What is an Intravenous Pyelogram. How is IVP performed. What are the indications for IVP. What are the limitations of IVP. How has IVP evolved over time. What are the alternatives to IVP. How does IVP compare to other imaging techniques.

Understanding Intravenous Pyelogram: A Radiographic Study of the Urinary System

An Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP), also known as intravenous urography, is a diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize the urinary tract. This procedure involves the administration of intravenous contrast followed by X-ray imaging to highlight the anatomical structures of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

The iodinated contrast medium flows through the renal vasculature and is filtered into the collecting system, making the urinary tract structures appear opaque on X-ray images. This technique allows healthcare professionals to evaluate various urinary tract conditions, including hematuria, renal stone disease, and post-intervention follow-ups.

Key Components of IVP:

• Intravenous contrast administration
• X-ray imaging
• Visualization of the urinary tract
• Evaluation of renal function and anatomy

The Historical Evolution of Intravenous Pyelography

The development of intravenous pyelography marks a significant milestone in medical imaging. How did this technique come to be? The journey began in 1906 when Fritz Voelcker and Alexander von Lichtenberg introduced retrograde ureteral catheterization for urinary tract visualization. However, this method produced inconsistent results and was often unsuccessful.

A breakthrough came in 1923 when Osborne and colleagues devised intravenous pyelography. This new approach proved to be more practical, simpler, and safer than its predecessor. The ability to visualize the upper urinary tract using an intravenous method was a substantial contribution to the field of medicine, revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract disorders.

Timeline of IVP Development:

1. 1906: Introduction of retrograde ureteral catheterization
2. 1923: Development of intravenous pyelography
3. Subsequent decades: Refinement and widespread adoption of IVP
4. Modern era: Integration with other imaging modalities

The IVP Procedure: A Step-by-Step Guide

How is an Intravenous Pyelogram performed? The procedure involves several carefully orchestrated steps to ensure optimal visualization of the urinary tract. Here’s a detailed breakdown of the standard IVP procedure:

1. Patient preparation: The patient is instructed to empty their bladder before the procedure begins.
2. Preliminary imaging: A set of initial images, including a Kidney-Ureter-Bladder (KUB) radiograph, is taken before contrast administration. This step is crucial and should not be overlooked.
3. Contrast administration: A bolus of iodinated contrast is administered intravenously.
4. Nephrographic imaging: After 1 to 3 minutes, nephrographic images are obtained, with the option for additional oblique views.
5. Post-contrast KUB: A KUB radiograph is taken 5 minutes after contrast administration.
6. Abdominal compression: Compression is applied to the abdomen immediately after the KUB radiograph.
7. Pyelographic imaging: Pyelographic images are obtained during early bladder filling, 5 minutes after compression.
8. Compression release: The abdominal compression is released, followed by another KUB radiograph and fluoroscopic spot images of the ureters.
9. Bladder imaging: A final radiographic image of the bladder is obtained.

This systematic approach allows for comprehensive evaluation of the urinary system, from the kidneys down to the bladder, capturing various phases of contrast flow and excretion.

Indications for Intravenous Pyelography: When is IVP Recommended?

Intravenous Pyelography serves as a valuable diagnostic tool for various urinary tract conditions. When do healthcare providers typically recommend an IVP? The procedure is particularly useful in the following scenarios:

• Assessment of flank and lower back pain
• Evaluation of hematuria (blood in urine)
• Diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
• Detection of urinary calculi (stones)
• Identification of enlarged prostate
• Screening for neoplasms of the kidney, ureter, or bladder
• Evaluation of scars and strictures in the urinary tract
• Follow-up after urological interventions

IVP is especially valuable when assessing bladder pathologies. Early bladder filling imaging is crucial in such cases, as the contrast can cause excessive opacification of the bladder, making assessment challenging if delayed.

Advantages and Limitations of Intravenous Pyelography

While Intravenous Pyelography has been a staple in urological imaging for decades, it’s essential to understand both its strengths and limitations. What are the advantages that have kept IVP relevant, and what drawbacks have led to the adoption of alternative imaging techniques?

