Abnormal condition of hardening of the arteries. Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis: Understanding Plaque Buildup in Arteries

19.06.202314.06.2023 by alexxlab

What is arteriosclerosis and how does it differ from atherosclerosis. What causes plaque to form in arteries. Can arterial plaque buildup be reversed or prevented. How does atherosclerosis affect different parts of the body.

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The Basics of Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are closely related conditions that affect the arteries. While often used interchangeably, they have some distinct characteristics:

Arteriosclerosis: A general term for the hardening and loss of elasticity in arteries
Atherosclerosis: A specific type of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of plaque in artery walls

Atherosclerosis is the more common and well-known condition, often referred to as “hardening of the arteries.” It occurs when fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances accumulate in the inner lining of arteries, forming plaque.

The Composition and Formation of Arterial Plaque

Arterial plaque is a complex substance that develops over time. Its main components include:

Fat
Cholesterol
Calcium
Cellular waste products
Fibrin (a clotting agent)

How does plaque form in the arteries? The process typically begins with damage to the inner lining of the artery, known as the endothelium. This damage can be caused by various factors, including high blood pressure, smoking, and high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Once the endothelium is damaged, cholesterol and other substances can penetrate the artery wall, triggering an inflammatory response. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of plaque, which can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to vital organs and tissues.

Risk Factors and Causes of Atherosclerosis

While some degree of plaque buildup is a natural part of aging, several factors can accelerate the process:

High blood pressure
High LDL cholesterol levels
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of heart disease
Unhealthy diet high in saturated fats and trans fats

Genetic factors can also play a role in atherosclerosis development. For instance, familial hypercholesterolemia is a hereditary condition that causes abnormally high LDL cholesterol levels, significantly increasing the risk of premature atherosclerosis.

The Dangers of Vulnerable Plaque

Not all arterial plaque poses the same level of risk. Vulnerable plaque, characterized by a soft core and thin fibrous cap, is particularly dangerous. Why is vulnerable plaque considered more hazardous? It’s more likely to rupture, potentially leading to the formation of a blood clot at the rupture site.

When a vulnerable plaque ruptures, it can trigger a cascade of events:

The body’s clotting mechanisms are activated to repair the “injury”
A blood clot forms at the rupture site
The clot can partially or completely block blood flow through the artery
Reduced or blocked blood flow can lead to serious complications, such as heart attack or stroke

Atherosclerosis and Its Impact on Different Body Systems

Atherosclerosis can affect arteries throughout the body, leading to various health problems depending on the location of the plaque buildup:

Coronary Arteries

When atherosclerosis affects the coronary arteries, it can lead to:

Coronary artery disease
Angina (chest pain)
Heart attack

Carotid Arteries

Plaque buildup in the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, can result in:

Carotid artery disease
Transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes)
Stroke

Peripheral Arteries

Atherosclerosis in the peripheral arteries, particularly those in the legs, can cause:

Peripheral artery disease
Claudication (pain in the legs while walking)
In severe cases, tissue death and potential need for amputation

Aorta

When atherosclerosis affects the aorta, it can lead to:

Aortic aneurysm
Aortic dissection

Diagnosing Atherosclerosis and Assessing Cardiovascular Risk

Diagnosing atherosclerosis often involves a combination of methods:

Physical examination
Medical history review
Blood tests to check cholesterol levels and other markers of cardiovascular risk
Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, or angiograms to visualize the arteries and detect plaque buildup

How can doctors assess an individual’s risk of developing atherosclerosis? Several risk assessment tools are available, including:

Framingham Risk Score
ASCVD Risk Calculator
Reynolds Risk Score

These tools consider various factors such as age, gender, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and smoking status to estimate the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease over a specific timeframe.

Prevention and Management of Atherosclerosis

While completely stopping or reversing plaque buildup may not be possible, there are several strategies to slow its progression and manage the condition:

Lifestyle Modifications

Adopting a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fats and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
Engaging in regular physical activity
Quitting smoking
Maintaining a healthy weight
Managing stress

Medications

Depending on individual risk factors and the severity of atherosclerosis, doctors may prescribe medications such as:

Statins to lower cholesterol levels
Antihypertensive drugs to control blood pressure
Antiplatelet medications to prevent blood clots

Medical Procedures

In severe cases of atherosclerosis, medical interventions may be necessary:

Angioplasty and stent placement to open narrowed arteries
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for severe coronary artery disease
Carotid endarterectomy to remove plaque from carotid arteries

Emerging Treatments and Research in Atherosclerosis

The field of atherosclerosis research is continuously evolving, with several promising avenues being explored:

PCSK9 Inhibitors

These newer drugs can dramatically lower LDL cholesterol levels, especially in patients who don’t respond well to statins or have familial hypercholesterolemia.

