What are the main types of tooth abscesses. How does a periapical tooth abscess develop. What are the key symptoms of a tooth abscess. When should you seek immediate medical attention for a tooth abscess. How can you prevent tooth abscesses through proper dental care.

What is a Tooth Abscess and How Does it Form?

A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus caused by a bacterial infection in or around a tooth. There are two main types:

• Periapical abscess: Occurs at the tip of the tooth root
• Periodontal abscess: Forms in the gums at the side of a tooth root

This article focuses primarily on periapical abscesses. These typically develop as a result of untreated dental issues like cavities, injuries, or complications from previous dental work. As bacteria invade the dental pulp – the innermost part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels – it leads to infection, inflammation, and pus formation at the root tip.

How Does Bacteria Enter the Tooth?

Bacteria can infiltrate the tooth’s interior through:

• Deep cavities
• Chips or cracks in the tooth
• Decay that reaches the pulp

Once inside, the bacterial infection spreads down to the root, causing swelling and inflammation at its tip. This process results in the formation of a periapical abscess.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of a Tooth Abscess

Identifying a tooth abscess early is crucial for prompt treatment and preventing complications. Common symptoms include:

• Severe, persistent throbbing toothache
• Pain that radiates to the jawbone, neck, or ear
• Sensitivity to hot and cold temperatures
• Discomfort when chewing or biting
• Fever
• Facial swelling, potentially affecting breathing or swallowing
• Swollen, tender lymph nodes under the jaw or in the neck
• Foul breath odor
• Sudden release of foul-tasting, salty fluid in the mouth (if the abscess ruptures)

Is fever always present with a tooth abscess? Not necessarily. While fever is a common symptom, some individuals may not experience it. However, its presence often indicates a more severe infection.

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

While any signs of a tooth abscess warrant a prompt visit to your dentist, certain symptoms require emergency care. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Fever accompanied by facial swelling
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Rapid swelling progression

These symptoms may indicate that the infection has spread beyond the initial site, potentially affecting your jaw, throat, or other areas of your body.

Understanding the Causes and Risk Factors of Tooth Abscesses

Periapical tooth abscesses develop when bacteria invade the dental pulp. Several factors can increase your risk of developing a tooth abscess:

• Poor dental hygiene
• High-sugar diet
• Dry mouth
• Weakened immune system
• Previous dental work complications
• Untreated dental injuries

How does a high-sugar diet contribute to tooth abscess formation? Consuming foods and drinks rich in sugar provides fuel for bacteria in your mouth. As these bacteria feed on sugar, they produce acid that erodes tooth enamel, leading to cavities. If left untreated, these cavities can deepen, allowing bacteria to reach the pulp and potentially cause an abscess.

The Role of Dry Mouth in Abscess Formation

Dry mouth, or xerostomia, can significantly increase your risk of dental problems, including abscesses. Saliva plays a crucial role in:

• Washing away food particles
• Neutralizing acids produced by bacteria
• Remineralizing tooth enamel

When saliva production is reduced, these protective functions are compromised, making your teeth more susceptible to decay and infection.

Potential Complications of Untreated Tooth Abscesses

Leaving a tooth abscess untreated can lead to serious, potentially life-threatening complications. These may include:

• Spread of infection to surrounding tissues
• Bone loss in the jaw
• Sinus infection (if the abscess is near the maxillary sinus)
• Sepsis (a systemic infection that can be life-threatening)

Can a tooth abscess heal on its own? No, a tooth abscess requires professional treatment. Even if the abscess ruptures and the pain subsides, the underlying infection remains and can continue to spread if not properly addressed.

The Danger of Sepsis

One of the most severe complications of an untreated tooth abscess is sepsis. This occurs when the body’s response to infection causes widespread inflammation, potentially leading to organ failure and death. Individuals with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for developing sepsis from a tooth abscess.

Treatment Options for Tooth Abscesses

Treating a tooth abscess typically involves draining the pus and eliminating the infection. Depending on the severity and location of the abscess, treatment options may include:

• Root canal treatment
• Tooth extraction
• Incision and drainage
• Antibiotics (in cases of spreading infection)

What is the most common treatment for a tooth abscess? In many cases, a root canal procedure is the preferred treatment. This involves removing the infected pulp, cleaning and shaping the root canals, and sealing them to prevent further infection.

