How does zinc oxide compare to silver sulfadiazine for treating partial-thickness burns. What were the key findings on re-epithelialization, wound colonization, and tissue healing in this experimental study. Which treatment showed better outcomes for burn wound management.

Overview of the Experimental Burn Wound Study

An experimental study was conducted to compare the efficacy of topical zinc oxide versus silver sulfadiazine in treating partial-thickness burn wounds. The research, published in the Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, aimed to evaluate the effects of these two treatments on wound healing processes.

The study utilized 20 New Zealand rabbits as test subjects. Burn wounds were created using a brass probe, and the animals were randomly divided into two treatment groups:

• Group O: Treated with zinc oxide
• Group S: Treated with silver sulfadiazine

Both treatments were applied daily, and the wound healing process was monitored through clinical and histopathological examinations. The researchers focused on several key parameters to assess the effectiveness of each treatment.

Re-epithelialization Rates: Zinc Oxide vs Silver Sulfadiazine

One of the primary metrics used to evaluate wound healing was the rate of re-epithelialization. The study measured the time taken for 50% and 80% re-epithelialization to occur in both treatment groups.

Results for 50% Re-epithelialization

• Zinc Oxide (Group O): 21.4 days
• Silver Sulfadiazine (Group S): 25.8 days

Results for 80% Re-epithelialization

• Zinc Oxide (Group O): 25.4 days
• Silver Sulfadiazine (Group S): 30.2 days

The differences in re-epithelialization rates between the two groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). This data suggests that zinc oxide promoted faster wound healing compared to silver sulfadiazine.

Wound Colonization: Comparing Microbial Growth

Another crucial aspect of burn wound management is preventing and controlling microbial colonization. The study evaluated wound colonization in both treatment groups throughout the healing process.

The results showed that the mean score for wound colonization was consistently lower in the zinc oxide group (Group O) compared to the silver sulfadiazine group (Group S). This difference was statistically significant at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 6 of the study (p<0.001).

These findings indicate that zinc oxide may be more effective in reducing bacterial colonization of burn wounds, potentially lowering the risk of infection during the healing process.

Histopathological Examination: Tissue Healing and Scar Formation

To assess the quality of tissue healing and scar formation, the researchers conducted histopathological examinations of the treated burn wounds. They measured the thickness of various tissue layers in both treatment groups.

Tissue Thickness Measurements

Zinc Oxide (Group O):

• Epidermis thickness: 0.12 mm
• Dermis thickness: 3.80 mm
• Scar tissue thickness: 2.44 mm

Silver Sulfadiazine (Group S):

• Epidermis thickness: 0.16 mm
• Dermis thickness: 4.76 mm
• Scar tissue thickness: 3.16 mm

The differences in tissue thickness between the two groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). These results suggest that zinc oxide treatment led to more favorable outcomes in terms of epidermal and dermal healing, as well as reduced scar tissue formation.

Implications for Burn Wound Management

The findings of this experimental study have important implications for the management of partial-thickness burn wounds. The data consistently showed superior outcomes for zinc oxide treatment compared to silver sulfadiazine across multiple parameters:

1. Faster re-epithelialization
2. Reduced wound colonization
3. Improved tissue healing
4. Less scar tissue formation

These results suggest that zinc oxide may be a more effective topical treatment option for partial-thickness burns. However, it’s important to note that further research, including clinical trials in human subjects, would be necessary to confirm these findings and establish new treatment protocols.

Mechanism of Action: Zinc Oxide in Wound Healing

To better understand the superior performance of zinc oxide in this study, it’s helpful to explore its potential mechanisms of action in wound healing:

• Anti-inflammatory properties: Zinc oxide can help reduce inflammation in the wound area, promoting a more favorable healing environment.
• Antimicrobial activity: The compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of various microorganisms, which may explain the lower wound colonization scores observed in the study.
• Cellular proliferation: Zinc is known to play a role in cell division and protein synthesis, potentially accelerating the growth of new tissue.
• Antioxidant effects: Zinc oxide can help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress in the wound area.
• Collagen synthesis: Zinc is an essential cofactor in collagen production, which is crucial for proper wound healing and minimizing scar formation.

