What are the most widely prescribed antibiotics and their uses. Should you take probiotics while on antibiotics. How do antibiotics affect gut health. What does research say about combining probiotics and antibiotics.

Understanding Antibiotics: Types and Uses

Antibiotics are powerful medications used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Here are 10 common antibiotics and their primary uses:

1. Amoxicillin: Widely used for respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and dental infections
2. Ciprofloxacin: Effective against urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and some types of diarrhea
3. Azithromycin: Often prescribed for respiratory infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted diseases
4. Doxycycline: Used for acne, respiratory infections, and Lyme disease
5. Cephalexin: Treats skin infections, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections
6. Metronidazole: Effective against anaerobic bacterial infections and certain parasitic infections
7. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: Used for urinary tract infections and certain types of pneumonia
8. Clindamycin: Prescribed for serious skin infections and dental infections
9. Erythromycin: Used for respiratory infections and skin infections
10. Vancomycin: Reserved for serious infections caused by resistant bacteria

The Impact of Antibiotics on Gut Health

While antibiotics are crucial in fighting bacterial infections, they can also disrupt the delicate balance of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome consists of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that play a vital role in our overall health.

When antibiotics are introduced, they not only target harmful bacteria but can also eliminate beneficial bacteria in the gut. This disruption can lead to various side effects, including:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain
• Yeast infections
• Decreased immune function

Probiotics and Antibiotics: A Controversial Combination

The question of whether to take probiotics with antibiotics has been a topic of debate in the medical community. Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They are often suggested as a way to mitigate the negative effects of antibiotics on gut health.

Arguments in Favor of Combining Probiotics and Antibiotics

Some studies support the use of probiotics alongside antibiotics. A Cochrane review of 23 studies involving 3,938 participants found that probiotics could help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea, particularly in children. The review examined various probiotic strains, including Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacilli spp., and Saccharomyces spp.

The results showed that only 8% of participants in the probiotic group experienced antibiotic-associated diarrhea, compared to 19% in the control group. The authors concluded that probiotics had a protective effect, with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 10.

Arguments Against Combining Probiotics and Antibiotics

On the other hand, a 2019 Italian study presented conflicting evidence. The research found that individuals given probiotics after antibiotic treatment experienced a delayed return to normal gut microbiome composition. It took six months for their gut microbiome to return to its normal state, compared to only three weeks for those not given probiotics.

This study suggests that probiotics may interfere with the natural recovery process of the gut microbiome following antibiotic treatment. However, it’s important to note that this study only examined one specific probiotic formulation, and results may vary with different probiotic strains or antibiotic combinations.

Potential Side Effects of Probiotics

While probiotics are generally considered safe for most people, they can cause side effects in some individuals. Common side effects reported in clinical trials include:

• Abdominal bloating
• Gas
• Nausea
• Constipation
• Increased phlegm
• Taste disturbance
• Rash

It’s important to note that serious adverse events have been observed in severely debilitated or immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with underlying risk factors such as central venous catheter use.

Alternative Approaches to Supporting Gut Health During Antibiotic Treatment

Given the conflicting evidence surrounding probiotics and antibiotics, researchers are exploring alternative methods to support gut health during and after antibiotic treatment. Some promising approaches include:

Fermented Foods

Consuming fermented foods such as sauerkraut, kimchi, and yogurt may help introduce beneficial bacteria to the gut naturally. These foods contain a diverse array of microorganisms that could potentially support the restoration of a healthy gut microbiome.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)

FMT involves transferring fecal matter from a healthy donor to the recipient’s gut. While currently only approved for treating Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections, research is ongoing to explore its potential in other conditions related to gut microbiome disruption.

Autologous Fecal Transplantation

This innovative approach involves collecting and freezing a person’s own stool sample before antibiotic treatment. The sample is then reintroduced to the gut after the antibiotic course is completed. Studies have shown that this method can help restore the gut microbiome to its pre-antibiotic state within eight days, compared to 21 days for those who didn’t undergo the procedure.

Factors to Consider When Deciding on Probiotic Use

When contemplating whether to use probiotics alongside antibiotics, several factors should be taken into account:

• The specific antibiotic being used
• The individual’s overall health status
• Any pre-existing gut health issues
• The type and strain of probiotic being considered
• The duration of antibiotic treatment

It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any probiotic regimen, especially when taking antibiotics. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific situation and medical history.

Future Research Directions in Probiotics and Antibiotics

The conflicting evidence surrounding the use of probiotics with antibiotics highlights the need for further research in this area. Future studies should focus on:

• Examining different probiotic strains and their interactions with various antibiotics
• Investigating the long-term effects of probiotic use during antibiotic treatment
• Exploring personalized approaches to probiotic supplementation based on individual microbiome profiles
• Developing novel methods to protect and restore the gut microbiome during antibiotic therapy
• Assessing the potential of prebiotics and synbiotics in mitigating antibiotic-induced dysbiosis

As our understanding of the complex relationships between antibiotics, probiotics, and the gut microbiome continues to evolve, we may see more targeted and effective strategies for maintaining gut health during antibiotic treatment.

