How can aspirin benefit your skin. What are the unexpected uses of aspirin in dermatology. Is aspirin effective for acne, dandruff, and other skin conditions. Discover the surprising applications of this common medication for your skin and beyond.

The History and Evolution of Aspirin in Medicine

Aspirin, derived from salicylic acid, has a rich history dating back to ancient times. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used willow bark (a natural source of salicylates) to treat pain and fever as far back as the 5th century BC. However, it wasn’t until the late 19th century that aspirin as we know it today was introduced to the medical world.

The journey of aspirin from a simple pain reliever to a multifaceted medication is fascinating. Initially valued for its analgesic properties, aspirin’s potential as an anti-inflammatory agent was discovered in the 1890s. It took another seven decades for researchers to uncover its antiplatelet effects, which revolutionized cardiovascular medicine.

Key Milestones in Aspirin’s Medical History:

• 5th century BC: Hippocrates uses willow bark for pain relief
• 1890s: Aspirin introduced as an anti-inflammatory drug
• 1960s: Antiplatelet properties of aspirin discovered
• 21st century: Emerging applications in dermatology and cancer prevention

Understanding Salicylic Acid: The Active Ingredient in Aspirin

At the heart of aspirin’s effectiveness lies salicylic acid, a compound extracted from willow tree bark. This powerful ingredient is responsible for many of aspirin’s beneficial effects, particularly in dermatology.

Salicylic acid works as an exfoliant, helping to remove excess oil and dead cells from the skin’s surface. This property makes it particularly useful in treating various skin conditions, from acne to psoriasis.

How does salicylic acid benefit the skin?

• Exfoliates dead skin cells
• Unclogs pores
• Reduces inflammation
• Helps in treating acne, rosacea, and psoriasis

Aspirin as a Skin Treatment: From Acne to Psoriasis

The use of aspirin in dermatology has gained significant attention in recent years. Its active ingredient, salicylic acid, proves to be a versatile tool in treating various skin conditions.

For acne sufferers, aspirin can be a game-changer. By dissolving dead skin and helping to shed the skin’s top layer, salicylic acid reduces the possibility of clogged pores – the common culprit behind breakouts. It also helps in clearing up redness and decreasing swelling, which can alleviate symptoms of rosacea.

People with psoriasis may also benefit from the salicylic acid in aspirin. It can make psoriasis lesions thinner and help reduce itching, providing relief for those dealing with this chronic skin condition.

DIY Aspirin Face Mask Recipe:

1. Crush 5 uncoated aspirin pills
2. Mix with 1/4 cup of warm, distilled water
3. Stir until a paste-like consistency forms
4. Optional: Add 1 teaspoon of honey for extra moisturizing benefits
5. Apply to affected areas and leave on for 10 minutes
6. Rinse off with warm water

Aspirin for Dandruff: A Natural Scalp Solution

Dandruff can be a persistent and embarrassing problem for many. Interestingly, the same salicylic acid that helps with facial skin issues can also be effective in combating dandruff.

The moisturizing and exfoliating properties of salicylic acid make it a common ingredient in many anti-dandruff shampoos. When applied to the scalp, it can help reduce inflammation and exfoliate flakes, addressing the root causes of dandruff.

How to use aspirin for dandruff control:

1. Crush 2-3 uncoated aspirin tablets
2. Mix the crushed aspirin with your regular shampoo
3. Apply the mixture to your scalp, focusing on problem areas
4. Massage gently and let it sit for 3-5 minutes
5. Rinse thoroughly

This simple home remedy can be an effective way to manage dandruff and promote a healthier scalp.

Unexpected Uses of Aspirin: From Bug Bites to Stain Removal

Beyond its applications in skincare and scalp health, aspirin has several surprising uses that showcase its versatility. These unconventional applications demonstrate how this common medication can be a handy solution for various everyday problems.

Soothing Bug Bites and Stings

The anti-inflammatory properties of aspirin make it an effective remedy for insect bites and stings. By reducing redness, swelling, and pain, aspirin can provide quick relief from these common outdoor nuisances.

To use aspirin for bug bites:

• Dampen an uncoated aspirin tablet
• Apply directly to the affected area
• Leave on for a few minutes before rinsing

Aspirin as a Stain Remover

Surprisingly, aspirin can be an effective stain remover, particularly for sweat stains. The salicylic acid in aspirin helps neutralize stains by breaking down the compounds found in sweat.

To remove stains with aspirin:

1. Crush 3 aspirin tablets and mix with 1/2 cup warm water
2. Soak the stained portion of the fabric in the solution for a few hours
3. Wash the garment as usual

This method can also be effective for removing nicotine or grass stains from hands.

Aspirin in the Garden: Promoting Plant Health

The benefits of aspirin extend beyond human use and into the world of plants. Gardeners have discovered that aspirin can be a valuable tool in promoting plant health and growth.

When used in gardening, aspirin can:

• Activate plants’ natural defenses
• Prevent fungal growth
• Increase growth rate
• Prolong the life of cut flowers

How to Use Aspirin in Your Garden

To harness the benefits of aspirin for your plants:

1. Dissolve one uncoated aspirin tablet in one gallon of water
2. Use this solution to spray both indoor and outdoor plants
3. For cut flowers, add a ground aspirin tablet to the vase water

The salicylic acid in aspirin helps reduce ethylene production in cut flowers, delaying wilting and extending their lifespan. Additionally, its anti-fungal properties can slow the growth of mold, keeping your floral arrangements fresher for longer.

Aspirin and Cancer Prevention: Emerging Research

Recent studies have shed light on a potentially groundbreaking application of aspirin: cancer prevention. While research is ongoing, preliminary findings suggest that regular aspirin use may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, including melanoma.

The potential cancer-preventing properties of aspirin are thought to be related to its anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic inflammation is known to play a role in the development of various cancers, and aspirin’s ability to reduce inflammation may help mitigate this risk.

Aspirin and Melanoma Risk Reduction

One of the most promising areas of research focuses on aspirin’s potential to reduce melanoma risk. Several studies have indicated that regular aspirin use may be associated with a lower incidence of this aggressive form of skin cancer.

Key points about aspirin and melanoma prevention:

• Regular aspirin use may lower melanoma risk
• The exact mechanism is still being studied
• More research is needed to establish definitive guidelines
• Consult with a healthcare provider before starting any aspirin regimen

While these findings are encouraging, it’s important to note that aspirin is not a substitute for other melanoma prevention strategies, such as sun protection and regular skin checks.

Safety Considerations and Precautions When Using Aspirin

While aspirin offers numerous benefits, it’s crucial to use it responsibly and be aware of potential risks and side effects. As with any medication, aspirin can cause adverse reactions in some individuals and may interact with other drugs or medical conditions.

Common Side Effects of Aspirin

When used as directed, aspirin is generally safe for most people. However, some common side effects may include:

• Stomach upset or heartburn
• Increased risk of bleeding
• Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) with high doses
• Allergic reactions in some individuals

Who Should Avoid Aspirin?

Certain groups of people should exercise caution or avoid using aspirin altogether:

• Those with a history of stomach ulcers or bleeding disorders
• Individuals with aspirin allergies or sensitivities
• Pregnant women, especially in the third trimester
• Children and teenagers, due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome

Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new aspirin regimen, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking other medications.

Proper Usage and Dosage

When using aspirin for skincare or other topical applications, it’s important to follow these guidelines:

1. Use only uncoated aspirin tablets
2. Perform a patch test before applying to large areas of skin
3. Don’t use on broken or irritated skin
4. Avoid getting the solution in eyes or mucous membranes
5. Discontinue use if any irritation occurs

For internal use, always follow the recommended dosage on the package or as prescribed by your doctor. Taking too much aspirin can lead to serious side effects and complications.

The Future of Aspirin in Dermatology and Beyond

As research continues to uncover new applications for aspirin, its role in dermatology and other medical fields is likely to expand. The versatility of this time-tested medication continues to surprise scientists and medical professionals alike.

Emerging Areas of Aspirin Research

Current and future research on aspirin is focusing on several promising areas:

• Further exploration of its cancer-preventing properties
• Potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s
• Development of new formulations for enhanced skincare benefits
• Investigation of aspirin’s role in managing other inflammatory skin conditions

As our understanding of aspirin’s mechanisms deepens, we may see new and innovative uses emerge in the field of dermatology and beyond.

The Importance of Continued Research

While the benefits of aspirin in various applications are becoming increasingly clear, ongoing research is crucial. This continued investigation will help:

• Establish optimal dosages for different uses
• Identify potential long-term effects of regular aspirin use
• Develop targeted therapies that maximize benefits while minimizing risks
• Explore potential synergies with other treatments and medications

As with any area of medical research, it’s important to approach new findings with both enthusiasm and caution. While the potential of aspirin in dermatology and other fields is exciting, it’s crucial to rely on evidence-based practices and professional medical advice.

Integrating Aspirin into Your Skincare Routine

For those interested in harnessing the skincare benefits of aspirin, incorporating it into your routine can be simple and effective. However, it’s important to do so thoughtfully and in conjunction with your existing skincare practices.

Tips for Using Aspirin in Skincare

1. Start slowly: Begin by using aspirin treatments once a week and gradually increase frequency if your skin responds well.
2. Combine with moisturizer: After using an aspirin treatment, always follow up with a gentle, non-comedogenic moisturizer to prevent dryness.
3. Use sun protection: Salicylic acid can increase skin sensitivity to the sun, so always use sunscreen during the day.
4. Don’t overdo it: Overuse of aspirin treatments can lead to skin irritation or dryness. Listen to your skin and adjust usage accordingly.
5. Consider professional products: If DIY methods aren’t for you, look for skincare products containing salicylic acid as an active ingredient.

Complementary Skincare Practices

While aspirin can be a valuable addition to your skincare routine, it’s most effective when used as part of a comprehensive approach to skin health. Consider combining aspirin treatments with:

• A gentle, pH-balanced cleanser
• Regular exfoliation (but not on the same days as aspirin treatments)
• Hydrating serums or facial oils
• A balanced diet rich in skin-supporting nutrients
• Adequate hydration and sleep

Remember, everyone’s skin is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. Pay attention to how your skin reacts and adjust your routine accordingly. If you have any concerns or persistent skin issues, it’s always best to consult with a dermatologist for personalized advice.

5 Surprising Uses for Aspirin

The benefits of aspirin far exceed temporary relief from fever, aches, and pains. Most people know that it can protect you from a heart attack or stroke, if taken properly. Research suggests that it can reduce the risk of some cancers and Alzheimer’s disease. But aspirin has many other potential health, beauty, and personal benefits. Discover some of the amazing things that bottle in your medicine cabinet can do for you.

1. Treats skin conditions. Used as far back as the fifth century B.C. by Hippocrates to ease aches and pains, salicylic acid, a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), is a powder extracted from the bark of a willow tree. It “helps remove excess oil and exfoliate dead cells on the skin’s surface,” says Joshua Zeichner, MD, director of cosmetic and clinical research in dermatology at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, adding that it’s “extremely useful in treating acne.”

By dissolving dead skin and helping to shed the skin’s top layer, salicylic acid reduces the possibility of clogged pores – the common culprit behind breakouts. It also clears up redness and decreases swelling, which can alleviate symptoms of rosacea. People with psoriasis may also benefit from the salicylic acid in aspirin. “It can make psoriasis lesions thinner and can help reduce itch,” says Dr. Zeichner.

RELATED: 8 Easy Home Remedies for Acne

To make your own aspirin-based skin mask, crush up five uncoated aspirin pills and drop them into a quarter-cup of warm, distilled water. Stir well until the concoction develops a paste-like consistency. If you want, you can add a teaspoon of honey to the mix to reap the benefits of this natural antibacterial moisturizer. Once the mixture is about the same temperature as your skin, apply to any parts of the body affected by acne or other kinds of inflammation, and leave on for about 10 minutes. Wash off with warm water.

2. Gets rid of dandruff. Because of its moisturizing qualities, the same salicylic acid contained in face washes is also an ingredient in many dandruff shampoos. “Applying aspirin mixed with shampoo to your scalp may help reduce scalp inflammation that causes dandruff and help exfoliate flakes on the skin,” says Zeichner.

To make the concoction, crush two or three uncoated aspirins and mix them into the normal amount of shampoo used each time you wash your hair. Focus on your scalp as you massage the mixture into hair and let it sit for three to five minutes before rinsing.

3. Soothes stings and bites. Zeichner says aspirin, with its anti-inflammatory properties, may help reduce the redness, swelling, and pain from bug bites. Make an aspirin paste similar to the one used for problem skin or just dampen an uncoated aspirin and apply it to the affected area for a few minutes.

4. Removes stains. The salicylic acid in aspirin helps to neutralize stains by attacking the compounds found in sweat and breaking them down. Mix three crushed aspirins and half a cup of warm water in a bowl. Submerge the stained portion of the clothing into the bowl for a few hours. Afterwards, wash the shirt as usual. You can use any of the leftover mixture to remove nicotine or grass stains from hands by applying the solution and letting it sit for 15 minutes before washing hands thoroughly.

5. Makes your garden grow. Aspirin works just as well outside as it does on your skin by activating the plants’ natural defenses and preventing the formation of fungus. It also increases growth rate. Dissolve an uncoated aspirin in one gallon of water and spray onto any indoor and outdoor plants. It can also help prolong the life of fresh cut flowers. According to Judy Jernstedt, professor of plant sciences at UC Davis, the “salicylic acid reduces ethylene production, and with less ethylene present, floral senescence is delayed and the flowers last longer. The anti-fungal properties of salicylic acid dissolved in the vase water may also slow growth of mold, which if it enters the cut stem, can damage or clog the vascular tissue.” So be sure to add a ground aspirin to the water for your floral arrangement.

Aspirin in dermatology: Revisited

Abstract

Aspirin has been one of the oldest drugs in the field of medicine, with a wide range of applications. In dermatology, aspirin has shown benefit in a variety of disorders. Recently, reduction of melanoma risk with aspirin has been demonstrated. Although an analgesic to begin with, aspirin has come a long way; after cardiology, it is now found to be useful even in dermatology.