The Root Canal Process

A root canal treatment typically involves the following steps:

1. X-ray to assess the extent of infection
2. Local anesthesia administration
3. Isolation of the tooth with a rubber dam
4. Access hole creation
5. Removal of infected pulp and debris
6. Cleaning and shaping of root canals
7. Filling and sealing of canals
8. Placement of a temporary filling
9. Crown placement (in most cases)

While root canals have a reputation for being painful, modern techniques and anesthesia make the procedure relatively comfortable for most patients.

Preventing Tooth Abscesses Through Proper Dental Care

The best way to prevent tooth abscesses is to maintain good oral hygiene and address dental issues promptly. Key preventive measures include:

• Brushing teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
• Flossing or using a water flosser daily
• Using an antiseptic or fluoride mouth rinse
• Limiting sugary foods and drinks
• Regular dental check-ups and cleanings
• Addressing tooth decay or damage promptly

How often should you replace your toothbrush? Dentists recommend replacing your toothbrush or electric toothbrush head every 3 to 4 months, or sooner if the bristles become frayed. Using a worn toothbrush reduces its effectiveness in removing plaque and bacteria.

The Importance of a Balanced Diet

A balanced diet not only benefits your overall health but also plays a crucial role in maintaining good oral health. Consider incorporating these elements into your diet:

• Calcium-rich foods for strong teeth (e.g., dairy products, leafy greens)
• Vitamin C for healthy gums (e.g., citrus fruits, berries)
• Crunchy fruits and vegetables to stimulate saliva production
• Water to rinse away food particles and bacteria

By maintaining a balanced diet and good oral hygiene habits, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing tooth abscesses and other dental problems.

Understanding the Difference Between Tooth Abscesses and Other Oral Conditions

While tooth abscesses have distinct characteristics, they can sometimes be confused with other oral conditions. It’s important to understand the differences to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Tooth Abscess vs. Gum Boil

A gum boil, also known as a parulis, is a pus-filled swelling that appears on the gums. While it may look similar to a tooth abscess, there are key differences:

• Location: Gum boils typically appear on the surface of the gums, while tooth abscesses form at the root of the tooth.
• Cause: Gum boils are often caused by food particles trapped between the teeth and gums, while tooth abscesses result from bacterial infection inside the tooth.
• Treatment: Gum boils may resolve with improved oral hygiene, while tooth abscesses require professional dental treatment.

Can a gum boil turn into a tooth abscess? While a gum boil itself doesn’t typically evolve into a tooth abscess, both conditions can be signs of underlying dental problems that, if left untreated, could lead to more serious infections.

Tooth Abscess vs. Dental Cyst

Dental cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the jaw, often around the roots of teeth. While they may cause similar symptoms to tooth abscesses, there are notable differences:

• Content: Cysts contain fluid, while abscesses contain pus.
• Growth: Cysts tend to grow slowly over time, while abscesses develop more rapidly.
• Pain: Cysts may be painless unless they become infected, while abscesses are typically painful from the outset.

Proper diagnosis by a dental professional is crucial to differentiate between these conditions and determine the appropriate treatment.

The Impact of Tooth Abscesses on Overall Health

While tooth abscesses primarily affect oral health, their impact can extend to overall health and well-being. Understanding these potential effects can underscore the importance of prompt treatment and prevention.

Systemic Health Risks

Untreated tooth abscesses can lead to various systemic health issues, including:

• Cardiovascular problems: Bacteria from dental infections can enter the bloodstream, potentially affecting heart health.
• Respiratory issues: Inhaling bacteria from oral infections may lead to respiratory problems.
• Diabetes complications: Dental infections can make it harder to control blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.
• Pregnancy risks: Severe dental infections during pregnancy have been associated with premature birth and low birth weight.

How quickly can a tooth abscess affect overall health? The impact of a tooth abscess on overall health can vary. In some cases, systemic effects may develop gradually over weeks or months. However, in severe cases or in individuals with compromised immune systems, the spread of infection can occur rapidly, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions within days.