Practical Tips for Antibiotic Use and Gut Health

While the debate on probiotics and antibiotics continues, there are several practical steps you can take to support your gut health when taking antibiotics:

1. Always complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by your healthcare provider
2. Take antibiotics at the recommended times and follow any specific instructions (e.g., with or without food)
3. Stay hydrated to help flush out toxins and support overall health
4. Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber to support your gut microbiome
5. Consider incorporating fermented foods into your diet, if tolerated
6. Avoid alcohol and excessive caffeine, which can irritate the gut
7. Report any severe side effects or unusual symptoms to your healthcare provider promptly

By following these guidelines and maintaining open communication with your healthcare provider, you can help minimize the potential negative impacts of antibiotics on your gut health while still benefiting from their infection-fighting properties.

The Role of Personalized Medicine in Antibiotic and Probiotic Use

As research in the field of gut health and microbiome science progresses, there is growing interest in personalized approaches to antibiotic and probiotic use. This concept, often referred to as “precision medicine,” takes into account an individual’s unique genetic makeup, microbiome composition, and environmental factors to tailor treatment strategies.

Microbiome Testing

Advances in microbiome testing technologies are making it possible to analyze an individual’s gut microbiome composition quickly and accurately. This information could potentially be used to:

• Predict how an individual might respond to specific antibiotics
• Identify the most suitable probiotic strains for each person
• Monitor changes in the microbiome before, during, and after antibiotic treatment
• Guide personalized strategies for restoring gut health post-antibiotics

Targeted Probiotic Therapies

As our understanding of specific probiotic strains and their effects grows, we may see more targeted probiotic therapies developed. These could include:

• Probiotic formulations designed to complement specific antibiotics
• Strain-specific probiotics tailored to address particular gut health issues
• Synbiotic products combining probiotics with prebiotics for enhanced efficacy

While personalized approaches to antibiotic and probiotic use are still in their early stages, they hold promise for optimizing treatment outcomes and minimizing adverse effects on gut health.

Conclusion

The question of whether to take probiotics with antibiotics remains complex and without a definitive answer. While some studies suggest potential benefits, others indicate that probiotics may interfere with the natural recovery of the gut microbiome. As research continues, it’s clear that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be appropriate.

The decision to use probiotics alongside antibiotics should be made on an individual basis, considering factors such as the specific antibiotic being used, the person’s overall health status, and their unique microbiome composition. Consulting with a healthcare provider is crucial in making an informed decision.

As our understanding of the gut microbiome and its interactions with antibiotics and probiotics deepens, we can look forward to more targeted and effective strategies for maintaining gut health during antibiotic treatment. In the meantime, focusing on a healthy diet, staying hydrated, and following proper antibiotic use guidelines can help support overall gut health and well-being.

Should you take probiotics with antibiotics?

Medically reviewed by Carmen Pope, BPharm. Last updated on Nov 7, 2022.

There is controversy about whether you should routinely take probiotics with antibiotics and the question cannot be answered with a straight yes or no.

Evidence for taking probiotics with antibiotics includes a Cochrane review which reported that children who were given a course of probiotics after antibiotics had less diarrhea. Evidence against taking probiotics with antibiotics includes a 2019 Italian study that reported that the gut microbiome of people given probiotics after antibiotics took six months to return to its normal state compared to only three weeks for those not given any probiotics.

More studies are needed before a definite statement can be made.

What studies support giving probiotics with antibiotics?

A Cochrane review of 23 studies (3938 participants) investigated giving probiotics containing either one or a combination of the following: Bacillus spp. , Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium butyricum, Lactobacilli spp., Lactococcus spp., Leuconostoc cremoris, Saccharomyces spp., or Streptococcus sp.

Results from 22/23 trials that reported on the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea show a significant benefit from probiotics compared to active, placebo, or no treatment control (8% in the probiotic group compared to 19% in the control group). None of the 16 trials (n = 2455) that reported on side events documented any serious side events attributable to probiotics with the most common ones being rash, nausea, gas, flatulence, abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting, increased phlegm, chest pain, constipation, taste disturbance, and low appetite. The author’s concluded that there was a protective effect of probiotics for preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The relative risk was 0.46 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.61) and the NNT was 10.

The authors considered Lactobacillus rhamnosus or Saccharomyces boulardii at 5 to 40 billion colony forming units/day to be the most appropriate choice. They also commented that although no serious adverse events were observed among the otherwise healthy children in these trials, serious adverse events have been observed in severely debilitated or immuno-compromised children with underlying risk factors (eg, central venous catheter use), and advised that probiotics should be avoided in pediatric populations at risk for adverse events until further research has been conducted.

What studies do not recommend giving probiotics with antibiotics?

Researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and other institutions reported that the gut microbiome took longer to return to normal in those people given an 11-strain probiotic treatment for four weeks following a course of antibiotics. This was despite the probiotics effectively colonizing the gut with healthy bacteria. The trouble was the presence of the new bacteria and yeasts strains prevented the gut microbiome from returning to normal for the full six month study period.

Conversely, the gut microbiome in those given no probiotics returned to normal within three weeks of going off the antibiotics. “ The authors did conclude that this study just examined one type of probiotic, and a different probiotic may be helpful in patients taking different antibiotics. However, they did point out the findings of the study imply that the traditional practice of taking a probiotic after antibiotic may not be beneficial.

More research is needed to determine if other options to strengthen the gut microbiome, such as fermented food products (eg, sauerkraut and kimchi) or fecal transplantation, is beneficial. Studies have shown that autologous fecal transplantation, which involves collecting stool samples before going on antibiotics and freezing them, brought the gut microbiome back to normal within eight days once the stool was returned to the gut following antibiotic treatment. It took 21 days for the gut microbiota in the group that didn’t undergo fecal transplantation to return to perfect health. Currently, however, the only approved indication for autologous fecal transplantation is for people with C. difficile colitis, which is an inflammation of the colon caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile.

What are the most common side effects of probiotics?

The most common side effects reported with probiotics in clinical trials included:

• abdominal bloating
• abdominal pain
• chest pain
• constipation
• flatulence
• gas
• increased phlegm
• low appetite
• nausea
• rash
• taste disturbance
• vomiting.

What is the gut microbiome?

Our digestive tract is home to trillions of bacteria as well as fungi and viruses – these are known as the gut microbiome.

The makeup of this biome is largely genetically determined; however, it is heavily influenced by several factors such as whether we are born naturally (vaginally) or by cesarean section, if we were breastfed, our use of antibiotics, and our exposure to chemicals, pesticides, and other toxins.

Scientists now know that this microbiome is critical to our overall well-being. Some call it our second brain. Small imbalances can cause significant changes to our mental health and in the appearance of our skin and has been linked to almost every known condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Type 2 diabetes.

An imbalance may also cause constipation, diarrhea, skin rashes, yeast infections, and a suppressed immune system. Your likelihood of putting on weight also comes down to your microbiome and the influence it has on your response to insulin and thyroid gland function.

What are probiotics?

Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are beneficial for health. They are often referred to as ‘good’, ‘helpful’, or ‘healthy’ bacteria.

Probiotics are available as dietary supplements and can be brought over the counter from a drug store, pharmacy, or health store. Probiotics are also found naturally or added to foods such as dark chocolate, yogurt, miso soup, pickles, sauerkraut, tempeh, or kefir.

What is the rationale behind taking probiotics with antibiotics?

Taking an antibiotic for an infection can kill beneficial bacteria that live in your gut.

Probiotics may be taken orally to restore any imbalance in the normal intestinal or urogenital flora. This is the rationale behind taking probiotics with antibiotics. Severe antibiotic-induced diarrhea can also lead to an infection with Clostridium difficile, also known as C. difficile, a bacteria which can cause dangerous inflammation in your colon (colitis).

Experts have hypothesized that If you suffer from stomach cramping, gas or diarrhea when you take antibiotics, adding a probiotic may help to lessen, or even prevent, these symptoms. The addition of a probiotic will also reintroduce helpful bacteria into your digestive tract that have been killed or had their numbers reduced by the antibiotic.

How should I take probiotics with antibiotics?

If you do decide to take a probiotic with an antibiotic, start it the same day you start the antibiotic, but do not take it at exactly the same time as the antibiotic. Allow at least two hours to elapse after taking your antibiotic before you take your probiotic.

Probiotics are usually taken twice a day on an empty stomach. They should then be continued for at least several weeks after your course of antibiotics has finished, although some people take probiotics daily to not only continue to help digestion but to boost their immune system and enhance the absorption of some nutrients.

If you wish to take probiotic supplements, choose a high-quality probiotic made by a reputable company that contains at least one of the following: Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Saccharomyces boulardii, or Bifidobacterium sp. at 5 to 40 billion colony units/day.

Do prebiotics help return the gut microbiome to normal?

Prebiotics are foods for probiotics and include fiber-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, cereals.

Mixing prebiotics with probiotics, such as yogurt with fruit and cereal or sauerkraut with a vegetable stir fry could be helpful for your gut, although there is no scientific evidence to support this.

Good prebiotic foods include vegetables such as artichokes, asparagus, garlic, onions, and any green vegetable; fruits such as bananas, berries, and tomatoes; herbs such as chicory or garlic; grains like barley, oat, and wheat; and other fibers such as inulin that may be available on its own or added to foods such as granola bars, cereal, and yogurt.