Anti-Inflammatory Therapies

Research has shown that inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis development. Drugs targeting specific inflammatory pathways are being studied for their potential to reduce cardiovascular risk.

Gene Therapy

Scientists are exploring ways to use gene therapy to correct genetic defects that contribute to atherosclerosis or to enhance the body’s natural ability to remove cholesterol from arteries.

Nanoparticle Therapies

Researchers are developing nanoparticles that can target and dissolve arterial plaque or deliver medications directly to affected areas of the arteries.

Can these emerging treatments potentially reverse atherosclerosis? While complete reversal remains challenging, some of these approaches show promise in reducing plaque burden and improving arterial health. However, more research is needed to fully understand their long-term efficacy and safety.

Living with Atherosclerosis: Lifestyle Adjustments and Long-Term Outlook

For individuals diagnosed with atherosclerosis, making long-term lifestyle adjustments is crucial for managing the condition and preventing complications:

Dietary Changes

Adopting a heart-healthy diet is essential. This typically includes:

Increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
Choosing lean proteins and plant-based protein sources
Limiting saturated and trans fats
Reducing sodium intake
Moderating alcohol consumption

Regular Exercise

Physical activity is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health. Recommendations include:

Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week
Incorporate strength training exercises at least twice a week
Consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new exercise regimen, especially if you have existing heart disease

Stress Management

Chronic stress can contribute to atherosclerosis progression. Effective stress management techniques include:

Meditation and mindfulness practices
Deep breathing exercises
Yoga
Regular leisure activities and hobbies

Medication Adherence

For those prescribed medications to manage atherosclerosis and its risk factors, adherence is crucial. This involves:

Taking medications as prescribed
Attending regular follow-up appointments with healthcare providers
Reporting any side effects or concerns promptly

Regular Monitoring

Ongoing monitoring of cardiovascular health is important for individuals with atherosclerosis. This may include:

Regular blood pressure checks
Periodic blood tests to assess cholesterol levels and other cardiovascular risk markers
Scheduled imaging tests to monitor plaque progression

What is the long-term outlook for individuals with atherosclerosis? With proper management and lifestyle modifications, many people with atherosclerosis can lead full, active lives. However, it’s important to remember that atherosclerosis is a chronic condition that requires ongoing attention and care.

The prognosis can vary widely depending on factors such as:

The severity and extent of arterial plaque buildup
The presence of other cardiovascular risk factors
Adherence to treatment plans and lifestyle recommendations
The occurrence of complications such as heart attack or stroke

Regular communication with healthcare providers and a commitment to heart-healthy living are key to optimizing long-term outcomes for individuals living with atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis | SCAI – Seconds Count

You’ve probably heard of plaque on your teeth, but your body also has another type of plaque. This is plaque that builds up in your arteries, the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from your heart to your body’s tissues.

Plaque in the arteries is a fatty, waxy substance that forms deposits in your artery walls that can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow. This is called atherosclerosis or “hardening of the arteries.” Plaque can also rupture and create a blood clot at the rupture site, as your body’s natural processes try to repair the “injury.” The blood clot can cut off blood flow through the artery and starve your body’s tissues of oxygen and nutrients. Thus, a ruptured plaque can be serious, as it’s the most common cause of a heart attack or stroke.

What is plaque made of?

Arterial plaque is made up of materials that enter the artery wall from the bloodstream. These include fat, cholesterol, calcium, waste products from cells, and a clotting agent called fibrin. This is why your doctor tests your cholesterol levels. High levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) — or “bad” — cholesterol can indicate a higher risk of plaque buildup.

Atherosclerosis animated primer

Watch the animated video to learn more about how atherosclerosis affects the body.

What causes plaque in arteries?

Unfortunately, plaque buildup in your arteries is a natural part of living. Even children and adolescents have early evidence of the process.

However, diet and other lifestyle factors play an important role. High blood pressure, high LDL cholesterol, and smoking can all worsen atherosclerosis. High blood pressure and the toxins in tobacco products damage the smooth inner lining of the arteries, called the endothelium. These and other causes of inflammation of the artery lining contribute to cholesterol and other materials embedding in the artery wall to form plaque.

