What is clindamycin? Uses, dosage, warnings, and side effects

Clindamycin is an antibiotic. It works by stopping bacteria from growing.

Doctors prescribe clindamycin to treat bacterial infections, and the drug comes in oral, topical, and injectable forms.

Topical clindamycin is a common treatment for acne and bacterial infections in the vagina.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat infections in people with a penicillin allergy. Clindamycin is not suitable for everyone, and it can cause a range of serious side effects.

In this article, we describe the uses, forms, dosage, warnings, and side effects of clindamycin.

People use clindamycin to treat bacterial infections.

Clindamycin is an antibiotic drug. People use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics, including clindamycin, do not work for infections caused by viruses.

Clindamycin is in the lincosamide family. These antibiotics work by disrupting the way that bacteria produce proteins.

Depending on the type of infection and the dosage of clindamycin, the drug can either kill or stop the growth of bacteria.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat a variety of bacterial infections. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved clindamycin to treat:

• blood infections
• septicemia, which is blood poisoning
• abdominal infections
• lung infections
• infections of the female reproductive tract
• bone and joint infections
• skin infections

People can also take clindamycin for uses that are not FDA-approved. Sometimes doctors use clindamycin to treat anthrax and malaria, for example.

Dentists also use clindamycin as a preventive treatment for endocarditis, an infection of the heart’s lining that can occur after a dental procedure in people who are at risk.

Before undergoing surgery, some people need to take clindamycin to prevent surgical site infections.

There are four forms of clindamycin: injectable, intravaginal, oral, and topical.

The following table lists forms of clindamycin, along with their dosages in milligrams (mg), milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml), or percentage.

The form and dosage of clindamycin that a doctor prescribes will depend on the infection.

Oral capsules and granules

Because of the risk of colitis, doctors should only prescribe clindamycin if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who are allergic to penicillin or if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate. This is because of the risk of colitis, which is inflammation of the colon’s inner lining.

If possible, the doctor should take samples from the infection site to check which bacteria are causing the infection.

Clindamycin capsules may irritate the esophagus, the tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. To avoid this irritation, take clindamycin capsules with a full glass of water.

The dosages of clindamycin capsules for adults are:

• for serious infections, 150–300 mg every 6 hours
• for more severe infections, 300–450 mg every 6 hours

The dosages for children who can swallow capsules are:

• for serious infections, 8–16 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) per day, divided into three or four equal doses
• for more severe infections, 16–20 mg/kg per day, divided into three or four equal doses

For people who have difficulty swallowing, clindamycin comes in granules that a person can dissolve in water.

Vaginal cream and suppositories

Topical clindamycin can treat bacterial infections in the vagina.

The cream comes with an applicator. Insert the amount of one applicator, which is around 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for 3 or 7 consecutive nights.

Cleocin vaginal cream is safe for pregnant women to use in the second and third trimesters. A pregnant woman requires 7 days of treatment.

Pregnant women should not use clindamycin vaginal suppositories. Researchers have yet to confirm the safety of suppositories during pregnancy.

To use a suppository, insert one suppository pill, which is equivalent to 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for three consecutive nights.

People with a history of colitis should not use clindamycin creams or suppositories.

Lotion, gel, and solution

Doctors prescribe clindamycin lotion, gel, and solution to treat acne.

A person with acne can apply a thin layer of Cleocin T 1% lotion or clindamycin 1% solution to the affected area of skin twice a day.

A person can apply Clindagel 1% once daily to the affected area when acne appears.

Topical clindamycin can cause diarrhea. Anyone who has had colitis should avoid using this treatment.

Injections

If a person has a very serious infection and they cannot take other antibiotics, they may receive injectable clindamycin in the hospital.

The following table includes the dosages of injectable clindamycin in mg/kg per day and in mg per day.

Diarrhea is the most common side effect when taking antibiotics.

One of the most common side effects of a majority of antibiotics is diarrhea. Sometimes people experience severe diarrhea when taking clindamycin.

Clindamycin can alter the bacterial composition of the colon and cause an overgrowth of the Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) bacterium. This bacterium produces toxins that can cause C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD).

CDAD is a severe and life-threatening infection. If a person develops CDAD while taking clindamycin, the doctor will immediately stop the antibiotic.

Other possible side effects of oral or injectable clindamycin include:

• abdominal pain
• irritation of the esophagus
• nausea
• vomiting
• allergic skin reactions
• severe allergic reactions
• inflammation of the vagina
• fluid buildup under the skin
• impeded liver function
• impeded kidney function
• blood disorders
• disrupted function of the immune system
• arthritis

People using clindamycin solution or lotion for acne may report skin-related side effects, including:

• dryness
• redness
• a burning or stinging sensation
• peeling
• itchiness
• oiliness

For example, when an individual uses Clindagel for acne, the most common side effects are itchiness and skin peeling.

People rarely experience diarrhea or colitis after using clindamycin topically. However, some people have reported abdominal disturbances.

Clindamycin suppositories and vaginal cream may cause the same side effects as the oral or injectable forms.

Rarely, a person may develop colitis from using a vaginal clindamycin product.

Other side effects of using clindamycin suppositories or vaginal cream include:

• vaginal fungal infections
• inflammation of the vagina and vulva
• disorders of the vagina or vulva
• vaginal pain

People with a history of pseudomembranous or ulcerative colitis should not take clindamycin. These two conditions cause severe inflammation of the lining of the intestine.

The side effects of taking clindamycin can worsen these two conditions.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who have bacterial infections. This helps reduce the resistance that bacteria can develop to clindamycin. Learn more about antibiotic resistance here.

Drug interactions may occur when using any form of clindamycin.

Doctors should prescribe clindamycin with caution to people taking neuromuscular blocking agents. These drugs play a role in certain medical procedures and operations.

When people take oral forms of clindamycin, the liver enzyme CYP3A4 breaks it down in the body. Stimulating the function of this enzyme can cause a decrease in levels of clindamycin. If something inhibits CYP3A4, clindamycin levels may increase in the blood.

Certain drugs can affect the functioning of CYP3A4. When people are taking CYP3A4 stimulants along with clindamycin, doctors must follow up and make sure that the antibiotic is working.

If a person is taking an inhibitor of CYP3A4 with clindamycin, the increased levels of the antibiotic may cause side effects. Doctors should monitor any increase in adverse effects.

Clindamycin and lincomycin are the only members of the lincosamide family.

Lincomycin is only available in an injectable solution and is prescribed by doctors for serious infections.

Depending on the infection and on a person’s history of allergies and side effects from antibiotics, a doctor may choose another class of antibiotic instead.

Clindamycin is an effective antibiotic for a variety of serious infections. People also use clindamycin for treating acne.

There are many possible side effects of clindamycin, and doctors should weigh the benefits and risks before prescribing this antibiotic.

People with a history of colitis should avoid taking clindamycin because it could damage their health.

When serious side effects occur, they tend to affect people taking oral or injectable forms of clindamycin, but they can arise in people using topical forms.

Read the article in Spanish.

What is clindamycin? Uses, dosage, warnings, and side effects

Clindamycin is an antibiotic. It works by stopping bacteria from growing.

Doctors prescribe clindamycin to treat bacterial infections, and the drug comes in oral, topical, and injectable forms.

Topical clindamycin is a common treatment for acne and bacterial infections in the vagina.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat infections in people with a penicillin allergy. Clindamycin is not suitable for everyone, and it can cause a range of serious side effects.

In this article, we describe the uses, forms, dosage, warnings, and side effects of clindamycin.

People use clindamycin to treat bacterial infections.

Clindamycin is an antibiotic drug. People use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics, including clindamycin, do not work for infections caused by viruses.

Clindamycin is in the lincosamide family. These antibiotics work by disrupting the way that bacteria produce proteins.

Depending on the type of infection and the dosage of clindamycin, the drug can either kill or stop the growth of bacteria.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat a variety of bacterial infections. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved clindamycin to treat:

• blood infections
• septicemia, which is blood poisoning
• abdominal infections
• lung infections
• infections of the female reproductive tract
• bone and joint infections
• skin infections

People can also take clindamycin for uses that are not FDA-approved. Sometimes doctors use clindamycin to treat anthrax and malaria, for example.

Dentists also use clindamycin as a preventive treatment for endocarditis, an infection of the heart’s lining that can occur after a dental procedure in people who are at risk.

Before undergoing surgery, some people need to take clindamycin to prevent surgical site infections.

There are four forms of clindamycin: injectable, intravaginal, oral, and topical.

The following table lists forms of clindamycin, along with their dosages in milligrams (mg), milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml), or percentage.

The form and dosage of clindamycin that a doctor prescribes will depend on the infection.

Oral capsules and granules

Because of the risk of colitis, doctors should only prescribe clindamycin if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who are allergic to penicillin or if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate. This is because of the risk of colitis, which is inflammation of the colon’s inner lining.

If possible, the doctor should take samples from the infection site to check which bacteria are causing the infection.

Clindamycin capsules may irritate the esophagus, the tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. To avoid this irritation, take clindamycin capsules with a full glass of water.

The dosages of clindamycin capsules for adults are:

• for serious infections, 150–300 mg every 6 hours
• for more severe infections, 300–450 mg every 6 hours

The dosages for children who can swallow capsules are:

• for serious infections, 8–16 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) per day, divided into three or four equal doses
• for more severe infections, 16–20 mg/kg per day, divided into three or four equal doses

For people who have difficulty swallowing, clindamycin comes in granules that a person can dissolve in water.

Vaginal cream and suppositories

Topical clindamycin can treat bacterial infections in the vagina.

The cream comes with an applicator. Insert the amount of one applicator, which is around 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for 3 or 7 consecutive nights.

Cleocin vaginal cream is safe for pregnant women to use in the second and third trimesters. A pregnant woman requires 7 days of treatment.

Pregnant women should not use clindamycin vaginal suppositories. Researchers have yet to confirm the safety of suppositories during pregnancy.

To use a suppository, insert one suppository pill, which is equivalent to 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for three consecutive nights.

People with a history of colitis should not use clindamycin creams or suppositories.

Lotion, gel, and solution

Doctors prescribe clindamycin lotion, gel, and solution to treat acne.

A person with acne can apply a thin layer of Cleocin T 1% lotion or clindamycin 1% solution to the affected area of skin twice a day.

A person can apply Clindagel 1% once daily to the affected area when acne appears.

Topical clindamycin can cause diarrhea. Anyone who has had colitis should avoid using this treatment.

Injections

If a person has a very serious infection and they cannot take other antibiotics, they may receive injectable clindamycin in the hospital.

The following table includes the dosages of injectable clindamycin in mg/kg per day and in mg per day.

Diarrhea is the most common side effect when taking antibiotics.

One of the most common side effects of a majority of antibiotics is diarrhea. Sometimes people experience severe diarrhea when taking clindamycin.

Clindamycin can alter the bacterial composition of the colon and cause an overgrowth of the Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) bacterium. This bacterium produces toxins that can cause C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD).

CDAD is a severe and life-threatening infection. If a person develops CDAD while taking clindamycin, the doctor will immediately stop the antibiotic.