References

• Goldenberg JZ, Lytvyn L, Steurich J, Parkin P, Mahant S, Johnston BC. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 22;(12):CD004827. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub4. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 30;4:CD004827. PMID: 26695080.
• Suez J, Zmora N, Zilberman-Schapira G, et al. Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous FMT. Cell. 2018 Sep 6;174(6):1406-1423.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047. PMID: 30193113.
• Goderska K, Agudo Pena S, Alarcon T. Helicobacter pylori treatment: antibiotics or probiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018 Jan;102(1):1-7. doi: 10.1007/s00253-017-8535-7. Epub 2017 Oct 26. PMID: 29075827; PMCID: PMC5748437.
• Neut C, Mahieux S, Dubreuil LJ. Antibiotic susceptibility of probiotic strains: Is it reasonable to combine probiotics with antibiotics? Med Mal Infect. 2017 Nov;47(7):477-483. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2017.07.001. Epub 2017 Aug 7. PMID: 28797834.
• Guandalini S. Probiotics for prevention and treatment of diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov;45 Suppl:S149-53. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182257e98. PMID: 21992955.
• Do probiotics provide effective and safe protection against antibiotic-associated adverse effects? Best Practice Journal > 2015 > BPJ: 68 > Do probiotics provide effective and safe protection against antibiotic-associated adverse effects? https://bpac.org.nz/bpj/2015/june/probiotics.aspx

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Medical Disclaimer

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension Information

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Generic name: Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension [ sul-fa-meth-OKS-a-zole-& trye-METH-oh-prim ]
Drug class: Sulfonamides

Medically reviewed by Drugs. com. Last updated on Oct 28, 2022.

Uses of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension:

• It is used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension?

For all patients taking sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension:

• If you are allergic to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension; any part of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension; or any other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and
  what signs you had.
• If you have anemia caused by a lack of folic acid.
• If you have any of these health problems: Kidney disease or liver disease.
• If you have any of these health problems: Asthma, porphyria, thyroid disease, not enough folate in the body, poor absorption, or poor
  nutrition.
• If you have been drinking alcohol for a long time or are taking a drug for seizures.
• If you have ever had a low platelet count when using trimethoprim or a sulfa (sulfonamide) drug.
• If you are taking any of these drugs: Amantadine, cyclosporine, dofetilide, indomethacin, leucovorin, methotrexate, or pyrimethamine.
• If you are taking or have recently taken any of these drugs: Benazepril, captopril, enalapril, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril,
  perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, or trandolapril.
• If you are taking a water pill.
• If you are breast-feeding or plan to breast-feed.

Children:

• If your child is younger than 2 months of age. Do not give sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension to an infant younger than 2 months of age.

This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all of your drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check
to make sure that it is safe for you to take sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension with all of your drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of
any drug without checking with your doctor.

What are some things I need to know or do while I take Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension?

• Tell all of your health care providers that you take sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension. This includes your doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
• Have blood work checked as you have been told by the doctor. Talk with the doctor.
• Have your urine checked as you have been told by your doctor.
• This medicine may affect certain lab tests. Tell all of your health care providers and lab workers that you take sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension.
• Do not use longer than you have been told. A second infection may happen.
• Be careful if you have G6PD deficiency. Anemia may happen.
• If you have high blood sugar (diabetes), you will need to watch your blood sugar closely.
• Talk with your doctor before you drink alcohol.
• This medicine may make you sunburn more easily. Use care if you will be in the sun. Tell your doctor if you sunburn easily while taking this
  drug.
• Rarely, very bad effects have happened with sulfa drugs. Sometimes, these have been deadly. These effects have included liver problems,
  blood problems, and very bad skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your doctor right away if you have a
  rash; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; red or irritated eyes; sores in your mouth, throat, nose, or eyes; fever, chills, or sore
  throat; cough that is new or worse; feeling very tired or weak; any bruising or bleeding; or signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling
  tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes.
• This medicine may raise the chance of a very bad brain problem called aseptic meningitis. Call your doctor right away if you have a headache,
  fever, chills, very upset stomach or throwing up, stiff neck, rash, bright lights bother your eyes, feeling sleepy, or feeling confused.
• If you are 65 or older, use sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension with care. You could have more side effects.
• This medicine may cause harm to the unborn baby if you take it while you are pregnant. If you are pregnant or you get pregnant while taking
  sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension, call your doctor right away.

How is this medicine (Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension) best taken?

Use sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension as ordered by your doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.

• Take with or without food. Take with food if it causes an upset stomach.
• Take with a full glass of water.
• Take sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension at the same time of day.
• Keep taking sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension as you have been told by your doctor or other health care provider, even if you feel well.
• Drink lots of noncaffeine liquids unless told to drink less liquid by your doctor.
• Shake well before use.
• Measure liquid doses carefully. Use the measuring device that comes with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension. If there is none, ask the pharmacist for a device to
  measure sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension.

What do I do if I miss a dose?

• Take a missed dose as soon as you think about it.
• If it is close to the time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your normal time.
• Do not take 2 doses at the same time or extra doses.