Additionally, some people are predisposed to having atherosclerosis. A genetic condition called familial hypercholesterolemia causes some people to have abnormally very high LDL cholesterol levels in the bloodstream.

Is all plaque dangerous?

Plaque builds up in arteries throughout the body, but not all plaque is equally dangerous. You might hear the term vulnerable plaque. This refers to a soft plaque that has a thin, fibrous cap. This plaque is more likely to rupture, causing a blood clot to form at the rupture site and cutting off or restricting blood flow, thereby potentially causing a heart attack or stroke.

Can plaque buildup in the arteries be stopped?

Plaque formation in your arteries can be slowed. It may also be possible to reverse some of the damage, but mostly, it’s a process of controlling further damage. Unlike going to the dentist and having plaque removed from your teeth, this isn’t so easily done in your blood vessels. But improvements can be made. Work with your doctor to identify if you’re at risk of, or already have, heart disease from atherosclerosis. This may require a physical exam with personal and family medical histories, lab tests, and other diagnostic tests. Your doctor may also recommend that you take medications to control high blood pressure and to lower cholesterol levels. Eating a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, and getting regular exercise will also help your arteries be their healthiest.

Department of Surgery – Aortic Arch Disease

The aorta is the body’s largest artery. It runs from the heart, through the chest, and down into the abdomen. Aortic arch conditions are abnormalities in the structure of the arteries that branch off the top of the aorta. These abnormalities can reduce blood flow to vital organs.

Aortic arch disease can result from blood pressure changes, clots, trauma, a congenital disorder (one that is present from birth), or Takayasu’s arteritis, an autoimmune disorder that inflames the aorta and the pulmonary artery (the main artery of the lung). Takayasu’s mostly affects Asian females between the ages of 10 and 30.

Aortic arch conditions eventually block the blood vessels that branch off the aorta, leading to decreased blood flow to areas of the body. Narrowing can reduce blood flow, and weakening can lead to the formation of an aneurysm, or abnormal bulge, in the artery wall. Aneurysms are a life-threatening condition because they can rupture. Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is the most common cause of aortic arch disease.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms depend on the phase of the disease. In the first phase, the blood vessels become inflamed. Later, during the occlusive phase, blood vessels narrow.

In the first phase, about half of all patients develop one or more of the following symptoms:

Fever
Fatigue
Poor appetite
Weight loss
Night sweats
Joint pain
Chest pain
Muscle aches
Swollen glands
Tenderness above the affected arteries.

During the occlusive phase, symptoms include:

Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Pain
Cramping
Nausea
Vomiting
Cold or white hands or feet
High blood pressure
Weak or absent pulse
Vision problems
A difference in blood pressure between the arms and the legs.

Serious conditions can occur because of the occlusive phase of the disease. They include hypertension, renal (kidney) failure, angina (chest pain), congestive heart failure, transient ischemic attack (TIA, or mini-stroke), and stroke.

Risk Factors

In the United States, the estimated incidence of the condition is 2.6 cases per 1 million Americans. In Asia the incidence is far higher. The cause of aortic arch conditions is unclear. People at increased risk include women and people of Asian descent.

Diagnosis

It is difficult to diagnose aortic arch conditions early because symptoms typically emerge only once an artery has narrowed.

To rule out any other diseases with similar symptoms, a physician will review a patient’s complete medical history and then perform a thorough physical exam. During this examination, the physician will measure blood pressure and will listen through a stethoscope for abnormal whooshing sounds made by blood rushing through the blood vessel.

Other tests that a physician may order include:

Blood tests
Arteriography (also called angiography; involves injecting a contrast dye into the arteries and then taking x rays)
Computed tomography (CT) scan
Doppler ultrasound;
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

Treatment and Surgery

Lifestyle modifications and medications are the first line of treatment for aortic arch conditions.

People who experience blood vessel inflammation and narrowing may slow or prevent the progression of the disease by:

Quitting smoking
Exercising
Eating a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol
Losing weight.

Medications prescribed for aortic arch conditions include:

Blood pressure medications, such as diuretics, beta-blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressant medications, which control the autoimmune response that occurs in Takayasu’s arteritis.

When aortic arch conditions become so advanced that arteries become blocked, surgery to widen or repair narrowed arteries may be necessary. An endarterectomy is the most common procedure for removing plaque and damaged tissue from the inner lining of the arteries. Angioplasty, bypass, and stenting are also used to widen narrowed arteries.