These properties may collectively contribute to the improved healing outcomes observed with zinc oxide treatment in the experimental burn study.

Limitations and Future Research Directions

While the results of this study are promising, it’s important to consider its limitations and potential areas for future research:

• Animal model: The study was conducted on rabbits, and results may not directly translate to human burn wound healing.
• Sample size: A larger sample size could provide more robust data and potentially reveal additional insights.
• Wound type: The study focused on partial-thickness burns; research on other burn depths would be valuable.
• Long-term outcomes: Extended follow-up could provide information on long-term scar appearance and functional outcomes.
• Combination therapies: Investigating the potential synergistic effects of zinc oxide with other wound healing agents could lead to improved treatment protocols.
• Mechanism elucidation: Further research into the precise molecular mechanisms by which zinc oxide enhances wound healing could inform the development of new treatments.

Addressing these areas in future studies would help to build a more comprehensive understanding of zinc oxide’s potential in burn wound management.

Clinical Implications and Practical Considerations

The findings of this experimental study raise several important considerations for clinical practice in burn wound management:

• Treatment efficacy: The superior performance of zinc oxide in this study suggests that it may be a more effective option for treating partial-thickness burns compared to silver sulfadiazine.
• Infection control: The lower wound colonization scores observed with zinc oxide treatment could translate to a reduced risk of wound infection in clinical settings.
• Healing time: Faster re-epithelialization with zinc oxide treatment may lead to shorter hospital stays and quicker return to normal activities for burn patients.
• Scar minimization: The reduced scar tissue formation observed with zinc oxide could potentially result in better cosmetic and functional outcomes for patients.
• Cost-effectiveness: If zinc oxide proves to be more effective in human studies, it could potentially reduce overall treatment costs by shortening healing times and minimizing complications.

However, it’s crucial to note that clinical protocols should not be changed based solely on this experimental animal study. Human clinical trials would be necessary to confirm these benefits and establish appropriate treatment guidelines.

Potential Challenges in Clinical Translation

Several factors need to be considered when evaluating the potential clinical application of these findings:

• Formulation differences: The zinc oxide preparation used in the study may differ from commercially available products, potentially affecting efficacy.
• Application protocols: Optimal frequency and method of application would need to be determined for human use.
• Patient variability: Factors such as burn depth, location, and individual patient characteristics could influence treatment outcomes.
• Combination with standard care: How zinc oxide treatment might be integrated with other aspects of burn care (e.g., debridement, dressings) needs to be explored.
• Safety profile: While zinc oxide is generally considered safe for topical use, its safety profile in the context of burn wound treatment would need to be thoroughly evaluated.

These considerations highlight the need for careful clinical research before implementing changes in burn wound management protocols based on these experimental findings.

Comparison of topical zinc oxide and silver sulfadiazine in burn wounds: an experimental study

Comparative Study

. 2012 Sep;18(5):376-83.

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381.

Kemal Arslan 
¹
, Omer Karahan, Ahmet Okuş, Yaşar Unlü, Mehmet Ali Eryılmaz, Serden Ay, Barış Sevinç

Affiliations

Affiliation

• ¹ Department of General Surgery, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey. [email protected]

• PMID:

  23188597

• DOI:

  10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381

Free article

Comparative Study

Kemal Arslan et al.

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg.

2012 Sep.

Free article

. 2012 Sep;18(5):376-83.

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381.

Authors

Kemal Arslan 
¹
, Omer Karahan, Ahmet Okuş, Yaşar Unlü, Mehmet Ali Eryılmaz, Serden Ay, Barış Sevinç

Affiliation

• ¹ Department of General Surgery, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey. [email protected]

• PMID:

  23188597

• DOI:

  10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381

Abstract

Background:

We aimed to compare the effects of topical zinc oxide and topical silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of partial-thickness burn wounds.