Advantages of IVP:

• Provides detailed anatomical information of the urinary tract
• Allows assessment of renal function
• Can detect various urological conditions in a single examination
• Relatively low-cost compared to some advanced imaging techniques
• Widely available in most healthcare settings

Limitations of IVP:

• Exposure to ionizing radiation
• Risk of adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media
• Limited utility in patients with renal insufficiency
• May not detect small lesions or provide detailed soft tissue information
• Time-consuming procedure compared to some modern imaging techniques
• Less effective in obese patients due to overlying soft tissue

These limitations have led to the increased use of alternative imaging modalities in many clinical scenarios, particularly in emergency settings where rapid diagnosis is crucial.

Modern Alternatives to Intravenous Pyelography

In recent years, advancements in medical imaging have introduced several alternatives to Intravenous Pyelography. How do these modern techniques compare to IVP, and in what situations are they preferred?

Ultrasonography:

Ultrasound imaging has become a first-line tool for evaluating the urinary tract, particularly in cases of suspected kidney stones or obstruction. It offers the advantages of being non-invasive, radiation-free, and readily available in most healthcare settings. Ultrasonography is especially useful for assessing kidney size, detecting hydronephrosis, and identifying large stones.

Computed Tomography (CT):

CT scans, particularly non-contrast CT, have largely replaced IVP in the evaluation of acute flank pain and suspected urinary tract calculi. CT offers superior sensitivity and specificity in detecting stones, can identify alternative diagnoses, and provides detailed information about surrounding anatomy. CT urography, which involves the use of intravenous contrast, can provide comprehensive evaluation of the entire urinary tract.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):

MRI, while not typically used as a first-line tool for urinary tract imaging, offers excellent soft tissue contrast and can be valuable in assessing complex renal masses or congenital anomalies. MR urography can provide detailed images of the urinary tract without exposure to ionizing radiation, making it an attractive option for pediatric patients or those requiring repeated imaging.

These modern imaging techniques often provide more detailed information and can be performed more quickly than traditional IVP. However, IVP still maintains a role in specific clinical scenarios and follow-up evaluations.

Specialized Techniques and Modifications in IVP

While the basic principles of Intravenous Pyelography remain consistent, various modifications and specialized techniques have been developed to enhance its diagnostic capabilities in specific situations. How can IVP be adapted to address particular clinical challenges?

Prone and Oblique Positioning:

In cases of suspected urinary tract obstruction, prone or oblique positioning can be employed to facilitate the flow of contrast material. The prone position is particularly useful for visualizing the sacral ureter, which may be obscured in the standard supine position. Oblique views can help differentiate between overlapping structures and provide a more comprehensive assessment of the urinary tract anatomy.

Delayed Imaging:

For patients with impaired renal function or suspected obstruction, delayed imaging can be valuable. Additional images taken 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or even several hours after contrast administration can reveal delayed excretion patterns and help identify subtle obstructions that might be missed on standard timing protocols.

Compression Techniques:

Abdominal compression, applied during specific phases of the IVP, can enhance the visualization of the upper urinary tract. By temporarily obstructing urine flow, compression allows for better distension and opacification of the renal pelvis and ureters. The timing and release of compression are crucial for optimal imaging results.

Fluoroscopic Guidance:

Incorporating fluoroscopy into the IVP procedure allows for real-time visualization of contrast flow. This can be particularly useful in assessing ureteral peristalsis, identifying areas of narrowing or obstruction, and guiding the timing of static images. Fluoroscopic spot films can capture transient findings that might be missed on standard radiographs.

Double Dose Technique:

In some cases, particularly when evaluating for subtle lesions or in patients with decreased renal function, a double dose of contrast material may be administered. This technique can improve the opacification of the urinary tract, enhancing the visibility of small abnormalities.

These specialized techniques and modifications demonstrate the versatility of IVP and its ability to adapt to various clinical scenarios. By tailoring the procedure to the specific needs of each patient, radiologists and urologists can maximize the diagnostic value of this time-tested imaging modality.

The Future of Urinary Tract Imaging: Beyond IVP

As medical imaging technology continues to advance, what does the future hold for urinary tract diagnostics? While Intravenous Pyelography has been a cornerstone of urological imaging for decades, emerging technologies and refined techniques are shaping the landscape of renal and urinary tract assessment.

Dual-Energy CT:

Dual-energy CT technology offers the potential to differentiate various types of urinary tract calculi based on their composition. This can provide valuable information for treatment planning and management of stone disease. Additionally, dual-energy CT can enhance the visualization of the urinary tract while reducing radiation exposure compared to traditional CT protocols.

