8 year old bp. High Blood Pressure in Children: Symptoms, Causes, and Preventive Measures
What are the symptoms of high blood pressure in children? What causes it? How can parents help prevent and manage this condition in their kids? Get the answers to these key questions and more.
Recognizing High Blood Pressure in Children
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a condition that is often associated with adults, but it can also affect children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 781,000 children ages 12 to 17 have high blood pressure in the United States. This condition can put young people at risk of developing heart disease and stroke later in life if left unmanaged.
So, how can parents recognize if their child is experiencing high blood pressure? Dr. Geetha Raghuveer, a pediatric cardiologist at Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri, explains that while it is recommended to measure a child’s blood pressure annually starting at age 3, this doesn’t always happen in practice. “In some younger children, it’s problematic because you need the proper-sized cuff or else the measurement will be off,” she says. “It’s not something younger kids enjoy. So, some doctors may not screen regularly.”
Causes of High Blood Pressure in Children
What can lead to high blood pressure in children? According to the experts, the most common cause is obesity. “With obesity on the rise, we do see quite a few kids with high blood pressure,” says Dr. Raghuveer. Other potential factors include kidney disease, heart abnormalities, and even sleep disorders or a history of premature birth.
While most children with hypertension don’t experience any obvious symptoms, some may report headaches, blurry vision, or even chest pain in rare cases. “The risks are over the long-term,” explains Dr. Sarah de Ferranti, director of preventive cardiology at Boston Children’s Hospital. “It’s hard on the kidneys and heart. The muscle of the heart gets thick. Over long periods of time, you could have damage to kidneys.”
Preventing and Managing High Blood Pressure in Children
The good news is that high blood pressure in children is often treatable through lifestyle changes. “For most kids, you can start with lifestyle changes,” says Dr. de Ferranti. “Lowering dietary salt intake and decreasing foods like breads and fast food can make a huge difference.”
Parents should encourage their children to adopt healthy habits, such as:
- Eating a nutritious diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Engaging in regular physical activity and aerobic exercise
- Limiting sodium intake by avoiding processed and fast foods
In rare cases, where lifestyle changes are not effective, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) may recommend blood pressure-lowering medications. However, this is only necessary for about 1% of children with hypertension.
Importance of Regular Blood Pressure Screening
Given the potential long-term risks of high blood pressure in children, it’s crucial for parents to ensure their child’s blood pressure is measured regularly. “The most important reason it should be measured in children is to make sure you’re not missing any heart or kidney problems,” says Dr. Raghuveer. “Those can be quite asymptomatic.”
While it may be challenging to get accurate measurements in younger children, the effort is well worth it. Early detection and intervention can help prevent or manage high blood pressure and its associated health risks, setting children up for a healthier future.
Developing Lifelong Healthy Habits
Childhood is a critical time for developing healthy habits that can have a lasting impact. By encouraging their children to adopt a nutritious diet and regular physical activity, parents can not only help manage high blood pressure but also instill lifelong behaviors that can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health issues down the line.
As Dr. de Ferranti notes, “Developing lifelong healthy habits in childhood may help avoid health risks in the future.” By taking proactive steps, parents can play a vital role in their children’s long-term cardiovascular health.
Conclusion
High blood pressure in children is a serious condition that, if left unmanaged, can lead to devastating long-term health consequences. However, with early detection, lifestyle interventions, and the development of healthy habits, parents can help their children overcome this challenge and set them up for a healthier future.
Is your child’s blood pressure something to worry about?
Simon Marcus Taplin/The Image Bank, Getty Images
The term “high blood pressure” rarely conjures images of young, playful children.
But the condition doesn’t just affect adults. In children, it can be caused by obesity, kidney disease, heart abnormalities or other factors. Hypertension at such a young age puts kids at risk for heart disease and stroke later in life.
“With obesity on the rise, we do see quite a few kids with high blood pressure,” said Dr. Geetha Raghuveer, pediatric cardiologist at Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri. “It’s underrecognized. It’s not often flagged in the pediatrician office because it is not always checked.”
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates 781,000 children ages 12 to 17 have high blood pressure based on guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, with the condition being most common among kids who are obese.