Credit for Image of Aoritc Arch: “Gray506” by Henry Vandyke Carter – Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (See “Book” section below) Bartleby.com: Gray’s Anatomy, Plate 506Own work by Rhcastilhos. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray506. svg#/media/File:Gray506.svg

Clinical Team

Michael S. Conte, M.D.Chief, Vascular & Endovascular Surgery
Charles M. Eichler, M.D.Vascular Surgeon
Warren J. Gasper, M.D.Vascular Surgeon
Jade S. Hiramoto, M.D.Vascular Surgeon
James C. Iannuzzi, M.D., MPH
Adam Oskowitz M.D., Ph.D.Vascular Surgeon
Peter A. Schneider, M.D.Vascular Surgeon
Shant Vartanian, M.D.Vascular Surgeon

Arterial stenosis – symptoms, causes, signs, diagnosis and treatment in “SM-Clinic”

This disease is treated by a Cardiologist
, Cardiovascular Surgeon

What is it?
Symptoms of arterial stenosis
Causes of arterial stenosis
Diagnosis of arterial stenosis
Methods of treatment
Surgical treatment
Doctors

Symptoms of arterial stenosis

In the early stages, arterial stenosis does not manifest itself. This is the main danger of the disease: a person can live for a long time without realizing the threat hanging over him.

The further clinical picture of the disease directly depends on the location of the artery damaged by stenosis. So, with damage to the vessels of the brain in humans, there are manifestations of insufficient blood circulation and nutrition of the brain; with blockage of the arteries of the heart, the patient feels symptoms of heart failure, etc.

Carotid narrowing symptoms

The carotid artery is responsible for supplying nutrients to the brain. If its patency is disturbed, the following manifestations occur:

dizziness
blackout
tinnitus
weakness

Arterial stenosis often precedes ischemic stroke. Pathology can be recognized by the following symptoms:

nausea and vomiting
coordination difficulties
headache
speech problems
numbness of one of the limbs and half of the face

Symptoms of stenosis of the arteries of the legs

Narrowing of the lumen of the vessels of the lower extremities, in contrast to stenosis of the carotid artery, is not difficult to recognize at any stage. The main manifestations of the disease include:

pallor of the skin of the legs
pain in legs
lameness
weakness in the muscles of the legs
occurrence of ulcers on the extremities

Symptoms of stenosis of the arteries of the heart

The following symptoms indicate blockage of the vessels of the heart:

shortness of breath
increased heart rate
chest pain
swelling of limbs

Symptoms of renal artery stenosis

Renal artery stenosis provokes the development of ischemic nephropathy – renal failure. The pathological condition is characterized by several features:

arterial hypertension
scanty urination
swelling of limbs and face
weakness, poor performance
gastrointestinal disorders (advanced)

Pulmonary artery stenosis

Pulmonary artery stenosis narrows the outflow tract of the right ventricle, which interferes with blood flow to the trunk of the lung. The disease is manifested by the following symptoms:

dizziness
weakness
shortness of breath
palpitations
prone to fainting
discoloration of the skin (pallor or blueness)

Causes of arterial stenosis

Arterial stenosis does not have a single cause. Most often, the occurrence of the disease is associated immediately with a group of external and internal factors.

First of all, it is necessary to note atherosclerosis – the accumulation of cholesterol plaques on the arterial walls. The formation of atherosclerotic plaques provokes a narrowing of the lumen of the vessels from the inside, causing vascular pathology.

Other causes of the development of the disease:

congenital anomalies in the structure of blood vessels – tortuosity, hypoplasia
dissection (dissection) of the walls of the artery
compression of vessels by benign or malignant neoplasms
increased thrombus formation
diabetes mellitus
metabolic disorder
strong blow, concussion
inflammatory vascular diseases – vasculitis, arteritis, Horton’s disease, Takayasu’s disease, etc.

Note that there are certain factors that significantly increase the risk of arterial stenosis. So, the disease is more likely to affect people who are obese, lead a sedentary lifestyle, abuse alcohol, smoke and consume large amounts of fatty foods.

Get advice

If you experience these symptoms, we recommend that you make an appointment with your doctor. Timely consultation will prevent negative consequences for your health.

You can find out more about the disease, prices for treatment and sign up for a consultation with a specialist by phone:

+7 (495) 777-48-49

Request a call back
Book online

Why SM-Clinic?