Artificial Intelligence in Image Interpretation:

Machine learning algorithms are being developed to assist in the interpretation of urinary tract images. These AI-powered tools have the potential to improve the accuracy and speed of diagnosis, particularly in detecting subtle abnormalities or quantifying changes over time. As these technologies mature, they may become integral to the workflow of radiologists and urologists.

Molecular Imaging:

Advancements in molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) combined with CT or MRI, are opening new avenues for functional assessment of the urinary tract. These hybrid imaging modalities can provide both anatomical and metabolic information, potentially improving the detection and characterization of urological malignancies.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound:

The development of microbubble contrast agents for ultrasound has expanded the capabilities of this radiation-free imaging modality. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can improve the detection and characterization of renal masses and may play an increasing role in urinary tract imaging, particularly in patients who cannot undergo CT or MRI.

Personalized Imaging Protocols:

As our understanding of individual patient factors and disease characteristics grows, there is a trend towards more personalized imaging protocols. This approach aims to optimize diagnostic accuracy while minimizing risks such as radiation exposure and contrast-related complications. Tailored imaging strategies based on patient-specific factors and clinical indications may become the norm in urological imaging.

While these emerging technologies show great promise, it’s important to note that traditional imaging methods, including IVP, will likely continue to play a role in specific clinical scenarios. The future of urinary tract imaging will likely involve a complementary approach, integrating various modalities to provide comprehensive diagnostic information while prioritizing patient safety and comfort.

As we look to the future, the field of urological imaging continues to evolve, driven by technological innovations and a deeper understanding of disease processes. While Intravenous Pyelography has served as a valuable tool for nearly a century, the landscape of urinary tract diagnostics is expanding, offering new possibilities for more precise, efficient, and patient-centered care. Healthcare providers and researchers must stay abreast of these developments to ensure optimal patient outcomes in the diagnosis and management of urinary tract disorders.

Intravenous Pyelogram – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Sameera R. Mehta; Pavan Annamaraju.

Author Information and Affiliations

Last Update: May 1, 2023.

Introduction

Intravenous pyelography (IVP), or intravenous urography, is a diagnostic test that involves the administration of intravenous contrast and X-ray imaging of the urinary tract. The iodinated contrast flows through the renal vasculature and filtered into the collecting system highlighting the anatomic structures on the X-ray image. It is often useful for the evaluation of hematuria, and renal stone disease, and as a follow-up after the intervention. The urographic imaging sequence is designed to depict specific parts of the urinary tract optimally. Portions of the urinary system appear opaque when filled with contrast material.[1] Accurate conclusions from the IVP are feasible only when the technique, limitations, and basic rules of interpretation are known. 

Fritz Voelcker and Alexander von Lichtenberg introduced retrograde ureteral catheterization in 1906 for visualization of the urinary tract. This technique produced variable results and was seldom successful. In 1923, Osborne and colleagues devised intravenous pyelography for visualizing the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.[2] This procedure was more practical, simpler, and safer. An intravenous method for visualizing the upper urinary tract was a substantial contribution to the field of medicine.

In modern times, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used for the evaluation of urinary tract diseases owing to the limitations of intravenous pyelography.[3] 

Procedures

Contrast material, radiologic table, X-ray tubes, monitor, fluoroscope, and detector are required to perform the test.

The patient must empty the bladder before the procedure. Images should systematically be obtained to improve the visualization of stones and increase the soft-tissue contrast.[4] Imaging shall include the area from the suprarenal region to below the pubic symphysis. Before the injection of contrast, the fields of calcification must undergo evaluation. Otherwise, the contrast may conceal the calcification, potentially missing the findings.

Oblique radiographs help confirm the position and nature of calcifications. This view is vital in cases where the patient may have signs of urinary tract calculus, but none is otherwise observable on the AP view.

Although unenhanced computed tomography has replaced intravenous pyelography (IVP) in the evaluation of flank pain, IVP might play a role in the follow-ups of these patients. Adjustments after contrast administration can be made based on preliminary images. The initial images play a vital role as they indicate urinary causes for the patient’s discomfort and also indirectly help detect other abdominal pathologies.

The standard procedure for pyelography consists of the following steps[1][5]:

1. A set of preliminary images (Kidney-ureter-bladder [KUB] radiograph) is necessary before contrast administration. This imaging is a crucial step and should not be missed. Additional oblique images can also be helpful.  