Methods:

The study was conducted with 20 New Zealand rabbits, and burn wounds were created by a brass probe. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. The burns were treated with zinc oxide (Group O) or silver sulfadiazine (Group S) with daily application. The wound healing process was followed both clinically and histopathologically. We determined the days at which 50% and 80% re-epithelization was observed.

Results:

The mean time for 50% and 80% re-epithelization was 21.4 and 25.4 days in Group O and 25.8 and 30.2 days in Group S, respectively (p<0.001). The mean score for wound colonization was lower in Group O. The difference was statistically significant at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 6 (p<0.001). In the histopathological examination, the thicknesses of the epidermis, dermis and scar tissue were 0.12 mm, 3.80 mm and 244 mm in Group O, and 0. 16 mm, 4.76 mm and 3.16 mm in Group S, respectively (p<0.001).

Conclusion:

In this experimental burn study, zinc oxide was more effective than silver sulfadiazine in terms of epithelization, dermis maturation and scar formation.

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Zinc Oxide Topical: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Uses

This medication is used to treat and prevent diaper rash and other minor skin irritations (such as burns, cuts, scrapes). It works by forming a barrier on the skin to protect it from irritants/moisture.

How to use Zinc Oxide Ointment

Use this medication on the skin only. Follow all directions on the product package or use as directed by your doctor. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Avoid getting this medication in the eyes. If you do get the medication in the eyes, flush with plenty of water.

If you are using the spray, shake the container well before each use.

This medication should start working within 12 hours. Tell your doctor if your condition gets worse, does not improve, lasts for more than 7 days, or occurs again after a few days.

Side Effects

If your doctor has directed you to use this medication, remember that your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: skin irritation.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US –

In the US – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Precautions

Before using zinc oxide, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

If you have the following health problem, consult your doctor or pharmacist before using this product: skin infection in the affected area.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before using this medication.

It is unknown if this drug passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

Does Zinc Oxide Ointment interact with other drugs you are taking?

Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker

Overdose

This medicine may be harmful if swallowed. If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

Keep all medical and lab appointments.

To help prevent diaper rash, check your baby’s diaper often, and change the diaper whenever it appears wet/dirty.

Not applicable.

Refer to storage information printed on the package. If you have any questions about storage, ask your pharmacist. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

Images

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CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

Today on WebMD

Zinc oxide – an important compound in industry and medicine

Oxide, or zinc oxide – an inorganic substance that is in demand in various areas of production, in medicine and in everyday life. ZnO formula. It occurs naturally as the mineral zincite.

Properties

White fine crystalline powder, insoluble in water. Sublimates at t +1800 °C, melts at 2000 °C. It has semiconducting properties, low thermal conductivity, absorbs ultraviolet. Thin films have piezoelectric properties. When heated, it becomes yellow, after cooling it turns white again. Does not burn. When in contact with the skin does not cause irritation, on the contrary, it has an anti-inflammatory and disinfecting effect.

Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide that reacts with both acids and alkalis. The reaction with acids leads to the formation of salts, with alkalis – complex compounds of hydroxozincates. Interacts with hydrogen, carbon, ammonia solution, carbon monoxide, methane, calcium carbide, ferrosilicon. As a result of fusion with metal oxides and hydroxides, zincates are obtained, and if the reagent is fused with boron oxide or silicon oxide, then borate and zinc silicate are formed.

Precautions

Zinc oxide is considered a low-hazard and low-toxic substance, non-flammable and non-explosive, hazard class IV. But dust, suspension, zinc oxide aerosol cause irritation of the respiratory tract and “casting fever”. Swallowing leads to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In industries that deal with large quantities of bulk reagent, with roasting brass, workers must use respirators, goggles, gloves and safety shoes.