What are some side effects that I need to call my doctor about right away?

WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your
doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:

• Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing;
  tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue,
  or throat.
• Signs of a high potassium level like a heartbeat that does not feel normal; change in thinking clearly and with logic; feeling weak,
  lightheaded, or dizzy; feel like passing out; numbness or tingling; or shortness of breath.
• Signs of low blood sugar like dizziness, headache, feeling sleepy, feeling weak, shaking, a fast heartbeat, confusion, hunger, or sweating.
• Signs of kidney problems like unable to pass urine, change in how much urine is passed, blood in the urine, or a big weight gain.
• Signs of low sodium levels like headache, trouble focusing, memory problems, feeling confused, weakness, seizures, or change in balance.
• Muscle or joint pain.
• Purple patches on the skin or mouth.
• Shortness of breath.
• Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there).
• Mood changes.
• Diarrhea is common with antibiotics. Rarely, a severe form called C diff–associated diarrhea (CDAD) may happen. Sometimes, this has led
  to a deadly bowel problem (colitis). CDAD may happen during or a few months after taking antibiotics. Call your doctor right away if you have
  stomach pain, cramps, or very loose, watery, or bloody stools. Check with your doctor before treating diarrhea.

What are some other side effects of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension?

All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical
help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:

• Upset stomach or throwing up.
• Diarrhea.
• Not hungry.

These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your doctor. Call your doctor for medical
advice about side effects.

You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-332-1088. You may also report side effects at https://www.fda.gov/medwatch.

If OVERDOSE is suspected:

If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was
taken, how much, and when it happened.

How do I store and/or throw out Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim Suspension?

• Store at room temperature protected from light. Store in a dry place. Do not store in a bathroom.
• Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets.
• Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain unless you are told to do so. Check with your
  pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area.

Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer

• If your symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your doctor.
• Do not share your drugs with others and do not take anyone else’s drugs.
• Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. Check with your pharmacist. If you have any questions about sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension, please talk
  with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
• If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was
  taken, how much, and when it happened.

Frequently asked questions

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Medical Disclaimer

What are antibiotics? – article on the website Aptechestvo, Nizhny Novgorod

Antibiotics are a group of drugs that are used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria are living microorganisms that, having penetrated into the human body, begin active life and reproduction. The effect of antibiotic therapy is the direct destruction of the pathogen, as well as slowing down the reproduction of pathogens. In connection with these antibacterial drugs are divided into 2 large groups: bactericidal – destroying the bacterium itself, as well as bacteriostatic, inhibiting their growth. In addition, antibiotics have a narrow and broad spectrum of action. Narrow-spectrum drugs destroy the infection selectively, while broad-spectrum drugs destroy most of the microorganisms, including those that benefit humans. Which antibiotics to take for the treatment of various diseases should be decided by the doctor after the diagnosis. Taking such drugs at your own discretion is fraught with complications.

Fluoroquinolones

They suppress the activity of enzymes involved in the formation of bacterial DNA, as a result of which the infection dies. The drugs are available in the form of tablets, injections, ophthalmic drops. Indications for appointment:

This group of drugs:

• Ciprofloxacin;

• Ofloxacin;

• Pefloxacin;

• Norfloxacin.

Aminoglycosides

Broad-spectrum agents that kill most types of Gram-negative aerobic and facultative bacteria. The active substance disrupts the process of protein synthesis, as a result of which the pathogen is destroyed and dies.

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed when taken orally, so, as a rule, they are prescribed as intravenous or intramuscular injections. Members of this group:

• Amikacin;

• Gentamicin;

• Kanamycin;

• Neomycin;

• Plazomycin;

• Streptomycin.

As a rule, these drugs are used in combination with other antibiotics to treat such infectious diseases:

Tetracyclines

Bacteriostatic antibiotics that retard the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, but do not completely destroy them. As a result, the reproduction of the infection stops, and it gradually dies.

Tetracyclines have a wide spectrum of activity, with pronounced activity against aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Tetracyclines are not prescribed for children under 8 years of age, since long-term use causes a number of serious complications.

The drugs of this group can be prescribed in tablet forms and in the form of injections. For the treatment of ophthalmic infections, ointments are produced, the active substance of which is tetracycline.

Medicines:

• doxycycline;

• minocycline;

• Tetracycline;

• Oxytetracycline.

Diseases for which tetracyclines are prescribed:

Macrolides

They suppress vital activity and prevent the reproduction of anaerobic and aerobic gram-positive bacteria. Preparations of this group are used in the treatment of bronchopulmonary infections, tonsillitis, otitis, scarlet fever, intestinal infections. Medicines that are included in this group:

• Erythromycin;

• Azithromycin;

• Clarithromycin;

• Spiramycin.

Penicilli

A group of antibiotics produced by the fungus Penicillium. Penicilli are active against most Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. This group of drugs:

• Amoxicillin;

• Augumetin;

• Amoxiclav;

• Flemoxin Slutab.