Other possible side effects of oral or injectable clindamycin include:

• abdominal pain
• irritation of the esophagus
• nausea
• vomiting
• allergic skin reactions
• severe allergic reactions
• inflammation of the vagina
• fluid buildup under the skin
• impeded liver function
• impeded kidney function
• blood disorders
• disrupted function of the immune system
• arthritis

People using clindamycin solution or lotion for acne may report skin-related side effects, including:

• dryness
• redness
• a burning or stinging sensation
• peeling
• itchiness
• oiliness

For example, when an individual uses Clindagel for acne, the most common side effects are itchiness and skin peeling.

People rarely experience diarrhea or colitis after using clindamycin topically. However, some people have reported abdominal disturbances.

Clindamycin suppositories and vaginal cream may cause the same side effects as the oral or injectable forms.

Rarely, a person may develop colitis from using a vaginal clindamycin product.

Other side effects of using clindamycin suppositories or vaginal cream include:

• vaginal fungal infections
• inflammation of the vagina and vulva
• disorders of the vagina or vulva
• vaginal pain

People with a history of pseudomembranous or ulcerative colitis should not take clindamycin. These two conditions cause severe inflammation of the lining of the intestine.

The side effects of taking clindamycin can worsen these two conditions.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who have bacterial infections. This helps reduce the resistance that bacteria can develop to clindamycin. Learn more about antibiotic resistance here.

Drug interactions may occur when using any form of clindamycin.

Doctors should prescribe clindamycin with caution to people taking neuromuscular blocking agents. These drugs play a role in certain medical procedures and operations.

When people take oral forms of clindamycin, the liver enzyme CYP3A4 breaks it down in the body. Stimulating the function of this enzyme can cause a decrease in levels of clindamycin. If something inhibits CYP3A4, clindamycin levels may increase in the blood.

Certain drugs can affect the functioning of CYP3A4. When people are taking CYP3A4 stimulants along with clindamycin, doctors must follow up and make sure that the antibiotic is working.

If a person is taking an inhibitor of CYP3A4 with clindamycin, the increased levels of the antibiotic may cause side effects. Doctors should monitor any increase in adverse effects.

Clindamycin and lincomycin are the only members of the lincosamide family.

Lincomycin is only available in an injectable solution and is prescribed by doctors for serious infections.

Depending on the infection and on a person’s history of allergies and side effects from antibiotics, a doctor may choose another class of antibiotic instead.

Clindamycin is an effective antibiotic for a variety of serious infections. People also use clindamycin for treating acne.

There are many possible side effects of clindamycin, and doctors should weigh the benefits and risks before prescribing this antibiotic.

People with a history of colitis should avoid taking clindamycin because it could damage their health.

When serious side effects occur, they tend to affect people taking oral or injectable forms of clindamycin, but they can arise in people using topical forms.

Read the article in Spanish.

What is clindamycin? Uses, dosage, warnings, and side effects

Clindamycin is an antibiotic. It works by stopping bacteria from growing.

Doctors prescribe clindamycin to treat bacterial infections, and the drug comes in oral, topical, and injectable forms.

Topical clindamycin is a common treatment for acne and bacterial infections in the vagina.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat infections in people with a penicillin allergy. Clindamycin is not suitable for everyone, and it can cause a range of serious side effects.

In this article, we describe the uses, forms, dosage, warnings, and side effects of clindamycin.

People use clindamycin to treat bacterial infections.

Clindamycin is an antibiotic drug. People use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics, including clindamycin, do not work for infections caused by viruses.

Clindamycin is in the lincosamide family. These antibiotics work by disrupting the way that bacteria produce proteins.

Depending on the type of infection and the dosage of clindamycin, the drug can either kill or stop the growth of bacteria.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat a variety of bacterial infections. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved clindamycin to treat:

• blood infections
• septicemia, which is blood poisoning
• abdominal infections
• lung infections
• infections of the female reproductive tract
• bone and joint infections
• skin infections

People can also take clindamycin for uses that are not FDA-approved. Sometimes doctors use clindamycin to treat anthrax and malaria, for example.

Dentists also use clindamycin as a preventive treatment for endocarditis, an infection of the heart’s lining that can occur after a dental procedure in people who are at risk.

Before undergoing surgery, some people need to take clindamycin to prevent surgical site infections.

There are four forms of clindamycin: injectable, intravaginal, oral, and topical.

The following table lists forms of clindamycin, along with their dosages in milligrams (mg), milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml), or percentage.

The form and dosage of clindamycin that a doctor prescribes will depend on the infection.

Oral capsules and granules

Because of the risk of colitis, doctors should only prescribe clindamycin if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who are allergic to penicillin or if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate. This is because of the risk of colitis, which is inflammation of the colon’s inner lining.

If possible, the doctor should take samples from the infection site to check which bacteria are causing the infection.

Clindamycin capsules may irritate the esophagus, the tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. To avoid this irritation, take clindamycin capsules with a full glass of water.

The dosages of clindamycin capsules for adults are:

• for serious infections, 150–300 mg every 6 hours
• for more severe infections, 300–450 mg every 6 hours

The dosages for children who can swallow capsules are:

• for serious infections, 8–16 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) per day, divided into three or four equal doses
• for more severe infections, 16–20 mg/kg per day, divided into three or four equal doses

For people who have difficulty swallowing, clindamycin comes in granules that a person can dissolve in water.

Vaginal cream and suppositories

Topical clindamycin can treat bacterial infections in the vagina.

The cream comes with an applicator. Insert the amount of one applicator, which is around 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for 3 or 7 consecutive nights.

Cleocin vaginal cream is safe for pregnant women to use in the second and third trimesters. A pregnant woman requires 7 days of treatment.

Pregnant women should not use clindamycin vaginal suppositories. Researchers have yet to confirm the safety of suppositories during pregnancy.

To use a suppository, insert one suppository pill, which is equivalent to 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for three consecutive nights.

People with a history of colitis should not use clindamycin creams or suppositories.

Lotion, gel, and solution

Doctors prescribe clindamycin lotion, gel, and solution to treat acne.

A person with acne can apply a thin layer of Cleocin T 1% lotion or clindamycin 1% solution to the affected area of skin twice a day.

A person can apply Clindagel 1% once daily to the affected area when acne appears.

Topical clindamycin can cause diarrhea. Anyone who has had colitis should avoid using this treatment.

Injections

If a person has a very serious infection and they cannot take other antibiotics, they may receive injectable clindamycin in the hospital.

The following table includes the dosages of injectable clindamycin in mg/kg per day and in mg per day.

Diarrhea is the most common side effect when taking antibiotics.

One of the most common side effects of a majority of antibiotics is diarrhea. Sometimes people experience severe diarrhea when taking clindamycin.

Clindamycin can alter the bacterial composition of the colon and cause an overgrowth of the Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) bacterium. This bacterium produces toxins that can cause C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD).

CDAD is a severe and life-threatening infection. If a person develops CDAD while taking clindamycin, the doctor will immediately stop the antibiotic.

Other possible side effects of oral or injectable clindamycin include:

• abdominal pain
• irritation of the esophagus
• nausea
• vomiting
• allergic skin reactions
• severe allergic reactions
• inflammation of the vagina
• fluid buildup under the skin
• impeded liver function
• impeded kidney function
• blood disorders
• disrupted function of the immune system
• arthritis

People using clindamycin solution or lotion for acne may report skin-related side effects, including:

• dryness
• redness
• a burning or stinging sensation
• peeling
• itchiness
• oiliness

For example, when an individual uses Clindagel for acne, the most common side effects are itchiness and skin peeling.

People rarely experience diarrhea or colitis after using clindamycin topically. However, some people have reported abdominal disturbances.

Clindamycin suppositories and vaginal cream may cause the same side effects as the oral or injectable forms.

Rarely, a person may develop colitis from using a vaginal clindamycin product.

Other side effects of using clindamycin suppositories or vaginal cream include:

• vaginal fungal infections
• inflammation of the vagina and vulva
• disorders of the vagina or vulva
• vaginal pain

People with a history of pseudomembranous or ulcerative colitis should not take clindamycin. These two conditions cause severe inflammation of the lining of the intestine.

The side effects of taking clindamycin can worsen these two conditions.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who have bacterial infections. This helps reduce the resistance that bacteria can develop to clindamycin. Learn more about antibiotic resistance here.

Drug interactions may occur when using any form of clindamycin.

Doctors should prescribe clindamycin with caution to people taking neuromuscular blocking agents. These drugs play a role in certain medical procedures and operations.

When people take oral forms of clindamycin, the liver enzyme CYP3A4 breaks it down in the body. Stimulating the function of this enzyme can cause a decrease in levels of clindamycin. If something inhibits CYP3A4, clindamycin levels may increase in the blood.

Certain drugs can affect the functioning of CYP3A4. When people are taking CYP3A4 stimulants along with clindamycin, doctors must follow up and make sure that the antibiotic is working.

If a person is taking an inhibitor of CYP3A4 with clindamycin, the increased levels of the antibiotic may cause side effects. Doctors should monitor any increase in adverse effects.

Clindamycin and lincomycin are the only members of the lincosamide family.

Lincomycin is only available in an injectable solution and is prescribed by doctors for serious infections.

Depending on the infection and on a person’s history of allergies and side effects from antibiotics, a doctor may choose another class of antibiotic instead.

Clindamycin is an effective antibiotic for a variety of serious infections. People also use clindamycin for treating acne.

There are many possible side effects of clindamycin, and doctors should weigh the benefits and risks before prescribing this antibiotic.

People with a history of colitis should avoid taking clindamycin because it could damage their health.

When serious side effects occur, they tend to affect people taking oral or injectable forms of clindamycin, but they can arise in people using topical forms.

Read the article in Spanish.

What is clindamycin? Uses, dosage, warnings, and side effects

Clindamycin is an antibiotic. It works by stopping bacteria from growing.

Doctors prescribe clindamycin to treat bacterial infections, and the drug comes in oral, topical, and injectable forms.

Topical clindamycin is a common treatment for acne and bacterial infections in the vagina.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat infections in people with a penicillin allergy. Clindamycin is not suitable for everyone, and it can cause a range of serious side effects.

In this article, we describe the uses, forms, dosage, warnings, and side effects of clindamycin.

People use clindamycin to treat bacterial infections.

Clindamycin is an antibiotic drug. People use antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics, including clindamycin, do not work for infections caused by viruses.

Clindamycin is in the lincosamide family. These antibiotics work by disrupting the way that bacteria produce proteins.

Depending on the type of infection and the dosage of clindamycin, the drug can either kill or stop the growth of bacteria.

Doctors use clindamycin to treat a variety of bacterial infections. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved clindamycin to treat:

• blood infections
• septicemia, which is blood poisoning
• abdominal infections
• lung infections
• infections of the female reproductive tract
• bone and joint infections
• skin infections

People can also take clindamycin for uses that are not FDA-approved. Sometimes doctors use clindamycin to treat anthrax and malaria, for example.

Dentists also use clindamycin as a preventive treatment for endocarditis, an infection of the heart’s lining that can occur after a dental procedure in people who are at risk.