Treatment is carried out in accordance with clinical recommendations

Comprehensive assessment of the nature of the disease and treatment prognosis

Modern diagnostic equipment and own laboratory

High level of service and balanced pricing policy

Diagnosis of arterial stenosis

At the initial examination, the doctor interviews the patient, listens to complaints and conducts an examination. During the examination, the specialist measures blood pressure and pulse, listens to the heart rhythm, and conducts a visual examination of the patient’s skin. During the conversation, the doctor finds out the presence of chronic diseases in the anamnesis, learns about taking blood-clotting drugs, the presence of identified anomalies in the structure of blood vessels. Then the patient is sent for additional studies to clarify the diagnosis.

In the medical center “SM-Clinic”, the diagnosis of arterial stenosis is performed by the following methods:

arterial doppler ultrasound
Computed angiography of vessels
magnetic resonance angiography
ECG of the heart
UAC (general blood test), OAM (general urine test)

Methods of treatment

Depending on the stage of the disease, conservative or surgical treatment may be used.

Therapeutic treatment

In the early stages of the disease, conservative methods of treatment are used. Therapy varies depending on the localization of the narrowing of the lumen of the vessels and the underlying cause of the development of pathology. So, if vascular stenosis is provoked by the formation of a blood clot in the artery, the patient is prescribed antithrombotic drugs. With atherosclerotic vascular lesions, drugs are prescribed that reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood.

The patient also needs to take drugs that eliminate the symptoms of the disease – drugs that reduce blood pressure, anti-inflammatory and painkillers.

Surgical treatment

In the event that the narrowing of the lumen of the vessel has reached more than 50%, as well as in the presence of external symptoms (for example, previous ischemic strokes), conservative methods of treatment will not help to achieve the desired effect. In this case, doctors resort to surgical intervention.

The specialists of the Center for Surgery “SM-Clinic” are fluent in several methods of surgical intervention at once:

Balloon angioplasty is an intravascular operation that restores normal arterial patency. During the operation, a small balloon is inserted into the vessel, when it is expanded, the accumulated plaques are removed, and the lumen of the vessel expands. The operation is indispensable for the atherosclerotic nature of stenosis.
Vascular stenting is a modern minimally invasive technique for treating arterial stenosis, during which a stent is introduced into the lumen of the vessel – a special frame that strengthens the walls of the artery and prevents its re-narrowing. As a result of the operation, the functioning of blood vessels is restored and the blood supply to human organs is improved.
Vascular bypass surgery is a commonly used operation that allows you to redirect blood flow around a narrowed vessel by forming a new channel. As a result of the operation, blood stops flowing through the damaged vessels, it goes around. This restores circulation.

The SM-Clinic Surgery Center is a modern world-class medical care. Our specialists help to cope with even the most difficult clinical situations.

Diseases and conditions | VCERM them. A.M. Nikiforov EMERCOM of Russia in St. Petersburg

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Prostate adenoma

Active surveillance Often, BPH requires only surveillance. This means that it is not necessary to be treated, it is enough just to observe the condition of the prostate. This follow-up usually includes visits to the doctor once a year and additional tests as needed. A weight loss diet, exercise, and certain changes in habits and behaviors often help to reduce symptoms.

Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis occurs when the endometrial tissue that normally stretches the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. The expelled endometrial tissue continues to act as usual, causing thickening, breakdown, and bleeding during each menstrual cycle. The result can be an enlarged uterus and painful, heavy periods.

Acne (acne disease)

Acne (acne disease) is a disease of the sebaceous glands, in which the production of sebum increases. If at the same time there is a blockage of the duct of the sebaceous gland and bacteria enter the accumulated sebum, this leads to inflammation. First, a painful red nodule appears, and then an abscess, in the place of which a scar (post-acne) may remain in the future.

Allergic dermatitis

Allergic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease caused by prolonged exposure to an allergen. With prolonged exposure to an allergen, the body produces antibodies that cause inflammation of the skin and other pathological reactions in the body. An allergic reaction can be caused by food, chemicals, drugs, plant pollen, animal dander, etc.

Allergy

Allergic reactions occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance, such as pollen, bee venom, wool, or food, that does not cause a reaction in most people.

anal fissure

is a special proctological disease. This is an involuntary injury to the skin of the anal canal. The presence of an anal fissure is indicated by severe pain in the anus.

Aneurysm

Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an increase in the body’s antibodies to phospholipid elements of cell membranes. An increase in antibodies leads to an increase in platelet clotting and the formation of blood clots, due to a decrease in substances in the blood, the destruction of platelet cells and thrombocytopenia, anemia.

Arteriovenous fistula

An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein. Normally, blood flows from arteries to capillaries to veins. Nutrients and oxygen in the blood move from the capillaries to the tissues of the body. In an arteriovenous fistula, blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, bypassing some capillaries. When this happens, the tissues under the bypass capillaries receive a reduced blood supply.

