What are the main causes of anaphylaxis. How can you recognize the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction. What is the most effective treatment for anaphylaxis. Why is it crucial to seek immediate medical attention during an anaphylactic episode. How can individuals at risk of anaphylaxis prepare for emergencies.

What is Anaphylaxis and Why is it Dangerous?

Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen. It represents the most extreme end of the allergic reaction spectrum, where the body’s immune system overreacts to a substance it perceives as harmful.

Why is anaphylaxis so dangerous? The rapid onset and severity of symptoms can quickly lead to a state of shock, compromising multiple organ systems simultaneously. Without prompt treatment, anaphylaxis can be fatal.

Key Characteristics of Anaphylaxis:

• Sudden onset of symptoms
• Affects multiple body systems
• Can progress rapidly
• Potential for life-threatening complications
• Requires immediate medical intervention

Common Triggers of Anaphylactic Reactions

While any substance can potentially trigger an anaphylactic reaction in a susceptible individual, certain allergens are more commonly associated with severe reactions. Understanding these triggers is crucial for both prevention and management.

Most Frequent Anaphylaxis Triggers:

1. Food allergens (e.g., peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, eggs, milk)
2. Insect stings (bees, wasps, hornets, fire ants)
3. Medications (antibiotics, NSAIDs, contrast dyes)
4. Latex
5. Exercise (in some individuals)

Can anaphylaxis occur without a known trigger? Yes, in rare cases, individuals may experience idiopathic anaphylaxis, where the specific cause remains unidentified. However, working with an allergist can often help uncover hidden triggers or contributing factors.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

The ability to quickly identify anaphylaxis is crucial for timely intervention. Symptoms can vary from person to person and may not always present in the same way with each episode. However, certain hallmark signs should raise immediate concern.

Key Symptoms to Watch For:

• Skin reactions: Hives, itching, flushed or pale skin
• Respiratory distress: Shortness of breath, wheezing, tightness in the throat
• Cardiovascular issues: Weak and rapid pulse, dizziness, fainting
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea
• Neurological changes: Confusion, anxiety, sense of impending doom

How quickly can anaphylaxis progress? The onset of symptoms can be alarmingly rapid, sometimes occurring within seconds of exposure to the allergen. In other cases, symptoms may develop over the course of 30 minutes to an hour.

The Critical Role of Epinephrine in Treating Anaphylaxis

When it comes to managing anaphylaxis, epinephrine is the gold standard treatment. This life-saving medication can reverse the severe symptoms of anaphylaxis and buy crucial time for emergency medical care.

How Epinephrine Works:

• Constricts blood vessels, increasing blood pressure
• Relaxes smooth muscles in the lungs, improving breathing
• Reduces swelling and hives
• Increases heart rate and strength of heart contractions

Why is immediate administration of epinephrine so important? Delays in using epinephrine during anaphylaxis can significantly increase the risk of a poor outcome or even death. The sooner epinephrine is given, the more effective it is in reversing the allergic reaction.

Epinephrine Auto-Injectors:

For individuals at risk of anaphylaxis, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector is crucial. These devices, such as EpiPen®, AUVI-Q®, or generic versions, allow for quick and easy administration of the medication in emergency situations.

The Importance of an Emergency Action Plan

For those at risk of anaphylaxis, having a well-thought-out emergency action plan can be the difference between life and death. This plan should be developed in collaboration with an allergist and shared with family, friends, and caregivers.

Key Components of an Anaphylaxis Action Plan:

1. List of known allergens and triggers
2. Description of typical symptoms
3. Step-by-step instructions for using epinephrine auto-injector
4. Emergency contact information
5. When and how to seek additional medical help

How often should an anaphylaxis action plan be reviewed and updated? It’s recommended to review and update the plan at least annually or whenever there are significant changes in health status, newly identified allergens, or changes in medication.

The Role of Allergists in Managing Anaphylaxis Risk

Allergists play a crucial role in the diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing management of individuals at risk for anaphylaxis. These specialists have the expertise to conduct comprehensive evaluations and develop personalized management strategies.

How Allergists Help:

• Perform diagnostic tests to identify specific allergens
• Prescribe and teach proper use of epinephrine auto-injectors
• Develop individualized emergency action plans
• Provide education on allergen avoidance strategies
• Offer immunotherapy options when appropriate

What types of tests might an allergist use to diagnose allergies? Common diagnostic tools include skin prick tests, blood tests to measure specific IgE antibodies, and in some cases, carefully monitored oral food challenges.

Living with the Risk of Anaphylaxis: Strategies for Daily Life

While the threat of anaphylaxis can be daunting, many individuals successfully manage their condition and lead full, active lives. The key lies in adopting proactive strategies to minimize risk while being prepared for emergencies.

Tips for Managing Anaphylaxis Risk:

1. Always carry epinephrine auto-injectors
2. Wear medical alert jewelry
3. Read food labels carefully
4. Communicate your allergies when dining out
5. Educate family, friends, and colleagues about your condition
6. Stay up-to-date on the latest allergy management techniques

How can technology help individuals manage their anaphylaxis risk? Several smartphone apps are now available to help track allergen exposure, locate allergy-friendly restaurants, and even connect with emergency services in case of a reaction.

Emerging Treatments and Research in Anaphylaxis Management

The field of allergy and immunology is constantly evolving, with ongoing research aimed at improving our understanding and treatment of anaphylaxis. While epinephrine remains the primary treatment, new approaches are being explored to prevent and manage severe allergic reactions.

Promising Areas of Research:

• Oral immunotherapy for food allergies
• Biologics targeting specific immune pathways
• Improved epinephrine delivery systems
• Gene therapy approaches
• Novel biomarkers for predicting anaphylaxis risk

What is oral immunotherapy and how might it help prevent anaphylaxis? Oral immunotherapy involves gradually exposing an individual to increasing amounts of an allergen under medical supervision, with the goal of desensitizing the immune system and reducing the risk of severe reactions.