Psychological and Social Impact

Beyond physical health, tooth abscesses can also affect mental and social well-being:

• Pain and discomfort can lead to irritability and mood changes
• Visible swelling or dental issues may cause self-consciousness and social withdrawal
• Chronic dental problems can contribute to anxiety and depression
• Bad breath associated with abscesses can impact social interactions and self-esteem

Addressing tooth abscesses promptly not only preserves oral health but also contributes to overall quality of life and well-being.

Advances in Tooth Abscess Treatment and Prevention

Dental research continues to advance, bringing new techniques and technologies to improve the treatment and prevention of tooth abscesses. These innovations aim to make treatments more effective, less invasive, and more comfortable for patients.

Emerging Treatment Technologies

Some of the promising developments in tooth abscess treatment include:

• Laser therapy: Using lasers to eliminate bacteria and sterilize root canals
• Regenerative endodontics: Techniques to regenerate pulp tissue rather than removing it entirely
• 3D imaging and printing: For more precise diagnosis and treatment planning
• Nanotechnology: Development of nanoparticles to target and eliminate bacteria more effectively

How might these advancements change tooth abscess treatment in the future? These technologies could lead to more conservative treatments, faster healing times, and potentially even the ability to save teeth that would currently require extraction.

Preventive Innovations

Advances in preventive dentistry also show promise in reducing the incidence of tooth abscesses:

• Smart toothbrushes: Devices that provide real-time feedback on brushing technique
• Probiotics for oral health: Beneficial bacteria that may help prevent tooth decay
• Advanced sealants: Longer-lasting and more effective protection against decay
• Genetic testing: Identifying individuals at higher risk for dental problems

These preventive measures, combined with traditional oral hygiene practices, could significantly reduce the risk of developing tooth abscesses and other dental issues.

In conclusion, understanding tooth abscesses – from their causes and symptoms to treatment options and prevention strategies – is crucial for maintaining good oral health. By staying informed and practicing proper dental care, individuals can reduce their risk of developing these painful and potentially serious infections. As dental science continues to advance, we can look forward to even more effective ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat tooth abscesses in the future.

Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes

Overview

A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. The abscess can occur at different areas near the tooth for different reasons. A periapical (per-e-AP-ih-kul) abscess occurs at the tip of the root. A periodontal (per-e-o-DON-tul) abscess occurs in the gums at the side of a tooth root. The information here is about periapical abscesses.

A periapical tooth abscess usually occurs as a result of an untreated dental cavity, an injury or prior dental work. The resulting infection with irritation and swelling (inflammation) can cause an abscess at the tip of the root.

Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. They may be able to save your tooth with a root canal treatment. But in some cases the tooth may need to be pulled. Leaving a tooth abscess untreated can lead to serious, even life-threatening, complications.

Periapical tooth abscess

Bacteria can enter the innermost part of the tooth through either a deep cavity or a chip or crack in your tooth. The resulting infection and inflammation can cause an abscess at the tip of the root.

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of a tooth abscess include:

• Severe, constant, throbbing toothache that can spread to your jawbone, neck or ear
• Pain or discomfort with hot and cold temperatures
• Pain or discomfort with the pressure of chewing or biting
• Fever
• Swelling in your face, cheek or neck that may lead to difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Tender, swollen lymph nodes under your jaw or in your neck
• Foul odor in your mouth
• Sudden rush of foul-smelling and foul-tasting, salty fluid in your mouth and pain relief, if the abscess ruptures

When to see a doctor

See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess.

If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room. Also go to the emergency room if you have trouble breathing or swallowing. These symptoms may indicate that the infection has spread deeper into your jaw, throat or neck or even to other areas of your body.

Causes

A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. The pulp is the innermost part of the tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue.

Bacteria enter through either a dental cavity or a chip or crack in the tooth and spread all the way down to the root. The bacterial infection can cause swelling and inflammation at the tip of the root.

Risk factors

These factors may increase your risk of a tooth abscess:

• Poor dental habits and care. Not taking proper care of your teeth and gums — such as not brushing your teeth twice a day and not flossing — can increase your risk of dental problems. Problems may include tooth decay, gum disease, tooth abscess, and other dental and mouth complications.
• A diet high in sugar. Frequently eating and drinking foods rich in sugar, such as sweets and sodas, can contribute to dental cavities and turn into a tooth abscess.
• Dry mouth. Having a dry mouth can increase your risk of tooth decay. Dry mouth is often due to the side effect of certain medications or issues related to aging.