2. Next, a bolus of contrast should be administered.

3. After 1 to 3 minutes of contrast administration, nephrographic images should be obtained. (Oblique images are also an option.)

4. A KUB radiograph should follow five minutes after contrast administration.

5. Apply abdominal compression immediately after getting a KUB radiograph.

6. Five minutes after compression, obtain pyelographic images during early bladder filling.

7. Immediately after the release of compression, obtain a KUB radiograph and fluoroscopic spot images of ureters. 

8. Obtain the radiographic image of the bladder.

Indications

IVP is a tool in the assessment of flank and lower back pain and hematuria. It is useful in diagnosing congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, urinary calculi, enlarged prostate, neoplasms of kidney, ureter, bladder, and scars and strictures of the urinary tract.  

Imaging during early bladder filling is important in patients suspected of having a pathology of the urinary bladder. Minimal osmotic diuresis due to the use of low osmolar contrast material can cause delayed filling of the bladder. The presence of contrast can lead to excessive opacification of the bladder, which makes its assessment rather difficult. The release of compression of the abdomen allows the contrast to move into the ureters.[6][7] A KUB radiograph should be obtained just after the release of abdominal compression. This image should be supplemented with fluoroscopic spot images to view the whole luminal surface of the ureter. If fluoroscopic images are unobtainable, an oblique KUB should be ordered.[8]

In cases of obstruction, prone or oblique positions can help facilitate the flow of contrast material. In the prone position, the sacral ureter is dependent. The iodinated contrast, which is of higher specific gravity than the ureteral urine gravitates to this region and allows better visualization.[9] Delayed images in such cases should be obtained until the level of obstruction is pinpointed.

Potential Diagnosis

The results of the IVP should systematically be assessed to minimize the chances of error.

Assessment of both kidneys

1. Size 

2. Position 

3. Vertical axis 

4. Renal contour and symmetry

5. Renal parenchyma and parenchymal thickening

6. Scarring of the parenchyma

7. Calyceal distortion 

8. Cyst 

9. Double contouring of renal parenchyma

10. Rounding of forniceal margins

11. Loss of papillary impression

12. Clubbing of calyces

13. Abortive calyces

14. Aberrant papillae

Assessment of the ureters

1. Symmetry of both the ureter(s)

2. Diverticulum/diverticula of ureter(s)

3. Ureteral obstruction

4. Medial and lateral deviation of the ureter(s)

5. Obstructive and non-obstructive dilatation of ureter(s)

6. Asymmetry of the ureteral caliber

Assessment of the urinary bladder

1. Physiologic distention 

2. Position of the bladder

3. Bladder wall thickening

4. Irregularity of the lumen 

5. Contour abnormalities

6. Diverticula 

7. Neoplasms  

Normal and Critical Findings

Interpretations of the results[4]:

• The average length of the kidney ranges from 9 to 13 cms. [10]

• The average renal parenchymal thickness in the polar regions is 3 to 3.5 cms, and in the interpolar regions is 2 to 2.5 cms. 

• The upper pole of the right kidney is usually at the level of the 12th rib, and the left kidney is slightly higher than the right one. 

• The vertical axis of the kidney is parallel to the ipsilateral upper third of the psoas major.

• Parenchymal breaking and double contour may be visible in the case of a growing neoplasm. 

• Abnormal calyceal configuration can show in post-inflammatory and stone related scarring. 

• Rounding of forniceal margins can result from early and mild obstruction of the urinary tract. 

• Extensive collections of contrast material in the parenchyma can be a sign of inflammatory response. 

• Loss of papillary impression and clubbing of calyces seen in chronic obstruction. 

• Outpouchings of contrast material are evidence of the presence of diverticula.

• Aberrant papillae may be due to renal cell carcinoma. 

• The formation of phantom calyx due to a filling defect can appear in benign and malignant neoplasms.[11]

• Static columns of contrast on several images are suggestive of obstruction or ureteral ileus. 

• Separation of less than 5 cm between the ureters is considered a medial deviation. If the ureter is present more than 1cm beyond the tip of the transverse process of the vertebrae, then it is regarded as the lateral deviation of the ureter. 

• Narrowing of the ureteral lumen may be due to causes internal or external to the ureter.