Store the reagent in airtight containers (polyethylene and paper bags or bags; steel, cardboard, plywood drums and containers), since access to carbon dioxide and moisture from the air can lead to recrystallization to zinc carbonate. If, due to prolonged improper storage, zinc oxide nevertheless turned into zinc carbonate, then it can be restored to its original properties by calcining it. Zinc oxide is stored in covered, dry warehouses without access to sunlight. Permissible storage temperature range is from -40 to +40 °C.

Application of zinc oxide

— Filler and dye for rubber, polymers, paper; vulcanizing agent for some rubbers; catalyst in methanol production; pigment for the paint and varnish industry (zinc white).
– Used in the production of glass and paints based on liquid glass; rust converter compounds; photocatalytic disinfecting wall and ceiling coatings in hospitals; artificial leather, sole rubbers.
— Filler for creams, ointments, powders and powders in cosmetology and pharmaceuticals. Ingredient in sunscreens, toothpastes.
– Mineral additive for animal feed.
– Raw materials in the glass and ceramic industry.
– In the electronics industry, zinc oxide is used to make varistors (semiconductor elements whose conductivity depends on voltage), phosphors, blue LEDs, powder lasers, thin films for sensors.
– In metallurgy – for the manufacture of electrical cables.
– In medicine, it is used as an antiseptic, drying, astringent, adsorbent. It is added to many external dermatological remedies for the treatment of eczema, bedsores, baby prickly heat, herpes simplex, wounds, cuts, burns, ulcers.
– In dentistry, abrasive materials are made, added to dental cement. In surgery, rubber products based on zinc oxide are used.

In our online store you can buy high quality zinc oxide at an affordable price. Delivery and pickup available. Buying from us is convenient and profitable!