Keywords: Aspirin, dermatology, melanoma

INTRODUCTION

Salicylates have been used as an analgesic since the time of Hippocrates.[1] However, it was only in the 1890s that aspirin was introduced as an anti-inflammatory agent,[2] and the role of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent was realized only 70 years later.[3] Of late, the beneficial properties of aspirin have been utilized in treating a number of dermatologic disorders. This review discusses the role of aspirin in dermatology.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Aspirin acts by irreversibly inhibiting both cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Aspirin acetylates the serine 530 moiety of COX-1, and the serine 516 moiety of COX-2,[4,5] being 170 times more effective in inhibiting COX-1.[6] With the blockage of these enzymes there is a decreased production of prostaglandins and thromboxane-A₂, responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects, respectively. Aspirin also inhibits the neutrophilic activation of platelets by utilizing nitric oxide and cGMP.[7]

PHARMACOKINETICS

Taken orally aspirin is rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract.[8] The peak plasma level of aspirin is reached within 2 h of oral intake, following which it gradually declines. The plasma half-life of aspirin is 20 min.[9] Metabolism of aspirin occurs in the liver, with 75% of the drug getting metabolized to salicyluric acid, salicyl phenolic and acyl glucoronide, and gentesic acid.[10] The drug is excreted via the renal route. With increase in the urinary pH, elimination of aspirin is enhanced. The drug readily crosses the placenta and can be easily transferred via breast milk.

APPLICATIONS IN DERMATOLOGY

In dermatology all indications of aspirin are off label.

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is an idiopathic dermatoses characterized by degenerative and granulomatous changes in the dermis.[11] The deposition of immune complexes in the walls of blood vessels, enhanced aggregation of platelets, and increased coagulation have been postulated as etiological factors for NLD development.[12] Aspirin has been found useful in NLD because of its antiplatelet property. By blocking aggregation of platelets, aspirin enhances cutaneous blood flow in NLD, and promotes ulcer healing.[13] An uncontrolled trial, with low doses of aspirin administered to seven NLD patients, showed considerable clinical improvement of lesions, in six out of seven patients.[14] Another uncontrolled trial using 80 mg of aspirin and 75 mg of dipyridamole, thrice daily in seven patients with ulcerative NLD heralded healing of ulcers in all patients over a 2 to 4 week period. [15] However studies by Beck et al.[16] and Statham et al.[17] did not agree with the therapeutic benefit of aspirin in NLD.

Malignant atrophic papulosis

Malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) is a rare thrombo-obliterative disorder characterized by porcelain white skin lesions with surrounding telangiectasia.[18] Increased platelet aggregation has been proposed as a causative factor in MAP. In this setting, low doses of aspirin ranging from 81 to 325 mg per day is administered.[19,20] However, the therapeutic role of aspirin for MAP is limited, with the disease having a fatal outcome.

Erythromelalgia

Erythromelalgia is a clinical condition characterized by burning sensation and redness over the extremities.[21] Out of the three types of erythromelalgia, type I is associated with thrombocythemia, and occlusion of the vasculature of digital arteries and arterioles.[22] Aspirin’s antiplatelet activity is responsible for the therapeutic benefit, seen in this condition. The dose of aspirin, ranges from 325 to 650 mg per day. The effect of a single 500 mg dose of aspirin lasts for 3 days. This long-lasting effect of aspirin can also be utilized as a diagnostic test for myeloproliferative disease-linked secondary erythromelalgia.[23,24,25] On the whole, however, it may be worthwhile using aspirin in all cases of erythromelalgia as considerable relief may be experienced after its usage.[26]

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Aspirin has been found useful in the management of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) secondary to vaso-occlusive pathology. Low doses of aspirin between 75 and 81 mg has been employed for this indication.[27] Increase in the blood viscosity and platelet aggregation along with altered fibrinolysis have been proposed as contributory mechanisms in RP involving the digital blood vessels.[28] Aspirin may therefore have a role in this setting, especially for patients with an acute ischemic crisis where aspirin is administered along with a short-acting calcium channel blocker-like nifedipine. [29] According to Akerkar and Bichile,[30] all patients with RP in a setting of scleroderma should receive a daily 150 mg of aspirin along with other medications for the same. Treatment may be given till the acute ischemic attack is tided or even for a long-term prophylaxis.

Erythema nodosum

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a septal panniculitis characterized by tender erythematous nodules involving both the shins in a symmetrical distribution. Aspirin is used here as an adjunct to the specific treatment regimen. The anti-inflammatory property of aspirin is employed in this setting to enhance analgesia and quicken resolution of cutaneous lesions.[31] The dose of aspirin for EN is 325 mg given at a 6 hourly interval.[32]

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired idiopathic pigmentary disorder characterized by depletion of epidermal melanocytes. Recently, it has been suggested that oxidative stress in vitiligo, mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may significantly contribute toward melanocyte apoptosis. [33,34,35] It has also been noted that, a decrease in the levels of systemic catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and manganese superoxide dismutase in vitiligo patients, further enhances oxidative stress.[36,37,38] Because of oxidative stress, the inducible inflammatory COX-2 mRNA is increasingly expressed, with release of numerous inflammatory mediators and cytokines, prompting melanocyte apoptosis.[39,40] Aspirin acts by inhibiting COX-2 irreversibly, reducing the oxidative stress, increasing the release of leukotriene C4, a potent melanocyte mitogen, and reducing leukotriene B4 release.[41] Apart from this aspirin also possesses antioxidant properties, reduces the activity of antimelanocyte antibodies and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (SIL-2R), therefore decreasing immune-mediated melanocyte damage.[42] Aspirin also significantly improves the oxidative status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and epidermal melanocytes. The salicylic acid moiety of aspirin, by an unknown mechanism can itself trigger the de novo biosynthesis of reduced glutathione, a potent antioxidant. Furthermore aspirin on its own also, has free radical scavenging properties, which can inhibit DNA strand breakage and block lipid peroxidation of cell membranes.[43,44] Aspirin can go another step further by antagonising the effects produced by nuclear factor kappa-B and TNF-alfa, thus commemorating its role for unstable vitiligo and promoting a halt in disease progression.[45,46] Aspirin thus helps in changing an unstable active form of vitiligo to the stable form. Thus, aspirin may be beneficial in vitiligo only when the disease demonstrates signs of activity. Low doses of aspirin up to 300 mg per day is sufficient for this indication.[47] Duration for the same may need to be continued for a minimum period of 12 weeks, or till signs of disease activity are controlled. In childhood vitiligo too aspirin can be safely given during the active disease phase.[42]

Kawasaki’s disease

Kawasaki’s disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis involving the small and medium-sized blood vessels, associated with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. [48,49] The antithrombotic property of aspirin has been utilized while treating KD.[50,51] Based on the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of the disease, there is variation in aspirin dosing. According to the American Heart Association, 80–100 mg/kg/day of aspirin is given during the acute phase of the disease.[52] and 3–5 mg/kg/day during the subacute phase. In the chronic phase if coronary artery abnormalities are seen, then the same dose as the subacute phase is continued, till there is absence of coronary lesions on echocardiography.[53]

Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) refers to a chronic resistant pain that persists at the site of viral rash even after rash resolution. Aspirin, used topically has proven efficacious for this indication. King[54] demonstrated the analgesic activity of aspirin by crushing aspirin tablets in chloroform and applying it over the affected site. De Benedittis et al.[55,56] further proved the same response after using aspirin/diethyl ether mixture while treating PHN. Aspirin brings about pain relief in PHN by neuronal membrane stabilization, denervation hypersensitivity, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.[57,58] Topical aspirin used for treating PHN is obtained by crushing aspirin tablets of strength 375 mg to a fine powder and dissolving it in solvents such as diethyl ether or chloroform to get a final concentration of 75 mg of aspirin per mL of solution. However, dispensing aspirin in these inflammable solvents has its own disadvantage and safer solvents for the same would definitely be a better alternative. One such solvent used for the same is, Vaseline intensive moisturizing lotion, which has shown to be effective with aspirin in managing PHN as demonstrated by Kassirer et al.[59] and Balakrishnan et al.[60] Here aspirin tablet of strength 375 mg is powdered and dissolved in 5 mL of the above-mentioned moisturizing lotion to get a solution containing 75 mg/mL of aspirin. This paste is then uniformly applied over the hyperesthetic skin. Applications are done every 8 h for a period of at least 3 weeks in order to experience pain relief.

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormal population of mast cells in various organs of the body, namely, the skin, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.[61] The role of aspirin in mastocytosis, is to alleviate the abnormal flushing seen during attacks. Aspirin acts by blocking the COX-2 enzyme, and reducing the elevated prostaglandin levels, associated with mastocytosis.[62,63] However caution is warranted while using aspirin because aspirin perse could even degranulate mast cells. Aspirin is therefore reserved for patients who have a vascular collapse that cannot be averted by the usage of h2 and h3 antagonists alone.[64] Treatment with aspirin should always be taken up in a hospital setting, starting with doses of aspirin ranging from 81 mg twice daily to 500 mg twice daily,[63] with prior administration of antihistaminics. [65] Aspirin is usually administered till the acute episode is brought under full control, with normalization of urinary 11-beta prostaglandin F₂ alfa levels.

Niacin-induced cutaneous changes

Niacin has been found to be effective in the management of dyslipidemia. However facial flushing, associated with bothersome pruritus, may affect patient compliance. This complication of niacin is mediated by niacin G protein coupled receptor 109A expressed by Langerhans cells in the epidermis.[66,67] When these receptors are activated there is a release of arachidonic acid from the cellular stores of lipids via phospholipase A2.[68] Arachidonic acid is further sequentially metabolised by COX-1 and 2 to produce prostaglandins. Aspirin acts by blocking these cyclooxygenase enzymes, thus preventing prostaglandin release.[69,70,71] Studies done by Cefali et al.[72] and Whelam et al.[73] have demonstrated the benefit of aspirin in this condition. A double blinded placebo-controlled trial by Thakkar et al. [74] demonstrated similar efficacy of aspirin for niacinamide-induced flushing. Usually it is best to administer aspirin 30 min prior to niacin intake. The daily dose commonly used is 325 mg.[75] Further aspirin usage here does not interfere with the therapeutic benefit of niacin in dyslipidemia.[76]

Hughes’ syndrome

Hughes’ syndrome (HS) or antiphospholipid syndrome is a prothrombotic disorder manifesting with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. The most common complication occurring is recurrent abortion.[77] Low-dose aspirin employing 75–100 mg of the drug as a daily regimen has been found to be useful here.[78,79] Aspirin acts by decreasing platelet aggregation, thus preventing thrombosis in the uteroplacental circulation. Secondly, aspirin also reduces thromboxane to prostacyclin ratio and improves placental blood flow.[80] In this way, aspirin has shown to have a significant impact in reducing the rate of fetal resorption. Higher dosing has not shown any improvement in the thrombotic episodes in comparison to the low-dosing protocol. [81]

Sunburn reaction

An acute cutaneous response secondary to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is referred to as a sunburn reaction. Once UVB is absorbed by the DNA in the skin, a chain of events follow, wherein numerous inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, lipoxygenase products, adhesion molecules, reactive oxygen radicals, and cytokines such as TNF-alfa are released into the local mileu.[82] Along with these, histamine and substance P released from mast cells also enhance the inflammatory response.[83,84] Aspirin acts by reducing the production of these mediators and decreasing the effects produced by these chemokines in the sunburn reaction.[85] Post–UV light exposure it has been seen that a single oral dose of aspirin is effective enough to delay the production of erythema.[86] A double blinded crossover study, with 3.6 g of aspirin administered to sunburn patients over 9 h in three divided doses, 30 min prior to UVB exposure, along with a control placebo group revealed a significant reduction of erythema in the aspirin-treated group 4–6 h post–sun exposure. [87] Synder and Eaglstein[88] demonstrated the benefit of intradermal aspirin injections in patients prone to sunburn. Edwards et al.[89] have also highlighted the efficacy of oral aspirin in sunburn reactions.

Livedoid vasculopathy

This is a disorder predominantly involving the lower limbs, and characterized by painful ulcers, associated with ivory white plaques surrounded by areas of hyperpigmentation and telengiectasias. There are a multitude of causative factors involved, out of which altered coagulation and increased platelet activation contribute significantly.[90] Owing to the thrombogenic mechanisms involved, therapy with anticoagulants has been found to be beneficial.[91,92] Aspirin at doses not higher than 325 mg per day is given to patients, as higher doses inhibit prostacycline formation, which may increase the thrombotic tendency.[93] Combination of aspirin with dipyrimadole is often helpful.[94] Another useful synergism is the concomitant use of aspirin and pentoxifylline for atrophie blanche, with a better outcome than using either of the drugs alone. [95] Duration of treatment depends on how the patient is responding to the therapy given. However, on an average, treatment usually goes on for around 2 months to a year.[94] Remission begins first by the reduction in pain followed by re-epithelialization of the ulcers over a period of several months.