Cephalosporins

These are bactericidal beta-beta-lactam antibiotics that interfere with cell protein synthesis. There are 5 generations of cephalosporins. The active substance penetrates well into most body fluids, having a pronounced bactericidal effect. Cephalosporins are used for uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria. This group of drugs:

• Ceftriaxone;

• Cefodox;

• Cefix;

• Tsepefim.

Bacteria are organisms that do not live long, but in order to restore their population, they multiply rapidly, and, accordingly, quickly mutate, adapting to new living conditions. Microorganisms that survive after taking antibiotics become resistant to them. Their offspring also become immune to a particular drug.

Antibiotic resistance is a common problem of modern man, which causes serious complications. A person who has tried many antibiotics, that is, self-medicated, is at risk for patients with antibiotic resistance. Very often they die before a specialist can pick up a drug that works against a specific pathogen. Therefore, it is important to follow the recommendations of the doctor and take antibacterial agents strictly according to an individual scheme.

Use of antibiotic injections: features and correct technique

Contents

• 1 Benefits of antibiotic injections in the treatment of infections
  • 1.1 Use of antibiotic injections: features and correct technique
    • 1.1.1 kolakh: what is it ?
  • 1.2 How antibiotic injections work
  • 1.3 What diseases are antibiotic injections used for?
  • 1. 4 Injections with antibiotics
    • 1.4.1 Medical injections for the treatment of infections
    • 1.4.2 Preventive measures in health care settings
    • 1.4.3 Veterinary prophylaxis
    • 1.4.4 Antibiotic injections in agriculture
  • 1.5 Antibiotic injections for various diseases
    • 1.5.1 Angina
    • 1.5.2 Sepsis
    • 1.5.3 Cystitis
  • zirovka
  • 1.6.2 Rules of application
  • 1.6.3 Conclusion
• 1.7 Determining the dosage of antibiotics in injections
• injections: what features should be considered?
• 1.10 Differences between types of antibiotics and their properties
• 1.11 Choosing the optimal antibiotic for a particular disease
• 1.12 Side effects and complications associated with the use of injections with antibiotics
  • 1.12.1 Allergic reactions
  • 1.12.2 Dysbacteriosis
  • 1.12.3 Development of superinfection
  • 1. 12.4 Increased risk of antibiotic resistance

9001 1 1.13 Related videos:

• 1.14 Q&A:
  • • 1.14.0.1 What is the correct way to administer antibiotic injections?
    • 1.14.0.2 Can antibiotics be used during pregnancy?
    • 1.14.0.3 Can multiple antibiotic injections be used at the same time?
    • 1.14.0.4 How often can antibiotic injections be given?
    • 1.14.0.5 Are there any contraindications to the use of antibiotic injections?
    • 1.14.0.6 Can antibiotics cause side effects?

Antibiotic injections are an effective way to fight infectious diseases, but their use has its own characteristics. In the article, you will learn how to choose the right drug, what risks such a treatment method can carry, and how to reduce their impact on the body.

Antibiotics are one of the most common medicines used to treat various infections. However, not all patients can take antibiotics by mouth, so the injection method is an alternative way to administer drugs.

The use of antibiotic injections may be necessary in the treatment of bacterial infections and is an effective and safe method for achieving a quick and long-term effect. However, the correct use of antibiotic injections is an important issue that requires special attention from the medical staff and the patient.

In the article we will consider the features of the use of antibiotics in injections, the rules for the preparation and administration of drugs, as well as recommendations for observing the correct injection technique. By reading our information, you can get the most benefit from using antibiotics for bacterial infections.

The use of antibiotics in injections: features and correct technique

Antibiotics in injections: what is it?

Antibiotics are medicines used to fight bacterial infections. They can be taken in the form of tablets, capsules, syrups or injections. When a patient cannot take antibiotics by mouth or the need for treatment is very urgent, doctors may decide to give an antibiotic injection.

However, the use of antibiotic injections has its own characteristics and requires proper technique to avoid possible complications.

How antibiotic injections work

Antibiotic injections are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. The action of antibiotics is based on the ability to inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria. To do this, they can block certain enzymes, disrupt protein synthesis processes, or damage the bacterial cell wall.

In addition, antibiotics have the property of specificity of action, which means that each of them works only with a certain type of bacteria. Therefore, for the correct appointment and use of an antibiotic, it is necessary to conduct tests for the sensitivity of bacteria to the drug.

When using antibiotics in injections, it is important to observe the correct dosage and regularity of application, since their concentration in the blood must be sufficient to fight the infection.

• Avoid self-medication: Never take antibiotics without a doctor’s recommendation, as this can lead to the development of bacterial resistance and deterioration of the body.
• Watch out for side effects: Antibiotics can cause allergic reactions, diarrhea, and other unwanted effects. If you notice any change in how you feel, tell your doctor.

Although antibiotics are highly effective in fighting bacterial infections, their use is not always necessary. In some cases, the use of antibiotics is not only useless, but also dangerous.