Zinc oxide, chemical properties, preparation

1

H

Hydrogen Hydrogen

1.008

2.2

Colorless gas 2

He

HeliumHelium

4.0026

1s ²

Colorless gas

t° _{kip 9 0050 =-269°C}

3

Li

Lithium Lithium

6.941

2s ¹

0.99 900 03

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =180°C

t° _kip =1317°C

4

Be

Beryllium 2

1. 57

Light gray metal

t° _pl =1278°C

t° _kip =2970°C

5

B

BorBor

10.811

2s ² 2p ¹

2.04

Dark brown amorphous substance

t° _pl =2300°C

t° _kip =2550°C

6

C

CarbonCarbon

12.011

2s 9004 1 2 2p ²

2.55

Clear (diamond) / black (graphite) mineral

t° _pl =3550°C

t° 90 049 kip =4830°C

7

N

3.04

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-210°C

t° _kip =-196°C

8

O

OxygenOxygen

15.999

2s ² 2p ⁴

3.44

Colorless gas 0002 t° _kip =-183°C

9

F

Fluorine

18.998

2s ² 2p ⁵

4. 0

Pale yellow gas

t° _pl =-220°C

t° _kip =-188°C

10

Ne

NeonNeon

20.180 9 0003

2s ² 2p ⁶

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-249°C

t° _{kip 90 050 =-246°C}

11

Na

Sodium 0003

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =98°C

t° _kip =892°C

12

Mg

Magnesium Magnesium

24.305

3s ²

1.31

Silver white metal

t° _pl =649°C

t° _kip =1107°C

13

Al

AluminiumAluminum

26.982

3s ² 3p ¹

1.61 9 0003

Silver white metal

t° _pl =660°C

t° _kip =2467°C

14

Si

SiliconSilicon

28.086

3s ² 3p ²

1. 9

Brown powder / mineral

t° _pl =1410°C

t° _{kip 900 50 =2355°C}

15

P

P 003

2.2

White mineral / red powder

t° _pl =44°C

t° _kip =280°C

16

S

SulfurSulfur

32 .065

3s ² 3p ⁴

2.58

Light yellow powder

t° _pl =113°C 90 003

t° _kip =445°C

17

Cl

Chlorine Chlorine

35.453

3s ^{2 90 042 3p 5}

3.16

Yellowish green gas

t° _pl =-101°C

t° _kip =-35°C

18

Ar

Argon Argon

39.948

3s ² 3p ⁶

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-189°C

t° 900 49 kip =-186°C

19

K

PotassiumPotassium

39.098

4s ¹

0. 82

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =64°C

t° _kip =774°C

20

Ca

CalciumCalcium

40.078

4s ²

1.0

Silver white metal

t° _pl =839°C

t° _kip =1487°C

90 002 21

Sc

Scandium 003

Silver metal with yellow tint

t° _pl =1539°C

t° _kip =2832°C

22

Ti

TitaniumTitanium

47.867

90 002 3d ² 4s ²

1.54

Silver white metal

t° _pl =1660°C

t° _kip =3260°C

23

V

²

1.63

Silver white metal

t° _pl =1890°C

t° _kip =3380°C

24

Cr

ChromeChrome

9000 2 51.996

3d ⁵ 4s ¹

1.66

Blueish white metal

t° _pl =185 7°C

t° _kip =2482°C

25

Mn

ManganeseManganese

54. 938

3d 9 0041 5 4s ²

1.55

Brittle silver white metal

t° _pl =1244°C

t° _kip =2097°C

26

Fe

3

55.845

3d ⁶ 4s ²

1.83

Silver white metal

t° _{pl 90 050 =1535°C}

t° _kip =2750°C

27

Co

CobaltCobalt

58.933

9000 2 3d ⁷ 4s ²

1.88

Silver white metal

t° _{pl. 3}

58.693

3d ⁸ 4s ²

1.91

Silver white metal

t° _{pl 90 050 =1453°C}

t° _kip =2732°C

29

Cu

CopperCopper

63.546

3d ¹⁰ 4s ¹

1.9

Rose gold metal

t° _{pl. 03}

65.409

3d ¹⁰ 4s ²

1.65

Blueish white metal

t° _{pl 9 0050 =420°C}

t° _kip =907°C

31

Ga

Gallium Gallium

69. 723

4s ² 4p ¹

1.81

White metal with bluish tinge

t° _pl =30°C

t° _kip =2403°C

32

Ge

72.64

4s ² 4p ²

2.0

Light gray semimetal

t° _pl = 937°C

t° _kip =2830°C

33

As

ArsenicArsenic

74.922

4 s ² 4p ³

2.18

Greenish semimetal

t° _subl =613°C

(sublimation)