Lepra reactions

Aspirin given in doses of 600–1200 mg 4–6 times daily, has been found to be effective in mild type 1 lepra reactions. These reactions are clinically characterized by mild erythematous to oedematous plaques without any systemic disturbance or subjective or objective nerve involvement.[96] To start with, 600 mg of aspirin may be administered, up to 6 times per day and can be gradually tapered with reductions of 300–600 mg per week till the therapeutic outcome is achieved.[97]

Pruritus associated with polycythemia vera

In the above indication too, aspirin has been found beneficial. Given in a dosing of 300 mg twice daily or 1 h prior to bathing, aspirin showed promise in this scenario. Aspirin acts by directly suppressing the prostaglandin metabolism within the mast cells and preventing its degranulation.[98]

Pressure urticaria and Non-immunologic urticaria

Pressure urticaria has shown benefit with aspirin. With 3.9 g of aspirin administered to patients, in four divided doses for 3 days, a significant improvement in the painful pressure lesions have been noticed. However, no response is noted in the urticarial lesions following aspirin intake.[99] Nonimmunologic urticaria (NIU) has also shown improvement following administration of aspirin. Two doses of 1 g of aspirin administered a few hours prior to contactant exposure produces a favorable response in patients with NIU. However NIU associated with dimethyl sulfoxide exposure did not show any benefit with aspirin.[100]

Relapsing polychondritis

There have been a few case reports of relapsing polychondritis responding favorably to aspirin therapy.[101,102]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

In some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with fever, cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and pyrexia, but without major organ involvement the beneficial role of aspirin at dosages of 3–6 g per day has been seen. [103] Aspirin’s role in these patients is directed mainly toward alleviating the symptoms of pain associated with arthralgia and malaise and also in bringing the temperature down. Caution, however is mandated with the use of aspirin in these patients as they are at a greater risk for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced asceptic meningitis, hypertension, altered renal function, and deranged hepatic parameters after a long-term use of aspirin. Another subset of SLE patients requiring aspirin are those with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, who require long-term anticoagulation.[104,105]

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome (KMS) is considered to be a consumption coagulopathy associated with a vascular tumor that has a tendency to enlarge rapidly. Within the enlarging tumor, there is platelet sequestration, which is responsible for the thrombocytopenia associated with KMS.[106] Aspirin has been used as an additional therapy here, usually in combination with dipyridamole. [107] However, the role of aspirin in KMS is limited.[108,109]

Malignant melanoma

The use of aspirin has been associated with marked reduction in melanoma risk. Studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of B16 murine melanoma cells and SK-28 human melanoma cells following aspirin intake.[110] Other mechanisms involved include oxidation of aspirin by tyrosinases present in the melanoma cells and depletion of intracellular glutathione with eventual formation of reactive oxygen species, all of which exert a toxic effect on the mitochondria of the melanoma cells, thus stopping its proliferation.[111,112] Aspirin also inhibits COX-2, which is increasingly expressed in the melanoma cells, and halts advancement of the tumor.[113,114] Further contributory effects include suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B and antiapoptotic transcription factor, which puts a stop to melanoma progression.[44,115,116,117] Proven studies[118,119,120] in this regard have been summarized in .

Table 1

Summary of studies proving the role of aspirin in malignant melanoma

Table 2

Level of evidence for the use of aspirin in various dermatoses mentioned in the review

Aspirin in dermatology: Revisited

Abstract

Aspirin has been one of the oldest drugs in the field of medicine, with a wide range of applications. In dermatology, aspirin has shown benefit in a variety of disorders. Recently, reduction of melanoma risk with aspirin has been demonstrated. Although an analgesic to begin with, aspirin has come a long way; after cardiology, it is now found to be useful even in dermatology.

Keywords: Aspirin, dermatology, melanoma

INTRODUCTION

Salicylates have been used as an analgesic since the time of Hippocrates.[1] However, it was only in the 1890s that aspirin was introduced as an anti-inflammatory agent,[2] and the role of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent was realized only 70 years later.[3] Of late, the beneficial properties of aspirin have been utilized in treating a number of dermatologic disorders. This review discusses the role of aspirin in dermatology.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Aspirin acts by irreversibly inhibiting both cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Aspirin acetylates the serine 530 moiety of COX-1, and the serine 516 moiety of COX-2,[4,5] being 170 times more effective in inhibiting COX-1.[6] With the blockage of these enzymes there is a decreased production of prostaglandins and thromboxane-A₂, responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects, respectively. Aspirin also inhibits the neutrophilic activation of platelets by utilizing nitric oxide and cGMP.[7]

PHARMACOKINETICS

Taken orally aspirin is rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract.[8] The peak plasma level of aspirin is reached within 2 h of oral intake, following which it gradually declines. The plasma half-life of aspirin is 20 min.[9] Metabolism of aspirin occurs in the liver, with 75% of the drug getting metabolized to salicyluric acid, salicyl phenolic and acyl glucoronide, and gentesic acid. [10] The drug is excreted via the renal route. With increase in the urinary pH, elimination of aspirin is enhanced. The drug readily crosses the placenta and can be easily transferred via breast milk.

APPLICATIONS IN DERMATOLOGY

In dermatology all indications of aspirin are off label.

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is an idiopathic dermatoses characterized by degenerative and granulomatous changes in the dermis.[11] The deposition of immune complexes in the walls of blood vessels, enhanced aggregation of platelets, and increased coagulation have been postulated as etiological factors for NLD development.[12] Aspirin has been found useful in NLD because of its antiplatelet property. By blocking aggregation of platelets, aspirin enhances cutaneous blood flow in NLD, and promotes ulcer healing.[13] An uncontrolled trial, with low doses of aspirin administered to seven NLD patients, showed considerable clinical improvement of lesions, in six out of seven patients. [14] Another uncontrolled trial using 80 mg of aspirin and 75 mg of dipyridamole, thrice daily in seven patients with ulcerative NLD heralded healing of ulcers in all patients over a 2 to 4 week period.[15] However studies by Beck et al.[16] and Statham et al.[17] did not agree with the therapeutic benefit of aspirin in NLD.

Malignant atrophic papulosis

Malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) is a rare thrombo-obliterative disorder characterized by porcelain white skin lesions with surrounding telangiectasia.[18] Increased platelet aggregation has been proposed as a causative factor in MAP. In this setting, low doses of aspirin ranging from 81 to 325 mg per day is administered.[19,20] However, the therapeutic role of aspirin for MAP is limited, with the disease having a fatal outcome.

Erythromelalgia

Erythromelalgia is a clinical condition characterized by burning sensation and redness over the extremities.[21] Out of the three types of erythromelalgia, type I is associated with thrombocythemia, and occlusion of the vasculature of digital arteries and arterioles. [22] Aspirin’s antiplatelet activity is responsible for the therapeutic benefit, seen in this condition. The dose of aspirin, ranges from 325 to 650 mg per day. The effect of a single 500 mg dose of aspirin lasts for 3 days. This long-lasting effect of aspirin can also be utilized as a diagnostic test for myeloproliferative disease-linked secondary erythromelalgia.[23,24,25] On the whole, however, it may be worthwhile using aspirin in all cases of erythromelalgia as considerable relief may be experienced after its usage.[26]

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Aspirin has been found useful in the management of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) secondary to vaso-occlusive pathology. Low doses of aspirin between 75 and 81 mg has been employed for this indication.[27] Increase in the blood viscosity and platelet aggregation along with altered fibrinolysis have been proposed as contributory mechanisms in RP involving the digital blood vessels.[28] Aspirin may therefore have a role in this setting, especially for patients with an acute ischemic crisis where aspirin is administered along with a short-acting calcium channel blocker-like nifedipine. [29] According to Akerkar and Bichile,[30] all patients with RP in a setting of scleroderma should receive a daily 150 mg of aspirin along with other medications for the same. Treatment may be given till the acute ischemic attack is tided or even for a long-term prophylaxis.

Erythema nodosum

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a septal panniculitis characterized by tender erythematous nodules involving both the shins in a symmetrical distribution. Aspirin is used here as an adjunct to the specific treatment regimen. The anti-inflammatory property of aspirin is employed in this setting to enhance analgesia and quicken resolution of cutaneous lesions.[31] The dose of aspirin for EN is 325 mg given at a 6 hourly interval.[32]

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired idiopathic pigmentary disorder characterized by depletion of epidermal melanocytes. Recently, it has been suggested that oxidative stress in vitiligo, mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may significantly contribute toward melanocyte apoptosis. [33,34,35] It has also been noted that, a decrease in the levels of systemic catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and manganese superoxide dismutase in vitiligo patients, further enhances oxidative stress.[36,37,38] Because of oxidative stress, the inducible inflammatory COX-2 mRNA is increasingly expressed, with release of numerous inflammatory mediators and cytokines, prompting melanocyte apoptosis.[39,40] Aspirin acts by inhibiting COX-2 irreversibly, reducing the oxidative stress, increasing the release of leukotriene C4, a potent melanocyte mitogen, and reducing leukotriene B4 release.[41] Apart from this aspirin also possesses antioxidant properties, reduces the activity of antimelanocyte antibodies and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (SIL-2R), therefore decreasing immune-mediated melanocyte damage.[42] Aspirin also significantly improves the oxidative status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and epidermal melanocytes. The salicylic acid moiety of aspirin, by an unknown mechanism can itself trigger the de novo biosynthesis of reduced glutathione, a potent antioxidant. Furthermore aspirin on its own also, has free radical scavenging properties, which can inhibit DNA strand breakage and block lipid peroxidation of cell membranes.[43,44] Aspirin can go another step further by antagonising the effects produced by nuclear factor kappa-B and TNF-alfa, thus commemorating its role for unstable vitiligo and promoting a halt in disease progression.[45,46] Aspirin thus helps in changing an unstable active form of vitiligo to the stable form. Thus, aspirin may be beneficial in vitiligo only when the disease demonstrates signs of activity. Low doses of aspirin up to 300 mg per day is sufficient for this indication.[47] Duration for the same may need to be continued for a minimum period of 12 weeks, or till signs of disease activity are controlled. In childhood vitiligo too aspirin can be safely given during the active disease phase.[42]

Kawasaki’s disease

Kawasaki’s disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis involving the small and medium-sized blood vessels, associated with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. [48,49] The antithrombotic property of aspirin has been utilized while treating KD.[50,51] Based on the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of the disease, there is variation in aspirin dosing. According to the American Heart Association, 80–100 mg/kg/day of aspirin is given during the acute phase of the disease.[52] and 3–5 mg/kg/day during the subacute phase. In the chronic phase if coronary artery abnormalities are seen, then the same dose as the subacute phase is continued, till there is absence of coronary lesions on echocardiography.[53]

Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) refers to a chronic resistant pain that persists at the site of viral rash even after rash resolution. Aspirin, used topically has proven efficacious for this indication. King[54] demonstrated the analgesic activity of aspirin by crushing aspirin tablets in chloroform and applying it over the affected site. De Benedittis et al.[55,56] further proved the same response after using aspirin/diethyl ether mixture while treating PHN. Aspirin brings about pain relief in PHN by neuronal membrane stabilization, denervation hypersensitivity, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.[57,58] Topical aspirin used for treating PHN is obtained by crushing aspirin tablets of strength 375 mg to a fine powder and dissolving it in solvents such as diethyl ether or chloroform to get a final concentration of 75 mg of aspirin per mL of solution. However, dispensing aspirin in these inflammable solvents has its own disadvantage and safer solvents for the same would definitely be a better alternative. One such solvent used for the same is, Vaseline intensive moisturizing lotion, which has shown to be effective with aspirin in managing PHN as demonstrated by Kassirer et al.[59] and Balakrishnan et al.[60] Here aspirin tablet of strength 375 mg is powdered and dissolved in 5 mL of the above-mentioned moisturizing lotion to get a solution containing 75 mg/mL of aspirin. This paste is then uniformly applied over the hyperesthetic skin. Applications are done every 8 h for a period of at least 3 weeks in order to experience pain relief.

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormal population of mast cells in various organs of the body, namely, the skin, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.[61] The role of aspirin in mastocytosis, is to alleviate the abnormal flushing seen during attacks. Aspirin acts by blocking the COX-2 enzyme, and reducing the elevated prostaglandin levels, associated with mastocytosis.[62,63] However caution is warranted while using aspirin because aspirin perse could even degranulate mast cells. Aspirin is therefore reserved for patients who have a vascular collapse that cannot be averted by the usage of h2 and h3 antagonists alone.[64] Treatment with aspirin should always be taken up in a hospital setting, starting with doses of aspirin ranging from 81 mg twice daily to 500 mg twice daily,[63] with prior administration of antihistaminics. [65] Aspirin is usually administered till the acute episode is brought under full control, with normalization of urinary 11-beta prostaglandin F₂ alfa levels.

Niacin-induced cutaneous changes

Niacin has been found to be effective in the management of dyslipidemia. However facial flushing, associated with bothersome pruritus, may affect patient compliance. This complication of niacin is mediated by niacin G protein coupled receptor 109A expressed by Langerhans cells in the epidermis.[66,67] When these receptors are activated there is a release of arachidonic acid from the cellular stores of lipids via phospholipase A2.[68] Arachidonic acid is further sequentially metabolised by COX-1 and 2 to produce prostaglandins. Aspirin acts by blocking these cyclooxygenase enzymes, thus preventing prostaglandin release.[69,70,71] Studies done by Cefali et al.[72] and Whelam et al.[73] have demonstrated the benefit of aspirin in this condition. A double blinded placebo-controlled trial by Thakkar et al. [74] demonstrated similar efficacy of aspirin for niacinamide-induced flushing. Usually it is best to administer aspirin 30 min prior to niacin intake. The daily dose commonly used is 325 mg.[75] Further aspirin usage here does not interfere with the therapeutic benefit of niacin in dyslipidemia.[76]

Hughes’ syndrome

Hughes’ syndrome (HS) or antiphospholipid syndrome is a prothrombotic disorder manifesting with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. The most common complication occurring is recurrent abortion.[77] Low-dose aspirin employing 75–100 mg of the drug as a daily regimen has been found to be useful here.[78,79] Aspirin acts by decreasing platelet aggregation, thus preventing thrombosis in the uteroplacental circulation. Secondly, aspirin also reduces thromboxane to prostacyclin ratio and improves placental blood flow.[80] In this way, aspirin has shown to have a significant impact in reducing the rate of fetal resorption. Higher dosing has not shown any improvement in the thrombotic episodes in comparison to the low-dosing protocol. [81]

Sunburn reaction

An acute cutaneous response secondary to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is referred to as a sunburn reaction. Once UVB is absorbed by the DNA in the skin, a chain of events follow, wherein numerous inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, lipoxygenase products, adhesion molecules, reactive oxygen radicals, and cytokines such as TNF-alfa are released into the local mileu.[82] Along with these, histamine and substance P released from mast cells also enhance the inflammatory response.[83,84] Aspirin acts by reducing the production of these mediators and decreasing the effects produced by these chemokines in the sunburn reaction.[85] Post–UV light exposure it has been seen that a single oral dose of aspirin is effective enough to delay the production of erythema.[86] A double blinded crossover study, with 3.6 g of aspirin administered to sunburn patients over 9 h in three divided doses, 30 min prior to UVB exposure, along with a control placebo group revealed a significant reduction of erythema in the aspirin-treated group 4–6 h post–sun exposure. [87] Synder and Eaglstein[88] demonstrated the benefit of intradermal aspirin injections in patients prone to sunburn. Edwards et al.[89] have also highlighted the efficacy of oral aspirin in sunburn reactions.