As research progresses, the hope is that new treatments will offer better protection against anaphylaxis and improve quality of life for those at risk. However, it’s important to note that these emerging therapies are still being studied and should only be pursued under the guidance of a qualified allergist.

The Psychological Impact of Living with Anaphylaxis Risk

The constant threat of a severe allergic reaction can take a significant toll on the mental health and well-being of individuals and their families. Understanding and addressing these psychological aspects is an important part of comprehensive anaphylaxis management.

Common Psychological Challenges:

• Anxiety and fear of potential reactions
• Social isolation due to allergen avoidance
• Stress related to constant vigilance
• Feeling of loss of control
• Impact on family dynamics and relationships

How can individuals cope with the psychological burden of anaphylaxis risk? Strategies may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, support groups, mindfulness techniques, and in some cases, consultation with a mental health professional specializing in chronic health conditions.

By addressing both the physical and emotional aspects of living with anaphylaxis risk, individuals can develop resilience and maintain a positive outlook while effectively managing their condition.

The Role of Education in Anaphylaxis Prevention and Management

Widespread education about anaphylaxis is crucial not only for those at risk but also for the general public. Increased awareness can lead to faster recognition of symptoms, quicker response times, and potentially life-saving interventions.

Key Areas for Anaphylaxis Education:

1. Schools and childcare facilities
2. Workplaces
3. Food service industry
4. Healthcare providers
5. First responders

What role do schools play in anaphylaxis management? Many schools now have policies in place for managing food allergies and other anaphylaxis risks, including staff training on epinephrine administration and allergen-free zones in cafeterias.

By fostering a culture of awareness and preparedness, we can create safer environments for those at risk of anaphylaxis and ensure that help is readily available when needed.

The Importance of Ongoing Research and Clinical Trials

Advancing our understanding of anaphylaxis and developing new treatment options requires ongoing research and clinical trials. These studies not only pave the way for better management strategies but also offer hope for those living with severe allergies.

Areas of Active Research:

• Mechanisms of allergic sensitization and tolerance
• Genetic factors influencing anaphylaxis risk
• Novel drug targets for preventing and treating severe allergic reactions
• Improved diagnostic tools for identifying at-risk individuals
• Long-term outcomes of various management approaches

How can individuals contribute to anaphylaxis research? Many allergists and research centers conduct clinical trials seeking volunteers. Participating in these studies can provide access to cutting-edge treatments and contribute to the advancement of allergy science.

As research progresses, the hope is that we will gain a deeper understanding of anaphylaxis, leading to more effective prevention strategies and treatments that can significantly improve the lives of those at risk.

Global Perspectives on Anaphylaxis Management

Anaphylaxis is a global health concern, but approaches to management and prevention can vary significantly across different countries and cultures. Understanding these global perspectives can provide valuable insights and drive improvements in care worldwide.

International Variations in Anaphylaxis Management:

1. Differences in allergen prevalence and triggers
2. Varying healthcare system approaches
3. Cultural attitudes towards food allergies and dietary restrictions
4. Availability and affordability of epinephrine auto-injectors
5. Public health policies and allergen labeling laws

How do international guidelines for anaphylaxis management compare? While there is general consensus on the importance of prompt epinephrine use, some variations exist in recommended dosing, follow-up care, and prevention strategies. Organizations like the World Allergy Organization work to harmonize guidelines and improve global standards of care.

By examining diverse approaches to anaphylaxis management around the world, we can identify best practices and work towards more equitable access to life-saving treatments and preventive measures.

The Future of Anaphylaxis Prevention and Treatment

As our understanding of allergic mechanisms deepens and technology advances, the future of anaphylaxis management looks promising. Emerging technologies and novel therapeutic approaches offer hope for better prevention, more effective treatments, and improved quality of life for those at risk.

Promising Developments on the Horizon:

• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiling
• Advanced wearable devices for early detection of anaphylaxis
• Improved epinephrine delivery systems with longer shelf life
• Targeted immunotherapies to induce lasting tolerance
• AI-powered tools for risk assessment and management

How might artificial intelligence contribute to anaphylaxis management? AI algorithms could potentially analyze vast amounts of data to identify subtle patterns and risk factors, helping to predict and prevent anaphylactic episodes more effectively.

While these advancements offer exciting possibilities, it’s important to remember that they will complement, not replace, the fundamental principles of anaphylaxis management: allergen avoidance, preparedness, and prompt treatment with epinephrine when needed.

As we look to the future, the collective efforts of researchers, healthcare providers, patients, and advocates continue to drive progress in the fight against anaphylaxis, offering hope for a world where severe allergic reactions are more predictable, preventable, and manageable.

Anaphylaxis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

In most cases, people with allergies develop mild to moderate symptoms, such as watery eyes, a runny nose or a rash. But sometimes, exposure to an allergen can cause a life-threatening allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. This severe reaction happens when an over-release of chemicals puts the person into shock. Allergies to food, insect stings, medications and latex are most frequently associated with anaphylaxis.

A second anaphylactic reaction, known as a biphasic reaction, can occur as long as 12 hours after the initial reaction.