34

Se

Selenium Selenium

78.96

4s ² 4p ⁴

2.55

Brittle black mineral _kip =685°C

35

Br

5

2.96

Red-brown caustic liquid

t° _pl =-7°C

t° _kip =59°C

36

Kr

83.798

4s ² 4p ⁶

3. 0

Colorless gas 57°C

t° _kip =-152°C

37

Rb

RubidiumRubidium

85.468

5s ¹

0.82

Silver white metal

t° _pl =39°C

t° _kip =688°C

38

Sr

StrontiumStrontium

87.62

5s ²

0.95

Silver white metal

t° _pl =769°C

t° _kip =1384°C

39

Y

YttriumYttrium

88.906

4d ¹ 5s 90 041 2

1.22

Silver white metal

t° _pl =1523°C

t° _kip =3337°C

40

Zr

ZirconiumZirconium

91.224

4d ² 5s ²

1.33

Silver white metal

t° _{pl 9005 0 =1852°C}

t° _kip =4377°C

41

Nb

NiobiumNiobium

92.906

9000 2 4d ⁴ 5s ¹

1. 6

Shiny silver metal

t° _pl =2468°C

t° _kip =4927°C

42

Mo

MolybdenumMolybdenum 90 003

95.94

4d ⁵ 5s ¹

2.16

Shiny silver metal

t° _{pl 9 0050 =2617°C}

t° _kip =5560°C

43

Tc

TechnetiumTechnetium

98.906

9 0002 4d ⁶ 5s ¹

1.9

Synthetic radioactive metal

t° _pl =2172°C

t° _kip =5030°C

44

Ru

90 002 Ruthenium Ruthenium

101.07

4d ⁷ 5s ¹

2.2

Silver white metal

t° _pl =2310°C

t° _kip =3900°C

45

Rh

RhodiumRhodium

102.9 1

4d ⁸ 5s ¹

2.28

Silver White Metal

46

Pd

PalladiumPalladium

106. 42

4d ¹⁰

2.2

Soft Silver White 90 003

t° _pl =1552°C

t° _kip =3140°C

47

Ag

SilverSilver

107.87

4d ¹⁰ 5s ¹

1.93

Silver white metal

t° _pl =962°C

t° _kip =2212°C

48

Cd

Cadmium Cadmium

112.41

4d 0002 1.69

Silver gray metal

t° _pl =321°C

t° _kip =765°C

49

9 0002 In

IndiumIndium

114.82

5s ² 5p ¹

1.78

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =156°C

t° _{kip 900 50 =2080°C}

50

Sn

0003

1.96

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =232°C

t° _kip =2270°C

51

Sb

AntimonyAntimony

121.76

5s ² 5p ³

2. 05

Semimetal silver white

t° _pl =631°C 900 03

t° _kip =1750°C

52

Te

Tellurium Tellurium

127.60

5s ^{2 9 0042 5p 4}

2.1

Semimetal silver lustrous

t° _pl =450°C

t° _kip =990°C

53

I

Iodine Iodine

126.90

5s ² 5p ⁵

2.66

Black gray crystals

t° _pl =114°C

t° _kip =184°C

54

Xe

XenonXenon

131.29

90 002 5s ² 5p ⁶

2.6

Colorless gas 049 kip =-107°C

55

Cs

Cesium Cesium

132.91

6s ¹

0.79

Soft silvery yellow metal

t° _pl =28°C 900 03

t° _kip =690°C

56

Ba

Barium Barium

137. 33

6s ^{2 9004 2}

0.89

Silver white metal

57

La

LanthanumLanthanum

138.91

5d ¹ 6s ²

1.1

Silver metal

t° _pl =920°C

t° _kip =3454°C

58

Ce

CeriumCerium

140.12

f-element

Silvery metal

neodymium

140.91

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =931°C

t° _kip =3212°C

60

Nd

9000 2 neodymium neodymium

144.24

f-element

silver metal

t° _pl =1010°C

t° _{kip 9005 0 =3127°C}

61

Pm

Promethium Promethium

146.92

t° _pl =1080°C

t° _kip =2730°C

62

Sm

Samarium Samarium

150.36

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1072°C

t° _kip =1778°C

63

Eu

9000 2 Europium Europium

151. 96

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =822°C

t° _kip =1597°C

64

Gd

GadoliniumGadolinium

157.25

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1311°C

t° _bp =3233°C

65

Tb

TerbiumTerbium

158.93

f-element

Silver metal

9 0002 t° _pl =1360°C

t° _kip =3041°C

66

Dy

Dysprosium Dysprosium

9 0002 162.50

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1409°C

t° _kip =2335°C

67

Ho

9000 2 Holmium Holmium

164.93

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1470°C

t° _{kip 90 050 =2720°C}

68

Er

ErbiumErbium

167.26

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1522°C

t° _kip =2510°C

69

Tm

Thulium 003

t° _pl =1545°C

t° _kip =1727°C

70

Yb

YtterbiumYtterbium 9 0003

173. 04

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =824°C

t° _kip =1193°C 9 0003

71

Lu

LutetiumLutetium

174.96

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1656°C

t° _kip =3315° C

72

Hf

02 Silver metal

t° _pl =2150°C

t° _kip =5400°C

73

Ta

Tantalum antal

180.95

5d ³ 6s ²

Gray metal

t° _pl =2996°C

t° _kip =5425°C

74

W

TungstenTungsten

183.84

5d ⁴ 6s ²

2.36

Gray

t° _pl.