Before undergoing surgery, some people need to take clindamycin to prevent surgical site infections.

There are four forms of clindamycin: injectable, intravaginal, oral, and topical.

The following table lists forms of clindamycin, along with their dosages in milligrams (mg), milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml), or percentage.

The form and dosage of clindamycin that a doctor prescribes will depend on the infection.

Oral capsules and granules

Because of the risk of colitis, doctors should only prescribe clindamycin if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who are allergic to penicillin or if they suspect that a different antibiotic would be inappropriate. This is because of the risk of colitis, which is inflammation of the colon’s inner lining.

If possible, the doctor should take samples from the infection site to check which bacteria are causing the infection.

Clindamycin capsules may irritate the esophagus, the tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. To avoid this irritation, take clindamycin capsules with a full glass of water.

The dosages of clindamycin capsules for adults are:

• for serious infections, 150–300 mg every 6 hours
• for more severe infections, 300–450 mg every 6 hours

The dosages for children who can swallow capsules are:

• for serious infections, 8–16 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) per day, divided into three or four equal doses
• for more severe infections, 16–20 mg/kg per day, divided into three or four equal doses

For people who have difficulty swallowing, clindamycin comes in granules that a person can dissolve in water.

Vaginal cream and suppositories

Topical clindamycin can treat bacterial infections in the vagina.

The cream comes with an applicator. Insert the amount of one applicator, which is around 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for 3 or 7 consecutive nights.

Cleocin vaginal cream is safe for pregnant women to use in the second and third trimesters. A pregnant woman requires 7 days of treatment.

Pregnant women should not use clindamycin vaginal suppositories. Researchers have yet to confirm the safety of suppositories during pregnancy.

To use a suppository, insert one suppository pill, which is equivalent to 100 mg of clindamycin, into the vagina once daily at bedtime for three consecutive nights.

People with a history of colitis should not use clindamycin creams or suppositories.

Lotion, gel, and solution

Doctors prescribe clindamycin lotion, gel, and solution to treat acne.

A person with acne can apply a thin layer of Cleocin T 1% lotion or clindamycin 1% solution to the affected area of skin twice a day.

A person can apply Clindagel 1% once daily to the affected area when acne appears.

Topical clindamycin can cause diarrhea. Anyone who has had colitis should avoid using this treatment.

Injections

If a person has a very serious infection and they cannot take other antibiotics, they may receive injectable clindamycin in the hospital.

The following table includes the dosages of injectable clindamycin in mg/kg per day and in mg per day.

Diarrhea is the most common side effect when taking antibiotics.

One of the most common side effects of a majority of antibiotics is diarrhea. Sometimes people experience severe diarrhea when taking clindamycin.

Clindamycin can alter the bacterial composition of the colon and cause an overgrowth of the Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) bacterium. This bacterium produces toxins that can cause C. difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD).

CDAD is a severe and life-threatening infection. If a person develops CDAD while taking clindamycin, the doctor will immediately stop the antibiotic.

Other possible side effects of oral or injectable clindamycin include:

• abdominal pain
• irritation of the esophagus
• nausea
• vomiting
• allergic skin reactions
• severe allergic reactions
• inflammation of the vagina
• fluid buildup under the skin
• impeded liver function
• impeded kidney function
• blood disorders
• disrupted function of the immune system
• arthritis

People using clindamycin solution or lotion for acne may report skin-related side effects, including:

• dryness
• redness
• a burning or stinging sensation
• peeling
• itchiness
• oiliness

For example, when an individual uses Clindagel for acne, the most common side effects are itchiness and skin peeling.

People rarely experience diarrhea or colitis after using clindamycin topically. However, some people have reported abdominal disturbances.

Clindamycin suppositories and vaginal cream may cause the same side effects as the oral or injectable forms.

Rarely, a person may develop colitis from using a vaginal clindamycin product.

Other side effects of using clindamycin suppositories or vaginal cream include:

• vaginal fungal infections
• inflammation of the vagina and vulva
• disorders of the vagina or vulva
• vaginal pain

People with a history of pseudomembranous or ulcerative colitis should not take clindamycin. These two conditions cause severe inflammation of the lining of the intestine.

The side effects of taking clindamycin can worsen these two conditions.

Doctors should only prescribe clindamycin to people who have bacterial infections. This helps reduce the resistance that bacteria can develop to clindamycin. Learn more about antibiotic resistance here.

Drug interactions may occur when using any form of clindamycin.

Doctors should prescribe clindamycin with caution to people taking neuromuscular blocking agents. These drugs play a role in certain medical procedures and operations.

When people take oral forms of clindamycin, the liver enzyme CYP3A4 breaks it down in the body. Stimulating the function of this enzyme can cause a decrease in levels of clindamycin. If something inhibits CYP3A4, clindamycin levels may increase in the blood.

Certain drugs can affect the functioning of CYP3A4. When people are taking CYP3A4 stimulants along with clindamycin, doctors must follow up and make sure that the antibiotic is working.

If a person is taking an inhibitor of CYP3A4 with clindamycin, the increased levels of the antibiotic may cause side effects. Doctors should monitor any increase in adverse effects.

Clindamycin and lincomycin are the only members of the lincosamide family.

Lincomycin is only available in an injectable solution and is prescribed by doctors for serious infections.

Depending on the infection and on a person’s history of allergies and side effects from antibiotics, a doctor may choose another class of antibiotic instead.

Clindamycin is an effective antibiotic for a variety of serious infections. People also use clindamycin for treating acne.

There are many possible side effects of clindamycin, and doctors should weigh the benefits and risks before prescribing this antibiotic.

People with a history of colitis should avoid taking clindamycin because it could damage their health.

When serious side effects occur, they tend to affect people taking oral or injectable forms of clindamycin, but they can arise in people using topical forms.

Read the article in Spanish.

Clindamycin Dosage Guide with Precautions

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on June 26, 2019.

Applies to the following strengths: 150 mg; 150 mg/mL; 75 mg; 300 mg; 75 mg/5 mL; 600 mg-5%/50 mL; 300 mg-5%/50 mL; 900 mg-5%/50 mL; 300 mg/50 mL-NaCl 0. 9%; 600 mg/50 mL-NaCl 0.9%; 900 mg/50 mL-NaCl 0.9%; phosphate; hydrochloride

Usual Adult Dose for:

Usual Pediatric Dose for:

Additional dosage information:

Usual Adult Dose for Bacterial Infection

Oral:
Serious infection: 150 to 300 mg orally every 6 hours
More severe infection: 300 to 450 mg orally every 6 hours

Parenteral:
Serious infection: 600 to 1,200 mg via IV infusion or IM injection per day, in 2 to 4 equally divided doses
Severe infection: 1,200 to 2,700 mg via IV infusion or IM injection per day, in 2 to 4 equally divided doses
More severe infection: Up to 4,800 mg via IV infusion per day

Comments:
-A single IM injection greater than 600 mg is not recommended
-A single 1 hour IV infusion greater than 1,200 mg is not recommended
-In the treatment of anaerobic infections, parenteral clindamycin should be used initially and then patients changed to oral therapy when clinically appropriate.
-Clindamycin should be reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or other patients for whom a penicillin is not appropriate.
-Combination therapy with additional antibiotics may be required according to standard treatment protocols. Treatment should be guided by culture and susceptibility studies.

Uses:
Serious infections caused by susceptible organisms:
-Staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci, including serious respiratory tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections
-Anaerobes, including serious respiratory tract infections, serious skin and soft tissue infections, septicemia, intraabdominal infections, and infections of the female pelvis and genital tract.
-Bone and joint infections including acute hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of chronic bone and joint infections

Usual Pediatric Dose for Bacterial Infection

Oral:
Body weight 10 kg or less:
Minimum recommended dose: 37. 5 mg orally three times a day

Body weight 11 kg or more:
Serious infection: 8 to 12 mg/kg orally per day, in 3 to 4 equally divided doses
Severe infection: 13 to 16 mg/kg orally per day, in 3 to 4 equally divided doses
More severe infection: 17 to 25 mg/kg orally per day, in 3 to 4 equally divided doses

An alternate regimen:
Serious infection: 8 to 16 mg/kg orally per day, in 3 to 4 equally divided doses
More severe infection: 16 to 20 mg/kg orally per day, in 3 to 4 equally divided doses

Parenteral:
Up to 1 month of age: 15 to 20 mg/kg via IV infusion per day in 3 to 4 equally divided doses; the lower dose may be sufficient for small premature neonates.

1 month to 16 years:
Body weight dosing: 20 to 40 mg/kg via IV infusion or IM injection per day, in 3 to 4 equally divided doses. The higher doses would be used for more severe infections

Body surface area dosing:
Serious infection: 350 mg/m2 via IV infusion or IM injection per day
Severe infection: 450 mg/m2 via IV infusion or IM injection per day

17 years or older: Usual adult dose

Duration: At least 10 days for beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections

Comments:
-A single IM injection greater than 600 mg is not recommended
-A single 1 hour IV infusion greater than 1,200 mg is not recommended
-Parenteral therapy can be changed to oral therapy as clinically indicated.
-Clindamycin should be reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or other patients for whom a penicillin is not appropriate.
-Combination therapy with additional antibiotics may be required according to standard treatment protocols. Treatment should be guided by culture and susceptibility studies.

Uses:
Serious infections caused by susceptible organisms:
-Staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci, including serious respiratory tract infections and skin and soft tissue infections
-Anaerobes, including serious respiratory tract infections, serious skin and soft tissue infections, septicemia, intraabdominal infections, and infections of the female pelvis and genital tract.
-Bone and joint infections including acute hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of chronic bone and joint infections

Renal Dose Adjustments

No adjustment recommended

Liver Dose Adjustments

No adjustment recommended; however, liver function monitoring is recommended in patients with severe liver disease. Accumulation of clindamycin has not been demonstrated when dosed every 8 hours.

Precautions

US BOXED WARNING(S):
-Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with the use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including clindamycin and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C difficile.
-Because clindamycin therapy has been associated with severe colitis which may end fatally, it should be reserved for serious infections where less toxic antimicrobial agents are inappropriate. It should not be used in patients with nonbacterial infections such as most upper respiratory tract infections.
-C difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use.
-Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

Consult WARNINGS section for additional precautions.

Dialysis

No adjustment recommended

Other Comments

Administration advice:
-Oral clindamycin should be administered with a full glass of water (to avoid esophageal irritation) and may be taken with or without food.
-Intravenous doses should be diluted and administered as an infusion over 10 to 60 minutes, at a rate not exceeding 30 mg/min.
-Intramuscular doses should be administered as a deep IM injection.

Storage requirements: The manufacturer’s product information should be consulted

Reconstitution/preparation techniques:
-The manufacturer’s product information should be consulted
-Clindamycin for intravenous use must be diluted prior to administration
-The concentration of clindamycin in diluent for IV infusion should not exceed 18 mg/mL.

IV compatibility: The manufacturer’s product information should be consulted; compatibility and duration of stability of drug mixtures varies according to concentration and other conditions.