Although it is recommended that blood pressure be measured yearly starting at age 3, there are barriers to easily getting accurate measurements, Raghuveer said.
“In some younger children, it’s problematic because you need the proper-sized cuff or else the measurement will be off,” she said.
Having the arm squeezed tightly by the cuff also is an uncomfortable experience for children, she said. “It’s not something younger kids enjoy. So, some doctors may not screen regularly.”
But it is well worth the trouble, Raghuveer said. In fact, it may lead to the diagnosis of additional “silent” problems.
“The most important reason it should be measured in children is to make sure you’re not missing any heart or kidney problems,” she said. “Those can be quite asymptomatic.”
For children and teens, the AAP guidelines define high blood pressure as 130/80 or higher. For kids 12 and under, a blood pressure reading at or above the 95th percentile also is defined as hypertension. That means 95% of other kids who are that same age, gender and height have a lower blood pressure. As for what’s a healthy blood pressure, the guidelines define a normal reading as below the 90th percentile for younger kids and below 120/80 for teens.
Often, if a child’s blood pressure is high, the pediatrician may recommend further tests that look at urine and blood, and ultrasounds to examine the heart or the kidneys. Sleep disorders and a history of premature birth also are associated with high blood pressure in youth.
Children who have persistent hypertension may develop thicker arteries as early as age 30.
“The risks are over the long-term,” said Dr. Sarah de Ferranti, director of preventive cardiology at Boston Children’s Hospital. “It’s hard on the kidneys and heart. The muscle of the heart gets thick. Over long periods of time, you could have damage to kidneys.”
Although most kids with high blood pressure don’t have symptoms, some may experience headaches and blurry vision, she said. Very rarely, they may have chest pains.
For children diagnosed with hypertension, it doesn’t have to be a lifelong condition, de Ferranti said. Children above a healthy weight can start by eating a nutritious diet and being more active. Aerobic exercise can lower blood pressure because of its effect on blood vessels and the heart, even if weight is not at issue.
Parents should serve fruits and vegetables as snacks and stay away from sodium—a major culprit when it comes to hypertension. Nearly 9 in 10 U.S. children eat too much sodium, according to the CDC.
Packaged, processed and fast foods are high in sodium and should be avoided as much as possible, de Ferranti said. Developing lifelong healthy habits in childhood may help avoid health risks in the future.
The AAP guidelines recommend doctors prescribe blood pressure medications if lifestyle changes do not work, or if the child has another underlying condition. But that’s rare. Only about 1% of kids with hypertension are prescribed blood pressure-lowering medications.
“For most kids, you can start with lifestyle changes,” de Ferranti said. “Lowering dietary salt intake and decreasing foods like breads and fast food can make a huge difference.”
American Heart Association News covers heart and brain health. Not all views expressed in this story reflect the official position of the American Heart Association. Copyright is owned or held by the American Heart Association, Inc., and all rights are reserved. If you have questions or comments about this story, please email [email protected].
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Pediatric Vital Signs: A Mom’s Guide
Overview
In many respects, children aren’t “little adults.” This is true when it comes to vital signs. Vital signs, or vitals for short, are a measurement of:
- blood pressure
- heart rate (pulse)
- respiratory rate
- temperature
This important information can tell a medical provider a lot about a child’s overall health.
Normal values for vital signs exist for adults, but are often different for children, depending on their age. When you take your little one to the doctor’s office, you may notice that some vital signs are lower than an adult’s, while others are higher. Here’s what to expect when it comes to vital signs and your child.
Infant vital signs
Infants have a much higher heart and respiratory (breathing) rate than adults do. An infant’s muscles aren’t highly developed yet. This is true for the heart muscle and the muscles that assist breathing.
Think of the heart muscles like a rubber band. The further you stretch a rubber band, the harder and more forcefully it “snaps” back into place. If an infant’s heart cannot stretch very much due to immature muscle fibers, it has to pump at a faster rate to maintain blood flow through the body. As a result, an infant’s heart rate is often faster. It can also be irregular.