186.21

5d ⁵ 6s ²

Silver white metal

t° _pl =3180°C

t° _kip =5873°C

76

Os

9 0002 Osmium Osmium

190. 23

5d ⁶ 6s ²

Blueish silver metal

t° _mp =3045°C

t° _kip =5027°C

77

Ir

Iridium Iridium

192.22

5d ⁷ 6s ²

Silver metal

t° _pl =2410°C

t° _kip =4130°C

78

Pt

900 02 PlatinumPlatinum

195.08

5d ⁹ 6s ¹

2.28

Soft Silver White

t ° _pl =1772°C

t° _kip =3827°C

79

Au

GoldGold

196.97 9 0003

5d ¹⁰ 6s ¹

2.54

Soft, shiny yellow metal

Hg

MercuryMercury

200.59

5d ¹⁰ 6s 002 Liquid silver-white metal

t° _pl =-39°C

t° _kip =357°C

81

Tl

9000 2 ThalliumThallium

204.38

6s ² 6p ¹

Silver metal

t° _pl =304°C

t° _kip =1457°C

9000 2 82

Pb

Lead

Metal gray with a bluish tint

t° _pl =328°C

t° _kip =1740°C

83

Bi

BismuthBismuth

208. 98

6s ² 6p ³

Shiny silver metal

t° _pl =271°C

t° _kip =1560°C

9 0002 84

Po

Polonium Polonium

t° _pl =254°C

t° _kip =962°C

85

At

0002 209.98

6s ² 6p ⁵

2.2

Unstable element, not found in nature

0003

86

Rn

RadonRadon

222.02

6s ² 6p ⁶

2 ,2

Radioactive gas

t° _{pl. 3}

FranceFrance

223.02

7s ¹

0.7

Unstable element, not found in nature =677°C

88

Ra

Radium Radium

226.03

7s ²

0.9

9 0002 Silver-white radioactive metal

t° _pl =700°C

t° _kip =1140°C

89

Ac

9 0002 Actinium Actinium

227. 03

6d ¹ 7s ²

1.1

Silvery white radioactive metal

t° _pl =1047°C 9 0003

t° _kip =3197°C

90

Th

ThoriumThorium

232.04

f-element

9 0002 Gray soft metal

91

Pa

Protactinium Protactinium

231.04

f-element

Silver white radioactive metal

900 02 92

U

UraniumUranium

238.03

f-element

1.38

Silver white metal

t° 9004 9 fl =1132°C

t° _kip =3818°C

93

Np

NeptuniumNeptunium

237.05 9 0003

f-element

Silver-white radioactive metal

94

Pu

PlutoniumPlutonium

244.06

f-element 9000 3

Silver-white radioactive metal

95

Am

Americium Americium

243.06

f-element

Silvery white radioactive metal

96 90 003

Cm

CuriumCurium

247. 07

f element

Silvery white radioactive metal

97

Bk

9 0002 Berkelium Berkelium

247.07

f-element

Silver-white radioactive metal

98

Cf

California California

251.08

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

99

Es

003

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

100

Fm

Fermium Fermium

257.10

f-element

9 0002 Unstable element, not found in nature

101

Md

Mendelevium Mendelevium

258.10

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

102

No

NobeliumNobelium

259.10

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

103

Lr

Lawrencium Lawrencium

266

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

9 0002 104

Rf

Rutherfordium Rutherfordium

267

6d ² 7s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature 002 6d ³ 7s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature

6d ⁴ 7s ²

Unstable element, absent in nature0003

270

6d ⁵ 7s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature

108

Hs

9000 2 Hassium Hassium

277

6d ⁶ 7s ²

Unstable element, absent in nature

109

Mt 900 03

MeitneriumMeitnerium

278

6d ⁷ 7s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature

110

Ds

Darmstadt Darmstadt

281

6d ⁹ 7s ¹

Unstable element, not found in nature 90 003

Metals

Nonmetals

Alkaline

Alkaline earth

Noble

Halogens

Chalcogens

Semimetals

s-elements

p-elements

d-elements

f-elements

Hover over an element cell to get a brief description of it.