Call 911 and get to the nearest emergency facility at the first sign of anaphylaxis, even if you have already administered It is one of two chemicals (the other is norepinephrine) released by the adrenal gland. Epinephrine increases the speed and force of heart beats and thereby the work that can be done by the heart. It dilates the airways to improve breathing and narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestine so that an increased flow of blood reaches the muscles and allows them to cope with the demands of exercise. Epinephrine has been produced synthetically as a drug since 1900. It remains the drug of choice for treatment of anaphylaxis."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Epinephrine is a naturally occurring hormone, also called adrenaline. It is one of two chemicals (the other is norepinephrine) released by the adrenal gland. Epinephrine increases the speed and force of heart beats and thereby the work that can be done by the heart. It dilates the airways to improve breathing and narrows blood vessels in the skin and intestine so that an increased flow of blood reaches the muscles and allows them to cope with the demands of exercise. Epinephrine has been produced synthetically as a drug since 1900. It remains the drug of choice for treatment of anaphylaxis.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>epinephrine, the drug used to treat severe allergic reactions. Just because an allergic person has never had an anaphylactic reaction in the past to an offending allergen, doesn’t mean that one won’t occur in the future. If you have had an anaphylactic reaction in the past, you are at risk of future reactions.

Find expert care with an Allergist.

Don’t let allergies or "}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems. People with asthma have acute episodes where the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. Sometimes episodes of asthma are triggered by allergens, although infection, exercise, cold air and other factors are also important triggers.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>asthma hold you back.

Symptoms

Anaphylaxis symptoms occur suddenly and can progress quickly. The early symptoms may be mild, such as a runny nose, a skin rash or a “strange feeling.” These symptoms can quickly lead to more serious problems, including:

• Trouble breathing
• Hives or swelling
• Tightness of the throat
• Hoarse voice
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Low blood pressure
• Rapid heart beat
• Feeling of doom
• Cardiac arrest

People who have had a severe allergic reaction are at risk for future reactions. Even if your first reaction is mild, future reactions might be more severe. That’s why it’s important to carry self-injectable epinephrine if you are at risk, and 911 should be dialed in the event of a very serious reaction.

The best way to understand anaphylaxis and the things that can trigger this severe allergic reaction is to see an allergist who will help you manage your condition.

Diagnosis

If you have a history of allergies and/or asthma and have previously had a severe reaction, you are at greater risk for anaphylaxis.

Allergists are specially trained to review your history of allergic reactions, conduct diagnostic tests (such as skin-prick tests, blood tests and oral food challenges) to determine your triggers, review treatment options and teach avoidance techniques. Talk with an allergist if:

• You’re unsure whether you have had an anaphylactic reaction.
• Your symptoms are recurring or are difficult to control.
• You’re having trouble managing your condition.
• More tests are needed to determine the cause of your reactions.
• Desensitization or Immunotherapy involves giving gradually increasing doses of the substance, or allergen, to which the person is allergic. The incremental increases of the allergen cause the immune system to become less sensitive to the substance, perhaps by causing production of a particular "blocking" antibody, which reduces the symptoms of allergy when the substance is encountered in the future.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>immunotherapy could be helpful in your case.
• Daily medication is needed.
• You need intensive education on avoidance and anaphylaxis management.
• Other medical conditions complicate your treatment.

Management and Treatment

An anaphylactic reaction should be treated immediately with an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). Doses, available by prescription, come in an auto-injector that should be kept with you at all times. Two injections may be necessary to control symptoms. Here are some tips for reducing the risk of anaphylaxis:

1. Know your trigger. If you’ve had anaphylaxis, it’s very important to know what triggered the reaction. An allergist can review your medical history and, if necessary, conduct diagnostic tests. The most common triggers are:
   • Food: including peanuts, tree nuts such as walnuts and pecans, fish, shellfish, cow’s milk and eggs.
   • Latex: found in disposable gloves, intravenous tubes, syringes, adhesive tapes and catheters. Health care workers, children with spina bifida and genitourinary abnormalities and people who work with natural latex are at higher-risk for latex-induced anaphylaxis.
   • Medication: including penicillin, aspirin and non-steroidal Although not a drug, immunotherapy ("allergy shots") reduces inflammation in both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, and anesthesia.
   • Insect sting: with bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants being the most likely to trigger anaphylaxis.
2. Avoid your trigger. Avoidance is the most effective way to prevent anaphylaxis. An allergist can work with you to develop specific avoidance measures tailored specifically for your age, activities, occupation, hobbies, home environment and access to medical care. Here are some general avoidance techniques for common triggers:
   • Food allergies. Be a label detective and make sure you review all food ingredient labels carefully to uncover potential allergens. When eating out, ask the restaurant how food is prepared and what ingredients are used. If you have a child with a history of anaphylaxis, it’s imperative to make sure that school personnel are informed of the child’s condition and a treatment plan is provided, including the administration of epinephrine.
   • Medications. Make sure all of your doctors are aware of any reactions you’ve had to medications so that they can prescribe safe alternatives and alert you to other medications you may need to avoid. If there are no alternative medications, you may be a candidate for desensitization, a treatment that introduces a small dose of the medication you are allergic to. As your body becomes more tolerant to the medication, the dosage can be increased over time. While the treatment is effective, it’s only temporary and must be repeated if the medication is needed again in the future.
   • Insect stings. To help prevent stinging insects, avoid walking barefoot in grass, drinking from open soft drink cans, wearing bright colored clothing with flowery patterns, sweet smelling perfumes, hairsprays and lotion during active insect season in late summer and early fall. An allergist can also provide a preventative treatment called venom immunotherapy (or venom Symptoms of the allergic diseases may be caused by exposure of the skin to a chemical, of the respiratory system to particles of dust or pollen (or other substances), or of the stomach and intestines to a particular food."}" data-sheets-userformat="{"2":8963,"3":{"1":0},"4":[null,2,16777215],"11":4,"12":0,"16":10}">Allergies are inappropriate or exaggerated reactions of the immune system to substances that, in the majority of people, cause no symptoms. Symptoms of the allergic diseases may be caused by exposure of the skin to a chemical, of the respiratory system to particles of dust or pollen (or other substances), or of the stomach and intestines to a particular food.</span>” rel=”tooltip”>allergy shots) for insect sting allergy. The treatment works by introducing gradually increasing doses of purified insect venom, and has been shown to be 90 to 98 percent effective in preventing future allergic reactions to insect stings.
3. Be prepared. Prompt recognition of the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis is critical. If you unexpectedly come into contact with your trigger, you should immediately follow the emergency plan outlined by your doctor including the self-administration of epinephrine. If there is any doubt about the reaction, it is generally better to administer the epinephrine. Be sure to keep your epinephrine auto-injector up to date. If an expired auto-injector is the only one available in an emergency situation, administer it promptly anyway. Teachers and other caregivers should be informed of children who are at risk for anaphylaxis and know what to do in an allergic emergency.
4. Seek treatment. If a severe reaction does occur and epinephrine is administered, you should be transported to the nearest emergency facility by ambulance for additional monitoring.
5. Tell family and friends. Family and friends should be aware of your condition, your triggers and know how to recognize anaphylactic symptoms. If you carry epinephrine, alert them to where you keep it and how to use it.
6. Wear identification. Wear and/or carry identification or jewelry (bracelet or necklace) noting condition and offending allergens.
7. See a specialist. Allergists are specially trained to help you take control of your symptoms, conduct diagnostic tests and review treatment options so you can live the life you want.
8. Seek additional resources. Additional information on allergies and anaphylaxis is available on the ACAAI Web site or the Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE) at www.foodallergy.org.
9. In addition, helpful information can be found on the Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Connection Team (FAACT) website www.FoodAllergyAwareness.org.