For example, viral infections do not respond to antibiotics, so their use in such cases is inappropriate. In addition, the frequent use of antibiotics can lead to the emergence of bacterial resistance and reduce their effectiveness in the future.

What diseases are antibiotic injections used for?

Antibiotic shots are widely used in medicine to treat infections caused by bacteria. They are used to treat a variety of diseases of the respiratory system, genitourinary system, skin, eyes, ears and others.

In traumatology, injections with antibiotics are used for wounds and thrombophlebitis, as well as after operations on organs and tissues to prevent infections.

1. Pneumonia – Antibiotic shots are an effective treatment for pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection.
2. Urinary system – antibiotic injections help treat cystitis, pyelonephritis and other diseases of the genitourinary system.
3. Skin diseases – Antibiotic injections can be used to treat furunculosis, purulent inflammation, and other skin diseases.
4. Eye infections – Antibiotic shots can help with conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and other eye infections.

Antibiotic injections

Medical injections for infections

Antibiotic injections are widely used in medicine to treat various infections and inflammations. They are used to fight bacterial infections such as pneumonia, tonsillitis, acute respiratory infections and urinary diseases.

Preventive measures in healthcare settings

Antibiotic shots are also used to prevent various infectious diseases in healthcare settings. For example, if a patient is undergoing surgery or procedures that may increase the risk of infection, the doctor may give them an antibiotic shot to prevent possible infection after the procedure.

Veterinary prophylaxis

Antibiotic injections are widely used in veterinary medicine for the prevention and treatment of various bacterial and fungal infections in animals. They are used in the treatment of all types of animals, including farm animals, pets and poultry.

Antibiotic injections in agriculture

Antibiotic injections are widely used in agriculture to prevent and treat animal diseases that can affect animal productivity. Among those diseases that can be prevented or treated with antibiotic shots are diseases such as mastitis, typhoid fever, colibacillosis and yeast mastitis in animals.

Antibiotic injections for various diseases

Angina

Antibiotics are used to treat angina when it is caused by a bacterial infection. The most commonly used are amoxicillin and azithromycin. Dosage and duration of treatment depend on the severity of the disease and the age of the patient.

Sepsis

Sepsis is a severe disease caused by intracellular bacteria. The use of antibiotics is mandatory. The most effective are cefepime, ampicillin-sulbactam and meropenem. It is important to consider the degree of sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics when choosing a drug.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder caused by a bacterial infection. The use of antibiotics is necessary for treatment. The most commonly prescribed are amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin and ciprofloxacin. The dosage and duration of the course depend on the severity of the disease and the nature of the pathogen.

• Important to know: When taking antibiotics, follow the instructions for their use and do not skip doses. This will help to achieve the best effect from the treatment and avoid the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
• Note: For optimal treatment, always consult a specialist and do not self-administer antibiotics.

Dosage and rules for the use of antibiotics in injections

Dosage

Antibiotics in injections are available in different dosages, which depend on the type of drug and the type of disease. To determine the correct dosage, you must consult a doctor who will prescribe an injection. Do not self-medicate, and exceed the indicated dosage, as this can lead to side effects and weaken the immune system.

Instructions for use

• It is important to follow the rules of asepsis and antisepsis during injections. Sterilization of the injection needle and sterility of the solution are key measures to prevent infections and drug combinations when injected into the blood.
• Follow the directions that come with the medicine. They contain information about the rules of overdose, shelf life and additional information.
• To avoid injection into blood or iron, the injection must be given under the skin or into the muscles of the body.
• Antibiotics should not be stored in the tiller, baby food, medicines or warm places.
• For maximum effectiveness of antibiotic injections, you must follow the recommended regimen, which is indicated in the instructions.

Conclusion

The dosage and rules for the use of antibiotics in injections are necessary to avoid adverse reactions, ineffective use and damage to the patient’s health. Following the recommendations of the doctor and the manufacturer of the drug increases the effectiveness of treatment and speeds up the healing process.

Determining the dosage of antibiotic injections

Determining the correct dosage of antibiotic injections is an important step in the treatment of infectious diseases. The dosage depends on factors such as age, weight, sex and condition of the patient.

Self-medication with inadequate dosage of antibiotics can lead to unwanted side effects, as well as reduce the effectiveness of treatment and promote the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms.

Therefore, before using antibiotics in injections, it is necessary to consult a doctor and strictly follow his recommendations regarding the dosage and the correct technique for administering the drug.

Antibiotic Injection Technique

Properly Prepare Instruments Before Injection

Before performing an antibiotic injection, prepare all necessary instruments and wipe them with alcohol. Use sterile needles and syringes to avoid infection.

Choose the right injection site

Select the correct injection site before giving an injection. You need to avoid places where blood vessels, nerves and bones are too close to the surface of the skin.

The direction of the needle must be correct

After choosing the injection site, direct the needle according to the angle that allows the longest part of the needle to pass through the skin.