General:
-Clindamycin does not penetrate the blood brain barrier in therapeutically effective quantities and should not be used in the treatment of meningitis.
-Local administration reactions such as pain, induration, and sterile abscess after IM injection may be minimized or avoided through administration via deep IM injection, and thrombophlebitis after IV infusion by avoiding prolonged use of indwelling catheters.

Monitoring:
During prolonged therapy:
-Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea
-Hematologic: Blood counts
-Hepatic: Liver function tests

Patient advice:
-Avoid use of antidiarrheal medicines.
-If you get severe diarrhea, tell your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse immediately.
-Complete the whole course of therapy as directed by your doctor; although you may feel better early in the course of therapy, skipping doses or not completing the course may reduce the effectiveness of the treatment and increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and not be treatable by this medicine or other antibacterial medicines in the future.

Frequently asked questions

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Clindamycin Drug Interactions – Drugs.com

A total of 75 drugs are known to interact with
clindamycin.

• 3 major
  drug interactions
• 70 moderate
  drug interactions
• 2 minor
  drug interactions

View all medications that may interact with clindamycin.

Does clindamycin interact with my other drugs?

Enter other medications to view a detailed report.

Most frequently checked interactions

View interaction reports for clindamycin and the medicines listed below.

Clindamycin disease interactions

There are 4 disease interactions with clindamycin which include:

More about clindamycin

Related treatment guides

Drug Interaction Classification

These classifications are only a guideline. The relevance of a particular drug interaction to a specific individual is difficult to determine. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medication.

Major	Highly clinically significant. Avoid combinations; the risk of the interaction outweighs the benefit.
Moderate	Moderately clinically significant. Usually avoid combinations; use it only under special circumstances.
Minor	Minimally clinically significant. Minimize risk; assess risk and consider an alternative drug, take steps to circumvent the interaction risk and/or institute a monitoring plan.
Unknown	No interaction information available.

Further information

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Clindamycin use while Breastfeeding | Drugs.com

Drugs containing Clindamycin: Cleocin, Benzaclin, Cleocin T, Onexton, Clindamax, Acanya, Duac, Ziana, Clindesse, Clindagel, Show all 34 »Cleocin Vaginal, Veltin, Cleocin Pediatric, Deoxia, Clindacin ETZ, Evoclin, Cleocin Phosphate, Cleocin Ovules, Neuac, Tardeoxia, Clindacin PAC, Clindacin P, Pledgaclin, ClindaReach Pledget, Clinda-Derm, Clindets Pledget, Cleocin Phosphate ADD-Vantage, C/T/S, Clindets, Z-Clinz 5, Z-Clinz 10, BenzaClin Carekit, Cleocin HCl, Clindap-T

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Aug 29, 2020.

Clindamycin Levels and Effects while Breastfeeding

Summary of Use during Lactation

Clindamycin has the potential to cause adverse effects on the breastfed infant’s gastrointestinal flora. If oral or intravenous clindamycin is required by a nursing mother, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding, but an alternate drug may be preferred. Monitor the infant for possible effects on the gastrointestinal flora, such as diarrhea, candidiasis (thrush, diaper rash) or rarely, blood in the stool indicating possible antibiotic-associated colitis.

Vaginal application is unlikely to cause infant side effects, although about 30% of a vaginal dose is absorbed. Infant side effects are unlikely with topical administration for acne; however, topical application to the breast may increase the risk of diarrhea if it is ingested by the infant. Only water-miscible cream, foam, gel or liquid products should be applied to the breast because ointments may expose the infant to high levels of mineral paraffins via licking.[1]

Drug Levels

Maternal Levels. Two women were given clindamycin 150 mg orally. Breastmilk levels of clindamycin averaged 1. 3 mg/L 4 hours after the dose.[2]

Two women were treated with clindamycin 600 mg intravenously every 6 hours followed by 300 mg orally every 6 hours (time postpartum not stated). Peak milk levels after the intravenous dose were 2.65 mg/L at 3.5 hours after the dose in one and 3.1 mg/L at 30 minutes after the dose in the other. During the oral regimen, peak milk levels were 1.3 mg/L at 3.5 hours after the dose in the first woman and 1.8 mg/L at 2 hours after the dose in the other.[3]

Five women were given oral clindamycin 150 mg three times daily during the first 2 weeks postpartum. Milk levels were measured after at least 1 week of therapy and averaged 1.2 mg/L (range <0.5 mg/L to 3.1 mg/L) 6 hours after the dose.[4]

After a single oral dose of 150 mg of clindamycin in 2 women, milk levels averaged from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/L between 1 and 6 hours after the dose. The peak occurred at 2 hours after the dose in one woman and 4 hours after the dose in the other.[5]

After a single dose of 600 mg of clindamycin intravenously to 15 women who were 1 month postpartum, milk clindamycin levels averaged 1.03 mg/L 2 hours after the dose.[6]

Infant Levels. Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

Effects in Breastfed Infants

Bloody stools in a 5-day-old breastfed infant were possibly caused by concurrent maternal clindamycin 600 mg intravenously every 6 hours and gentamicin 80 mg intravenously every 8 hours. The infant’s stools were reported to have normal flora and the stools became guaiac negative 24 hours after discontinuation of breastfeeding. On day 6 of age, the infant resumed breastfeeding after discontinuation of maternal antibiotics with no further difficulties.[7]

Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

References

1.

Noti A, Grob K, Biedermann M, et al. Exposure of babies to C(15)-C(45) mineral paraffins from human milk and breast salves. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;38:317–25. [PubMed: 14623482]

2.

Matsuda S, Mori S, Azuma S. Clinical evaluation of clindamycin in gyneco-obstetrics. Chemotherapy (Tokyo). 1969;17:899–900.

3.

Smith JA, Morgan JR, Rachlis AR, et al. Clindamycin in human breast milk. Can Med Assoc J 1975;112:806. Letter. PMID: 20312646. [PMC free article: PMC1958966] [PubMed: 20312646]

4.

Stéen B, Rane A. Clindamycin passage into human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;13:661–4. [PMC free article: PMC1402074] [PubMed: 7082533]

5.

Matsuda S. Transfer of antibiotics into maternal milk. Biol Res Pregnancy Perinatol. 1984;5:57–60. [PubMed: 6743732]

6.

Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu Z. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 1997;32:288–92. [Tissue and body fluid distribution of antibacterial agents in pregnant and lactating women] [PubMed: 9596854]

7.

Mann CF. Clindamycin and breast-feeding. Pediatrics 1980;66:1030-1. Letter. PMID: 7454470. [PubMed: 7454470]

Substance Identification

Substance Name

Clindamycin

CAS Registry Number

18323-44-9

Drug Class

Breast Feeding

Lactation

Anti-Infective Agents

Antibacterial Agents

Disclaimer: Information presented in this database is not meant as a substitute for professional judgment. You should consult your healthcare provider for breastfeeding advice related to your particular situation. The U.S. government does not warrant or assume any liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information on this Site.

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Clindamycin (Topical): Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

This document, provided by Lexicomp ^® , contains all the information you need to know about the drug, including the indications, route of administration, side effects and when you should contact your healthcare provider.

Trade names: USA

Cleocin; Cleocin-T; Clindacin ETZ; Clindacin Pac; Clindacin-P; Clindagel; Clindesse; Evoclin

Trade names: Canada

Clinda-T; Clindets [DSC]; Dalacin T; Dalacin Vaginal; TARO-Clindamycin

What is this drug used for?

All skin products:

• Used to treat acne.
• This drug can be given to children for other indications. Consult your doctor.

All vaginal preparations:

• Used to treat vaginal infections.

What should I tell my doctor BEFORE my child takes this drug?

• If your child is allergic to this drug, any of its ingredients, other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell your doctor about the allergy and how your child has it.
• If your child has ever had any of the following health conditions: Crohn’s disease, regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, or severe diarrhea known as antibiotic-associated colitis.
• If your child is taking any drugs containing erythromycin.

This list of drugs and diseases that may be adversely associated with this drug is not exhaustive.

Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about all medications your child is taking (prescription and over-the-counter, natural products, and vitamins) and any health concerns.You need to make sure that this drug is safe for your child’s illness and in combination with other drugs he is already taking. You should not start, stop, or change the dosage of any drug your child is taking without talking to your doctor.

What do I need to know or do while my child is taking this drug?

All forms of issue:

• Tell all health care providers for your child that your child is taking this drug.These are your child’s doctors, nurses, pharmacists and dentists.
• This drug may be harmful if swallowed. If this drug is accidentally swallowed, call a doctor or Poison Control Center right away.

If your daughter is pregnant or breastfeeding:

• Consult a doctor if your daughter is pregnant, pregnant, or breastfeeding. The benefits and risks for your daughter and her child will need to be discussed.

All leather products:

• Do not cover the affected area with anything (bandages, bandages) unless otherwise directed by your doctor.
• It may take several weeks to achieve full effect.
• Consult your child’s healthcare professional before using any other drug or product on your child’s skin.
• Some of these preparations are flammable. Do not use near open flames or while smoking.

All vaginal preparations:

• Do not allow your daughter to douch or use other vaginal products such as tampons while using this drug. Your daughter may need to adhere to these limits for a while after the last dose of the drug. If you have any questions, please consult with her doctor.
• Do not give to your child for longer than prescribed.A secondary infection is possible.

If your child is or may be sexually active:

• Your child should not have sex while using this drug. Abstaining from sexual intercourse may take some time after the last dose of the drug. If you have any questions, talk to your child’s doctor.
• While your child is using this drug and after you stop using it, condoms or diaphragms may temporarily lose their contraceptive effect or their ability to protect against sexually transmitted infections.The child will need to use some other contraceptive for some time after the last dose of the drug. Make sure you know exactly how long it will take to do this.

What side effects should I report to my child’s healthcare provider right away?

WARNING / CAUTION: Although rare, this drug can cause very serious and sometimes deadly side effects in some people. Call your child’s doctor right away or get medical attention if your child has any of the following signs or symptoms that could be associated with a very bad side effect:

All forms of issue:

• Signs of an allergic reaction, such as rash, hives, itching, reddened and swollen skin with blisters or scaling, possibly associated with fever, wheezing or wheezing, tightness in the chest or throat, difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking, unusual hoarseness, swelling in the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
• With the use of most antibacterial drugs, cases of severe diarrhea, diarrhea caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) [CDAD], have been reported. In some cases, this disease can be fatal. This can happen while taking the antibiotic or for several months after the child has stopped taking it. Call your doctor right away if your child has abdominal pain or cramps or loose, watery, or bloody stools.Do not try to treat diarrhea on your own without first consulting your doctor.

All vaginal preparations:

• Signs of a urinary tract infection, including blood in the urine, burning or painful sensations when urinating, frequent or immediate urge to urinate, fever, pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis.
• Vaginal itching or discharge.

What are some other side effects of this drug?

Any drug can have side effects.However, many people have little or no side effects. Call your child’s doctor or get medical help if any of these or other side effects bothers your child or does not go away:

All skin products:

• Irritation at the site of application.
• Burn.
• Itching.
• Dry skin.
• Redness.
• Oily skin.

Foam:

• Headache.

All vaginal preparations:

• Irritation at the site of application.
• Back pain.
• Constipation.
• Headache.