Asthma

Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and cause coughing and shortness of breath. Asthma cannot be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it’s important that you work with your doctor to monitor your signs and symptoms and adjust your treatment as needed.

Atherosclerosis

A rather serious chronic disease in which the walls of blood vessels suffer. Cholesterol plaques, fats in the form of plaque are deposited on them. Because of this, the walls of blood vessels become denser and lose their elasticity. The lumen of the artery narrows, blood flow is difficult. This leads to the development of a number of other diseases. We will analyze what symptoms appear, what factors affect the condition of the vessels and how to cure atherosclerosis.

autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is a non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease of the liver characterized by the presence of certain autoantibodies to liver cells.

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Autoimmune thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland with a hereditary predisposition, caused by a false production of antibodies against it.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis is a type of vaginal inflammation caused by an overgrowth of bacteria naturally found in the vagina, which upsets the natural balance of microflora.

Femoral hernia

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Episodes of mood swings may occur infrequently or several times a year.

Crohn’s disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic relapsing disease of unknown etiology, characterized by granulomatous inflammation with segmental lesions of different parts of the digestive tract. The pathological process develops mainly in the intestine, although all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus and oral cavity, can be affected. Nonspecific immune inflammation extends to the entire thickness of the intestinal wall and is manifested by leukocyte infiltration. Deep ulcers form in the mucous membrane in the infiltration zone, abscesses and fistulas develop, followed by scarring and narrowing of the intestinal lumen.

knee pain

Knee pain is a common complaint that affects people of all ages. Knee pain can be the result of an injury, such as a torn ligament or torn cartilage. Medical conditions – including arthritis, gout, and infections – can also cause knee pain.

Botulism

Botulism is a rare but serious disease caused by toxins from a bacteria called Clostridium botulinum.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a serious disease that interferes with normal breathing, because. due to inflammation, swelling and sputum production, the airways leading to the lungs narrow. The disease usually begins at an early age. About 50% of children with proper treatment get rid of asthma by adulthood.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is inflammation of the surface of the bronchi, which carry air in and out of the lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus that may be discolored. Bronchitis can be acute or chronic.

Viral hepatitis

Age related macular degeneration of the retina

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease of the macula (the central zone of the fundus of the eye). The name of the disease is derived from the words: macula (spot) and dystrophy (exhaustion). It affects the retina, pigment epithelium, choriocapillaries and receptors in the macula of the eye. Impairs the patient’s central vision. The terms macular degeneration, age-related maculopathy, central involutional retinal degeneration, central senile degeneration, senile macular degeneration, atherosclerotic macular degeneration, etc. are also used.

Gastritis

Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the stomach lining. Inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection by the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers. Regular use of certain pain relievers and drinking too much alcohol can also contribute to the development of gastritis. Gastritis can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or slowly over time (chronic gastritis). In some cases, gastritis can lead to ulcers and an increased risk of stomach cancer. However, in most people, gastritis is not serious and improves quickly with treatment.

Haemorrhoids

The described disease is one of the most common, sometimes requiring surgery. It affects about 130-150 out of 1000 adult residents of our state, according to experts from the Russian Federation.

Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol)

Recently, almost everyone knows about the negative impact of cholesterol on human health. And at the same time, without this substance, the normal functioning of the body is impossible, because cholesterol is part of the cell membranes of all tissues and organs, and is also necessary for the synthesis of vitamins, hormones and enzymes.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a serious eye disease. Impairs vision up to blindness. The Greek glaukos (“greenish”, “color of sea water”) is associated with a change in the color of the pupil of the eye in glaucoma.

Hernia of the linea alba

Hiatus hernia

Hernias

Bilateral inguinal hernia

formed on both sides of the body. Distributed localization in the groin area. It often occurs in men due to the specific anatomy of the inguinal canal. Eliminated by surgery on both sides at the same time. A popular method of treatment is laparoscopic hernioplasty with a mesh implant.

Delirium

Delusion is a severe mental disorder that results in confused thinking and decreased awareness of the environment. The onset of delirium is usually rapid, within a few hours or a few days. Delirium can often be attributed to one or more factors, such as severe or chronic illness, changes in metabolic balance (such as low sodium levels), medications, infections, surgery, alcohol, or drugs.

Diverticulosis

otherwise called diverticular disease, it is a pathological process in the intestines, in which sac-like protrusions appear in the intestinal wall, which are called diverticula.