• Tuberculosis of the urinary system produces remarkable signs that are visible on pyelogram, namely: moth-eaten calyces, sawtooth ureter, pipe stem ureter, and thimble bladder. The bladder appears small and contracted due to extensive mural fibrosis.[12]

• Cobra head sign on an intravenous pyelogram is visible in ureterocele. [13][14]  

Complications

Adverse reaction to the contrast material can present as hives, skin rash, and sometimes may even produce anaphylactic shock. 

Patient Safety and Education

Preparing the patient 

1. Fasting is recommended for the patient before the procedure.

2. The patient must empty their bladder before the procedure.

3. Mild laxatives may be prescribed.

4. Explain the procedure to the patient.

5. Carefully note the history of patient’s allergies, comorbidities, previous illnesses, and drug history.

6. Ask the patient to remove all jewelry and other metal objects before the procedure.

7. If the patient is a female, ensure that she is not pregnant at the time of the procedure. If she is pregnant, take precautionary measures to shelter the fetus from radiation exposure.

This examination is usually performed on an outpatient basis.

1. The patient must lie still on the table while the procedure is taking place.

2. The procedure usually takes 1 hour, but it might take longer if the kidneys are functioning at a slower rate.

3. Compression bands may be applied to properly visualize the lower segments of the urinary tract.

Clinical Significance

The clinical significance of IVP is highlighted by its extensive use in the early 20th century, to study the diseases of the urinary tract. It was a routine imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of neoplasms, ureteral obstruction, anatomical anomalies, and tuberculosis of the urinary system until the advent of ultrasonography and computer tomography, which has now largely replaced its place in renal imaging.

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References

1.

Amis ES. Epitaph for the urogram. Radiology. 1999 Dec;213(3):639-40. [PubMed: 10580933]

2.

Evans JA. Landmark perspective: Roentgenography of the urinary tract. JAMA. 1983 Nov 25;250(20):2854-5. [PubMed: 6358546]

3.

Becker JA, Pollack HM, McClennan BL. Urography survives. Radiology. 2001 Jan;218(1):299-300. [PubMed: 11152819]

4.

Dyer RB, Chen MY, Zagoria RJ. Intravenous urography: technique and interpretation. Radiographics. 2001 Jul-Aug;21(4):799-821; discussion 822-4. [PubMed: 11452054]

5.

Hattery RR, Williamson B, Hartman GW, LeRoy AJ, Witten DM. Intravenous urographic technique. Radiology. 1988 Jun;167(3):593-9. [PubMed: 3363117]

6.

Daughtridge TG. Ureteral compression device for excretory urography. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1965 Oct;95(2):431-8. [PubMed: 5832194]

7.

Mawhinney RR, Gregson RH. Is ureteric compression still necessary? Clin Radiol. 1987 Mar;38(2):179-80. [PubMed: 3552380]

8.

Pfister RC, Newhouse JH. Radiology of ureter. Urology. 1978 Jul;12(1):15-39. [PubMed: 685003]

9.

Kowalchuk RM, Banner MP, Ramchandani P, Forman HP. Efficacy of prone positioning during intravenous urography in patients with hematuria or urothelial tumor but no obstruction. Acad Radiol. 1998 Jun;5(6):415-22. [PubMed: 9615151]

10.

MOELL H. Size of normal kidneys. Acta radiol. 1956 Nov;46(5):640-5. [PubMed: 13381548]

11.

Hillman BJ, Silvert M, Cook G, Stanisic T, Bjelland J, Claypool HR, Haber K, Mellins HZ. Recognition of bladder tumors by excretory urography. Radiology. 1981 Feb;138(2):319-23. [PubMed: 7455110]

12.

Wang LJ, Wu CF, Wong YC, Chuang CK, Chu SH, Chen CJ. Imaging findings of urinary tuberculosis on excretory urography and computerized tomography. J Urol. 2003 Feb;169(2):524-8. [PubMed: 12544301]

13.

Sen I, Onaran M, Tokgoz H, Tan MO, Biri H, Bozkirli I. Prolapse of a simple ureterocele presenting as a vulval mass in a woman. Int J Urol. 2006 Apr;13(4):447-8. [PubMed: 16734870]

14.