Complications

A tooth abscess won’t go away without treatment. If the abscess ruptures, the pain may improve a lot, making you think that the problem has gone away — but you still need to get dental treatment.

If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. If the tooth is located near the maxillary sinus — two large spaces under your eyes and behind your cheeks — you can also develop an opening between the tooth abscess and the sinus. This can cause an infection in the sinus cavity. You might even develop sepsis — a life-threatening infection that spreads throughout your body.

If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more.

Prevention

Avoiding tooth decay is essential to preventing a tooth abscess. Take good care of your teeth to avoid tooth decay:

• Drink water that contains fluoride.
• Brush your teeth for two minutes at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Use dental floss or a water flosser to clean between your teeth on a daily basis.
• Replace your toothbrush every 3 to 4 months, or whenever the bristles are frayed.
• Eat healthy food, limiting sugary items and between-meal snacks.
• Visit your dentist regularly for checkups and professional cleanings.
• Consider using an antiseptic or a fluoride mouth rinse to add an extra layer of protection against tooth decay.

Skin Abscess: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

A skin abscess is a bump within or below the skin’s surface. It is usually full of pus, painful, and may feel thick and swollen. This is typically caused by a bacterial infection.

A skin abscess may appear on any part of your body. It is similar to a pimple but typically larger and deeper under the skin. Abscesses most commonly develop on the:

• back
• face
• chest
• lower abdomen
• buttocks

Skin abscesses can also appear in areas of hair growth, such as your underarms or groin.

Most skin abscesses are harmless and may go away without treatment. Over-the-counter (OTC) creams such as topical antibiotic creams and at-home care may decrease swelling and aid in healing in minor cases.

Sometimes, skin abscesses are more difficult to treat and may require laceration (cutting) or drainage. In other cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed along with prescription washes in addition to draining.

There are cases in which an abscess can lead to serious, potentially life threatening complications if left untreated.

A skin abscess is usually the result of a cut or nick in your skin that allows typical bacteria found on your skin, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, to enter the wound and cause inflammation.

You’re at an increased risk for this bacterial infection if you:

• have close contact with an individual who has a Staphylococcus (staph) infection, which is why these infections are more common in hospitals
• are living with a chronic skin disease, like acne or eczema
• are living with diabetes
• are living with metabolic syndrome
• smoke
• have a weakened immune system

Other, less common causes of skin abscesses include:

• viruses
• fungus
• parasites
• tuberculosis

The clinical term for a skin abscess is a cutaneous abscess.

When it comes to skin abscesses, a few common types are:

• boils, which are painful bumps or nodules
• furuncles, which are usually due to an infected hair follicle, are filled with pus, and can spread to the surrounding tissue
• carbuncles, which are clusters of furuncles

In rare cases, an abscess can also form internally.

A few types of internal abscesses include:

• abdominal abscesses
• brain abscesses
• tooth abscesses
• spinal cord abscesses

A skin abscess often appears as a bump on your skin, similar to a pimple.

However, it can grow over time and become red and painful. The area on top of an abscess is usually inflamed, with the center of it feeling soft or “squishy.” The skin around the abscess may also be warm to the touch.

Depending on the cause of the abscess, other symptoms may also be present. These symptoms may include:

• fever
• chills
• swelling
• fluid drainage from the abscess

Share on PinterestAn abscess can occur anywhere in the body, including near the jaw, as seen here. Robert Lind / Alamy Stock Photo

Share on PinterestBoils can occur when hair follicles get bacteria trapped in them. They are usually filled with pus, which may leak out. Antoksena/Getty Images

Share on PinterestCarbuncles are a cluster of boils that are connected under the skin. Zay Nyi Nyi/Shuttertsock

A small, occasional skin abscess can usually be treated at home. However, if you think you have an infection or abscess and any of the following situations apply to you, it’s important to contact a doctor as soon as possible:

• You have a weakened immune system or you were recently hospitalized.
• You have received an organ transplant.
• You’re currently receiving chemotherapy or you recently received chemotherapy.
• The abscess is large, hasn’t healed within 2 weeks, and you also have a fever.
• The abscess appears to be spreading to other parts of your body.
• The abscess is becoming more painful or is throbbing.
• Your skin around the abscess is swollen or extremely red.

