a yeast infection, see your doctor before treating yourself. The symptoms of yeast infections are similar to other, more serious conditions, including sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis (bacterial overgrowth in the vagina). An accurate diagnosis is important so you can get the best treatment.

There are many reasons you could get a yeast infection, including:

• Hormones: Changes during pregnancy, breast-feeding or menopause (or if you’re taking birth control pills) can change the balance in your vagina.
• Diabetes: If your diabetes is not well-controlled, the increase in sugar in the mucus membranes (moist linings) of your vagina can create a place for yeast to grow.
• Antibiotics: These drugs can kill off many of the good bacteria that live in your vagina.
• Douches and vaginal sprays: The use of these products can change the balance in your vagina.
• A weakened immune system: If you are HIV-positive or have another immune system disorder, the yeast may also grow uncontrolled.
• Sex: Though a yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, it can be passed from person to person through sexual contact.

Over-the-counter antifungal creams, ointments or suppositories (with clotrimazole or miconazole) are the most common ways to treat yeast infections. These can take from 1 to 7 days. Your doctor may also choose to prescribe an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole (Diflucan) or ibrexafungerp (Brexafemme). 

If you’re pregnant, it’s safe to use creams or suppositories but avoid oral medications. 

It’s important for you to know that some yeast infection medications weaken condoms or diaphragms. That makes it easier for you to get pregnant or contract a sexually transmitted disease. Be sure to read instructions and warnings before using.

If you have diabetes or a weakened immune system, you may get yeast infections over and over again. It’s a condition called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). If you get yeast infections at least four times a year, your doctor may recommend that you take a weekly fluconazole pill for 6 months to fight them. Oteseconazole (Vivjoa) has been approved for those with recurring problems with infections who will not be reproducing.

Some studies have shown that eating probiotic yogurt or taking Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements may slow the growth of yeast in the vagina, lowering the risk for infections. But more research is needed before a clear connection can be made.

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Vaginal yeast infection Information | Mount Sinai

Yeast infection – vagina; Vaginal candidiasis; Monilial vaginitis

Vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina. It is most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans.

This microscopic film shows a fluorescent stain of Candida. Candida is a yeast (fungus) that causes mild disease, but in immunocompromised individuals it may cause life-threatening illness. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal structures include the uterus, ovaries, and cervix.

Yeast infections may follow a course of antibiotics that were prescribed for another purpose. The antibiotics change the normal balance between organisms in the vagina by suppressing the growth of protective bacteria that normally have an antifungal effect.

Secondary infection occurs during or after treatment of a primary infection because the normal bacterial flora is destroyed, allowing yeast to flourish.

The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.

The uterus is a muscular organ with thick walls, two upper openings to the fallopian tubes and an inferior opening to the vagina.

Causes

Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. Most of the time, it does not cause infection or symptoms.

Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. Sometimes the number of candida increases. This leads to a yeast infection.

This can happen if:

• You are taking antibiotics used to treat another infection. Antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina.
• You are pregnant
• You are obese
• You have diabetes
• You are taking medicines or have an illness that suppresses your immune system.

A yeast infection is not spread through sexual contact. However, some men may develop symptoms after having sexual contact with an infected partner. These symptoms may include itching, rash or irritation of the penis.

Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. Other vaginal infections and discharges can be mistaken for a vaginal yeast infection.

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Abnormal vaginal discharge. Discharge can range from slightly watery, white discharge to thick, white, and chunky (like cottage cheese).
• Itching and burning of the vagina and labia
• Pain with intercourse
• Painful urination
• Redness and swelling of the skin just outside of the vagina (vulva)

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do a pelvic exam. It may show:

• Swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix
• Dry, white spots on the vaginal wall
• Cracks in the skin of the vulva

A small amount of the vaginal discharge is examined using a microscope. This is called a wet mount and KOH test.

Sometimes, a culture is taken if:

• The infection does not get better with treatment
• The infection recurs

Your provider may order other tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms.