Yenilmez A, Donmez T, Acikalin MF, Kale M. Adenonocarcinoma of the urinary bladder mimicking simple ureterocele: a case report. Int Urol Nephrol. 2007;39(2):465-6. [PubMed: 17171419]

Disclosure: Sameera Mehta declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Pavan Annamaraju declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Contrast Radiography | Conditions & Treatments

UT Southwestern Medical Center’s contrast radiography services allow physicians and specialists to make accurate diagnoses of a wide range of medical conditions affecting the blood vessels or organs.

Our radiology team performs more than 800,000 inpatient and outpatient exams every year. We specialize in advanced technologies and the latest clinical innovations in today’s changing field of medical imaging.

Imaging Experience and Advanced Technology

Contrast radiography is a method of studying organs using X-rays and the administration of a special dye, called a contrast medium. This test allows the radiologist to evaluate structures that are not clearly evident on conventional X-ray exams.

X-rays work by passing through the body. Because bones block the X-rays easily, they show up clearly. But organs and other tissue – such as blood vessels, the stomach, and the colon – do not block the X-rays so easily. The contrast medium highlights these specific areas in the body and helps them to be seen in greater detail on the X-ray image.

UT Southwestern specialists are highly trained and experienced in conducting and evaluating contrast radiography scans. We offer advanced imaging tools, many of which are not available at other medical facilities.

Conditions

There are many kinds of contrast radiography procedures. Exams available at UT Southwestern include:

• Intravenous pyelography, or IVP, which allows the doctor to examine the urinary system, such as the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and identify tumors, cysts, and stones
• Upper GI (gastrointestinal) and small bowel series, which are used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine and identify ulcers, obstructions, tumors, or inflammations
• A barium enema, also called a lower GI series, which is used to examine the colon and rectum and detect polyps, cancer, inflammation, and diverticula (pouches within the colon)
• Angiography, which allows a doctor to examine the blood vessels and various organs to detect obstructions, tumors, and other problems in the heart, lungs, kidneys, arms, and legs
• Cardiac catheterization, which is used to evaluate the heart and its vessels 

Contrast Radiology: What to Expect

The type of test a patient receives determines how the exam is conducted. The doctor will give complete instructions prior to the scan.

The patient might be asked to fast before the scan. He or she might also be asked to drink fluid before the test or might have fluid administered through an IV. The patient might also be given a prescription for a laxative or enema to use before arriving at the appointment. Check with the doctor before taking any other medications prior to the exam.

When the patient arrives on the day of the appointment, he or she will be asked to change into a gown and remove items that might interfere with the X-ray, such as:

• Jewelry
• Watches
• Hearing aids

Contrast medium can be given in different ways, depending on what organ or tissue needs to be examined.

• If the patient receives the contrast medium through an injection in the arm, he or she might feel a warm sensation.
• If the patient is having an upper GI or small bowel series, he or she will drink a barium solution that looks like a milkshake. Then the patient might be asked to drink a carbonated beverage or medication to produce gas. The gas helps create contrast on the X-ray.
• If the patient is having a barium enema, or lower GI series, a small tube will be inserted gently into the rectum and barium will flow into the bowel. The patient might feel the urge to empty the bowel but should hold in the barium until asked to release. Another image will be taken after the patient empties his or her bowel.
• For angiography and cardiac catheterization, the patient will receive a sedative through an IV, and a local anesthetic will be applied to an injection site on the body. A small incision will be made, and a catheter tube will be gently inserted into a blood vessel. Contrast medium will be injected through the catheter.

The technologist will take X-rays at specific intervals. During this time, the X-ray machine might make noises as it shifts position and captures various angles. These sounds are normal.

During various examinations, the patient might be asked to empty his or her bladder, hold his or her breath, or make some other alteration so that new X-rays can be taken for comparison. It is important that the patient remain still during each examination.

After the procedure, most contrast medium will pass through the patient’s body naturally over 24 to 48 hours. Patients should drink plenty of water to help clear the material from the system more quickly. If the patient drank a barium solution or had a barium enema, the stool initially might be light-colored but should return to normal in no more than two to three days.

If the patient had an angiography or cardiac catheterization, he or she might be asked to rest in bed at the clinic for several hours.

The radiologist will review the images and send a report to the doctor, who will notify the patient of any findings. The patient might also request to receive images on CD.

Risks

It is important to note that while contrast radiography is effective and accurate, it does involve exposure to radiation. Some discomfort is associated with various contrast radiography exams, but it is usually minor.