Livedoid vasculopathy

This is a disorder predominantly involving the lower limbs, and characterized by painful ulcers, associated with ivory white plaques surrounded by areas of hyperpigmentation and telengiectasias. There are a multitude of causative factors involved, out of which altered coagulation and increased platelet activation contribute significantly.[90] Owing to the thrombogenic mechanisms involved, therapy with anticoagulants has been found to be beneficial.[91,92] Aspirin at doses not higher than 325 mg per day is given to patients, as higher doses inhibit prostacycline formation, which may increase the thrombotic tendency.[93] Combination of aspirin with dipyrimadole is often helpful.[94] Another useful synergism is the concomitant use of aspirin and pentoxifylline for atrophie blanche, with a better outcome than using either of the drugs alone. [95] Duration of treatment depends on how the patient is responding to the therapy given. However, on an average, treatment usually goes on for around 2 months to a year.[94] Remission begins first by the reduction in pain followed by re-epithelialization of the ulcers over a period of several months.

Lepra reactions

Aspirin given in doses of 600–1200 mg 4–6 times daily, has been found to be effective in mild type 1 lepra reactions. These reactions are clinically characterized by mild erythematous to oedematous plaques without any systemic disturbance or subjective or objective nerve involvement.[96] To start with, 600 mg of aspirin may be administered, up to 6 times per day and can be gradually tapered with reductions of 300–600 mg per week till the therapeutic outcome is achieved.[97]

Pruritus associated with polycythemia vera

In the above indication too, aspirin has been found beneficial. Given in a dosing of 300 mg twice daily or 1 h prior to bathing, aspirin showed promise in this scenario. Aspirin acts by directly suppressing the prostaglandin metabolism within the mast cells and preventing its degranulation.[98]

Pressure urticaria and Non-immunologic urticaria

Pressure urticaria has shown benefit with aspirin. With 3.9 g of aspirin administered to patients, in four divided doses for 3 days, a significant improvement in the painful pressure lesions have been noticed. However, no response is noted in the urticarial lesions following aspirin intake.[99] Nonimmunologic urticaria (NIU) has also shown improvement following administration of aspirin. Two doses of 1 g of aspirin administered a few hours prior to contactant exposure produces a favorable response in patients with NIU. However NIU associated with dimethyl sulfoxide exposure did not show any benefit with aspirin.[100]

Relapsing polychondritis

There have been a few case reports of relapsing polychondritis responding favorably to aspirin therapy.[101,102]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

In some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with fever, cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and pyrexia, but without major organ involvement the beneficial role of aspirin at dosages of 3–6 g per day has been seen. [103] Aspirin’s role in these patients is directed mainly toward alleviating the symptoms of pain associated with arthralgia and malaise and also in bringing the temperature down. Caution, however is mandated with the use of aspirin in these patients as they are at a greater risk for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced asceptic meningitis, hypertension, altered renal function, and deranged hepatic parameters after a long-term use of aspirin. Another subset of SLE patients requiring aspirin are those with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, who require long-term anticoagulation.[104,105]

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome (KMS) is considered to be a consumption coagulopathy associated with a vascular tumor that has a tendency to enlarge rapidly. Within the enlarging tumor, there is platelet sequestration, which is responsible for the thrombocytopenia associated with KMS.[106] Aspirin has been used as an additional therapy here, usually in combination with dipyridamole. [107] However, the role of aspirin in KMS is limited.[108,109]

Malignant melanoma

The use of aspirin has been associated with marked reduction in melanoma risk. Studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of B16 murine melanoma cells and SK-28 human melanoma cells following aspirin intake.[110] Other mechanisms involved include oxidation of aspirin by tyrosinases present in the melanoma cells and depletion of intracellular glutathione with eventual formation of reactive oxygen species, all of which exert a toxic effect on the mitochondria of the melanoma cells, thus stopping its proliferation.[111,112] Aspirin also inhibits COX-2, which is increasingly expressed in the melanoma cells, and halts advancement of the tumor.[113,114] Further contributory effects include suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B and antiapoptotic transcription factor, which puts a stop to melanoma progression.[44,115,116,117] Proven studies[118,119,120] in this regard have been summarized in .

Table 1

Summary of studies proving the role of aspirin in malignant melanoma

Table 2

Level of evidence for the use of aspirin in various dermatoses mentioned in the review

Aspirin in dermatology: Revisited

Abstract

Aspirin has been one of the oldest drugs in the field of medicine, with a wide range of applications. In dermatology, aspirin has shown benefit in a variety of disorders. Recently, reduction of melanoma risk with aspirin has been demonstrated. Although an analgesic to begin with, aspirin has come a long way; after cardiology, it is now found to be useful even in dermatology.

Keywords: Aspirin, dermatology, melanoma

INTRODUCTION

Salicylates have been used as an analgesic since the time of Hippocrates.[1] However, it was only in the 1890s that aspirin was introduced as an anti-inflammatory agent,[2] and the role of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent was realized only 70 years later.[3] Of late, the beneficial properties of aspirin have been utilized in treating a number of dermatologic disorders. This review discusses the role of aspirin in dermatology.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Aspirin acts by irreversibly inhibiting both cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Aspirin acetylates the serine 530 moiety of COX-1, and the serine 516 moiety of COX-2,[4,5] being 170 times more effective in inhibiting COX-1.[6] With the blockage of these enzymes there is a decreased production of prostaglandins and thromboxane-A₂, responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects, respectively. Aspirin also inhibits the neutrophilic activation of platelets by utilizing nitric oxide and cGMP.[7]

PHARMACOKINETICS

Taken orally aspirin is rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract.[8] The peak plasma level of aspirin is reached within 2 h of oral intake, following which it gradually declines. The plasma half-life of aspirin is 20 min.[9] Metabolism of aspirin occurs in the liver, with 75% of the drug getting metabolized to salicyluric acid, salicyl phenolic and acyl glucoronide, and gentesic acid. [10] The drug is excreted via the renal route. With increase in the urinary pH, elimination of aspirin is enhanced. The drug readily crosses the placenta and can be easily transferred via breast milk.

APPLICATIONS IN DERMATOLOGY

In dermatology all indications of aspirin are off label.

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is an idiopathic dermatoses characterized by degenerative and granulomatous changes in the dermis.[11] The deposition of immune complexes in the walls of blood vessels, enhanced aggregation of platelets, and increased coagulation have been postulated as etiological factors for NLD development.[12] Aspirin has been found useful in NLD because of its antiplatelet property. By blocking aggregation of platelets, aspirin enhances cutaneous blood flow in NLD, and promotes ulcer healing.[13] An uncontrolled trial, with low doses of aspirin administered to seven NLD patients, showed considerable clinical improvement of lesions, in six out of seven patients. [14] Another uncontrolled trial using 80 mg of aspirin and 75 mg of dipyridamole, thrice daily in seven patients with ulcerative NLD heralded healing of ulcers in all patients over a 2 to 4 week period.[15] However studies by Beck et al.[16] and Statham et al.[17] did not agree with the therapeutic benefit of aspirin in NLD.

Malignant atrophic papulosis

Malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) is a rare thrombo-obliterative disorder characterized by porcelain white skin lesions with surrounding telangiectasia.[18] Increased platelet aggregation has been proposed as a causative factor in MAP. In this setting, low doses of aspirin ranging from 81 to 325 mg per day is administered.[19,20] However, the therapeutic role of aspirin for MAP is limited, with the disease having a fatal outcome.

Erythromelalgia

Erythromelalgia is a clinical condition characterized by burning sensation and redness over the extremities.[21] Out of the three types of erythromelalgia, type I is associated with thrombocythemia, and occlusion of the vasculature of digital arteries and arterioles. [22] Aspirin’s antiplatelet activity is responsible for the therapeutic benefit, seen in this condition. The dose of aspirin, ranges from 325 to 650 mg per day. The effect of a single 500 mg dose of aspirin lasts for 3 days. This long-lasting effect of aspirin can also be utilized as a diagnostic test for myeloproliferative disease-linked secondary erythromelalgia.[23,24,25] On the whole, however, it may be worthwhile using aspirin in all cases of erythromelalgia as considerable relief may be experienced after its usage.[26]

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Aspirin has been found useful in the management of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) secondary to vaso-occlusive pathology. Low doses of aspirin between 75 and 81 mg has been employed for this indication.[27] Increase in the blood viscosity and platelet aggregation along with altered fibrinolysis have been proposed as contributory mechanisms in RP involving the digital blood vessels.[28] Aspirin may therefore have a role in this setting, especially for patients with an acute ischemic crisis where aspirin is administered along with a short-acting calcium channel blocker-like nifedipine. [29] According to Akerkar and Bichile,[30] all patients with RP in a setting of scleroderma should receive a daily 150 mg of aspirin along with other medications for the same. Treatment may be given till the acute ischemic attack is tided or even for a long-term prophylaxis.

Erythema nodosum

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a septal panniculitis characterized by tender erythematous nodules involving both the shins in a symmetrical distribution. Aspirin is used here as an adjunct to the specific treatment regimen. The anti-inflammatory property of aspirin is employed in this setting to enhance analgesia and quicken resolution of cutaneous lesions.[31] The dose of aspirin for EN is 325 mg given at a 6 hourly interval.[32]

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired idiopathic pigmentary disorder characterized by depletion of epidermal melanocytes. Recently, it has been suggested that oxidative stress in vitiligo, mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may significantly contribute toward melanocyte apoptosis. [33,34,35] It has also been noted that, a decrease in the levels of systemic catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and manganese superoxide dismutase in vitiligo patients, further enhances oxidative stress.[36,37,38] Because of oxidative stress, the inducible inflammatory COX-2 mRNA is increasingly expressed, with release of numerous inflammatory mediators and cytokines, prompting melanocyte apoptosis.[39,40] Aspirin acts by inhibiting COX-2 irreversibly, reducing the oxidative stress, increasing the release of leukotriene C4, a potent melanocyte mitogen, and reducing leukotriene B4 release.[41] Apart from this aspirin also possesses antioxidant properties, reduces the activity of antimelanocyte antibodies and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (SIL-2R), therefore decreasing immune-mediated melanocyte damage.[42] Aspirin also significantly improves the oxidative status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and epidermal melanocytes. The salicylic acid moiety of aspirin, by an unknown mechanism can itself trigger the de novo biosynthesis of reduced glutathione, a potent antioxidant. Furthermore aspirin on its own also, has free radical scavenging properties, which can inhibit DNA strand breakage and block lipid peroxidation of cell membranes.[43,44] Aspirin can go another step further by antagonising the effects produced by nuclear factor kappa-B and TNF-alfa, thus commemorating its role for unstable vitiligo and promoting a halt in disease progression.[45,46] Aspirin thus helps in changing an unstable active form of vitiligo to the stable form. Thus, aspirin may be beneficial in vitiligo only when the disease demonstrates signs of activity. Low doses of aspirin up to 300 mg per day is sufficient for this indication.[47] Duration for the same may need to be continued for a minimum period of 12 weeks, or till signs of disease activity are controlled. In childhood vitiligo too aspirin can be safely given during the active disease phase.[42]

Kawasaki’s disease

Kawasaki’s disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis involving the small and medium-sized blood vessels, associated with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. [48,49] The antithrombotic property of aspirin has been utilized while treating KD.[50,51] Based on the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of the disease, there is variation in aspirin dosing. According to the American Heart Association, 80–100 mg/kg/day of aspirin is given during the acute phase of the disease.[52] and 3–5 mg/kg/day during the subacute phase. In the chronic phase if coronary artery abnormalities are seen, then the same dose as the subacute phase is continued, till there is absence of coronary lesions on echocardiography.[53]

Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) refers to a chronic resistant pain that persists at the site of viral rash even after rash resolution. Aspirin, used topically has proven efficacious for this indication. King[54] demonstrated the analgesic activity of aspirin by crushing aspirin tablets in chloroform and applying it over the affected site. De Benedittis et al.[55,56] further proved the same response after using aspirin/diethyl ether mixture while treating PHN. Aspirin brings about pain relief in PHN by neuronal membrane stabilization, denervation hypersensitivity, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.[57,58] Topical aspirin used for treating PHN is obtained by crushing aspirin tablets of strength 375 mg to a fine powder and dissolving it in solvents such as diethyl ether or chloroform to get a final concentration of 75 mg of aspirin per mL of solution. However, dispensing aspirin in these inflammable solvents has its own disadvantage and safer solvents for the same would definitely be a better alternative. One such solvent used for the same is, Vaseline intensive moisturizing lotion, which has shown to be effective with aspirin in managing PHN as demonstrated by Kassirer et al.[59] and Balakrishnan et al.[60] Here aspirin tablet of strength 375 mg is powdered and dissolved in 5 mL of the above-mentioned moisturizing lotion to get a solution containing 75 mg/mL of aspirin. This paste is then uniformly applied over the hyperesthetic skin. Applications are done every 8 h for a period of at least 3 weeks in order to experience pain relief.