Be S.A.F.E. Action Guide

Allergists and emergency physicians have teamed up to create the Be S.A.F.E. action guide to help you remember steps to take during and after an allergic emergency.

Seek immediate medical help.

Call 911 and get to the nearest emergency facility at the first sign of anaphylaxis, even if you have already administered epinephrine, the drug used to treat severe allergic reactions. If you have had an anaphylactic reaction in the past, you are at risk of future reactions.

Identify the Allergen.

Think about what you might have eaten or come in contact with – food, insect sting, medication, latex – to trigger an allergic reaction. It is particularly important to identify the cause because the best way to prevent anaphylaxis is to avoid its trigger.

Follow up with a specialist.

Ask your doctor for a referral to an allergist/immunologist, a physician who specializes in treating asthma and allergies. It is important that you consult an allergist for testing, diagnosis and ongoing management of your allergic disease.

Carry Epinephrine for emergencies.

Kits containing fast-acting, self-administered epinephrine are commonly prescribed for people who are at risk of anaphylaxis. Make sure that you carry an epinephrine kit with you at all times, and that family and friends know of your condition, your triggers and how to use epinephrine. Consider wearing an emergency medical bracelet or necklace identifying yourself as a person at risk of anaphylaxis. Teachers and other caregivers should be informed of children who are at risk for anaphylaxis and know what to do in an allergic emergency.

This page was reviewed for accuracy 1/29/2018.

Severe Allergic Reaction: Anaphylaxis | AAFA.org

Anaphylaxis [anna-fih-LACK-sis] is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.

ALLERGIC EMERGENCY

If you think you are having anaphylaxis, use your self-injectable epinephrine and call 911.

Do not delay. Do not take antihistamines in place of epinephrine. Epinephrine is the most effective treatment for anaphylaxis.

What Are the Symptoms of Anaphylaxis?

Symptoms usually involve more than one organ system (part of the body), such as the skin or mouth, the lungs, the heart, and the gut. Some symptoms include:

• Skin rashes, itching or hives
• Swelling of the lips, tongue or throat
• Shortness of breath, trouble breathing or wheezing (whistling sound during breathing)
• Dizziness and/or fainting
• Stomach pain, bloating, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Uterine cramps
• Feeling like something awful is about to happen

Ask your doctor for a complete list of symptoms and an anaphylaxis action plan. Anaphylaxis must be treated right away to provide the best chance for improvement and prevent serious, potentially life-threatening complications.

What Is the Treatment for Anaphylaxis?

Epinephrine [ep-uh-NEF-rin] is the most important treatment available. Always carry two epinephrine auto-injectors so you can quickly treat a reaction wherever you are. (Learn more on our related website for Kids With Food Allergies: Epinephrine Is the First Line of Treatment for Severe Allergic Reactions).

• Promptly inject the medicine at the first sign of an anaphylactic reaction.  Consider carrying your anaphylaxis action plan along with your auto-injectors.

• Call 911 to go to a hospital by ambulance. You must seek medical care immediately – even if you feel better – because symptoms can recur.
• You may need other treatments, in addition to epinephrine.

What Causes Anaphylaxis?

An allergy occurs when the body’s immune system sees something as harmful and reacts. Your immune system tries to remove or isolate the trigger. The result is symptoms such as vomiting or swelling. The most common triggers of anaphylaxis are allergens. Medicines, foods, insect stings and bites, and latex most often cause severe allergic reactions.

• Medicines are the leading cause in adults
  Common culprits are penicillin and other antibiotics, aspirin, and aspirin-related products and insulin.
• Foods are the leading cause in children
  In the U.S., the most common food allergies are peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, fish, milk, eggs, sesame, soy, and wheat. These are the most common allergens.” In children, the most common food allergies are milk, eggs, peanuts, soy, and wheat. In adults, the most common food allergies are shellfish, tree nuts and peanuts.
• Insect stings and bites
  Stinging insects such as bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, and fire ants can cause anaphylaxis. Certain tick bites can cause a person to develop severe allergic reactions to meat. Bites from the “kissing bug” and deer fly also cause a local allergic reaction.
• Latex
  Natural rubber latex may cause a mild skin irritation or it can trigger a severe allergic reaction. Direct contact with latex items (latex gloves, condoms and balloons) can cause a reaction. Inhaling small latex particles that have become airborne can trigger latex allergy. Putting on and removing latex gloves can release small latex particles into the air.
• Physical activity
  Exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a rare allergic reaction that occurs after vigorous physical activity. Temperature, seasonal changes, drugs, alcohol or eating certain foods before exercise may be co-factors. In other words, both exercise and this other factor have to be present for a person to have the severe allergic reaction.