This list of potential side effects is not exhaustive. If you have any questions about side effects, talk to your child’s doctor. Talk to your child’s doctor about side effects.

You can report side effects to the National Health Office.

What is the best way to give this drug?

Give this drug to your child as directed by the doctor. Read all the information provided to you. Follow all instructions strictly.

All skin products:

• Not for oral administration. For baby skin only. Avoid getting in your child’s mouth, nose and eyes (possible burns).
• Keep using this drug as directed by your child’s doctor or other healthcare professional, even if your child’s condition improves.
• Wash hands before and after use.
• Wash affected area before use. Make sure the skin is dry well.
• Apply a thin layer to the affected area and rub lightly.

Lotion:

• Shake lotion well before use.

Tampons:

• If compresses (swabs) are used, remove the swab from the foil immediately before use. Use 1 time and discard. More than one compress can be used.

Foam:

• Apply foam to a cold surface or cap. Do not allow foam to come into contact with your hands.

All vaginal preparations:

• The drug is not intended for oral administration.For vaginal use only. Avoid getting in your child’s mouth, nose and eyes (possible burns).
• Keep using this drug as directed by your child’s doctor or other healthcare professional, even if your child’s condition improves.
• Wash hands before and after use.

Vaginal Cream:

• Certain products must be used before bed. For some products, the time of intake does not matter. Ask your pharmacist how to use this drug.

Suppositories:

• Take before bed.
• Remove the foil wrapper before using the candle.
• Do not use if medication container is torn, opened, or not properly sealed.

What if my child misses a dose of a drug?

• Give the missed dose as soon as possible.
• If it is time for your child to take the next dose, do not take the missed dose and then return to your child’s normal schedule.
• Do not give a double dose at the same time or additional doses.

How do I store and / or discard this drug?

All forms of issue:

• Store at room temperature. Do not freeze.
• The lid must be tightly closed.
• Protect from heat.
• Store in a dry place. Do not store in the bathroom.
• Store all medicines in a safe place. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.
• Dispose of unused or expired drugs. Do not empty into toilet or drain unless directed to do so. If you have any questions about the disposal of your medicinal products, consult your pharmacist.Your area may have drug recycling programs.

Foam:

• Do not expose to heat or sunlight. Do not pierce or burn, even if it appears empty.

General information on medicinal products

• If your child’s symptoms or health problems do not improve, or if they get worse, see your child’s doctor.
• Do not share your child’s medicine with others or give anyone’s medicine to your child.
• Some medicines may have other patient information sheets. If you have questions about this drug, talk with your child’s doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional.
• If you think an overdose has occurred, call a Poison Control Center immediately or seek medical attention. Be prepared to tell or show which drug you took, how much and when it happened.

Use of information by consumer and limitation of liability

This information should not be used to make decisions about taking this or any other drug. Only the attending physician has the necessary knowledge and experience to make decisions about which drugs are appropriate for a particular patient. This information does not guarantee that the drug is safe, effective, or approved for the treatment of any disease or specific patient.Here are only brief general information about this drug. It does NOT contain all available information on the possible use of the drug with instructions for use, warnings, precautions, information about interactions, side effects and risks that may be associated with this drug. This information should not be construed as a treatment guide and does not replace information provided to you by your healthcare professional. Check with your doctor for complete information on the possible risks and benefits of taking this drug.

Copyright

© UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and / or licensors, 2021. All rights reserved.

CLINDAMICIN in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases | Weekly PHARMACY

Among all the pathology of the ENT organs, infectious and inflammatory diseases occupy a leading position and, accordingly, they account for most of all cases of antibiotic therapy [2]. According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, sinusitis of bacterial etiology is the fifth most common disease requiring antibiotic prescription [4].Consequently, the study of the effectiveness of the use of certain antibiotics in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract is relevant and of practical importance.

Clindamycin is an antibiotic of the lincosamide group, a semi-synthetic analogue of lincomycin (7-chlordeoxy derivative of lincomycin), has a bacteriostatic effect due to inhibition of protein synthesis by ribosomes. High concentrations of the drug against highly sensitive microorganisms can have a bactericidal effect.

Clindamycin is resistant to gastric acid hydrochloric acid. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract, its bioavailability is 90% and does not depend on food intake. When using the drug at a dose of 150 mg, the maximum concentration in the serum (2.5 μg / ml) is reached after about 45 minutes, after 3 hours it is 1.5 μg / ml, and after 6 hours – 0.7 μg / ml. Clindamycin is well distributed in most tissues and body fluids, with the exception of cerebrospinal fluid (poorly penetrates the blood-brain barrier).High concentrations of the drug are achieved in bronchopulmonary secretions, bone tissue, bile. The half-life of clindamycin is 2-3 hours, 10% of the drug is excreted in the urine in active form, 4% in feces, the rest in the form of inactive metabolites. In renal failure, the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin does not change significantly. In patients with severely impaired liver function, the half-life of the drug can be significantly lengthened.

It is most advisable to prescribe clindamycin for infections caused by Streptococcus anaerobicus ( Peptostreptococcus ), Staphylococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens (in combination with benzylpenicillin), Corynebacterium diphtheria , as well as Bacteroides , intestinal and oropharyngeal anaerobes [1]. The drug is especially indicated for polymicrobial-mixed infections caused by bacteroids and other anaerobes of the oral cavity, the prevalence of which is observed in chronic tonsillitis, deep neck abscesses and caused by infections of the oral cavity and teeth [3]. Clindamycin in comparison with penicillins is preferable to use for the eradication of streptococci in tonsillopharyngitis, probably due to the presence of polymicrobial microflora producing b-lactamase [5], for which unprotected penicillins are ineffective. Clindamycin is moderately active against some protozoa ( Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum) .

Oral administration of clindamycin may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, esophagitis, pseudomembranous colitis (caused by Clostridium dificile ) . Rarely are reversible leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, impaired renal function, a transient increase in the level of hepatic transaminases and bilirubin in the blood serum, very rarely – allergic reactions.

We have studied the effectiveness of CLINDAMICIN produced by Balkanfarma (Bulgaria) in the treatment of patients with chronic purulent sinusitis and chronic purulent otitis media in the acute phase, paratonsillitis, paratonsillar abscess.

The choice of ENT pathology, in the treatment of which the efficacy of CLINDAMYCIN was studied, was determined by the pharmacological characteristics of the drug, its antibacterial spectrum, as well as recommendations for use. The microbiological characteristics of certain infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract were taken into account. For observation, 3 groups (50 people) of patients aged 18 to 65 years were selected.

Group 1 included 18 patients (8 women and 10 men) with chronic purulent sinusitis in the exacerbation phase.The patients’ age averaged 43.5 ± 7.2 years. Diagnosis was carried out on the basis of anamnesis data, otorhinolaryngological examination, radiography and ultrasound of the paranasal sinuses. The control of the effectiveness of treatment was carried out on the basis of complaints of patients, data of rhinoscopy, ultrasound of the paranasal sinuses, as well as the results of a general clinical blood test. Treatment of patients of the 1st group lasted for 7-14 days. CLINDAMYCIN was administered orally at a dose of 150–300 mg 4 times a day. The puncture of the maxillary sinuses was carried out, followed by washing with a nitrofural solution, prescribing analgesics, antihistamines (mebhydrolin, loratadine), decongestants for local and systemic use.

Group 2 included 11 patients (6 men and 5 women) with chronic suppurative otitis media in the acute phase. The patients’ age averaged 54 ± 3.8 years. The control of the effectiveness of treatment was carried out on the basis of subjective data, as well as the results of otorhinolaryngological examination and audiometry, general clinical blood test. Antibiotic therapy for patients in group 2 was also carried out for 7-14 days. CLINDAMYCIN at a dose of 150–300 mg was administered orally 4 times a day.Additionally, drops were prescribed into the external auditory canal (betamethasone + gentamicin) and vasoconstrictors in the form of nasal drops (naphazoline), antihistamines.

Group 3 included 12 patients (7 men and 5 women) with paratonsillitis and 10 (6 men and 4 women) with paratonsillar abscess. The age of patients in group 3 averaged 32 ± 5.6 years. Diagnosis was carried out on the basis of anamnesis data and oropharyngoscopy. CLINDAMYCIN was prescribed at a dose of 150–300 mg 4 times a day for 5–14 days.Patients with paratonsillitis or paratonsillar abscess were additionally prescribed analgesics (metamizole sodium), rinsing with nitrofural solution (1: 5000), and the abscess was drained.

Before and after treatment, a microbiological examination of smear / discharge was performed in all patients, and the sensitivity of the isolated microflora to CLINDAMICIN was determined.

The treatment was assessed as effective when the clinical symptoms of the disease completely disappeared or significantly decreased.

The safety of therapy was assessed by the frequency of side effects during the entire observation period.

A microbiological study revealed a fairly high sensitivity of the isolated microflora to CLINDAMYCIN – sensitive strains accounted for 83.3% of all isolated bacterial microflora. Fungal flora was detected in two patients with chronic purulent sinusitis in the acute phase ( Candida albicans ) and in one patient with chronic purulent otitis media in the acute phase (Aspergillius niger ).

Table. 1 shows the results of a study of the sensitivity of the isolated microflora to CLINDAMICIN.

Table 1

The sensitivity of microflora to CLINDAMICIN

Table.2 summarizes the results of evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of CLINDAMICIN.

Table 2

Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of CLINDAMICIN

Recovery and improvement was achieved in 44 (88%) out of 50 patients.The highest efficiency of CLINDAMICIN was observed in patients of the 3rd group: recovery – in 90% with paratonsillitis and 90.9% – with paratonsillar abscess. A sufficiently high efficiency of CLINDAMYCIN treatment was noted in chronic sinusitis – clinical remission and improvement were achieved in 88. 9% of cases.

If the treatment with CLINDAMYCIN was ineffective (according to the results of a microbiological study, obtained on the 3-5th day of treatment), it was replaced with another drug. So, patients with exacerbation of chronic purulent sinusitis and exacerbation of chronic purulent otitis media, in whom the fungal flora was isolated, were prescribed fluconazole orally at a dose of 50 mg 1 time per day for 5-14 days, and a patient with paratonsillar abscess, in whom enterococcus insensitive to CLINDAMICIN, – vancomycin intravenously at a dose of 1 g 2 times a day for 5 days.

When comparing the results of a general clinical blood test before and after complex treatment with the use of CLINDAMYCIN, a significant decrease in the number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood and ESR was revealed. The development of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia was not observed.

During the treatment with CLINDAMYCIN, side effects occurred in 3 cases. On the 4th day of treatment, one patient with chronic sinusitis and a history of intestinal dysbiosis developed nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.In this regard, CLINDAMYCIN was canceled, and no other antibiotic was prescribed. On the 5th day of treatment, one patient with paratonsillitis complained of slight nausea and diarrhea, while CLINDAMYCIN was not canceled. A patient with sinusitis by the 6th day of treatment developed a hives-type rash on the skin of the upper extremities and trunk. CLINDAMYCIN was not canceled; loratadine was prescribed orally at a dose of 10 mg per day.