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormal population of mast cells in various organs of the body, namely, the skin, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.[61] The role of aspirin in mastocytosis, is to alleviate the abnormal flushing seen during attacks. Aspirin acts by blocking the COX-2 enzyme, and reducing the elevated prostaglandin levels, associated with mastocytosis.[62,63] However caution is warranted while using aspirin because aspirin perse could even degranulate mast cells. Aspirin is therefore reserved for patients who have a vascular collapse that cannot be averted by the usage of h2 and h3 antagonists alone.[64] Treatment with aspirin should always be taken up in a hospital setting, starting with doses of aspirin ranging from 81 mg twice daily to 500 mg twice daily,[63] with prior administration of antihistaminics. [65] Aspirin is usually administered till the acute episode is brought under full control, with normalization of urinary 11-beta prostaglandin F₂ alfa levels.

Niacin-induced cutaneous changes

Niacin has been found to be effective in the management of dyslipidemia. However facial flushing, associated with bothersome pruritus, may affect patient compliance. This complication of niacin is mediated by niacin G protein coupled receptor 109A expressed by Langerhans cells in the epidermis.[66,67] When these receptors are activated there is a release of arachidonic acid from the cellular stores of lipids via phospholipase A2.[68] Arachidonic acid is further sequentially metabolised by COX-1 and 2 to produce prostaglandins. Aspirin acts by blocking these cyclooxygenase enzymes, thus preventing prostaglandin release.[69,70,71] Studies done by Cefali et al.[72] and Whelam et al.[73] have demonstrated the benefit of aspirin in this condition. A double blinded placebo-controlled trial by Thakkar et al. [74] demonstrated similar efficacy of aspirin for niacinamide-induced flushing. Usually it is best to administer aspirin 30 min prior to niacin intake. The daily dose commonly used is 325 mg.[75] Further aspirin usage here does not interfere with the therapeutic benefit of niacin in dyslipidemia.[76]

Hughes’ syndrome

Hughes’ syndrome (HS) or antiphospholipid syndrome is a prothrombotic disorder manifesting with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. The most common complication occurring is recurrent abortion.[77] Low-dose aspirin employing 75–100 mg of the drug as a daily regimen has been found to be useful here.[78,79] Aspirin acts by decreasing platelet aggregation, thus preventing thrombosis in the uteroplacental circulation. Secondly, aspirin also reduces thromboxane to prostacyclin ratio and improves placental blood flow.[80] In this way, aspirin has shown to have a significant impact in reducing the rate of fetal resorption. Higher dosing has not shown any improvement in the thrombotic episodes in comparison to the low-dosing protocol. [81]

Sunburn reaction

An acute cutaneous response secondary to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is referred to as a sunburn reaction. Once UVB is absorbed by the DNA in the skin, a chain of events follow, wherein numerous inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, lipoxygenase products, adhesion molecules, reactive oxygen radicals, and cytokines such as TNF-alfa are released into the local mileu.[82] Along with these, histamine and substance P released from mast cells also enhance the inflammatory response.[83,84] Aspirin acts by reducing the production of these mediators and decreasing the effects produced by these chemokines in the sunburn reaction.[85] Post–UV light exposure it has been seen that a single oral dose of aspirin is effective enough to delay the production of erythema.[86] A double blinded crossover study, with 3.6 g of aspirin administered to sunburn patients over 9 h in three divided doses, 30 min prior to UVB exposure, along with a control placebo group revealed a significant reduction of erythema in the aspirin-treated group 4–6 h post–sun exposure. [87] Synder and Eaglstein[88] demonstrated the benefit of intradermal aspirin injections in patients prone to sunburn. Edwards et al.[89] have also highlighted the efficacy of oral aspirin in sunburn reactions.

Livedoid vasculopathy

This is a disorder predominantly involving the lower limbs, and characterized by painful ulcers, associated with ivory white plaques surrounded by areas of hyperpigmentation and telengiectasias. There are a multitude of causative factors involved, out of which altered coagulation and increased platelet activation contribute significantly.[90] Owing to the thrombogenic mechanisms involved, therapy with anticoagulants has been found to be beneficial.[91,92] Aspirin at doses not higher than 325 mg per day is given to patients, as higher doses inhibit prostacycline formation, which may increase the thrombotic tendency.[93] Combination of aspirin with dipyrimadole is often helpful.[94] Another useful synergism is the concomitant use of aspirin and pentoxifylline for atrophie blanche, with a better outcome than using either of the drugs alone. [95] Duration of treatment depends on how the patient is responding to the therapy given. However, on an average, treatment usually goes on for around 2 months to a year.[94] Remission begins first by the reduction in pain followed by re-epithelialization of the ulcers over a period of several months.

Lepra reactions

Aspirin given in doses of 600–1200 mg 4–6 times daily, has been found to be effective in mild type 1 lepra reactions. These reactions are clinically characterized by mild erythematous to oedematous plaques without any systemic disturbance or subjective or objective nerve involvement.[96] To start with, 600 mg of aspirin may be administered, up to 6 times per day and can be gradually tapered with reductions of 300–600 mg per week till the therapeutic outcome is achieved.[97]

Pruritus associated with polycythemia vera

In the above indication too, aspirin has been found beneficial. Given in a dosing of 300 mg twice daily or 1 h prior to bathing, aspirin showed promise in this scenario. Aspirin acts by directly suppressing the prostaglandin metabolism within the mast cells and preventing its degranulation.[98]

Pressure urticaria and Non-immunologic urticaria

Pressure urticaria has shown benefit with aspirin. With 3.9 g of aspirin administered to patients, in four divided doses for 3 days, a significant improvement in the painful pressure lesions have been noticed. However, no response is noted in the urticarial lesions following aspirin intake.[99] Nonimmunologic urticaria (NIU) has also shown improvement following administration of aspirin. Two doses of 1 g of aspirin administered a few hours prior to contactant exposure produces a favorable response in patients with NIU. However NIU associated with dimethyl sulfoxide exposure did not show any benefit with aspirin.[100]

Relapsing polychondritis

There have been a few case reports of relapsing polychondritis responding favorably to aspirin therapy.[101,102]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

In some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with fever, cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and pyrexia, but without major organ involvement the beneficial role of aspirin at dosages of 3–6 g per day has been seen. [103] Aspirin’s role in these patients is directed mainly toward alleviating the symptoms of pain associated with arthralgia and malaise and also in bringing the temperature down. Caution, however is mandated with the use of aspirin in these patients as they are at a greater risk for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced asceptic meningitis, hypertension, altered renal function, and deranged hepatic parameters after a long-term use of aspirin. Another subset of SLE patients requiring aspirin are those with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, who require long-term anticoagulation.[104,105]

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome (KMS) is considered to be a consumption coagulopathy associated with a vascular tumor that has a tendency to enlarge rapidly. Within the enlarging tumor, there is platelet sequestration, which is responsible for the thrombocytopenia associated with KMS.[106] Aspirin has been used as an additional therapy here, usually in combination with dipyridamole. [107] However, the role of aspirin in KMS is limited.[108,109]

Malignant melanoma

The use of aspirin has been associated with marked reduction in melanoma risk. Studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of B16 murine melanoma cells and SK-28 human melanoma cells following aspirin intake.[110] Other mechanisms involved include oxidation of aspirin by tyrosinases present in the melanoma cells and depletion of intracellular glutathione with eventual formation of reactive oxygen species, all of which exert a toxic effect on the mitochondria of the melanoma cells, thus stopping its proliferation.[111,112] Aspirin also inhibits COX-2, which is increasingly expressed in the melanoma cells, and halts advancement of the tumor.[113,114] Further contributory effects include suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B and antiapoptotic transcription factor, which puts a stop to melanoma progression.[44,115,116,117] Proven studies[118,119,120] in this regard have been summarized in .

Table 1

Summary of studies proving the role of aspirin in malignant melanoma

Table 2

Level of evidence for the use of aspirin in various dermatoses mentioned in the review

Aspirin in dermatology: Revisited

Abstract

Aspirin has been one of the oldest drugs in the field of medicine, with a wide range of applications. In dermatology, aspirin has shown benefit in a variety of disorders. Recently, reduction of melanoma risk with aspirin has been demonstrated. Although an analgesic to begin with, aspirin has come a long way; after cardiology, it is now found to be useful even in dermatology.

Keywords: Aspirin, dermatology, melanoma

INTRODUCTION

Salicylates have been used as an analgesic since the time of Hippocrates.[1] However, it was only in the 1890s that aspirin was introduced as an anti-inflammatory agent,[2] and the role of aspirin as an antiplatelet agent was realized only 70 years later.[3] Of late, the beneficial properties of aspirin have been utilized in treating a number of dermatologic disorders. This review discusses the role of aspirin in dermatology.

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Aspirin acts by irreversibly inhibiting both cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Aspirin acetylates the serine 530 moiety of COX-1, and the serine 516 moiety of COX-2,[4,5] being 170 times more effective in inhibiting COX-1.[6] With the blockage of these enzymes there is a decreased production of prostaglandins and thromboxane-A₂, responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet effects, respectively. Aspirin also inhibits the neutrophilic activation of platelets by utilizing nitric oxide and cGMP.[7]

PHARMACOKINETICS

Taken orally aspirin is rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract.[8] The peak plasma level of aspirin is reached within 2 h of oral intake, following which it gradually declines. The plasma half-life of aspirin is 20 min.[9] Metabolism of aspirin occurs in the liver, with 75% of the drug getting metabolized to salicyluric acid, salicyl phenolic and acyl glucoronide, and gentesic acid. [10] The drug is excreted via the renal route. With increase in the urinary pH, elimination of aspirin is enhanced. The drug readily crosses the placenta and can be easily transferred via breast milk.

APPLICATIONS IN DERMATOLOGY

In dermatology all indications of aspirin are off label.

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) is an idiopathic dermatoses characterized by degenerative and granulomatous changes in the dermis.[11] The deposition of immune complexes in the walls of blood vessels, enhanced aggregation of platelets, and increased coagulation have been postulated as etiological factors for NLD development.[12] Aspirin has been found useful in NLD because of its antiplatelet property. By blocking aggregation of platelets, aspirin enhances cutaneous blood flow in NLD, and promotes ulcer healing.[13] An uncontrolled trial, with low doses of aspirin administered to seven NLD patients, showed considerable clinical improvement of lesions, in six out of seven patients. [14] Another uncontrolled trial using 80 mg of aspirin and 75 mg of dipyridamole, thrice daily in seven patients with ulcerative NLD heralded healing of ulcers in all patients over a 2 to 4 week period.[15] However studies by Beck et al.[16] and Statham et al.[17] did not agree with the therapeutic benefit of aspirin in NLD.

Malignant atrophic papulosis

Malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) is a rare thrombo-obliterative disorder characterized by porcelain white skin lesions with surrounding telangiectasia.[18] Increased platelet aggregation has been proposed as a causative factor in MAP. In this setting, low doses of aspirin ranging from 81 to 325 mg per day is administered.[19,20] However, the therapeutic role of aspirin for MAP is limited, with the disease having a fatal outcome.

Erythromelalgia

Erythromelalgia is a clinical condition characterized by burning sensation and redness over the extremities.[21] Out of the three types of erythromelalgia, type I is associated with thrombocythemia, and occlusion of the vasculature of digital arteries and arterioles. [22] Aspirin’s antiplatelet activity is responsible for the therapeutic benefit, seen in this condition. The dose of aspirin, ranges from 325 to 650 mg per day. The effect of a single 500 mg dose of aspirin lasts for 3 days. This long-lasting effect of aspirin can also be utilized as a diagnostic test for myeloproliferative disease-linked secondary erythromelalgia.[23,24,25] On the whole, however, it may be worthwhile using aspirin in all cases of erythromelalgia as considerable relief may be experienced after its usage.[26]

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Aspirin has been found useful in the management of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) secondary to vaso-occlusive pathology. Low doses of aspirin between 75 and 81 mg has been employed for this indication.[27] Increase in the blood viscosity and platelet aggregation along with altered fibrinolysis have been proposed as contributory mechanisms in RP involving the digital blood vessels.[28] Aspirin may therefore have a role in this setting, especially for patients with an acute ischemic crisis where aspirin is administered along with a short-acting calcium channel blocker-like nifedipine. [29] According to Akerkar and Bichile,[30] all patients with RP in a setting of scleroderma should receive a daily 150 mg of aspirin along with other medications for the same. Treatment may be given till the acute ischemic attack is tided or even for a long-term prophylaxis.