Once you’ve made an appointment with your doctor, they will review your medical history and perform a physical examination to visually inspect the abscess.

A complete physical examination is the best way for your doctor to tell if an injury or ingrown hair is the cause of the abscess.

They will also most likely ask you about any associated symptoms, such as a fever.

Even if you’re not certain you have an abscess, it’s important to bring it up with your doctor, as an untreated abscess can lead to serious complications and can become life threatening.

Your doctor may take a culture or a small amount of fluid or pus from the abscess to test for the presence of bacteria. No other testing methods are necessary to diagnose an abscess.

However, your doctor may decide to do a blood test to rule out the possibility of sepsis.

You can book an appointment with a primary care doctor in your area using our Healthline FindCare tool.

In some cases, an abscess may cause serious complications. These may include:

• fever and swollen lymph nodes
• spread of the infection
• blood poisoning, or sepsis
• endocarditis, which is an infection of the inner lining of the heart
• development of carbuncles or multiple abscesses
• tissue death in the area of the abscess
• acute bone infection, or osteomyelitis

Home treatment options

You can usually treat a skin abscess at home. Applying heat to the abscess can help it shrink and drain.

The most useful way of applying heat is to put a warm compress on the abscess. You can make a warm compress by running warm water on a face towel and folding it before placing it on the abscess several times a day for about 10 minutes at a time.

Drainage

Contact your doctor if the abscess doesn’t heal using home methods. They may want to drain it.

To drain the abscess, your doctor will apply a local numbing substance, such as lidocaine, and will then cut the abscess open to allow the fluid to come out. The open abscess is then washed out with saline.

After the abscess drains, your doctor will pack the wound with surgical material. This helps it to heal and prevents the abscess from reoccurring.

After the procedure is over, your doctor will likely prescribe antibiotics to prevent the wound from becoming infected.

Antibiotics

Your doctor might prescribe an oral antibiotic depending on the appearance and symptoms of the abscess. The antibiotics that are typically prescribed in this instance include:

• clindamycin
• cephalexin
• dicloxacillin
• doxycycline
• trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

In some cases, an individual with comorbid conditions (which occur at the same time) or severe infection may require hospitalization and will be given antibiotics through their vein.

After treatment, the abscess shouldn’t return.

You may not always be able to prevent a skin abscess. However, there are ways to minimize your chance of getting the staph infection that commonly leads to an abscess.

To minimize your risk of a staph infection:

• Wash your hands regularly.
• Clean all cuts and scrapes, even small ones, with soap and water and apply an OTC antibacterial ointment.
• Keep your cuts and wounds bandaged.
• Avoid smoking.
• Eat a nutrient-rich diet.

It’s also best not to share personal items, such as:

• towels
• sheets
• razors
• athletic equipment
• makeup
• clothing

If you do have a cut or sore, wash your bedding and towels in hot water, detergent, and bleach regularly, and dry them on the hot setting if you can.

Two very strange planets alarmed scientists

We are talking about planets in the constellation Lyra – in the system of the red dwarf Kepler-138, it is almost half the size of the Sun and is located 219 light years from us. On a galactic scale, it can be said to be in the neighborhood. A total of four worlds have been spotted near this star (one of which has not yet been confirmed), including the smallest of all that have been seen through telescopes to date – similar in size to Mars. With this, everything is more or less clear, at least scientists can quite confidently say that this planet has a solid surface. And as it turns out, this question alone can be a puzzle for astronomers, because the other two planets are something completely unseen.

The fact is that one of the surest ways to find a planet near a star is to notice how it passes over its disk, that is, the so-called transit method. And at the moment when the planet is in transit in front of its star, it is possible not only to fix the very fact of its existence, but also to determine the main properties. By how much a star temporarily dims because of this planet, one can understand its size. By the intensity of the star’s rotation around the center of mass common with the planet, one can judge the mass of the planet. Further, the mass is compared with the size, and thus an idea is created about the density of the celestial body. And the density allows you to guess what, in fact, the planet consists of.