Treatment

Medicines to treat vaginal yeast infections are available as creams, ointments, vaginal tablets or suppositories and oral tablets. Most can be bought without needing to see your provider. If you do need to see your provider, you may wish to ask them about the use of boric acid for yeast infections.

Treating yourself at home is probably OK if:

• Your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever
• This is not your first yeast infection and you have not had many yeast infections in the past
• You are not pregnant
• You are not worried about other sexually transmitted infections (STI) from recent sexual contact

Medicines you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are:

• Miconazole
• Clotrimazole
• Tioconazole
• Butoconazole

When using these medicines:

• Read the packages carefully and use them as directed.
• You will need to take the medicine for 1 to 7 days, depending on which medicine you buy. (If you do not get repeated infections, a 1-day medicine might work for you.)
• Do not stop using these medicines early because your symptoms are better.

You doctor can also prescribe a pill that you only take by mouth once.

If your symptoms are worse or you get vaginal yeast infections often, you may need:

• Medicine for up to 14 days
• Azole vaginal cream or fluconazole pill every week to prevent new infections

To help prevent and treat vaginal discharge:

• Keep your genital area clean and dry. Avoid soap and rinse with water only. Sitting in a warm, but not hot, bath may help your symptoms.
• Avoid douching. Although many women feel cleaner if they douche after their period or intercourse, it may worsen vaginal discharge. Douching removes healthy bacteria lining the vagina that protect against infection.
• Eat yogurt with live cultures or take Lactobacillus acidophilus tablets when you are on antibiotics. This may help to prevent a yeast infection.
• Use condoms to avoid catching or spreading other infections.
• Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays, fragrances, or powders in the genital area.
• Avoid wearing tight-fitting pants or shorts. These may cause irritation and sweating.
• Wear cotton underwear or cotton-crotch pantyhose. Avoid underwear made of silk or nylon. These can increase sweating in the genital area, which leads to growth of more yeast.
• Keep your blood sugar level under good control if you have diabetes.
• Avoid wearing wet bathing suits or exercise clothing for long periods of time. Wash sweaty or wet clothes after each use.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Most of the time, symptoms go away completely with proper treatment.

Possible Complications

A lot of scratching may cause the skin to crack, making you more likely to get a skin infection.

A woman may have diabetes or weak immune system (such as in HIV) if:

• The infection recurs right after treatment
• The yeast infection does not respond well to treatment

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your provider if:

• This is the first time that you have had symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection.
• You are not sure if you have a yeast infection.
• Your symptoms don’t go away after using over-the-counter medicines.
• Your symptoms get worse.
• You develop other symptoms.
• You may have been exposed to an STI.

Dinulos JGH. Superficial fungal infections. In: Dinulos JGH, ed. Habif’s Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 13.

Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Genital tract infections: vulva, vagina, cervix, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 23.

Kauffman CA, Pappas PG. Candidiasis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 318.

Oquendo Del Toro HM, Hoefgen HR. Vulvovaginitis. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 564.

Last reviewed on: 7/13/2021

Reviewed by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Thrush (vaginal candidiasis) – opinion and recommendations of gynecologists of the MediArt clinic

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Thrush (vaginal candidiasis)

Thrush or in medical terms vaginal candidiasis is an inflammatory disease caused by fungal microorganisms of the genus Candida.

Characteristic features – white, cheesy plaque on the mucosa. In 70-75% of women, exacerbations of thrush occur repeatedly and are one of the most common reasons for visiting a gynecologist.

Causes and symptoms of vaginal candidiasis

The causative agent of thrush is a microscopic yeast-like fungus of the genus Candida. In 80-90% of cases, this is a variety of Candida albicans, although there are about 20 other species of this genus of fungi. Candida is an opportunistic fungus that normally lives in the human body.

Normally, the natural suppression of the activity of Candida fungi is provided by a healthy microflora of the vagina. The problem with active growth can arise with a decrease in immunity and from the influence of external factors.