Erythema nodosum

Erythema nodosum (EN) is a septal panniculitis characterized by tender erythematous nodules involving both the shins in a symmetrical distribution. Aspirin is used here as an adjunct to the specific treatment regimen. The anti-inflammatory property of aspirin is employed in this setting to enhance analgesia and quicken resolution of cutaneous lesions.[31] The dose of aspirin for EN is 325 mg given at a 6 hourly interval.[32]

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired idiopathic pigmentary disorder characterized by depletion of epidermal melanocytes. Recently, it has been suggested that oxidative stress in vitiligo, mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) may significantly contribute toward melanocyte apoptosis. [33,34,35] It has also been noted that, a decrease in the levels of systemic catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and manganese superoxide dismutase in vitiligo patients, further enhances oxidative stress.[36,37,38] Because of oxidative stress, the inducible inflammatory COX-2 mRNA is increasingly expressed, with release of numerous inflammatory mediators and cytokines, prompting melanocyte apoptosis.[39,40] Aspirin acts by inhibiting COX-2 irreversibly, reducing the oxidative stress, increasing the release of leukotriene C4, a potent melanocyte mitogen, and reducing leukotriene B4 release.[41] Apart from this aspirin also possesses antioxidant properties, reduces the activity of antimelanocyte antibodies and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (SIL-2R), therefore decreasing immune-mediated melanocyte damage.[42] Aspirin also significantly improves the oxidative status of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and epidermal melanocytes. The salicylic acid moiety of aspirin, by an unknown mechanism can itself trigger the de novo biosynthesis of reduced glutathione, a potent antioxidant. Furthermore aspirin on its own also, has free radical scavenging properties, which can inhibit DNA strand breakage and block lipid peroxidation of cell membranes.[43,44] Aspirin can go another step further by antagonising the effects produced by nuclear factor kappa-B and TNF-alfa, thus commemorating its role for unstable vitiligo and promoting a halt in disease progression.[45,46] Aspirin thus helps in changing an unstable active form of vitiligo to the stable form. Thus, aspirin may be beneficial in vitiligo only when the disease demonstrates signs of activity. Low doses of aspirin up to 300 mg per day is sufficient for this indication.[47] Duration for the same may need to be continued for a minimum period of 12 weeks, or till signs of disease activity are controlled. In childhood vitiligo too aspirin can be safely given during the active disease phase.[42]

Kawasaki’s disease

Kawasaki’s disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis involving the small and medium-sized blood vessels, associated with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. [48,49] The antithrombotic property of aspirin has been utilized while treating KD.[50,51] Based on the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of the disease, there is variation in aspirin dosing. According to the American Heart Association, 80–100 mg/kg/day of aspirin is given during the acute phase of the disease.[52] and 3–5 mg/kg/day during the subacute phase. In the chronic phase if coronary artery abnormalities are seen, then the same dose as the subacute phase is continued, till there is absence of coronary lesions on echocardiography.[53]

Postherpetic neuralgia

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) refers to a chronic resistant pain that persists at the site of viral rash even after rash resolution. Aspirin, used topically has proven efficacious for this indication. King[54] demonstrated the analgesic activity of aspirin by crushing aspirin tablets in chloroform and applying it over the affected site. De Benedittis et al.[55,56] further proved the same response after using aspirin/diethyl ether mixture while treating PHN. Aspirin brings about pain relief in PHN by neuronal membrane stabilization, denervation hypersensitivity, and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.[57,58] Topical aspirin used for treating PHN is obtained by crushing aspirin tablets of strength 375 mg to a fine powder and dissolving it in solvents such as diethyl ether or chloroform to get a final concentration of 75 mg of aspirin per mL of solution. However, dispensing aspirin in these inflammable solvents has its own disadvantage and safer solvents for the same would definitely be a better alternative. One such solvent used for the same is, Vaseline intensive moisturizing lotion, which has shown to be effective with aspirin in managing PHN as demonstrated by Kassirer et al.[59] and Balakrishnan et al.[60] Here aspirin tablet of strength 375 mg is powdered and dissolved in 5 mL of the above-mentioned moisturizing lotion to get a solution containing 75 mg/mL of aspirin. This paste is then uniformly applied over the hyperesthetic skin. Applications are done every 8 h for a period of at least 3 weeks in order to experience pain relief.

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by an abnormal population of mast cells in various organs of the body, namely, the skin, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.[61] The role of aspirin in mastocytosis, is to alleviate the abnormal flushing seen during attacks. Aspirin acts by blocking the COX-2 enzyme, and reducing the elevated prostaglandin levels, associated with mastocytosis.[62,63] However caution is warranted while using aspirin because aspirin perse could even degranulate mast cells. Aspirin is therefore reserved for patients who have a vascular collapse that cannot be averted by the usage of h2 and h3 antagonists alone.[64] Treatment with aspirin should always be taken up in a hospital setting, starting with doses of aspirin ranging from 81 mg twice daily to 500 mg twice daily,[63] with prior administration of antihistaminics. [65] Aspirin is usually administered till the acute episode is brought under full control, with normalization of urinary 11-beta prostaglandin F₂ alfa levels.

Niacin-induced cutaneous changes

Niacin has been found to be effective in the management of dyslipidemia. However facial flushing, associated with bothersome pruritus, may affect patient compliance. This complication of niacin is mediated by niacin G protein coupled receptor 109A expressed by Langerhans cells in the epidermis.[66,67] When these receptors are activated there is a release of arachidonic acid from the cellular stores of lipids via phospholipase A2.[68] Arachidonic acid is further sequentially metabolised by COX-1 and 2 to produce prostaglandins. Aspirin acts by blocking these cyclooxygenase enzymes, thus preventing prostaglandin release.[69,70,71] Studies done by Cefali et al.[72] and Whelam et al.[73] have demonstrated the benefit of aspirin in this condition. A double blinded placebo-controlled trial by Thakkar et al. [74] demonstrated similar efficacy of aspirin for niacinamide-induced flushing. Usually it is best to administer aspirin 30 min prior to niacin intake. The daily dose commonly used is 325 mg.[75] Further aspirin usage here does not interfere with the therapeutic benefit of niacin in dyslipidemia.[76]

Hughes’ syndrome

Hughes’ syndrome (HS) or antiphospholipid syndrome is a prothrombotic disorder manifesting with a constellation of cutaneous and systemic features. The most common complication occurring is recurrent abortion.[77] Low-dose aspirin employing 75–100 mg of the drug as a daily regimen has been found to be useful here.[78,79] Aspirin acts by decreasing platelet aggregation, thus preventing thrombosis in the uteroplacental circulation. Secondly, aspirin also reduces thromboxane to prostacyclin ratio and improves placental blood flow.[80] In this way, aspirin has shown to have a significant impact in reducing the rate of fetal resorption. Higher dosing has not shown any improvement in the thrombotic episodes in comparison to the low-dosing protocol. [81]

Sunburn reaction

An acute cutaneous response secondary to excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is referred to as a sunburn reaction. Once UVB is absorbed by the DNA in the skin, a chain of events follow, wherein numerous inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, lipoxygenase products, adhesion molecules, reactive oxygen radicals, and cytokines such as TNF-alfa are released into the local mileu.[82] Along with these, histamine and substance P released from mast cells also enhance the inflammatory response.[83,84] Aspirin acts by reducing the production of these mediators and decreasing the effects produced by these chemokines in the sunburn reaction.[85] Post–UV light exposure it has been seen that a single oral dose of aspirin is effective enough to delay the production of erythema.[86] A double blinded crossover study, with 3.6 g of aspirin administered to sunburn patients over 9 h in three divided doses, 30 min prior to UVB exposure, along with a control placebo group revealed a significant reduction of erythema in the aspirin-treated group 4–6 h post–sun exposure. [87] Synder and Eaglstein[88] demonstrated the benefit of intradermal aspirin injections in patients prone to sunburn. Edwards et al.[89] have also highlighted the efficacy of oral aspirin in sunburn reactions.

Livedoid vasculopathy

This is a disorder predominantly involving the lower limbs, and characterized by painful ulcers, associated with ivory white plaques surrounded by areas of hyperpigmentation and telengiectasias. There are a multitude of causative factors involved, out of which altered coagulation and increased platelet activation contribute significantly.[90] Owing to the thrombogenic mechanisms involved, therapy with anticoagulants has been found to be beneficial.[91,92] Aspirin at doses not higher than 325 mg per day is given to patients, as higher doses inhibit prostacycline formation, which may increase the thrombotic tendency.[93] Combination of aspirin with dipyrimadole is often helpful.[94] Another useful synergism is the concomitant use of aspirin and pentoxifylline for atrophie blanche, with a better outcome than using either of the drugs alone. [95] Duration of treatment depends on how the patient is responding to the therapy given. However, on an average, treatment usually goes on for around 2 months to a year.[94] Remission begins first by the reduction in pain followed by re-epithelialization of the ulcers over a period of several months.

Lepra reactions

Aspirin given in doses of 600–1200 mg 4–6 times daily, has been found to be effective in mild type 1 lepra reactions. These reactions are clinically characterized by mild erythematous to oedematous plaques without any systemic disturbance or subjective or objective nerve involvement.[96] To start with, 600 mg of aspirin may be administered, up to 6 times per day and can be gradually tapered with reductions of 300–600 mg per week till the therapeutic outcome is achieved.[97]

Pruritus associated with polycythemia vera

In the above indication too, aspirin has been found beneficial. Given in a dosing of 300 mg twice daily or 1 h prior to bathing, aspirin showed promise in this scenario. Aspirin acts by directly suppressing the prostaglandin metabolism within the mast cells and preventing its degranulation.[98]

Pressure urticaria and Non-immunologic urticaria

Pressure urticaria has shown benefit with aspirin. With 3.9 g of aspirin administered to patients, in four divided doses for 3 days, a significant improvement in the painful pressure lesions have been noticed. However, no response is noted in the urticarial lesions following aspirin intake.[99] Nonimmunologic urticaria (NIU) has also shown improvement following administration of aspirin. Two doses of 1 g of aspirin administered a few hours prior to contactant exposure produces a favorable response in patients with NIU. However NIU associated with dimethyl sulfoxide exposure did not show any benefit with aspirin.[100]

Relapsing polychondritis

There have been a few case reports of relapsing polychondritis responding favorably to aspirin therapy.[101,102]

Systemic lupus erythematosus

In some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with fever, cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and pyrexia, but without major organ involvement the beneficial role of aspirin at dosages of 3–6 g per day has been seen. [103] Aspirin’s role in these patients is directed mainly toward alleviating the symptoms of pain associated with arthralgia and malaise and also in bringing the temperature down. Caution, however is mandated with the use of aspirin in these patients as they are at a greater risk for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced asceptic meningitis, hypertension, altered renal function, and deranged hepatic parameters after a long-term use of aspirin. Another subset of SLE patients requiring aspirin are those with positive antiphospholipid antibodies, who require long-term anticoagulation.[104,105]

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome

Kasabach Merritt’s syndrome (KMS) is considered to be a consumption coagulopathy associated with a vascular tumor that has a tendency to enlarge rapidly. Within the enlarging tumor, there is platelet sequestration, which is responsible for the thrombocytopenia associated with KMS.[106] Aspirin has been used as an additional therapy here, usually in combination with dipyridamole. [107] However, the role of aspirin in KMS is limited.[108,109]

Malignant melanoma

The use of aspirin has been associated with marked reduction in melanoma risk. Studies have demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in the proliferation of B16 murine melanoma cells and SK-28 human melanoma cells following aspirin intake.[110] Other mechanisms involved include oxidation of aspirin by tyrosinases present in the melanoma cells and depletion of intracellular glutathione with eventual formation of reactive oxygen species, all of which exert a toxic effect on the mitochondria of the melanoma cells, thus stopping its proliferation.[111,112] Aspirin also inhibits COX-2, which is increasingly expressed in the melanoma cells, and halts advancement of the tumor.[113,114] Further contributory effects include suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B and antiapoptotic transcription factor, which puts a stop to melanoma progression.[44,115,116,117] Proven studies[118,119,120] in this regard have been summarized in .

Table 1

Summary of studies proving the role of aspirin in malignant melanoma

Table 2

Level of evidence for the use of aspirin in various dermatoses mentioned in the review

Viral TikTok Claims Aspirin Face Mask Can Clear Acne: Does It Work?

TikTok is flooded with advice on just about everything, from kitchen hacks to fashion fixes to home decor DIYs. But one user is going viral after she posted a video using an aspirin face mask to get rid of her acne.

Mallory Le, a.k.a. @tellyourdogisayhello, says in the caption of her TikTok that an aspirin mask really helped clear up her skin. “I didn’t have to go on accutane again because of this trick,” she wrote.

In the TikTok, Le breaks down how she makes the mask. She takes two tablets of aspirin, breaks them down with a little water, and spreads the goo on her face. She then leaves it on for three minutes, before rinsing it off and patting her face dry with a towel. “Do this every few days,” she wrote, showing off her clear skin.

This content is imported from TikTok. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.

Plenty of people in the comments raved about this hack. “I’ve been doing this for years as a spot treatment and it’s the only thing I’ve found that will actually clear them overnight,” one wrote. “I loveeee doing this,” another said.

Aspirin is in a group of medications called salicylates. It works by stopping the production of certain substances that causes fever, pain, swelling, and blood clots, and is usually meant to be ingested.

Many aspirin mask fans claim online that the active ingredient in aspirin is a form of salicylic acid, which is in many acne-fighting products. “They’re almost the same but not quite,” says Jamie Alan, Pharm.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University.

Aspirin contains acetylsalicylic acid, which is a synthetic form of salicylic acid, she explains. But they’re not the same, and they don’t do the same thing. “Aspirin is metabolized to salicylic acid but that happens in the liver, not the skin,” Dr. Alan says.

Because there’s “no evidence” to support that aspirin can fight acne when applied topically this way, it is tough to recommend it as a “safe and effective” treatment, says Gary Goldenberg, M.D., an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.

“Aspirin—either oral or topical—is not FDA approved for acne,” points out Shuai Xu, M.D., an assistant professor of dermatology at Northwestern Medicine. “The evidence that it does anything—in mask or topically—for acne is really poor.”

Anecdotally, maybe. Dr. Goldenberg says you should be aware that you could end up with skin irritation and dryness after using an aspirin mask. “Is there harm? Probably not. But, why risk it if it’s unlikely to do anything?” Dr. Xu adds.

If you’re struggling with pimples, it’s really just best to stick with other products, like cleansers, exfoliating pads, and spot treatments, that contain actual salicylic acid, which “has been used in many acne-fighting formulations,” Dr. Goldenberg says. “It helps to remove the superficial layer of the skin, opening pores and allowing comedones to pop. It also has antibacterial properties, killing the bacteria that clog pores and cause acne.”

If you really want to try an aspirin mask anyway, he offers up this advice: “You could try it, but make sure you apply a moisturizer right after in case there’s irritation.” May we suggest one of these excellent moisturizers for acne-prone skin?

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Korin Miller
Korin Miller is a freelance writer specializing in general wellness, sexual health and relationships, and lifestyle trends, with work appearing in Men’s Health, Women’s Health, Self, Glamour, and more.

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Aspirin truly is a wonder drug

As I wrap up my month-long series on life hacks that cost less than a dollar, the last item on my list is aspirin. Aspirin has a lot of medicinal purposes, but did you know aspirin can also beautify your life?