With proper evaluation, allergists identify most causes of anaphylaxis. Some people have allergic reactions without any known exposure to common allergens. If an allergist cannot identify a trigger, the condition is idiopathic anaphylaxis.

How Can I Tell the Difference Between Anaphylaxis and Asthma?

People with asthma often have allergies as well. This puts them at higher risk of developing anaphylaxis, which also can cause breathing problems. For that reason, it is important to manage your asthma well. Some of the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction or a severe asthma attack may seem similar. A helpful clue to tell the these apart is that anaphylaxis may closely follow ingestion of a medication, eating a specific food, or getting stung or bitten by an insect.

If you are unsure if it is anaphylaxis or asthma:

• Use your epinephrine auto-injector first (it treats both anaphylaxis and asthma)
• Then use your asthma quick-relief inhaler (such as albuterol)
• Call 911 and go to the hospital by ambulance

What Can I Do to Prevent Anaphylaxis?

• Know your allergens. An accurate diagnosis is important. An allergist can help you create a plan to keep you safe.
• Avoid your allergens.
  • If you have a drug allergy, be familiar with both the generic name and brand names of medicines that cause you to have a severe allergic reaction. And be aware of ingredients in a combination product. Become familiar with medicines that might cause a cross-reaction. Read drug information carefully.
  • If you have a food allergy, be careful about everything you eat. Check ingredients on all food labels. Wash hands, and use clean surfaces and utensils to prepare food. Ask restaurant staff how they prepare foods. (Learn more on our related website for Kids with Food Allergies: What Is a Food Allergy?)
  • If you react to insect stings or exercise, talk to your doctor about how to avoid these reactions.
• Carry your epinephrine auto-injectors with you at all times. This is very important and can save your life or the life of a loved one.
• Prepare with a plan. Have your doctor help you create an anaphylaxis action plan.
• Talk to your doctor and caregivers. Make sure they know the names of any medications you are allergic to and what symptoms you had when you took them. Give them a list of every drug you take. Some common medicines, like beta-blockers, can worsen anaphylaxis.
• Wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace. It lets others know of your allergy in an emergency. Also, keep a card in your wallet or purse that explains your allergy.

Who Is At Risk for Anaphylaxis?

• People who have experienced anaphylaxis before
• People with allergies to foods, insect stings, medicines, and other triggers

If you are at risk:

• Keep your epinephrine auto-injectors with you at all times and be ready to use them if an emergency occurs
• Talk with your doctor about your triggers and your symptoms. Your doctor may tell you to see an allergist – An allergist can help you identify your allergies and learn to manage your risk of severe reactions
• Ask your doctor for an anaphylaxis action plan. This will help you know what to do if you experience anaphylaxis

Medical Review: October 2015, updated February 2017

Acute allergic reactions: symptoms, treatment and prevention

Contents

• 1 How to prevent acute allergic reactions and what to do in case of occurrence
  • 1.1 Allergic reaction: what is it?
    • 1.1.1 Concept
    • 1.1.2 Types
    • 1.1.3 Causes
  • 1.2 What are acute allergic reactions?
  • 1.3 Symptoms of acute allergic reactions
  • 1.4 Diagnosis of acute allergic reactions
  • 1.5 How are acute allergic reactions treated?
    • 1.5.1 Doctors use different methods to treat acute allergic reactions, depending on their type and severity.
  • 1. 6 Which medicines can be used for an acute allergic reaction?
  • 1.7 Anaphylaxis: a danger to health and life
    • 1.7.1 What is anaphylaxis?
    • 1.7.2 How is anaphylaxis treated?
  • 1.8 How are acute allergic reactions prevented?
  • 1.9 Care of patients after an acute allergic reaction
    • 1.9.1 Medical monitoring and supervision
    • 1.9.2 Pharmacotherapy and diet
    • 1.9.3 Prevention and education

  900 05 1.10 Complications of an acute allergic reaction

  • 1.10.1 Anaphylactic shock
  • 1.10.2 Angioedema
  • 1.10.3 Asthma
  • 1.10.4 Angioedema
  • 1.10.5 Urticaria

  90 005 1.11 How to communicate with people suffering from an acute allergic reaction?

  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What are the symptoms of an acute allergic reaction?
      • 1.13.0.2 How can an acute allergic reaction be treated?
      • 1. 13.0.3 Can an acute allergic reaction be prevented?
      • 1.13.0.4 How can you quickly know if an ongoing reaction is an acute allergic reaction?
      • 1.13.0.5 What is the proportion of the population with an acute allergic reaction?
      • 1.13.0.6 What are the most effective preventive measures to prevent an acute allergic reaction?

Acute allergic reactions are dangerous conditions in the body that can develop in response to exposure to allergens. The symptoms can be very varied and require immediate treatment. In the article you will find information about the causes of development, diagnosis and treatment of acute allergic reactions.

An allergy is an organism’s response to certain substances that are not considered dangerous to most people. However, for allergy sufferers, these substances can cause severe allergic reactions, accompanied by severe itching, redness of the skin, fear and other unpleasant consequences.

Severe allergic reactions can be a medical emergency, requiring immediate medical attention. However, many people do not pay due attention to this, or ask for help too late. Next, we will look at the symptoms, treatment and prevention of acute allergic reactions so that everyone can approach this problem more consciously and prevent its occurrence.

Allergic reaction: what is it?

Concept

An allergic reaction is a specific response of the body to an allergen substance that is safe for other people. Upon contact with an allergen, a cascade of reactions occurs in the body, which lead to the release of a huge amount of biological substances. As a result, symptoms develop that can manifest with varying degrees of severity.