The results of the study indicate that oral administration of the drug CLINDAMYCIN at a dose of 150-300 mg 4 times a day for 5-14 days is highly effective in the treatment of patients with paratonsillitis, paratonsillar abscess, as well as chronic purulent sinusitis, otitis media in the acute phase.

A.S. Chemerkin, I.S. Zaritskaya,
N. N. Mogilevskaya
Institute of Otolaryngology
named. A.I. Kolomiychenko AMS of Ukraine

The article is provided by the representative office of the company “Balkanfarma” in Ukraine

Representative office address:
01034, Kiev, st. Yaroslavov Val, 38

The effectiveness of topical application of calcium hydroxide, triacorta, clotrimazole and doxycycline in the complex therapy of apical periodontitis

I.V. MALANYIN, I. S. BONDARENKO, O. A. PAVLOVICH

EFFICIENCY OF LOCAL APPLICATION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, TRIACORT, CLOTRIMAZOL AND DOXYCYCLINE IN COMPLEX THERAPY OF APICAL PERIODONTITIS

Department of Dentistry, Kuban Medical Institute, Krasnodar, st. Sedin, 4. Tel. 8-988-246-21-81

The combined use of calcium hydroxide, the glucocorticoid drug Triacort, the antibiotic doxycycline hydrochloride and the antifungal agent clotrimazole, previously not used in dentistry, in a ratio of 4: 3: 1: 2, respectively, at a dose of 0.5-1 g, can significantly reduce the dose and duration of courses antibiotic and hormone therapy.Application of the proposed method of complex action on the inflammatory process of the periapical region allows for a short time (7-10 days) to effectively influence the main pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of periodontitis; demonstrates a pronounced therapeutic effect, which makes it possible to recommend it for widespread dental practice.

Keywords: apical periodontitis, calcium hydroxide, triacort, clotrimazole, doxycycline.

I. V. MALANIN, I. S. BONDARENKO, O. A. PAVLOVICH

THE POTENCY OF LOCAL APPLICATION CALCIUM HYDRATE, TRIAKORT, KLOTRIMAZOL AND DOXISICIKLINA OF COMPLEX THERAPY APICAL PERIODONTITIS

Chair of stomatology of the Kuban medical institute

Combined application of calcium hydrate, clucocorticoid preparation Triakort, antibiotic Doxisiciklin hydrochloride and antifungal preparation Klotrimazol, which were not previously used in dentistry, in proportion 4: 3: 1: 2 accordingly in the dosage 0. 5-1 g, allow to reduce significantly dosage and duration of therapy with antibiotics and hormones.

Application of the offered method of complex influence on the inflammation process in periapical area allows the following: for short period (7-10 days) to influence effectively on the major pathogenic mechanisms of development of periodontitis; it also shows evident therapeutic effect which makes possible to recommend it to use widely in dentistry practice.

Key words: apical periodontitis, calcium hydrate, triakort, klotrimazol, doxisicikline.

The high frequency of the spread of periodontitis, various forms of its manifestation, the occurrence of foci of chronic infection in the oral cavity, the loss of teeth and, as a result, a decrease in working capacity indicate the need to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of this pathology. According to statistical data, the number of patients treated with periodontal pathology ranks third after caries and pulpitis [1].

Various researchers have discovered a diverse number of microorganisms: a-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, micrococci, staphylococci, lactobacilli, E. coli, fungi of the genus Candida, neisseria, bacteria of the genus Veillonella, which can cause periapical diseases [1, 3].

L. M. Pakman found that obligate anaerobes predominate in pulp-peri-apical diseases [7, 9]. At the initial stages of the development of the inflammatory process in the pulp, facultatively anaerobic streptococci and staphylococci are detected. However, by the time of the formation of periapical foci, the root canals are always infected, and the microflora almost always consists of obligate anaerobes, including bacteroids, fusobacteria, and some gram-positive rods. dy1v1 revealed that in teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesions, the microflora almost exclusively consists of obligate anaerobes [10].

Many different antibacterial drugs are used in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs and other drugs used, as a rule, have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect. The use of these drugs often leads to mass and undifferentiated death of the microflora of the entire biotope of the oral cavity, primarily saprophytic microflora.In addition, antibiotic therapy leads to the selection of resistant variants of pathogens that contribute to the spread of the inflammatory process [1, 3, 5].

Penicillin G and V or the potassium salt of phenethicillin kills only microbes that are sensitive to them, and make resistant microbes non-pathogenic, suppressing this synergistic activity [2, 8]. Almost all recent studies indicate that penicillin V remains the most preferred antibiotic for outpatient treatment of odontogenic infections [6, 10].It has a weak direct toxic effect on tissues, but of all antibiotics used in endodontics, it causes the largest number of allergic reactions.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics, including ampicillin (semi-synthetic penicillin), are less effective than penicillin, as endodontic

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Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin No. 1 (106) 2009

infections are more often caused by gram-positive microbes, which are usually susceptible to penicillin. Other antibiotics can be used, such as clindamycin (cleocin) and cephalosporins (keflex, duricef). However, there is evidence that serious or even fatal reactions can develop with the use of clindamycin. Therefore, it should be used when other antibiotics are ineffective.

Erythromycin, lincomycin, clindamycin inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Lincomycin can cause severe gastrointestinal upset. Cross-allergy with penicillin is possible when using cephalosporin [3, 6, 9].

The use of these antibiotics can lead to increased growth of other microorganisms that are not sensitive to them. They can also cause the frequent development of adverse reactions of interaction both with each other and with other drugs.

Proceeding from this, the search for new drugs and their mixtures for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases is still relevant today, which determined our goals and objectives.

Thus, the purpose of this study was:

to increase the effectiveness of treatment of chronic apical periodontitis by using calcium hydroxide, glucocorticoid – triacort, clotrimazole and doxycycline in a complex of therapeutic measures.

Materials and methods

A comprehensive clinical study of the periodontal condition of patients before and after treatment was carried out on the basis of the Department of Dentistry of the Kuban Medical Institute. There were 200 patients under observation at the age from 18 to 50 years. Among the examined patients, there were 104 (52.0%) men and 96 (48.0%) women aged 18 to 50 years.

All patients under observation were divided into 3 groups: 1st group – the main one (100 patients), with apical periodontitis, who received complex treatment with the combined use of drugs – triacort, clotrimazole, doxycycline and calcium hydroxide; 2nd group – the first control group (50 people), treatment with apical periodontitis was carried out using clotrimazole in therapy; 3rd – second control group (50 people), treatment was carried out using traditional methods.

In the main group, the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the periapical region was carried out using the method of complex therapy of periodontal diseases, which was carried out as follows: after trepanation, extirpation of the pulp or residual pulp tissue and mechanical preparation of the root canal to a norm of at least 1BO 40, the canal, as usual, was washed , cleaned and then dried. In the root canal of the tooth root was injected for 7-10 days in a mixture of calcium hydroxide, the antibiotic doxycycline hydrochloride, the glucocorticoid drug Triacort and the antifungal agent clotrimazole in a ratio of 4: 3: 1: 2, respectively, at a dose of 0.5-1 g.In this case, the drug mixture was placed in the root canal, without extending beyond the apical opening.

Successful endodontic treatment requires a three-dimensional filling of the entire space of the canal, the apical foramen in the dentin-cerebral region

ment compounds and additional channels with an inert, biocompatible material with spatial stability.

To increase the effectiveness of the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis, improve the quality of filling the root canal system, prevent possible periodontal complications, we have developed and applied a method of three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system of the tooth.The method is carried out as follows. After determining the topography and length of the root canal, instrumental treatment of the root canal system is carried out using the Step-back or Crown down method according to ISO standards up to at least 35-40 sizes with the formation of a stop-stop and taper. Medical treatment of the root canal system is carried out according to the generally accepted method using a stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution. The root canal is carefully dried using absorbent posts. A gutta-percha pin, selected by the size, length and taper of the canal, is immersed in xylene for 2-3 seconds with tweezers, then inserted into the root canal for 5-10 seconds, thereby obtaining an impression of the canal, the root canal is treated with ether to increase the rate of xylene evaporation and neutralize toxic (albeit small) action of xylene.The root canal is dried with absorbent posts. The walls of the canal are covered with a very thin layer of inert sealer using a canal filler or a paper point, the impression is also lubricated with a sealer and introduced into the canal. The excess impression is cut off at the height of the canal mouth with a red-hot dental excavator. Then a file is inserted into the center of the impression located in the tooth canal for 40-50 seconds, which is heated to 300 ° C, ultrasonic vibrations are applied to it, the file is not brought to the apical opening by 1-2 mm.The file is taken of the ISO standard 1-2 sizes smaller than the size of the file with which the channel was processed. Under the influence of temperature and ultrasonic vibrations, the gutta-percha in the canal heats up and penetrates into the lateral branches of the canal. A gutta-percha pin is introduced into the resulting space of the same size as the file. X-ray control of the filling is carried out.

As one of the components of the proposed mixture of drugs, calcium hydroxide is used, which has antimicrobial, healing and osteoblastic effects, triggers the integration mechanisms of cementoblasts, stimulating the formation of an “apical plug”, which serves as a natural biological barrier from periodontal tissues during root canal obturation.In the root canal, calcium and hydroxyl ions form various compounds with free radicals available from the periapical tissues, such as phosphates, sulfates and carbonates, which are gradually carried away (washed out). Calcium hydroxide, due to the high pH, ​​causes a chemical effect that is lethal to microorganisms, and in vital tissues limited damage, which initiates protective reactions leading to the restoration of tissue damage.

In the treatment of any inflammatory processes, glucocorticoid drugs are the most active; they inhibit all phases of inflammation: alteration, exudation and proliferation.The anti-inflammatory effect is due to the direct

influence on the focus of inflammation and is completely preserved when applied topically. Glucocorticoid triacort very quickly has an anti-edema and immunosuppressive, and therefore anti-inflammatory effect. To prevent local infectious complications, the drug is recommended to be taken in combination with antimicrobial agents.

Semi-synthetic antibiotics of the tetracycline group of a broad spectrum of action have a bacteriostatic effect, are active against gram-positive microorganisms: aerobic cocci – Staphylococcus; aerobic spore-forming bacteria – Bacillus anthraci; aerobic non-spore-forming bacteria – Listeria monocytogenes; anaerobic spore-forming bacteria – Clostridium spp.Also active against gram-negative microorganisms: aerobic cocci – Neisseria gonorrhoeae; aerobic bacteria – Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Klebsiella spp., Bordetella pertussis. The drugs are also active against Rickettsia spp., Treponema spp., Mycoplasma spp. and Chlamydia spp. The tetracycline antibiotic doxycycline has a broad antimicrobial effect, including on microorganisms localized in the periapical tissues, and also slows down the inflammatory destruction of the periodontium.

Clotrimazole – an antifungal agent from the group of imidazole derivatives for topical use, previously not used in dentistry, has an anti-mycotic effect. This effect is associated with a violation of the synthesis of ergosterol, which is an integral part of the cell membrane of fungi. Possesses a wide spectrum of action. It is effective against dermatophytes, yeast fungi, and also has an antimicrobial effect against streptococci [4].