 Have you ever wondered if aspirin can be used for anything other than to relieve pain and fever? Well, this common over-the-counter medication has a ton of surprising uses that most people don’t know about.

Aspirin helps reduce acne. Aspirin helps calm acne due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Crush 2-3 uncoated aspirin pills, and mix them with lemon juice. Apply the mixture to the pimple, and let it sit for a couple of minutes before washing it off. Avoid using this paste before sun exposure.

Use aspirin as an anti-itch agent. Aspirin can also help reduce swelling and soothe the itching caused by mosquito bites. Dampen an uncoated aspirin in a tablespoon of water and apply it to the affected area for a few minutes.

Make an aspirin mask for your face. Aspirin contains a fat-soluble ingredient used in the production of lightening creams and skin cleansers. Mix seven uncoated aspirin pills with 3 tablespoons of yogurt and 1 tablespoon of honey. Apply to your clean face, and leave the mask for 15 minutes. This facial treatment will leave your skin radiant and smooth. It provides a slight peel effect, reducing scars and stains and preventing your pores from getting clogged.

Aspirin is an excellent exfolliant to remove dead cells from the face. In addition, it helps to get rid of excessive oiliness and reduce the size of enlarged pores. Just mix it with water and leave for a few minutes. If you have sensitive skin, apply it carefully to avoid skin irritation.

Rid yourself of dandruff. Dandruff “snowflakes” not only make your scalp itch but are also quite unsightly. To get rid of dandruff, wash your hair with two crushed aspirin pills mixed into your normal amount of shampoo.

Your hair will also benefit from the use of aspirin. For healthy and shiny hair, dissolve a few aspirins in a cup of warm water and apply to clean hair. Leave for about 15 minutes, and then rinse.

Do you want to eliminate calluses on your feet? Aspirin helps soften the soles and remove dead skin easily. Shred seven aspirins and add half a tablespoon of lemon juice to form a paste. Apply the mixture on the soles of the feet, and cover with a warm cloth. Leave for 10 minutes, and then exfoliate the hard areas with pumice.

Aspirin also serves to give new life to your clothes. Apply an aspirin pill dissolved in warm water to sweat stains, and leave overnight. Afterward, wash your clothes as usual and enjoy the result.

If you don’t want soap scum to ruin the aesthetics of your bathtub, grind five aspirin pills and add them to your bath cleaning liquid. Sprinkle the whole area, leave for half an hour, and then you can easily remove all the dirt with a cloth.

To make your fresh cut flowers last longer in their vase, add a crushed tablet of aspirin to the water. This trick works especially well for roses, making them last much longer and in better condition.

Join me on Facebook search Coupon Clippin’ Cuties and add yourself to our group. Discover that aspirin is an expensive way to beautify your life!

Sandra Dulakis is a nurse, mother and founder of Coupon Clippin’ Cuties.

 

 

90,000 benefits and recipes of aspirin masks

Benefits of aspirin for facial skin

Did you know that regular aspirin from a pharmacy is an excellent means of skin care for your face? The healing properties of aspirin are known to most – it is an excellent “helper” that relieves headaches, fever and much more. The effect of the tablets as an anticoagulant is also noted.

You can buy the product freely at any of the pharmacies. However, despite such an impressive array of medicinal properties, the interesting thing is that aspirin is extremely useful as a skin care product.

Surprising as it may seem, the well-known aspirin can also act as a delightfully effective exfoliating agent that can cleanse the skin of the face of dead and keratinized tissues.

Instruction: How to return a part of money from purchases via the Internet

Despite this impressive array of medicinal properties, the interesting thing is that aspirin is extremely useful as a skin care product. Its positive properties – it copes well with acne, reduces the level of pigmentation and removes keratinized particles along with excess fat deposits.

Important: the use of tablets is not recommended for those whose skin is extremely sensitive and tender!

A number of reasons that make it advisable to use the drug to increase the indicators of the condition of the skin, is as follows:

• Anti-inflammatory property of aspirin. This helps to improve the condition of the skin, cleanse it of acne, even when the rash becomes chronic;

• The beta-hydroxy acid contained in each tablet is the main component of most modern cosmetic products aimed at exfoliating and cleansing the skin of the face.This acid helps to reduce pigmentation, removes dead and keratinized particles from the skin and allows you to even out the tone of the face, regardless of the degree of pigmentation;

• Among other things, aspirin also has a healing effect – it is able to restore the skin after various kinds of damage. So, with the help of it, you can easily accelerate the healing of micro injuries, acne marks, etc.

After the benefits of the use of a well-known remedy have been considered, it is advisable to move on to highlighting effective recipes based on aspirin tablets.

Recipes for face masks with aspirin

Correctly preparing this or that remedy and applying it according to the recommendations given in this article is half the battle! Aspirin will do the rest for you.


1. Mask for cleansing the face

Most often, aspirin tablets are used in this form for skin care and cleansing – in the form of a mask. Prepared on its basis, it has an excellent exfoliating effect and removes dead skin cells, improving its texture.

An additional plus for the mask will be the following – aspirin will narrow the pores and cleanse the pores from fatty and mud deposits.

For preparation you will need to take:

• 3 aspirin tablets;
• 50 ml of heated, pre-boiled water.

To obtain a perfect mask, it is recommended to dip the tablets in liquid and let them soak. After that, it is recommended to crush them until a “paste” state is obtained.

When the mask is ready, you will need to thoroughly wash your face with soap and apply the prepared “paste” on your face in circular movements.After 10-15 minutes, it is recommended to rinse the product thoroughly. The frequency of the procedure is up to 2 times a week for oily skin, 1 time for dry types.

2. Aspirin and lemon – another miraculous mask

This composition will be especially effective for those who want to get rid of unpleasant acne, pigmentation, scars and scars. The combination of the main components – lemon and aspirin – allows you to achieve the maximum antibacterial effect, removing dirt and microbes that provoke these very pollution.

For preparation you will need to prepare:

• 3 tablets of medicine;
• 50 ml lemon juice.

As in the previous case, you will need to prepare a paste-like consistency from the components. After applying the mask to the previously prepared skin and holding for 10-15 minutes, it is thoroughly washed off. The frequency of application is up to 2 times a week, depending on the type of skin.

3. Aspirin, yoghurt and honey

Such an unusual remedy can replace a whole range of peeling procedures: it will significantly reduce small scars and scars, smooth out pigmentation and perfectly cope with acne and acne of any complexity.

A unique combination – aspirin, yogurt and honey – has a universal moisturizing effect, perfectly restoring the skin of the face and reducing the signs of skin aging. In addition, after applying the mask, the face becomes smooth and radiant.

To make a mask you will need to prepare:

• 5 aspirin tablets;
• 20 grams of natural bee honey;
• 20 grams of low-fat natural yogurt.

When the ingredients are ready, crush the aspirin to a powder.After that, you need to mix the tablets first with yogurt, then with honey.

It is recommended to apply the resulting composition as follows: a piece of clean cloth soaked in warm water is applied to the face. This procedure will enlarge the pores, which will facilitate better and deeper penetration of the mask into the skin.

After steaming and drying the face, a thin layer of the resulting composition of honey, aspirin and yogurt is laid on it. The product is kept on the skin for up to half an hour, after which it is thoroughly washed off with warm running water.It is recommended to complement the procedure with a final application of moisturizing and nourishing cream.

It remains for us to wish the lovely ladies exceptionally beautiful unearthly beauty!

Face mask with aspirin: Problem skin care – procedures, cosmetics, care, acne, skin, health, beauty

Aspirin is well known to everyone as a remedy for headaches and high fever. These pills can be found in almost any home medicine cabinet. But he also has one more useful property – cosmetic. Aspirin Face Mask has an amazing anti-inflammatory, cleansing and soothing effect on the skin.


Aspirin for the skin: useful properties and contraindications

Such a mask owes its wonderful properties to acetylsalicylic acid – the main element that is part of aspirin. It is she who provides cleansing, relieves inflammation and has a soothing effect on the skin. If you are plagued by acne, pimples, acne, redness and various irritations, you should try this inexpensive and effective remedy – an aspirin mask.Its regular use will also help to improve complexion, increase skin elasticity, smooth wrinkles and normalize the functioning of the sebaceous glands. This means that for those who have problematic and oily skin, it is shown in the first place. But for dry to combination skin, aspirin will also benefit if you add any vegetable oil to it.

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The indications for the use of the mask with aspirin are:

• loss of skin elasticity
• earthy complexion
• acne
• acne
• black dots
• increased amount of sebum
• enlarged pores.

This remedy also has contraindications. You should not make face masks with aspirin tablets in the case of:

• allergy to aspirin or any of the mask ingredients
• pregnancy and lactation – it is not known how the baby will react
• the presence of skin lesions (wounds, fresh cuts, scratches) – severe irritation is possible
• recent facial waxing
• the presence of sunburn on the skin (possible appearance of age spots)
• manifestations on the face of the vascular network and “stars” – they will appear even more.

It should also be borne in mind that too frequent – more than twice a week – the use of an aspirin mask can severely dry the skin and make it even more sensitive.

Beforehand, the face must be steamed using steam baths. The mixture is not applied to the area around the eyes. If you feel discomfort during the procedure, you need to wash your face immediately. The result from applying the mask will become noticeable after three hours.


Aspirin face masks: recipes for all skin types

Aspirin and honey face mask (or oil).Prepare aspirin tablets (4 pieces), melted honey (a teaspoon), and warm water (a tablespoon). For combination skin, olive oil is used in the same amount instead of honey. Aspirin must be completely dissolved in water, add honey or oil to the resulting solution. Apply the gruel to your face along the massage lines. Leave it on for 15 minutes and wash yourself. This mask will cleanse pores, “extinguish” inflammation, soothe and soften the skin.

With aloe or yogurt juice. Prepare aspirin tablets (4 pieces), warm water (tablespoon) and aloe juice (teaspoon).The juice is squeezed out of the leaves of the plant, previously kept in the refrigerator for 10 days. If you have combination skin, replace aloe juice with a tablespoon of yogurt – always natural, without dyes and sugar.

The tablets must be dissolved in water, after which aloe juice or yogurt is added to the solution. Lubricate your face with the mixture. Let sit for 20 minutes. Wash yourself with lukewarm water. The result of the procedure will be cleaner and firmer skin, reducing redness and inflammation.

Aspirin tonic.Equivalent to Aspirin Purifying Face Mask . Take aspirin (5 tablets), apple cider vinegar (tablespoon), and mineral water (8 tablespoons). We combine water and a bite, dissolve aspirin in the resulting solution. The tonic will not lose its properties within a month if stored in the refrigerator. Wipe your face with it, especially in areas where there is inflammation, rash marks, enlarged pores, before applying the cream. This product is not recommended for sensitive skin.And on the skin of other types, it acts very favorably.

Aspirin scrub. Pour 4 crushed aspirin tablets and fine sea salt (half a teaspoon) into a tablespoon of honey. The scrub application should be combined with a light facial massage. Then it needs to be washed off.


Aspirin face mask: recipes for oily skin

With lemon. Prepare aspirin (6 tablets) and lemon juice (3 tablespoons). The tablets need to be crushed, but not to a powdery state.Then mix with lemon juice. Prepare a solution of baking soda for washing: a tablespoon of baking soda per liter of warm water. Apply the mask to the face, hold for 10 minutes and wash with a soda solution. This mask expels acne from the face, whitens the skin, eliminates redness and generally makes the face look fresher.

Face mask with aspirin and sour cream . Take aspirin (2 tablets), warm water (half a teaspoon), and low-fat sour cream (a tablespoon). Dissolve the tablets in water, add sour cream to the solution.Apply the resulting mixture to the face, rinse off after 20 minutes. The mask cleanses and refreshes the skin, removes oily sheen.

With clay. Crush two aspirin tablets into powder, add white clay (a teaspoon) to it and dilute with warm water until a thick slurry is obtained. We put it on the face and keep it for half an hour. Wash off with lukewarm water. The procedure provides skin cleansing and inflammation prevention.

With yoghurt and green tea. Prepare an aspirin tablet, yogurt (2 teaspoons) or olive oil (the same amount), a strong infusion of green tea (a teaspoon) and honey (a teaspoon).Melt the honey, crush the tablet. Mix all ingredients. Lubricate the face, wash off after 15 minutes. The main purpose of this mask is to fight acne. It also has a cleansing and drying effect and a prophylactic effect against inflammation.

Face mask with gelatin and aspirin. You will need aspirin (2 tablets), glycerin (3 tablespoons), honey (3 teaspoons), gelatin (a teaspoon) and warm water (7 teaspoons). Gelatin must be poured with water in advance and wait until it swells.We turn aspirin into powder, which we dissolve in water. We combine this solution with gelatinous. Add honey and glycerin to the newly formed mixture. Now we heat all this in a water bath, and then whisk into a homogeneous mass. The resulting product can be kept in the refrigerator for a month. The required amount is heated before use. Apply the mask to the face warm, wash off after 20 minutes. The procedure is carried out every day until a tangible effect: the skin is cleansed, redness and irritation disappear, the tone is evened out.


Aspirin face mask: recipes for problem skin

There are the most recipes with aspirin for skin suffering from various cosmetic problems. Try these masks:

Drying mask. We can say that this is a purely aspirin mask. It has only two ingredients – aspirin (3 tabl.) And warm water (tbsp. Spoon). Grind the tablets and combine with water to get a homogeneous mass. We apply it in separate strokes on problem areas – that is, places where there are acne, irritation and inflammation.After 20 minutes, wash off. The mask dries and cleanses the skin, relieves inflammation and redness, and prevents the spread of infection.

Face mask with aspirin from black dots . Combine three aspirin tablets with two teaspoons of the lotion you use daily. Lubricate the skin, after 15 minutes, wash with warm boiled water. After a while, you will notice that the pores have become smaller, the swelling has decreased, and the overall skin has become clearer. The mask also works as a preventative against breakouts.