Use correct volume of solution

Antibiotic injections must use the correct volume of solution. You also need to make sure that the dosage of the antibiotic is appropriate for the patient’s needs.

Treat the injection site after the procedure

After the injection, use an alcohol swab to wipe the injection site and avoid infection. If the patient wishes to use ice, allow them to apply ice to the treated injection site.

Selection of antibiotics for injections: what features should be considered?

How to choose the right antibiotic for injection? This task is very responsible and requires attention to a number of important factors. First, the choice of antibiotic should take into account the nature and severity of the disease, as well as the age and health of the patient. Secondly, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the antibiotic itself – its spectrum of action, toxicity, possible side effects and many other factors.

Finally, it is also worth considering the individual characteristics of the patient, such as the presence of an allergy to certain antibiotics, as well as the risk of complications or side effects.

• Conclusion: The choice of an antibiotic for an injection is a complex and responsible process that requires many factors to be taken into account. Only a properly selected antibiotic can provide quick and effective treatment of the disease and reduce the risk of possible complications.

Differences between types of antibiotics and their properties

Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacterial infections, but each type of antibiotic has its own properties and differences.

• Penicillins: These antibiotics block the formation of bacterial cell walls and may also boost the immune system.
• Cephalosporins: they are more effective against more resistant bacteria than penicillins and can also be used in more severe conditions.
• Macrolides: These antibiotics may have additional anti-inflammatory effects and are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory infections.

In addition, not all antibiotics clear up bacterial infections equally quickly. Some types may work in a few days, while others may require several weeks of treatment. Therefore, when choosing an antibiotic, the doctor must take into account the type of infection and its severity in order to prescribe the correct remedy.

Selecting the best antibiotic for a specific disease

antibiotics are the most widely used antibiotics in the fight against infectious diseases. However, not all antibiotics are equally effective against all types of bacteria. Therefore, it is very important to choose the optimal antibiotic for a particular disease.

The choice of antibiotic should take into account the type of bacteria that caused the disease, its sensitivity to specific antibiotics, as well as the patient’s condition and age.

For each disease there are certain standards of treatment and corresponding recommendations for the choice of antibiotics. For example, in the case of urinary tract infections, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines and macrolides are most effective.

Choosing the right antibiotic not only increases the effectiveness of treatment, but also reduces the risk of complications and side effects. Therefore, it is always necessary to consult a doctor before starting antibiotics.

Side effects and complications associated with the use of antibiotic injections

Allergic reactions

The possibility of developing allergic reactions when using injections with antibiotics must be considered. They can manifest as skin rashes, itching, swelling, hives, and even anaphylactic shock. If any symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor.

Dysbacteriosis

Injections with antibiotics can adversely affect the composition of the intestinal microflora, which can lead to dysbacteriosis. It manifests itself in the form of indigestion, diarrhea or constipation, bloating. To prevent dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to take probiotics or drugs with lactobacilli.

Development of superinfection

With frequent and incorrect use of antibiotics, superinfection may develop. This is a condition when a new infectious disease develops against the background of antibiotic treatment. In this case, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor to correct therapy and assign an adequate antibiotic.

Increased risk of antibiotic resistance

Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance. This means that the same antibiotics that worked the first time may no longer work in the future. In this regard, it is necessary to strictly follow the doctor’s instructions regarding the use of antibiotics.

Related videos:

Q&A:

How to inject antibiotics correctly?

Before administering an injection, it is necessary to carry out an antiseptic treatment of the injection site and the hands of a medical worker. Injection should be into the muscle of a large round or femoral muscle, into deep tissue. Do not inject into a vein or subcutaneous tissue. It is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the patient, for example, in children the handle is softer, and the medicines are absorbed faster.

Can antibiotics be used during pregnancy?

Some antibiotics are acceptable for use during pregnancy, but each drug is different. It is necessary to get the advice of the doctor conducting the pregnancy and do everything possible to avoid the use of antibiotics during the first trimester, when all the organs of the fetus are being formed.

Is it possible to use several antibiotics at the same time in injections?

As a rule, the simultaneous use of several antibiotics in injections is impractical. This may increase the risk of adverse reactions and treatment failure. It is better to consult a doctor and get advice on choosing the most appropriate medication.

How often can antibiotic injections be given?

The frequency of antibiotic injections depends on the specific drug, the severity of the infection, the patient’s age, and other factors. It is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations of the doctor and not to exceed the dosage and duration of treatment.

Are there any contraindications to the use of antibiotic injections?

Yes, there are, for example, individual intolerance, liver and kidney disorders, drug allergy and others. Before starting antibiotic treatment, you should consult with your doctor and tell him about the presence of diseases and medicines that you are already taking.

Can antibiotics cause side effects?

Yes, many antibiotics can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, disruption of the intestinal microflora, nausea and diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, impaired renal function, and others. If you notice any unusual symptoms after an antibiotic injection, you should immediately inform your doctor.