The combination of doxycycline, calcium hydroxide, triacorta and clotrimazole can significantly reduce the dose and duration of antibiotic and hormone therapy courses. The combined effect of the proposed mixture increases the antimicrobial activity by 4 times, increases the effectiveness of the treatment of apical periodontitis, which makes it possible to use it in the complex treatment of periodontitis.

In the first control group, treatment was carried out using the drug clotrimazole, and in the second – in a traditional way.

When evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, they were based on subjective data (patient survey) obtained before and after the therapy, the results of an objective study: X-ray data and laser Doppler fluometry data.

Research results

As a result of the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis, positive dynamics was obtained in patients of all groups, but the best treatment results compared to the results in other groups were achieved in the first group, which included the combined use of triacort, clotrimazole, doxycycline and calcium hydroxide drugs.

In the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis using drugs – triacort, clotrimazole, doxycycline, clinical signs of inflammation were stopped in 1-2 procedures. After the second visit, there was a pronounced therapeutic

effect, the disappearance of edema of hyperemia of the gingival mucosa in the projection of the apex of the tooth root and soreness during percussion. Control over the quality of treatment was carried out immediately after the filling of the root canal, to determine the degree of obturation and 3 months after the treatment, clinical-functional and X-ray examinations were carried out. Positive dynamics was observed in 44-95.62.0% of patients, which was expressed in the restoration of the bone resorption focus during X-ray examination and the disappearance of pain during percussion. The indices of microcirculation in the projection of the apex of the tooth root in the area of ​​the frontal group of the PT teeth – 21.2 ± 0.74, in the area of ​​the chewing group of the PT teeth – 21.1 ± 0.54 approached the normal readings.

In the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis using the drug clotrimazole, the first control group, the clinical symptoms subsided on the 2-3rd visit, and after the second visit, a pronounced therapeutic effect was noted, the disappearance of hyperemia of the gingival mucosa in the projection of the apex of the tooth root and soreness during percussion …A significant majority of patients showed positive dynamics – 91.3% (92.5% of the teeth). On the roentgenogram, the restoration of the bone resorption focus, the disappearance of pain during percussion and biting on the tooth were observed. In 8.7% of patients, after 3 months, residual effects in the form of painful percussion and the presence of an insignificant focus of destruction on the roentgenogram in the form of an expansion of the periodontal gap were observed. The LDF indices in the projection of the apex of the tooth root approached the readings in the norm, in the region of the anterior group of teeth – 21.69 ± 1.13, PT, in the region of the chewing group of teeth – 21.53 ± 0.97.Gy was 0.14 ± 0.02 conv. units, Ka also had low values: 0.08 ± 0.02.

In the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis using traditional methods of treatment, clinical symptoms were stopped in 3-4 procedures. And only after the fourth visit, the therapeutic effect was noted: the disappearance of hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the gums in the projection of the apex of the tooth root and pain during percussion. A significant majority of patients showed positive dynamics – 81.81% (78.8% of the teeth).On the roentgenogram, the restoration of the bone resorption focus, the disappearance of pain during percussion and biting on the tooth were observed. In 18.19% of patients after 3 months there were residual effects in the form of pain during percussion and a focus of destruction on the roentgenogram. According to LDF data, the levels of microcirculation in the projection of the apex of the tooth root did not change much from the initial ones. Gy was 0.16 ± 0.02 conv. units, Ka – 0.15 ± 0.02.

Thus, on the basis of the clinical and radiological results of the study of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases, it should be noted that the inclusion of such drugs as triacort, clotrimazole, doxycycline and calcium hydroxide in the complex of therapeutic measures allows achieving a more stable effect of treatment and eliminating complications.

The combined use of calcium hydroxide preparations, triacorta, doxycycline and the antifungal agent clotrimazole, previously not used in dentistry, can significantly reduce doses

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and the duration of courses of antibiotic and hormone therapy.

Analysis of clinical and radiological data confirmed the possibility of effective influence on the regression of destructive foci of the proposed complex, which includes the combined use of drugs triacort, clotrimazole, doxycycline and calcium hydroxide, and also contributes to an increase in the effectiveness of treatment of this pathology.

The materials obtained in the course of our study confirmed the relevance and correctness of the scientific direction in the treatment of patients with chronic destructive apical periodontitis.

In the course of the therapeutic measures, it was established that the developed complex allows to provide optimal conditions for eliminating pathogenic factors, to promote the activation of reparative processes in the previous foci of destruction, to eliminate chronic foci of infection, which allows it to be recommended for widespread dental practice.

REFERENCES

1.Borovskiy E.V. et al. Therapeutic dentistry. -M .: Medicine. – 2003 .– 797 p.

2. Malanin IV Diagnostics, treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases: Monograph. – Krasnodar: Publishing House “Plekhanovets”. – 2004 .– 144 p.

3. Malanin IV Clinic, diagnosis and treatment of endodontic and periodontal pathologies: Monograph. – Krasnodar: Publishing House “Plekhanovets”.- 2005 .– 436 p.

4. Nikolaeva NB, Alperovich BR, Sozinov VN Medicines in Russia: Vidal Handbook. – M .: Astra-PharmService. – 1996 .– 547 p.

5. Epstein S., Scopp, I. W. Antibiotics and the intraoral abscess, J. Periodontol. – 48: 236. – 1977.

6. Fabricus L. Oral bacteria and apical periodontitis: an experimental study in mokey (thesis Department of Oral Microbiology, University of Goteborg, Goteborg, Sweden).- 1982.

7. Griffee M. B. et al. Bacteriodes melaninogenicus and dental infections: some questions and some answers. Oral Surg. -54: 486. – 1982.

8. Guralnick W. Odontogenic infections, Br. Dent. J. 156: 440. – 1984.

9. Pakman L. M. et al. Root canal infections: symptoms versus bacterial isolates, Abst. Am. Soc. Microbiol., no. C-38, 80th Annual meeting. – 1980.

10. Sundqvist G. Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps, Umena University Odontological Dissertations, no. 7. – 1976.

Received 11/13/2008

S. A. MATULEVICH

FIRST RESULTS OF NEONATAL SCREENING FOR ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME IN KRASNODAR REGION

Regional Clinical Hospital № 1 named.prof. S. V. Ochapovskogo,

Kuban interregional medical genetic consultation, Krasnodar, st. May 1, 167. Fax (861) 252-75-44. E-mail: [email protected]

Neonatal screening for adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) in the Krasnodar Territory has been carried out since June 2006. For 24 months, 114,253 (99.7%) newborns were examined, and an increased level of 17a-oxyhydroprogesterone was found in 1.1%.15 sick children were identified. The incidence of AHS among newborns is 1: 7617. The threshold levels of 17-OHP for newborns from Krasnodar Territory were determined, depending on the gestational age.

Keywords: neonatal screening, adrenogenital syndrome, newborns.

S. A. MATULEVICH

FIRST RESULTS OF NEONATAL SCREENING FOR TONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA IN KRASNODAR TERRITORY

Regional clinical hospital No. 1 by him.prof. S.V. Ochapovskiy, Kuban interregional medico-genetic advice, Krasnodar, street of 1 May 167. Fax (861) 252-75-44. E-mail: [email protected]

Neonatal screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) started in Krasnodar territory on June 2006. During the first 24 months 114 253 (99.7%) samples were screened, the recall rate was 1.1%. 15 cases with CAH were detected. The frequency of occurrence CAH was 1: 7617. Cut-off levels based on GA result were determined at newborns of Krasnodar territory.

Keys words: neonatal screening, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, newborns.

Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS, congenital corticosteroids due to a congenital defect

hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex) is a group of disease enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of these mountains with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, monov [2].In European countries, the frequency of AGS varies

development of which is associated with impaired secretion from 1: 10,000 to 1: 14,000 live births [1].

Cleocin T Acne Gel 2021

Millions of tiny holes, called pores, cover the skin. These pores or follicles contain oil glands called sebaceous glands, which cause the oil to moisturize the skin. The body sometimes makes too much oil in these glands, and this excess can mix with skin cells and dirt on the skin to cause a sticky plug in the pore, which we know as blackheads.Cleocin T gel, also known as clindamycin phosphate, is an acne medication used by adolescents and adults. This gel, which is applied to the affected skin once twice a day, inhibits and prevents the growth of bacteria that can lead to acne.

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Function

Cleocin T Gel is a topical antibiotic that kills bacteria and interferes with how bacteria grow. This combination reduces bacteria in the sebaceous glands to block protein synthesis and unclog the gland to heal acne.

Side effects

Common reactions to Cleocin T gel include headaches, dry skin, or redness. Less common side effects include pharyngitis, upset stomach, diarrhea that is sometimes bloody, abdominal pain, constipation, inflammation or infection of the colon, rash, itching, skin irritation or swelling, or contact dermatitis. Cleocin T is not associated with any life-threatening side effects, but the doctor should be informed if the person has any signs of a reaction to the medication.

Precautions

Cleocin T Gel is a pregnancy category B drug that does not appear to cause serious birth defects or other problems to the developing fetus, but it is unknown if the drug passes through breast milk. Although the FDA labels a gel that is likely safe for a pregnant woman, it should be aware of any medications the person is taking, or if she is pregnant, breastfeeding, or considering getting pregnant while considering this drug.People who are sensitive to this drug should not use it as it can worsen the side effects and possibly the acne it seeks to treat. This medication is filtered by the liver and may increase liver enzyme levels. Those with a history of ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, or antibiotic-associated colitis should not take this drug.

Interaction

When it comes to acne treatments, less. Many over-the-counter products worsen dry skin and cause more irritation.Use caution when using products that contain alcohol, such as aftershave, lotion, makeup, creams, and other toiletries. Caution should also be taken when using over-the-counter soaps or detergents that are abrasive or “medicated,” and products containing peels such as salicylic acid, sulfur, tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, or resorcinol. These drugs are not included in Cleocin T Gel, but combining them with over-the-counter creams and cleansers can cause increased skin irritation. Astringents, soaps containing astringents, and medicinal cosmetics and cover-ups can also potentially increase dry skin.

Use

Cleocin T Gel can be combined with other prescription creams and antibiotics for acne treatment as indicated. If a person uses multiple acne creams or skin care products, the doctor will advise which medication to use first. Typically, the skin should be washed with warm water and mild soap and then dried.The medicine should be applied approximately 30 minutes after washing or shaving. The infected area should be covered with the size of a pea of ​​medication. A person should not smoke when applying the gel to the skin.

Results

It may take two to six weeks for improvement to show with Cleocin T Gel. Initially, the person may notice fewer new acne lesions. The medicine should be used as directed, even if there is no sign of immediate improvement. If your acne does not improve within six weeks, tell your doctor.

Cleocin T Topical: uses, side effects, interactions, pictures, warnings and dosing

Benefits

Benefits

This medication is used to treat acne. It helps to reduce the number of acne lesions. Clindamycin is an antibiotic that works by stopping the growth of bacteria.

How to use Cleocin T Lotion

Use this medication only on the skin. First clean and dry the affected area, follow all directions on the product packaging or use as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

If using lotion, shake bottle well before use. Apply a thin layer of medication, usually twice a day, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner.