Species

Allergic reactions may be immediate or delayed. Instantaneous reactions develop within minutes of contact with the allergen. Delayed reactions appear several hours or even days after exposure to the allergen.

Causes

The causes of allergic reactions can be different: hereditary predisposition, poor quality food, poor air quality, etc. It is important to note that an allergic reaction does not occur the first time. Usually the body has time to develop immunity to the allergen, but with repeated contact, a reaction occurs.

What are acute allergic reactions?

Acute allergic reactions can be of different types and degrees of severity. Some of the more common types of reactions include:

• Urticaria – skin rashes appear that are very itchy and swollen.
• Allergic rhinitis – irritation of the nasal mucosa, which is manifested by profuse runny nose and nasal congestion.
• Angioedema – swelling of the lips, face and neck. In some cases, it can lead to suffocation.
• Anaphylaxis is a serious and potentially fatal reaction that can cause respiratory failure, hypotension, and unconsciousness.

Each allergic reaction has its own symptoms and severity. It is especially important to quickly identify anaphylactic shock and take urgent measures to treat it. An effective way to prevent acute allergic reactions is to avoid contact with the allergen and take all necessary precautions. Even small contact with an allergen can cause a serious reaction, so you should be especially careful and vigilant.

Symptoms of acute allergic reactions and their severity. ReactionSymptoms Degree of severity rhinitis Runny nose, stuffy nose Mild Angioedema Swelling of lips, face and neck Moderate Anaphylaxis Respiratory failure, arterial hypotension, loss of consciousness Severe

Symptoms of acute allergic reactions

If you have experienced allergies, you know that symptoms can manifest themselves in different ways. But the main sign is the rapid and unexpected appearance of a reaction to some substance. An acute allergy attack may occur immediately or within minutes of contact. Symptoms can appear on the skin, respiratory system, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system.

Cardiovascular reaction is manifested by a sharp drop in blood pressure and is especially often observed in anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is the most severe form of an allergic reaction and can cause loss of consciousness and even death.

1. Urtivatitsa and redness
2. edema and itching of the skin
3. Severe breathing problems
4. Problems with the eyes and stomach
5. cramps and dizziness with anaphylactic shock

Diagnosis of acute allergic reactions

Diagnosis of acute allergic reactions is aimed at assessing symptoms and identifying the source of the allergen. Patients with complaints of an allergic reaction undergo a comprehensive examination, including blood tests for the presence of antibodies and specific immunoglobulins.

In some cases, the diagnosis of acute allergic reactions may require the consultation of specialized specialists, such as an allergist and an immunologist.

It is important to know that correct diagnosis is a key factor for successful treatment and prevention of future allergic reactions.

How are acute allergic reactions treated?

Doctors use different methods to treat acute allergic reactions, depending on their type and severity.

Antihistamines may be given for mild to moderate allergic reactions. These drugs help reduce allergy symptoms such as itching, redness, and swelling of the skin.

If the allergy is severe and causes anaphylactic shock, the doctor may use epinephrine. This drug can stop the development of an antigen-antibody reaction and relieve allergy symptoms.

Treatment of allergies may also include the use of glucocorticosteroids such as prednisone. These medications reduce inflammation and swelling, which is often the cause of allergy symptoms.

• When treating acute allergic reactions, your doctor may recommend the following measures:
• avoid allergenic foods and other possible allergens;
• take medicine prescribed by a doctor correctly and in a timely manner;
• use special medical devices such as Epipen allergy syringes in case of anaphylactic shock.

In any case, do not self-medicate with acute allergic reactions. If you experience signs of an allergy, seek medical attention as soon as possible.

What medicines can be used for acute allergic reactions?

Acute allergic reactions can manifest as urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, etc. To prevent a health-threatening condition, medical measures must be taken immediately. Antihistamines, quick-acting agents, and anti-inflammatory drugs may be used as first aid.

• Antihistamines. This is a group of drugs that reduce the release of histamine, a substance responsible for causing allergic reactions. These include Suprastin, Loratadin, Fenkarol, Fenistil, Diazolin, etc. The action of antihistamine drugs appears 15-20 minutes after ingestion, the effect lasts 4-6 hours.
• Fast action products. These are hormonal preparations used for acute allergic reactions. They relieve swelling and inflammation at the site of the lesion, eliminate dyspnea, fever and other allergy symptoms. Within a few minutes after the administration of the drug, the patient becomes better. These drugs include Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone, Prednisolone and others.
• Anti-inflammatory drugs. They reduce inflammation and fight allergic manifestations. These drugs include Nurofen, Aspirin, Ketanov, Diclofenac, etc.

Immediate help in case of an acute allergic reaction contributes to the rapid recovery of health and helps to avoid serious complications.

Important: Before using any medicine, you should consult your doctor, especially if you have concomitant diseases.

Anaphylaxis: a danger to health and life

What is anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening allergic reaction that can begin within minutes of exposure to an allergen. The first sign of anaphylaxis is the rapid onset of a severe allergic reaction, which can be described as a “second stage response.” In particular, as a result of a reaction with a toxic substance, the patient may experience shock, airway closure and angioedema. Signs of anaphylaxis vary from person to person, but in general, most people experience severe symptoms within minutes of being exposed to an allergen.

How to treat anaphylaxis?

There are three parts to the treatment of anaphylaxis. First of all, it is necessary to perform an immediate reaction and interrupt contact with the allergen. Then the doctor may prescribe antiallergic drugs to the patient to avoid repeated exposure to the allergen on the organs and body systems. And thirdly, as needed, various procedures may be required, such as the introduction of glucocorticosteroids, distension of the airways and other types of medical care. It is important that at the first signs of anaphylaxis, the patient should contact a medical facility to provide prompt assistance and prevent possible complications.