When an infant gets older, the heart muscle can stretch and contract more effectively. This means the heart doesn’t have to beat as fast to move blood through the body.
If an infant’s heart rate is lower than normal, it’s often cause for concern. Potential causes of slow heart rate, also known as bradycardia, in infants include:
- not enough oxygen
- low body temperature
- medication effects
- a congenital heart problem
While there can be variations, given a child’s overall condition, the average vital signs for an infant are:
- heart rate (newborn to 1 month): 85 to 190 when awake
- heart rate (1 month to 1 year): 90 to 180 when awake
- respiratory rate: 30 to 60 times per minute
- temperature: 98. 6 degrees Fahrenheit
Forblood pressure:
- neonate (96 hours old to 1 month): 67 to 84 systolic blood pressure (top number) over 31 to 45 diastolic (bottom number)
- infant (1 to 12 months): 72 to 104 systolic over 37 to 56 diastolic
Toddler vital signs
After a child turns 1, their vital signs progress more toward adult values. From age 1 to 2, they should be:
- heart rate: 98 to 140 beats per minute
- respiratory rate: 22 to 37 breaths per minute
- blood pressure: systolic 86 to 106, diastolic 42 to 63
- temperature: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Preschool vital signs
When a child is 3 to 5 years old, their average vital signs are:
- heart rate: 80 to 120 beats per minute
- respiratory rate: 20 to 28 breaths per minutes
- blood pressure: systolic 89 to 112, diastolic 46 to 72
- temperature: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
School-age (6 to 11 years old)
The average vital signs of a child who is 6 to 11 years old are:
- heart rate: 75 to 118 beats per minute
- respiratory rate: 18 to 25 breaths per minute
- blood pressure: systolic 97 to 120, diastolic 57 to 80
- temperature: 98. 6 degrees Fahrenheit
Adolescents (12 years old and up)
Adolescent vital signs are essentially the same as those of an adult. By this time, heart and breathing muscles have developed to near-adult levels:
- heart rate: 60 to 100 beats per minute
- respiratory rate: 12 to 20 breaths per minutes
- blood pressure: systolic 110 to 131, diastolic 64 to 83
- temperature: 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Temperature in children
Whether child or adult, the average body temperature is about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. However, a person’s temperature can go up and down throughout the day. Hormone swings, exercise, taking a bath, or being exposed to hot or cold weather can all affect a child’s temperature.
You can take your child’s temperature in a number of areas (provided they are still young enough to let you). Each area of the body can have different values for what constitutes a fever. According to Sutter Health/California Pacific Medical Center, the following values indicate fever in your child:
- axillary: greater than 99 degrees Fahrenheit (37. 2 degrees Celsius)
- ear (tympanic): greater than 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit and 37.5 degrees Celsius if on oral mode (note that doctors don’t recommend taking an ear temperature on children younger than 6 months old)
- oral: greater than 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit (37.5 degrees Celsius)
- pacifier: greater than 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit (37.5 degrees Celsius)
- rectal: greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius)
While having a fever is not a fun occurrence for your child, it has protective effects and can indicate that the body’s immune system is trying to fight off the infection. However, you should always call your child’s doctor if the child is younger than 3 months old and has a fever. For children older than 3 months, call your child’s pediatrician if they have a fever greater than 104 degrees Fahrenheit.
High and low blood pressure in children
While adults commonly experience high blood pressures due to a buildup of cholesterol in their bodies (called atherosclerosis), children don’t have the same contributing factors. So when their blood pressure is either too high or too low, a doctor is often concerned.
Usually the younger a child is, the more concerned a doctor is by high or low blood pressure. Blood pressure can indicate a heart or lung defect in very young children. Examples of potential causes of high blood pressure in infants include:
- bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- coarctation of the aorta
- kidney abnormalities, such as renal artery stenosis
- Wilms tumor
When a child is school-aged, hypertension is most likely due to being overweight, according to KidsHealth.
Hypotension, or too-low blood pressure, is pressure that is 20 mmHg lower than a child’s average blood pressure. Common causes of hypotension include blood loss, sepsis (severe infection), or a severe allergic reaction. Children with these conditions usually appear quite sick. Blood pressure below the listed averages in an otherwise well-appearing child is often normal.