If using a medicated pad or swab, gently apply to the affected area, then discard. More than one pad or tampon may be required depending on the size of the area to be treated.

If you are using foam, apply it once a day to the affected area.Use enough to cover the entire affected area. Do not spray the foam directly onto your hands or face, as the foam will melt on contact with warm skin. Instead, spray the required amount directly into the cap or onto a cold surface such as a countertop. If the jar feels warm or the foam seems runny, run it under cold water. Please read the patient information leaflet available from your pharmacist for specific instructions on how to use the foam and ask for any information that is unclear.

Wash hands after use.

Avoid contact with eyes, nose, mouth, or any damaged skin. If you accidentally get medication in these areas, rinse well with plenty of cool water.

It may take 2 to 6 weeks to see improvement in your condition, and up to 12 weeks to see full benefit.

Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it gets worse.

Related links

What conditions does Cleocin T lotion treat?

Side effects

Side effects

Burning, itching, dryness, redness, oily skin, or flaking of the skin may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist right away.

Remember that your doctor prescribed this medication for you because he or she thought the benefit to you was greater than the risk of side effects.Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

Small amounts of this drug can be absorbed into the bloodstream and rarely cause severe intestinal illness (Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea) due to resistant bacteria. This condition can occur during treatment or even weeks or months after stopping treatment. Do not use diarrhea medications or narcotic pain medications if you have any of the following symptoms because these products can make them worse.Tell your doctor right away if you develop persistent diarrhea, abdominal or abdominal pain / cramps, or blood / mucus in your stools.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediate medical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching / swelling (especially of the face / tongue / throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete listing of potential side effects.If you notice other effects not listed above, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

In the USA –

Ask your doctor about side effects. You can report side effects to the FDA by calling 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You can report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Related links

List Cleocin T Lotion side effects by likelihood and severity.

Precautions

Precautions

Before using clindamycin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or lincomycin; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients that may cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist about your medical history, especially about: chronic asthma or hay fever (atopic conditions), intestinal diseases (such as ulcerative colitis, enteritis, diarrhea associated with Clostridium difficile).

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before using this medication.

It is not known if the drug in this product passes into breast milk. Although there have been no reports of harm to nursing babies, consult a doctor before breastfeeding.

Related links

What should I know about pregnancy, breastfeeding and Cleocin T Lotion for children or the elderly?

interactions

interactions

Drug interactions may alter how your medications work or increase your risk of serious side effects.This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription / over-the-counter drugs and herbal products) and share with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medication without your doctor’s approval.

Some foods that can interact with this drug include: other acne treatments (eg erythromycin).

Related links

Does Cleocin T Lotion interact with other medications?

overdose

overdose

If someone has overdosed and has severe symptoms such as fainting or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, contact a Poison Control Center immediately. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Residents of Canada can call the provincial poison control center. This medication may be harmful if swallowed.

Notes

Do not share this medicine with others.

Missed dose

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is close to your next dose, skip them and resume your normal dosing regimen. Don’t double your dose to catch up.

Storage

Storage instructions vary by product. Check product packaging for instructions on how to store your product, or ask your pharmacist.Do not freeze or store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.

Do not flush medicines down the toilet or pour them down the drain unless directed to do so. Correctly discard this product when it has expired or is no longer needed. Check with your pharmacist or local waste disposal company. Last revised July 2016. Copyright (c) 2016 First Databank, Inc.

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IV Cleocin: uses, side effects, interactions, pictures, warnings and dosing –

Benefits

Benefits

This medication is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections.It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.

This antibiotic only treats bacterial infections. This will not work for viral infections (like colds, flu). Using any antibiotic when not needed can result in it not working for future infections.

This medication should not be used to treat meningitis.

How to use Cleocin PHOSPHATE Threaded Port Vial

This medicine is given by injection into a vein or muscle as directed by a doctor, usually 2 to 4 times a day.The dosage depends on your medical condition and response to treatment. In children, dosage is also based on weight.

If you are giving this medication to your home, check all preparation and use instructions from your doctor. Inspect this product visually for particles or discoloration before use. If any of these are present, do not use liquid. Learn how to safely store and dispose of medicines.

Give ampicillin, phenytoin, barbiturates (such as phenobarbital), aminophylline, calcium gluconate, and magnesium sulfate separately with clindamycin. Do not mix together in the same IV fluid.

Antibiotics work best when the amount of drugs in your body is kept constant. Therefore, use this medication at evenly spaced intervals.

Continue using this medication until the full prescribed amount has ended, even if symptoms disappear after a few days. Stopping medications too early can allow bacteria to continue to grow, which can lead to a return of the infection.

Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.

Related links

What conditions does Cleocin PHOSPHATE threaded bottle treat?

Side effects

Side effects

See also Warning section.

Nausea, vomiting, a foul / metallic taste in the mouth (if this drug is injected into a vein), or pain at the injection site (if this drug is injected into a muscle) may occur.If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist right away.

Remember that your doctor prescribed this medication for you because he or she thought the benefit to you was greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: pain / swelling at the injection site (if this drug is injected into a vein), dark urine, yellowing of the eyes / skin, persistent nausea / vomiting, easy bruising / bleeding , pain in multiple joints, fast / slow / irregular heartbeat, fainting.

Use of this medication for prolonged or repeated periods may result in oral thrush or new vaginal yeast infection. See your doctor if you notice white spots in your mouth, vaginal changes, or other new symptoms.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: fever that persists, new or worsening swelling of the lymph nodes, rash, itching / swelling (especially of the face / tongue / throat ), severe dizziness, breathing problems.

This is not a complete listing of potential side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

In the USA –

Ask your doctor about side effects. You can report side effects to the FDA by calling 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You can report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Related links

List of side effects by likelihood and severity of CLEOCIN PHOSPHATE threaded vial.

Precautions

Precautions

Before using clindamycin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or lincomycin; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients (such as benzyl alcohol) that may cause allergic reactions or other problems.Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using this drug, tell your doctor about any medical history, especially: kidney, liver, stomach / intestinal problems (eg, colitis).

Clindamycin may cause live bacterial vaccines (such as typhoid fever vaccine) not to work. Do not get any vaccinations / vaccinations while using this medication, unless your doctor tells you to.

Before surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all products you use (including prescription, non-prescription, and herbal products).

The elderly may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially diarrhea.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before using this medication.

This drug passes into breast milk. Talk to your doctor before breastfeeding.

Related links

What should I know about pregnancy, care and use of Cleocin PHOSPHATE threaded vial for children or the elderly?

interactions

interactions

Drug interactions may alter how your medications work or increase your risk of serious side effects.This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription / over-the-counter drugs and herbal products) and share with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medication without your doctor’s approval.

Some foods that can interact with this drug include: macrolide antibiotics (eg, clarithromycin, erythromycin).

Although most antibiotics are unlikely to affect hormonal birth control, such as a pill, patch, or ring, some antibiotics (such as rifampin, rifabutin) can reduce their effectiveness. This can lead to pregnancy. If you are using hormonal birth control, ask your doctor or pharmacist for more details.

Related links

Does Cleocin PHOSPHATE threaded bore vial interact with other medications?

overdose

overdose

If someone has overdose and has severe symptoms such as fainting or trouble breathing, call 911.If not, contact a Poison Control Center immediately. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Residents of Canada can call the provincial poison control center.

Notes

Laboratory and / or medical tests (such as a kidney or liver function test) may be done periodically to monitor your progress or to check for side effects. Contact your doctor for more information.

Missed dose

For maximum benefit, it is important that you receive each scheduled dose of this medication as directed. If you miss a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist right away to set a new dosing schedule. Don’t double your dose to catch up.

Storage

Consult product label and pharmacist for storage details. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.

Do not flush medicines down the toilet or pour them down the drain unless directed to do so. Correctly discard this product when it has expired or is no longer needed. Check with your pharmacist or local waste disposal company. Last revised April 2018. Copyright (c) 2018 First Databank, Inc.

Images Cleocin 600 mg / 4 ml IV solution

Cleocin 600 mg / 4 ml IV solution

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Cleocin 900 mg / 6 ml IV solution

Cleocin 900 mg / 6 ml IV solution

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Dalatsin Treatment of tonsillitis, sinusitis, scarlet fever, bronchitis, pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess, boil, skin wounds, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endometritis with clindamycin T

CLINDAMYCIN

Synonyms:

Dalacin T, Dalacin C, Klimycin, Klimycin T, Clindafer, Clindacin, Klinoxin, Clindamycin, Cleocin, Climicin, Clinymicin, Dalacin, Dalacin C, Klindin.

Description

The active substance is clindamycin TRONG>, 7-Chlordeoxy derivative of lincomycin. Antibacterial drug for the treatment of mixed infections.

Pharmacological action

Dalacin TRONG> has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial action, including aerobic and anaerobic microbial flora, mixed infections.

Indications for use

Tonsillitis, sinusitis, scarlet fever, bronchitis, pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess, boils, abscesses, skin and soft tissue wounds, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endometritis, tubo-ovarian abscesses, inflammatory diseases of the small caused by chlamydia), peritonitis, intra-abdominal sepsis, septicemia, endocarditis, periodontal abscess, periodontitis.

Dosage and administration

In capsules, Clindamycin is prescribed for adults at 150-450 mg every 6 hours. Children older than one month are prescribed 8-25 mg / kg per day in 3-4 doses in equal shares. Children weighing less than 10 kg are prescribed 37.5 mg 3 times a day (minimum dose). For infections caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus, treatment is carried out for at least 10 days. Sterile ampoule solution of clindamycin for adults with severe infections is infused in an amount of 2400-2700 mg per day in 2-4 doses in equal doses.Less complex infections are treated with clindamycin in doses of 1200-1800 mg in 3-4 injections in equal doses. It is not recommended to inject the drug intramuscularly in a single dose of more than 600 mg. Newborns are prescribed at the rate of 15-20 mg / kg per day in 3-4 injections, children older than one month – 20-40 mg / kg.

Side effect

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, esophagitis, hypersensitivity (maculopapular rash, anaphylactoid reactions), jaundice, abnormal hepatic function tests, vaginitis, dermatitis, leukopenia and eboosinophilia activity, hypotension.With intramuscular injection – local irritation, pain and the formation of abscesses; with intravenous – thrombophlebitis.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to clindamycin or lincomycin.

Interaction

Incompatible with solutions containing a complex of B vitamins, aminoglycosides, ampicillin, calcium gluconate and magnesium sulfate. Shows antagonism with erythromycin.

Release form

Dalacin in capsules (clindamycin hydrochloride) 150 mg in vials of 16 pieces and sterile solution (clindamycin phosphate) in ampoules 15%, 2 ml, 10 pieces in a package.

Storage

List B.

Brief description of the preparation .
Dalacin T (clindamycin) is used to treat tonsillitis, sinusitis, scarlet fever, bronchitis, pneumonia, empyema, lung abscess, boils, skin and soft tissue wounds, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endometritis, tubo-ovarian abscesses, and inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.