Doctors also recommend that patients with allergic reactions carry autoinjectable epinephrine with them at all times to use at the first sign of anaphylaxis until medical attention is available. Special drugs or immunotherapy may also be used to prevent anaphylaxis. However, a timely appeal to medical institutions is necessary for the diagnosis of allergies and fair planning of further treatment.

Several symptoms of anaphylaxis may include:

Skin symptoms: burning, itching, urticaria, reddening of the skin;

Respiratory symptoms: shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest wheezing, cough, chest pressure;

Gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;

Systemic symptoms: dizziness, fainting, fever, arrhythmia.

How are acute allergic reactions prevented?

Acute allergic reactions can be life-threatening, so prevention is important. First of all, it is necessary to establish the allergen causing the reaction. To do this, you can conduct allergy tests with a specialist.

If allergy is known, contact with the allergen should be avoided. Some foods, along with medicines, may contain ingredients that can cause allergies, so it is extremely important to read labels and take into account all the necessary information.

If an allergic reaction has already occurred, seek immediate medical attention. Often, people who are known for their allergies have epinephrine syringes that they must carry with them at all times. This is a special drug that can eliminate an allergic reaction and prevent anaphylactic shock.

• A healthy lifestyle also plays an important role in preventing acute allergic reactions. Protecting our body’s immune system will help it fight off allergies. In addition, exercise and moderate alcohol consumption can help reduce the risk of allergic reactions.
• Some medications, such as antihistamines, may be taken to reduce the chance of an allergic reaction. However, before using them, you should consult your doctor.

In general, the prevention of acute allergic reactions is to know your allergies, avoid contact with allergens, but if the reaction does occur, you should immediately seek medical help.

Care after an acute allergic reaction

Medical monitoring and monitoring

After an acute allergic reaction, it is important to monitor the patient’s condition and conduct medical monitoring. The doctor may order re-hospitalization in some cases, observation of immediate symptoms, and a control allergen test to determine possible allergic reactions in the future.

Pharmacotherapy and diet

Treatment after an acute allergic reaction may include pharmacotherapy, including drugs to treat symptoms, and epinephrine to treat anaphylaxis. It is also recommended to follow a diet, excluding foods that cause allergies.

Prevention and education

An important aspect of care after an acute allergic reaction is prevention. This includes instructing the patient on how to avoid possible allergens, what to do in the event of a recurrent allergic reaction, and how to administer epinephrine. It is also recommended to carry an epinephrine injector with you and to provide such injectors for patients who are at risk of an acute allergic reaction.

Symptoms of an acute allergic reactionFirst aid measures

Complications of acute allergic reaction

Anaphylactic shock

One of the most serious complications of an acute allergic reaction is anaphylactic shock. It can happen instantly and lead to death. In this case, immediate medical attention and the introduction of adrenaline are necessary.

Quincke’s edema

Quincke’s edema is a characteristic swelling of the skin and mucous membranes. It can occur as part of anaphylactic shock, but also separately. This type of edema can lead to airway obstruction and air retention in the lungs.

Asthma

An acute allergic reaction may cause an asthma attack. This happens when the bronchi become very constricted and people have difficulty breathing. A severe case of asthma can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Angioedema

Angioedema is the rapid spread of swelling in the soft tissues, which can lead to breath holding and suffocation. It usually appears on the lips, eyes, tongue, and throat, and can occur within minutes or hours of exposure to an allergen.

Urticaria

Urticaria is the first symptom of an acute allergic reaction. These are usually characteristic red patches on the skin that are often itchy. In most cases, hives disappear within a few hours of onset.

How to deal with people who are suffering from an acute allergic reaction?

Every day we meet people who suffer from an acute allergic reaction. To communicate with them correctly and not harm, you need to know a few simple rules.

• Clean your hands before interacting.
• Do not make an appointment in places where there are many allergens, such as a flower shop.
• Ask if the person has an allergic reaction to certain foods or materials.
• Don’t bring cosmetics, flowers, or sweets unless you know if they might cause an allergic reaction.
• Inform about the possibility of your allergy to something, if any.
• If you are giving advice on treatment, upgrading of housing, choice of goods, consider the characteristics of the person’s disease.

It is also very important to respect allergic reactions, not to criticize or deny them. To take attention away from an acute attack of allergies, to tell fortunes about memorable habits – this is not only insulting to the patient, but can lead to dangerous consequences.

By following these guidelines, you will be able to communicate with people who are suffering from an acute allergic reaction in a way that respects their health and well-being.

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Q&A:

What symptoms can occur in an acute allergic reaction?

Symptoms of an acute allergic reaction may include: hives, swelling of the throat or tongue, difficulty breathing, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness. In the event of such symptoms, it is urgent to call an ambulance.

How can an acute allergic reaction be treated?

Treatment of an acute allergic reaction may include the use of epinephrine, antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids, oxygen, and fluid therapy. Epinephrine is the main drug for quickly relieving the symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Can an acute allergic reaction be prevented?

Yes, you can prevent an acute allergic reaction by following your doctor’s orders, avoiding contact with allergens, and wearing an epinephrine auto-injector if you are allergic to a certain substance. It is also necessary to study the labels on products to exclude the presence of harmful substances.

How can you quickly know if an ongoing reaction is an acute allergic reaction?

An acute allergic attack is often accompanied by urticaria, swelling and itching. But this is optional. In some cases, anaphylactic shock can occur, which can lead to respiratory failure, loss of consciousness, and even death. If you suspect an acute allergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention or call an ambulance.

What is the proportion of the population with an acute allergic reaction?

Approximately 1-2% of the population suffers from an acute allergic reaction. The risk of developing allergies may be increased if you have a genetic predisposition, other allergic reactions, or if you live in cities with high levels of air pollution.