Comparison of the size and composition of the Earth and one of the planets of the Kepler-138 system. Photo © NASA / University of Montreal / Benoit Gougeon

And scientists are used to seeing two main types of planets in space: gas and rocky. Gas, as a rule, very large, rocky relatively small. And now let’s see what is known about the mysterious Kepler-138c and Kepler-138d. Size: about one and a half times the size of the Earth. Mass: twice the size of the Earth, namely 2.3 and 2.1 masses of our planet, respectively. And from this, the density of both worlds is about 3.6 grams per cubic centimeter. For comparison, the Earth has 5.5 grams per cubic centimeter, Jupiter has 1.33 grams, and Saturn has 0.69.grams (it is lighter than water, by the way). Mars has 3.93 grams, but it is much smaller than Earth.

That is, the two planets of the Kepler-138 system look like they are clearly not gas and obviously not stone. What then? Scientists have only one version: they are aquatic. The density of water is approximately 1 gram per cubic centimeter. This means that these worlds do not consist entirely of water, but more than half. They should have solid, stone-metal cores inside, surrounded by a continuous global ocean with a depth of about two thousand kilometers. On Earth, by the way, the average depth of the oceans is 3.7 kilometers.

In principle, celestial bodies completely covered with water are well known even here, in the solar system: take, for example, Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus. But only between them and the planets, Kepler-138 has one amazing difference: Europa and Enceladus are covered with a thick, many-kilometer-long ice crust, and already under it, according to all data, the global ocean is hiding. And in this case, on two distant planets, according to measurements, all water is in a liquid state. Moreover, a thick, water vapor-rich atmosphere is suspected above the surface.

Such planets-oceans can exist only in one case: if they are at the most favorable distance from the star – not too close (then the oceans will evaporate) and not too far (they will freeze). This is called the habitable zone, that is, the zone in which understandable, known to us life can exist on the planet. It must be said that these two bottomless oceans are much closer to their luminary than Mercury is to the Sun, but the luminary itself, as already mentioned, is small and dim. So the water worlds are located, apparently, as comfortably as possible.

Maybe this is not a planet: Scientists have found a strange object in space and cannot understand what it is

Adel Romanenkova

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Oleg Tsarev’s blog – If you look into the abyss for a long time

February 19, 2015

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The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine approved the list of memorable dates and anniversaries to be celebrated at the state level in 2015.

The dates on this list are remarkable.

On May 8-9 Ukraine will celebrate “70 years since the victory over Nazism in World War II”.

September 2 – “70 years since the end of the Second World War.”

There is no mention of the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War.

And at the same time, at an expanded meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers, Petro Poroshenko frankly stated that “Galicians are the basis of the country’s statehood.”

It would seem, how are these two events related?

But the connection between them is direct.

From the very beginning, Ukraine as an independent state was built on an unfair bias, imbalance.

The entire industrial and defense power of the country, almost all of its technical and cultural potential, created in the Soviet years, was made something secondary in relation to the “liberation struggle” of Bandera against the USSR.

Many regions of Ukraine had to, as they say, work in silence.

By and large, they had no right to their voice, to their version of Ukrainian history.

On the other hand, the heirs of the few Canadian emigrants and forest “rebels” began to dictate the ideology of the entire country.

“Your money – our ideas” – in fact, the foundation of the state was based on this principle.

And this foundation, as we see now, turned out to be extremely fragile.

Aggressive, extremely radical, denying any cultural, historical and political ties with Russia, Bandera’s ideology began to destroy Ukraine like an infection – and, in the end, having subjugated the supporters of the Maidan, brought the country to disintegration and civil war.

Of course, from the point of view of Bandera’s political myth, our Great Patriotic War, our May 9, does not exist.

For them, there is only the global “Second World War”, in which Ukrainians allegedly fought both Germany and the Soviet Union at the same time – although, in fact, only small detachments of bandits fought with the Soviet Union, and the entire Ukrainian people, like Russian, defeated fascism in the ranks of the Red Army.