Some people have an allergic reaction to contrast media, such as:

• Hives
• Itchiness
• Nausea
• Shortness of breath
• Weakness

Report these symptoms to the doctor, radiologist, or imaging technologist immediately. Tell the technologist if the patient has any known allergies to contrast media or Iodine.

A radiology technologist or radiologist can answer any questions a patient might have about a health condition, including pregnancy, that could affect the exam.

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Radiography in Kyiv ~ Digital X-ray

Radiography in Kyiv and other cities of our country is a method of X-ray examination that allows you to get a fixed X-ray image of an object on a solid carrier. Digital radiography is a modern, most accessible and safe way to study various organs and systems in the body. You can make an x-ray at our clinic MEDICOM in Obolon and Pechersk using the latest equipment and special software.

X-ray diagnostics in the medical center is carried out on high-powered and efficient Canon equipment. The latest diagnostic devices with high resolution, as well as the processing of the obtained data, can increase the diagnostic value of the study.

X-ray diagnostics is a diagnostic procedure that allows in most cases to detect early signs of the disease.

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X-ray examination in MEDICOM Kyiv has a number of advantages:

• Automatic selection of picture mode.
• Minimum radiation doses.
• Excellent image quality.
• The ability to significantly enlarge the image, study all the structures in detail and, if necessary, make adjustments in the post-processing processing.
• The ability to make x-rays quickly and efficiently.
• Issuance of the result as soon as possible.
• Export to external media (CD/DVD) of study data.
• Archiving pictures.
• This is an X-ray with excellent value for money.

Highly professional radiologists of the medical center will offer a wide variety of examinations.

Digital chest X-ray allows you to diagnose various pathologies of both its organs and nearby structures. Timely X-ray of the lungs will help prevent the development of such a serious disease as pulmonary tuberculosis.

The method helps to detect the presence of foreign bodies, damage to internal organs (allows to exclude perforation of a hollow organ), shows the distribution of fluid and gas in the abdominal cavity.

A high-quality X-ray examination involves the use of a stationary device installed in an office with certain technical conditions. Clinic MEDICOM does not perform x-rays at home.

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X-ray Equipment

The Canon MRAD-A80S digital X-ray system allows you to take X-ray images of both fairly large areas, and to carry out pinpoint diagnostics of individual organs and body zones. The low dose of radiation makes the procedure virtually harmless.

The unit is equipped with controllers that prevent deterioration of image quality in the event of a power surge or power failure. Thanks to the ability to take pictures from 8 positions, the X-ray system provides the most accurate diagnosis of any part of the body for further diagnosis. The device allows you to save the results of examinations on digital media.

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Here you can make x-rays:

• Spine
• Skulls
• Chest
• Hearts
• Hip joints
• Kidney
• Abdomen (plain radiography)
• Paranasal sinuses

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X-ray with contrast

X-ray with contrast medium is widely used in the examination of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary system. The best radiologists in Kyiv will conduct urography of the kidneys, bladder and other studies at the MEDICOM medical center.

Intravenous urography allows you to determine the size, shape and contours of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, to identify their functional state. Indications for the examination are: hematuria, urolithiasis, suspicion of cancer, trauma to internal organs, detection of anomalies and malformations, etc.

. The optimal ratio of the price of x-rays – the quality of service, equipping the clinic with modern x-ray diagnostic equipment at the level of world standards allows us to satisfy the highest demands of our customers!

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Radiologists

In the MEDICOM clinic you can get professional advice from a radiologist who will conduct the necessary diagnostics, give detailed explanations on the images, and recommend the right specialist.

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For services marked with an asterisk *, the regular customer discount of 10% and 15% does not apply.

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High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system manufactured by GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA).

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High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Examination on a high-end fully digital ultrasound system, manufactured by General Electric (America) with exclusive TruScan technology. Unparalleled image quality, advanced processing capabilities. The study is carried out by experienced doctors of ultrasound diagnostics of the first and highest category.

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system manufactured by GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Description

High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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High-precision digital X-ray system GENERAL ELECTRIC (USA)

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Departure of emergency teams is carried out in all districts of Kiev (Obolon, Pechersk, Podol, Svyatoshino, Darnitsa, Goloseevsky, Shevchenkovsky, Solomensky, Dneprovsky, Desnyansky) and suburbs (Vyshgorod, Bucha, Irpin, Brovary).