Lead to aggravation:

• taking antibiotics and hormonal drugs;

• infectious diseases, immunodeficiencies;

• unbalanced diet;

• synthetic, tight underwear;

• diabetes;

• stress;

• infection with atypical fungi – Candida tropicalis species or others;

• pregnancy – fungal growth occurs in a third of women, due to increased acidity of the vagina and hormonal changes;

• mucosal injuries during gynecological manipulations, during childbirth;

• chemotherapy.

If the balance of the microflora of the vagina is disturbed, fungi begin to actively multiply and cause inflammation of the mucous membranes. Formed white plaque can be in the mouth or on the genitals (the most common manifestation in women).

The inflammatory reaction is explained by a change in the pH level of the mucosa and the immune response to the ingestion of the waste products of Candida fungi into the blood.

Typical symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are:

• copious white discharge;

• itching, discomfort in the genitals;

• painful intercourse, urination;

• reddened, edematous mucosa of the vulva.

Manifestations may intensify in the heat, weaken in the chronic course (after 7-10 days of the acute phase).

In this case, relapses can occur 3-4 times a year, provoke the appearance of other infections on the inflamed mucosa.

How to treat vaginal candidiasis

Diagnosis is carried out by a gynecologist. The doctor makes a preliminary diagnosis according to the patient’s complaints and external signs that are noticeable during a gynecological examination.

For accurate diagnosis use:

• microscopic examination of secretions to assess the number of microorganisms and the degree of inflammation;

• bacterial culture of secretions to identify the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to medicines.

Based on the results of the examination, the gynecologist will prescribe a comprehensive treatment regimen to relieve inflammation, normalize the microflora, cure concomitant diseases and eliminate the causes of relapses.

With an exacerbation of thrush, attention is also paid to diet. It is recommended to exclude sweets and alcohol from the diet, increase the amount of fruits, vegetables, and lactic acid products.

Treatment of vaginal candidiasis by folk methods will not work. They are suitable for strengthening immunity, alleviating the symptoms of inflammation, but do not affect the fungus itself.

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Itching of the vulva with thrush

Vaginal candidiasis is characterized by mucosal lesions caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Itching of the vulva with thrush is permanent or periodic, accompanied by white curdled discharge, painful sensations during urination and sexual intercourse.

Causes of thrush

Candidiasis is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection. Intrauterine and oral contraception, endocrine diseases (diabetes mellitus, metabolic disorders, hypothyroidism), anorexia, and pregnancy contribute to the imbalance of vaginal microbiosis and intensive reproduction of pathogenic microflora. One of the important factors is a decrease in immunity against the background of somatic diseases of an inflammatory and infectious nature. Active growth of pathogenic microflora can be observed with a sharp change in climate, during pregnancy, against the background of stressful situations. The disease is characterized by a long course and a tendency to frequent relapses, while the main risk factors are distinguished:

• neglect of hygiene rules;
• tampons and scented pads;
• regular use of antibacterial gels and soaps;
• wearing wet clothes;
• hypothermia;
• visits to swimming pools and open water;
• excessive consumption of carbohydrates.

An adverse effect on the vaginal biocenosis is exerted by antibacterial drugs prescribed for the relief of inflammatory processes in the digestive tract, nasopharynx, urogenital and broncho-pulmonary systems. Intestinal dysbacteriosis leads to the spread of the fungus in a downward type and the development of vaginal candidiasis.

Characteristic symptoms

Thrush accompanied by severe itching and burning in the vulva. Characteristic are cheesy discharges of heterogeneous consistency. After intimacy, water procedures and at night, an increase in symptoms is observed: the amount of discharge increases, the itching becomes intolerable. During a gynecological examination, redness and swelling of the labia minora and labia majora are observed.

Quite often, vaginal candidiasis occurs with mild symptoms, which spontaneously disappear after menstruation. Chronization of thrush contributes to the addition of inflammatory and infectious lesions, can disrupt the normal course of pregnancy and labor.