What is the best preventive measure to prevent an acute allergic reaction?

The most effective measures to prevent an acute allergic reaction are avoiding contact with allergens, wearing an epinephrine autoinjector, constantly monitoring your health, and following all doctor’s orders. If you have a known allergy to certain foods or substances, be sure to check the ingredients of the foods to make sure you don’t come into contact with the allergen.

Acute allergic reactions

Allergy – altered, increased sensitivity to substances foreign to the body. The direct cause of allergies are allergens – substances, predominantly of a protein nature, which, when they enter an organism that is sensitive to them, cause an allergic reaction that leads to damage to tissues and organs. According to statistics, every second inhabitant of the globe suffered one or another allergic reaction at least once in his life!

Acute allergic diseases include:

1. Anaphylactic shock
2. Exacerbation (attack) of bronchial asthma
3. Acute laryngeal stenosis
4. Quincke’s edema
5. Acute urticaria
6. Aggravation of allergic rhinitis or exacerbation of allergic conjunctivitis.

Most often, the development of an allergic reaction is due to exposure to:

1. Inhalation allergens dwellings (house and library dust, mites)
2. Epidermal allergens (hair of animals, especially cats)
3. Pollen allergens (pollen of various plants)
4. Food allergens (milk, eggs, fish, nuts, seafood)
5. Medicines (antibiotics, antipyretics, anesthetics)
6. Insect stings (bees, wasps).

Manifestations of allergic reactions are very diverse and, as a rule, depend on the way the allergen enters the body. The skin and respiratory tract are most commonly affected. However, any organs and tissues of the body can be involved in the pathological process. Allergic reactions can be immediate (when they develop very quickly, rapidly – within a few minutes) and delayed (may develop over several days). The initial period of any allergy manifests itself in the form of poor health, general malaise, as well as headache and chills, nausea, shortness of breath and dizziness. Quite often there are skin itching, burning in the mouth and nose, as well as nasal congestion and frequent sneezing.

Also, allergic reactions can be subdivided according to the severity of manifestations:

1. Mild allergic reactions. These include primarily seasonal or year-round allergic rhinitis, seasonal or year-round allergic conjunctivitis, and urticaria.
2. Moderate and severe allergic reactions. Among them, it is necessary to highlight Quincke’s edema and generalized urticaria, as well as exacerbation of moderate bronchial asthma, acute stenosis of the larynx and, of course, anaphylactic shock.

Clinical manifestations of allergic reactions are varied:

Allergic rhinitis . Its main manifestations are characteristic nasal congestion and / or difficulty in nasal breathing. Allergic rhinitis is also manifested by sneezing, a burning sensation in the throat and the release of copious watery mucous secretions.

Allergic conjunctivitis is characterized by hyperemia and redness of the conjunctiva. It is also accompanied by edema, lacrimation and itching, swelling of the eyelids, narrowing of the palpebral fissure and photophobia.

Urticaria. Characterized by the sudden onset of itchy blisters. Their edges are raised above the surface of the skin. The blisters themselves are distinguished by a pale center and bright red edges. They can appear both over the entire surface of the body, and focus on a specific area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin. Such a rash does not leave pigmentation and can persist on the skin from 1 to 3 days.

Quincke’s edema (giant urticaria). This is nothing more than a local swelling of the skin, mucous membranes or subcutaneous tissue. The most common places for its development are the lips and eyelids, cheeks and forehead, as well as the scalp, feet, hands and scrotum. In addition to skin manifestations, swelling of the joints, as well as mucous membranes (including the intestines and larynx), can be observed. Laryngeal edema is manifested by a “rough” cough, hoarseness, suffocation, “noisy” breathing. In this case, death from asphyxia is even possible. Severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting accompany swelling of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.

Anaphylactic shock. Characterized by a sharp drop in blood pressure. Often there is a loss of consciousness, and breathing is also disturbed due to bronchospasm and laryngeal edema. All these conditions are accompanied by characteristic pain in the abdomen, itching and urticaria. This clinical picture develops very quickly – literally within an hour (but most often within the first five minutes). Unfortunately, if the necessary measures are not taken in time, a fatal outcome can occur.

First aid for acute allergic reactions.

1. Stop contact with the allergen!

The first aid in the development of acute food allergies is immediate gastric lavage. In the event that more than one hour has passed after eating, the most effective methods are taking laxatives and the so-called cleansing enema. You also need to give sorbent preparations (activated carbon, filtrum, enteros-gel, etc.). Taking these drugs will stop allergens from entering the bloodstream from the intestinal lumen.

If we are talking about insect bites, then in this case, the first aid is to quickly remove the sting. To reduce swelling, apply a cold compress or ice to the bite site for at least 20 minutes. A towel soaked in cold water can serve as a compress. It is also advisable to apply a tourniquet above the bite (at a minimum distance).

When dealing with inhaled allergens (such as dust, pollen or wool), the first aid will be to quickly change the child’s clothes and promptly wash off with water allergens that have managed to get on the patient’s skin and mucous membranes. First of all, you need to take a shower, as well as rinse your nose and eyes.

2. Taking antihistamines.

For children, suprastin, fenkarol, fenistil, etc. can be used. These drugs prevent the development of an acute allergic reaction by inhibiting the symptoms associated with the release of histamine.

3. Hypoallergenic diet.

It is very important to follow a non-specific hypoallergenic diet for at least two weeks after an allergic reaction occurs. It is based on the exclusion from the diet of foods that most often cause allergic reactions. By following a diet, you will prevent repeated allergic reactions!

In the event that after the elimination of contact with the allergen and the use of antihistamines, there is no improvement, urgently call an ambulance!

If there is a severe allergic reaction, hormonal drugs (such as dexamethasone or prednisone) and adrenaline are given. They can be used only under the strict supervision of a physician (due to the fact that they are potent drugs).