Remember that heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure are all closely linked. The heart pumps blood throughout the body to ensure the blood can flow by the lungs to get oxygen and then take the oxygenated blood to the tissues. If a person doesn’t get enough oxygen, their heart rate and respiratory rate will speed up in an attempt to get more oxygen.
When to call a doctor
If you take your child’s vital signs and they deviate significantly from the norms, you may need to call your child’s doctor. Here’s what to check for:
- You can count a child’s respirations by putting your hand on your child’s chest and feeling how often the chest rises and falls.
- You can measure a child’s heart rate by feeling their brachial pulse, which is the pulse inside the crook or bend of the arm on your child’s “pinky finger” side of the arm.
- Blood pressure can be checked using an automatic blood pressure cuff or a manual cuff (known as a sphygmomanometer) and stethoscope. Note, however, that the size of the blood pressure cuff can affect the reading. An adult-sized cuff will often give an incorrect reading when used on a child.
Of course, you should get the above checked at your pediatrician’s office. If your child appears active and otherwise well, an abnormal vital sign is likely not a medical emergency, but warrants a phone call or office visit. If your child seems at all sick, be sure to get them emergency medical care right away.
Takeaway
If your child doesn’t appear ill but became agitated before or while you measured vital signs, you may wish to try to measure them again when they are less upset. This can usually yield more accurate results.
Remember that vital signs are an important part of the overall picture, but it’s important to consider your child’s behavior as well.
Ask yourself these questions:
Quick health check
- Is your child behaving normally?
- Do they appear confused or lethargic?
- Does their color appear normal or are they red- or blue-tinged?
Was this helpful?
Taking these factors into account can also let you know if your child’s vital signs are cause for concern.
Battle Pass: Season 11 in World of Tanks. Details
Home / News / News World of Tanks / Battle Pass / Season 11 / Battle Pass: Season 11 in World of Tanks. Details
The new BP summer season will make this summer especially hot.
General
- The event is available from June 7 (with the launch of servers) to September 6, 00:30 (UTC).
- 3 chapters will tell about the adventures of new heroes near the endless warm sea.
- Additional, time-limited chapter. The main prize is Tier VIII premium vehicles.
- The list of rewards has been changed: 2,500 gold and experimental equipment* have been added to the reward lines, and the number of bonds received has been reduced.
* All BP reward progression is the same as WG, except for gold. Lesta gold distributes 2 times more.
Complete chapters in any order
Activate any chapter, switch to another if you like, and come back later to pick up where you left off. Try to complete all chapters to upgrade your progression styles to the maximum, unlock experienced crew members, and turn Battle Pass points into additional rewards.
Where you can earn Battle Pass points:
- Random Battles
- “Front Line” [from June 9]
- Steel Hunter Rebirth
Get Unique Progressive 3D Styles
- Hanma 3D Style for Type 5 Heavy
- 3D Églantier style for AMX 50 Foch B
- 3D Sister Style for T57 Heavy Tank
BP-11 Additional (Temporary) Chapter
This additional, time-limited Battle Pass chapter is very similar to the standard one, but its base rewards include a Tier 8 Premium vehicle.
Collections hold many secrets
Starting this season, the collections will be available from the very beginning of the event. For reaching certain milestones, you will receive collection items, each of which will tell about the main characters of the season. And don’t forget: fully completed collections will bring three additional tokens and a special decal.
Get basic and upgraded rewards
The lands where our heroes go are famous for their wealth. Take a look at the new season rewards!
DON’T FORGET ABOUT EXTRA REWARDS!
Upon completion of the three main chapters of BP-11 Gold of Byzantium, you will have access to the rewards section of the in-game Shop. There you can exchange your earned event points for bonds, progression styles and crew members from previous seasons.
** The rewards section of the in-game Store will be available until September 6, 2023.
Enhanced Pass
Enhanced Pass for any chapter of the season (worth 2,500 gold) can be obtained from the Battle Pass screen in the hangar. Premium Pass packs for all chapters are available for real money in both the in-game and Premium Store.
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