Cholelithiasis

– is not only the cause of chronic cholecystitis, but also has such life-threatening complications as obstructive jaundice, biliary pancreatitis and gallbladder perforation.

Stones in the kidneys

Kidney stones (renal lithoism, nephrolithiasis) are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. Kidney stones have many causes and can affect any part of the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the bladder. Stones often form when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.

Cataract

kidney cyst

Kidney cysts are round fluid-filled sacs that form on or in the kidneys. A kidney cyst can be associated with serious disorders that can impair kidney function. But more often, kidney cysts are a type called simple kidney cysts – fuzzy cysts that rarely cause complications.

Hives

Urticaria has such a characteristic name, as it is accompanied by the appearance of small convex blisters of pink-red color, very similar to nettle burn marks. This pathology occurs in adults and children, regardless of age. This disease is predominantly allergic in nature and can be triggered by a large number of pathological factors.

Blood in the urine (hematuria)

Blood in the urine can be a warning sign. Although in many cases the cause is harmless, blood in the urine (hematuria) can indicate a serious disorder. Treatment depends on the cause.

Laryngitis

Laryngitis is an acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the larynx.

Fever

A fever is a temporary rise in body temperature, often due to illness. Having a fever is a sign that something unusual is going on in your body. The fever usually disappears within a few days. A number of over-the-counter medications reduce fever, but sometimes it’s best not to take them. Fever plays a key role in helping your body fight off a number of infections.

macular edema

Macular edema

Mastopathy and chest pain

Melanoma

Melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer, develops in cells (melanocytes) that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Melanoma can also form in the eyes and, less commonly, in internal organs such as the intestines.

menstrual cramps

Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or spasmodic pains in the lower abdomen. Many women experience menstrual cramps just before and during their periods. For some women, this brings only discomfort. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with daily activities for several days each month.

Bags under the eyes

Bags under the eyes – mild swelling or puffiness under the eyes – are common as we age. As we age, the tissues around the eyes, including some of the muscles that support the eyelids, weaken. The fat that helps support the eye can then move to the lower eyelids, causing the eyelids to become puffy. Fluid can also build up in the space under your eyes, making puffiness worse.

Urinary incontinence in women

More people suffer from urinary incontinence than you might think. And it is becoming more and more common among women. One in three adult women have symptoms of urinary incontinence. Every second woman over 65 has symptoms of urinary incontinence. Only less than 50% of women with symptoms of urinary incontinence tell their doctor about it.

Urinary incontinence in men

Neurodermatitis

Severe itching, burning, redness of the skin, the appearance of foci of local inflammation – these symptoms often occur with neurodermatitis, the most poorly understood and difficult to treat dermatological disease.

lactose intolerance

People with lactose intolerance are unable to fully digest the lactose in milk. As a result, they develop diarrhea, gas, and bloating after eating or consuming dairy products. The condition, also called lactose malabsorption, is usually harmless, but its symptoms can be uncomfortable. Most people with lactose intolerance can manage the condition without giving up all dairy products.

Baldness (alopecia)

Baldness (alopecia) is a problem that is well known to more than 70% of the male population of the planet and 20% of the female population, and this pathology also occurs in children. The high risk of developing baldness in men is associated with increased production of hormones and a hereditary predisposition to this disease.

Obesity

burns

Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies. Treatment for burns depends on the location and severity of the injury. Minor burns can usually be treated at home. Deep or widespread burns need immediate medical attention.

Acute coronary syndrome

Acute coronary syndrome is a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.

lead poisoning

Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body, often over months or years. Even small amounts of lead can cause serious health problems. Children under the age of 6 are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can seriously affect mental and physical development. At very high levels, lead poisoning can be fatal.

paraproctitis

In the general structure of proctological diseases, paraproctitis occupies the 4th place. It is inferior only to hemorrhoids, and colitis. According to statistics, out of 100 patients who applied to a proctologist, 20-40 people are patients with paraproctitis, and most of them are men.

Inguinal hernia

An inguinal hernia is a protrusion from the abdominal cavity of internal organs into the subcutaneous fat through the inguinal canal.

Broken leg

A broken leg (leg fracture) is a tear or crack in one of the bones in the leg. Common causes include falls, car accidents, and sports injuries.

Peritonitis

Dandruff

Dandruff is a common chronic scalp condition marked by flaky skin on the scalp. Dandruff is not contagious or serious. But it can be embarrassing and sometimes difficult to treat. The good news is that dandruff can usually be controlled.