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Reviews

18.02.2023 09:16

Kyrylchuk Svitlana

I returned to the doctor with back pain and I was sent for an x-ray of the spine. Narіkan not. The doctor consulted me, explaining in detail to me the results of the tests and tests on all nutrition. I will now go through the rejoicing.

25.04.2019 11:03

Aliya

To my dear, Mikhail Grigorovich, for the high qualification of the vikonan, do your due diligence. I recommend!

03/16/2019 14:25

Lilia

My daughter is 13 years old, she plays handball professionally and fell very badly at the last competition. I needed an x-ray, and I have a very bad attitude towards radiation, and even more so for a child. We went to the clinic at St. Henri Barbusse, 37/1, to the orthopedist Alexander Alexandrovich Denisenok (already before that, he had been consulted somehow), and he offered to undergo a digital x-ray. As the radiologist Gura Irina Yurievna explained to us, this procedure is many times safer. The session lasted 15 minutes, during which time we received a picture and a detailed description of it. The doctor told us everything from the picture, there was a severe bruise and thank God that something was no worse. I am very grateful to the specialists for the quality work, understanding and warm attitude towards the child and my panicking mother. Thank you very much!

06.02.2019 21:48

Pavel

I went to the clinic to see a neurologist with severe headaches. Galuzinskaya Alla Viktorovna, in order to confirm the increase in intracranial pressure, prescribed an x-ray of the head, the cost of which was 700 UAH – I won’t say that it’s accessible to everyone, but the clinic is still a premium class. As the radiologist Mikhail Grigoryevich Sobko explained to me, the examination itself is not very dangerous, since it is carried out on a digital X-ray machine, which is 25 times safer than a conventional device. It takes no more than 5 minutes in time, if in two projections. The result is now printed on paper or remains in electronic form in the clinic’s computer. if you wish, you can ask for the result to be transferred to a USB flash drive. Thanks to the doctors of the clinic for helping to get rid of the terrible pain.

11/19/2018 12:56

Anyuta

My mother began to have a very bad backache and a doctor friend said that it was necessary to take an x-ray of the spine and pass tests – and urgently. We immediately refused to go to the clinic. I needed a referral from a doctor, then a queue, an appointment. A nightmare in general. I saw an advertisement on the Internet “X-ray in Kyiv at the Medicom clinic”, decided to apply here and did not fail. Mom took a picture without any problems, and at the same time, the quality of the equipment and specialists is at the level. X-ray was performed by radiologist Gura I.Yu. After the procedure, Irina Yuryevna told everything from the picture and sent me to the appropriate doctor. Thank you for your professionalism, humanity and understanding!

09/22/2018 18:34

Eduard

I went to the clinic to Dr. Savvin Konstantin Eduardovich, with kidney problems. The urologist ordered a series of tests and a procedure such as an x-ray of the kidneys and urinary tract, since there were suspicions of nephroptosis (omission of the kidney). Nephroptosis was suspected after the ultrasound. The cost of urography is not cheap – 1998 UAH, but the procedure is very informative. Minus – you need to prepare. The intestines should be completely empty of food and gases. Otherwise, the pictures will be distorted. To do this, I had to take espumizan for 3 days, give up dairy products, sweets, bread, fruits, vegetables. In short, almost everything! When the procedure was scheduled, I was immediately asked about an allergy to iodine, then it only completely dawned on me why, before the procedure, the nurse injected a special contrast agent into my vein – somehow I didn’t even know that an x-ray of the kidneys with a contrast agent needed to be done. But there were no side effects, although I was constantly asked about my well-being. They took pictures of the kidneys at several intervals, in a prone and standing position. Then the doctor looked at the pictures confirmed the diagnosis and prescribed treatment. Special thanks to Gurina Irina Ivanovna for the prompt description!

05/16/2018 11:19

Larisa

I liked that everything was explained in detail, and not just given an X-ray report. Medical terms are one thing, but when a doctor explains everything in an accessible and understandable way, this is another matter, many thanks to Mikhail Grigoryevich Sobko. I recommend contacting him. A very nice person, I think that such treatment of patients is not professionalism, but a purely human quality, thanks to the medical workers who are like that!

26.01.2018 22:03

Egor

I go through the flash every year, but, alas, fluorography did not reveal pneumonia in me, which I could not diagnose for a long time. I went to work with a temperature and suffered. Then I turned here, to a private clinic, where I was recommended to do a chest x-ray.