Colon polyps

are benign neoplasms, from which malignant tumors can subsequently develop. Therefore, they are currently receiving special attention.

Right inguinal hernia

– This is a type of hernia of the anterior abdominal wall.

Prolapse (pelvic organ prolapse) in women

Umbilical hernia

Sarcoidosis of the lungs

Sarcoidosis of the lungs is a systemic disease that is characterized by the formation of inflammatory seals in the lung tissue (granulomas). Although inflammatory seals can appear in any organs, they most often affect the lung tissue. The cause of granulomas remains not fully understood, although it is reliably known that the disease is not infectious in nature. It is believed that a complex of reasons leads to the occurrence of inflammatory nodules, including immunological, environmental, hereditary and other factors.

Diabetes

INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY:

Shake

A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects brain function. The effects are usually temporary, but may include headaches and problems with concentration, memory, balance, and coordination. Concussions are usually caused by a blow to the head. Violent shaking of the head and upper body can also cause a concussion. Some concussions make you lose consciousness, but most don’t. It is possible to get a concussion and not realize it. Concussions are especially common if you play contact sports such as football. Most people usually fully recover from a concussion.

thermal injury

Thermal injury causes massive necrosis of cells, as a result of which the integrity of the protective shell of the body is violated, part of its functions (barrier, thermoregulatory, respiratory, metabolic, immune) fall out. With extensive thermal skin lesions, a simultaneous release into the bloodstream of a large amount of the contents of destroyed cellular structures that have not passed the stages of apoptosis with the formation of traumatic toxicosis, within which a secondary pathology of internal organs is formed with the development of a burn disease.

Trophic ulcers, bedsores

Bedsores or areas of necrotic lesions of the skin, muscles, subcutaneous tissue and other tissues occur when they are in contact with a hard surface for a long time. This occurs as a result of a violation of nerve conduction, lymph and blood circulation in the area of the body adjacent to a hard surface. A trophic ulcer is an open long-term non-healing (more than 6 weeks) wound on the skin or mucous membrane. Most often, trophic ulcers are caused by diseases of the veins.

morning sickness

Morning sickness is nausea that occurs during pregnancy. However, this name is incorrect, as it can happen at any time of the day or night.

Furunculosis

Furunculosis is the formation of multiple foci of a purulent-inflammatory process in the sacs of hair follicles (boils). As a rule, inflammation affects not only the hair follicle, but also the sebaceous gland and surrounding connective tissues, and staphylococci most often become its cause.

Chronic daily headaches

The continuous nature of chronic daily headaches makes them one of the most annoying headaches. Aggressive initial treatment and sustained long-term treatment can reduce pain and lead to fewer headaches later on. By definition, chronic daily headaches last 15 days or more per month for at least three months. True (primary) chronic daily headache is not caused by another condition.

chronic cough

A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight or more weeks in adults or four weeks in children. Chronic cough is not just an irritation. Chronic cough can interfere with sleep. Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting, dizziness, and even rib fractures. While it can sometimes be difficult to pinpoint the underlying problem behind a chronic cough, the most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Fortunately, chronic cough usually goes away after the underlying problem is treated.

Cystitis

These symptoms are not characteristic only for cystitis, therefore, a doctor’s consultation and laboratory tests (urinalysis) are necessary. If the diagnosis of acute cystitis is confirmed, then treatment consists of taking a short course of antibiotics. ATTENTION! DO NOT SELF-CURE! Symptoms usually resolve within one to two days after starting treatment. Since the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra, cystitis most often affects women; it is easier for the pathogens of cystitis to get from the environment into the bladder.

electrical injury

Electrical injury is called local and general changes in the body caused by the action of electrical energy. Electrical injury is relatively rare and, according to various authors, does not exceed 1–2. 5% of all thermal injuries. The frequency of deaths from electric shock is about 10%. A frequent outcome of the injury is the disability of the victims. When the body is damaged by an electric current, a specific and non-specific effect of the current is distinguished. The specific action of the current is manifested in biological, electrochemical, thermal and mechanical effects.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations, and sometimes loss of consciousness. Epilepsy affects both men and women of all races, ethnic groups and ages. Seizure symptoms can vary greatly. Having one seizure does not mean you have epilepsy. At least two unprovoked seizures are usually needed to diagnose epilepsy.

Erectile dysfunction

Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

Peptic ulcer is an acute or chronic disease of the stomach and / or duodenum, in which lesions (ulcers) form on the mucosa of the organ.