With chloramphenicol. We need 2 aspirin and 3 levomycetin tablets, a bottle of calendula tincture (sold at the pharmacy). Tablets – one and the other – grind and mix with calendula tincture. Apply the mixture to the skin, wash after 20 minutes. Be sure to lubricate your face with a moisturizer or nourishing cream. This mask is a real thunderstorm for acne, various rashes and inflammations. In addition, after its application, the complexion is significantly improved.

With honey, clay and salt.You will need 6 aspirin tablets, a teaspoon each of blue clay, salt, honey and lemon juice. Combine salt with lemon juice. Strain the solution through cheesecloth to separate the sediment. Add aspirin, stir in clay and add honey. Apply the mask, rinse off after 15 minutes. An excellent remedy for acne and inflammation. The face after its application is cleansed, it becomes fresh and smooth.


Aspirin face mask: recipes for combination skin

Another recipe for face mask with aspirin and clay .An additional component in it is coffee. Prepare aspirin (4 tablets), white clay powder (2 tablespoons), a teaspoon of ground coffee and mineral water. Grind the tablets, mix with clay and coffee. Dilute the mixture with water to make a not too runny gruel. Apply it all over your face while massaging your skin. Wash your face after 20 minutes. The mask has a cleansing effect, perfectly nourishes and smoothes the skin, and helps to narrow the pores.

With honey and cinnamon. We take aspirin tablets (4 pieces) and dissolve them in a tablespoon of warm water.Add honey (half a teaspoon) and cinnamon (a quarter teaspoon). We lubricate the face with the resulting composition. We wait 15 minutes and wash off. If you are allergic to honey, use olive oil instead. This mask copes well with acne, generally cleanses and brightens the skin.

With oatmeal. This mask is suitable for those with dry and sensitive skin. It gently cleanses, nourishes and softens it, relieves inflammation and irritation. Prepare aspirin (4 tablets), oatmeal (tablespoon) and kefir (2 tablespoons).Flakes and tablets must be crushed and poured with kefir. Lubricate the face with the resulting mass and rest for 15 minutes. Remove the mask with a piece of cotton wool dipped in mineral water or soda solution (dissolve a tablespoon of soda in a liter of water).

With yogurt, applesauce and anti-wrinkle vitamins. You will need aspirin (1 tab.), Applesauce (tablespoon), yogurt (tablespoon) and an oil solution of vitamins A and E (4 drops). Grind the tablet into powder and mix with mashed potatoes, then add yogurt and vitamins.Apply the mixture to the skin, wash after 20 minutes. The mask cleanses well, moisturizes and smoothes the skin, relieves it of irritations, and vitamins.

Aspirin masks are an excellent alternative to expensive salon procedures with a similar effect.

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90,000 remedies with acetylsalicylic acid for acne, reviews of aspirin mask

Representatives of the fair sex at all times have done everything possible and impossible to keep their youth longer, to make their face white and smooth, and the skin soft and velvety without rashes and irritations.For this, the most varied and sometimes unexpected means were used. Such a tool was a face mask with the addition of aspirin to it. Everyone knows this medicine as an excellent antipyretic drug, but few considered it as a cosmetic one. An unusual, but very strong effect of its positive effect on the skin is achieved due to its specific properties. Many girls who have tried aspirin for cosmetic purposes have already appreciated the effect of this substance.

Properties

Acetylsalicylic acid (aka aspirin) first appeared in 1838, and was registered as a medicinal product in 1897.The homeland of this tool is Germany. Bayer AG is the sovereign owner of the Aspirin name. Its mass production began in 1899, and its recipe has remained unchanged to this day.

Initially, the form of release of the drug was a powder, but today we are familiar with it in tablet form.

Aspirin is a cheap, well-known and very popular product that has a natural, natural composition based on the bark of willow trees.Surely it can be found in any home medicine cabinet, since it is used for pain relief, to reduce the heat of the body, to reduce blood clots in blood vessels and as a drug that reduces the risk of formation and development of cancer. In addition, it is prescribed for rheumatism, severe pain, fever. With acetylsalicylic acid, many housewives make homemade preparations for the winter, using it as a preservative.

The cosmetic properties of aspirin are most clearly manifested in the regulation of the work of the sebaceous glands and perspiration, due to which redness and irritation of the skin, and acne diminish and soon completely disappear.This is achieved by increasing the flow of blood to the upper layers of the skin, since in this case it is fully nourished with vitamins and useful components. With constant external use of aspirin, the epidermis heals , thanks to the strong antibacterial effect pores tighten, the face looks younger and fresher . That is why the acetylsalicylic acid mask is very popular in home cosmetics for skin care.

Effects on skin

Aspirin is widely used in modern life due to its beneficial properties.But it is worth distinguishing between store and home remedies. Just about home cosmetology and the use of acetylsalicylic acid in it will be discussed further. After all, you can hardly find the same effective drug among the wide range of beauty products in the store.

Of course, now you can remember that it is easy to find masks for the skin of the face on sale, which contain salicylic acid. In fact, this is the same component. But not really. The composition of such store goods meets a strict recipe, where each component is present in a certain proportion.As a rule, there is very little salicylic acid in them, no more than 10-15% (when it comes to cleansers), and no more than 40% in peels and scrubs. In addition, the composition contains other components that reduce the effects of acid on the skin.

As for the composition of aspirin itself, it is incorrect to say that it contains salicylic acid. This is a salicylic ester of acetic acid, which has a completely different composition and effect on the dermis.

Aspirin face mask is very effective, which can be explained by the following parameters:

• Direct action on the site of inflammation. Inflammation occurs due to the overly active action of hyaluronidase. The active component of the mask reduces its activity, reduces the access of blood in the vessels to the base of inflammation.
• Reduction of pain sensations. Acetylsalicylic acid reduces the sensitivity of pain points, so that relief is immediately felt.

Due to its antibacterial properties, aspirin face masks are very effective against acne, pimples and breakouts. . But rejuvenation is rather a myth that appeared due to the cleansing and healing of the outer layer of the epidermis, making it smooth and tender. The action of the face mask with acetylsalicylic acid will not eliminate all skin problems the first time, but with constant use, they practically disappear, at the same time eliminating the fat content.

By applying the ready-made composition, you will immediately feel the effect of a light peeling. After this home procedure, you should not immediately go for a walk, especially if the day is sunny. Pre-apply a protective cream on your face to avoid the negative effects of UV rays. Also positive actions after application will be:

• cleansing of all layers of the dermis;
• removal of dead cells;
• Getting rid of acne and comedones;
• Cleansing and shrinking pores;
• getting rid of fine wrinkles;
• elimination of edema and irritation;
• Whitening of the epidermis;
• maintaining moisture balance;
• light skin tightening.

Indications and contraindications

When using any product, especially face masks, it is important to take into account all the nuances: skin type, time of application, care after application, and especially the components included in the composition.If used incorrectly or if technology is violated, the effect will be exactly the opposite of what was expected.

Before using an acetylsalicylic mask, you should definitely visit a specialist – beautician or dermatologist. This is extremely important, as the doctor will help you determine what type of skin your type is, whether it is worth including any special components in the mask and if there are any contraindications for use.

Most often, a remedy with aspirin is prescribed for women who have oily dermis, or they have frequent rashes and comedones.The constant use of cosmetic preparations containing acetylsalicylic acid in their composition will help to achieve the desired effect. Masks that help restore and maintain the moisture balance of the epidermis are especially popular.

Indications for using aspirin masks:

• for the treatment of acne, inflammation, pimples;
• normalization of the intercellular space;
• strengthening of the walls of blood vessels;
• getting rid of blackheads and allergic reactions;
• improvement of skin color;
• elimination of oily unhealthy shine;
• restoration of the structure and elasticity of the epidermis.

The acne treatment effect is achieved through the inflammation-fighting properties of aspirin. You will see noticeable results within a few hours after application. But there is no therapeutic effect on the inflammation focus itself, therefore, if the rash is caused by allergies or bacteria, then the mask will have a temporary effect, since it will eliminate the symptoms, and not the cause.

• Improving skin color;
• elimination of oily unhealthy shine;
• restoration of the structure and elasticity of the epidermis.

Clogged pores are cleared by removing the upper dead layer of the epidermis. Aspirin works like an exfoliating agent, removing sebum and dead cells, thereby opening access to the pores.

You can get rid of acne without visiting beauty salons, but by doing the necessary procedure at home.The mask, due to the acid content, dissolves dark spots. The effect will be temporary, and after a few days the points will return to their places. This is due to the uncontrolled work of the sebaceous glands. With indications for use, everything is more or less clear. Now let’s move on to contraindications.

It is categorically not recommended to use an aspirin mask in the following cases:

• presence of allergy to acetylsalicylic acid;
• pregnancy and lactation;
• dilated vessels and capillaries;
• fresh wounds, burns, abrasions on the face;
• sensitive, too dry or very thin skin;
• bronchitis;
• tanned leather;
• rehabilitation period after surgery;
• period after hair removal;
• dryness appearing after the first application of the mask.

Since acetylsalicylic acid has the ability to dry out the dermis, it can deplete cells. It is recommended to moisturize the skin with lotion or tonic after applying such a product.

Also, frequent use is fraught with the fact that vascular network may develop. To prevent this, it is necessary to change the components of the masks.

Features of preparation and use

Each product has its own characteristics when preparing or using.For a cosmetic home procedure, you need the simplest cheapest acetylsalicylic acid from the pharmacy. Never use fizzy, expensive aspirin. Additional substances included in its composition can reduce the effect of the action.

Prepare your face for applying the mask – wash off your makeup, wash your face with a cleanser. If possible, steam the skin.

Never apply the newly made composition directly to your face! First check how he behaves.To do this, a small amount of the mixture must be applied to the wrist or elbow bend. After a quarter of an hour, check for redness or discomfort. In the absence of the latter, you can safely apply the composition on the face, but not on the thin skin around the eyes, pay special attention to problem areas. Exposure time – from three to twenty minutes. Chemical burns may occur if overexposed.

If the reaction of the skin of the face to the acetylsalicylic mask is expressed by itching, discomfort or the desire to scratch – wash off the mixture immediately and do not use the medicine for cosmetic purposes in the future.

It is better to use the composition with aspirin before bedtime, because during the night period the dermis will calm down, and in the morning you will see the result; and at night, the skin is not exposed to harmful ultraviolet radiation. Do not store the remainder of the product, as it will lose its properties. If you do not take into account the peculiarities of your skin type, for example, if you apply a mask to a dry or sensitive dermis, then you can only worsen its condition.

Such masks should not be used frequently. Apply them once or twice a week, changing the components of the composition, otherwise you can dry out the epidermis. But in any case, do not break the recipe.

See below for some video tips for preparing and applying the mask.

The best recipes at home

Home cosmetology is good because you can prepare almost any product if you know the recipe and strictly observe the proportions of all its components.Absolutely any problem with the epidermis can be solved by knowing what to add to the composition and what to exclude. Consider the most common masks and their effects.

• Honey mask that cleans and strengthens the walls of blood vessels. After application, slight redness may be observed, which disappears in an hour. For the mask, dissolve 22 grams of potato starch in heated water, grind 2-3 aspirin tablets into powder, melt 25 grams of honey in a water bath and pour 16 ml of sea buckthorn oil into it.Mix all the ingredients and apply to already clean skin. Keep it on for no more than 12 minutes, then wash off with warm water. Apply moisturizer.
• Mineral mask for acne, drying rashes, eliminating irritation, normalizing the sebaceous glands. Dissolve 3 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, 17 g of white or pink clay in a small amount of mineral water, then add 20 ml of low-fat unsweetened yogurt (no additives).Pre-clean the skin and steam it a little. Apply the mask evenly, avoiding the eye area. When the mixture dries, remove it with cool water, or better with a nettle decoction. Acetylsalicylic acid against acne can also be used in another way: dissolve the tablet to a thick sour cream, apply directly to acne for the whole night, rinse in the morning.
• Aspirin anti-wrinkle mask – a rejuvenating and toning mixture that accelerates the regeneration of epidermal cells.As a result, fine wrinkles are smoothed out, and deep ones are visibly reduced. Dissolve 15 g of gelatin in herbal infusion, heat slightly. Add 2 aspirin tablets and pour in 6 ml of walnut oil. Stir well until smooth. Apply the mask in several layers to cleansed skin. In 15-20 minutes it will become a film that is easy to remove. After removing the mask, apply the nourishing agent.
• Mask for oily skin has an antibacterial effect, cleanses and revitalizes the dermis, normalizes intercellular interaction.Pour 12 grams of oat bran with slightly warmed milk. Grate 15 grams of orange zest on a fine grater and grind together with 2 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid in a mortar. Mix all ingredients. Apply the mask in a circular massage shortly before bedtime. It should be kept for 8 minutes, rinsed, then apply a nourishing night cream.
• Mask with lemon whitens and restores the general tone of the dermis, eliminates inflammation, suitable for mature skin. Add 3 aspirin tablets, 15 grams of crushed lemon zest, one drop of geranium and rosewood essential oils, 12 ml of cocoa butter, a tablespoon of vegetable oil to carbonated mineral water.Stir until smooth and apply in a thin layer on the face. Keep it on for 10 minutes, remove it with strong green tea, then apply a nourishing cream to your face.
• Soda cleaner perfectly cleanses the dermis, lightens freckles and spots. At the first stage, grind 5-6 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, pour in one and a half teaspoons of lemon juice and the same amount of baking soda, 2 teaspoons of dark honey.The finished mask should be applied to cleansed skin, without touching the area around the eyes and lips. Leave on for 15-20 minutes, massage the skin a little, and then rinse with warm water. At the second stage, dilute the baking soda to the consistency of thick sour cream and apply on the skin for 15 minutes, then rinse thoroughly.
• The acne remover will cleanse the pores of dirt, eliminate the secretions of the sebaceous glands, and even out the skin tone. Grind 2 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid and chloramphenicol, add dried saffron.Dissolve the mixture in slightly warmed calendula broth. The composition should be applied to the face in a thin layer, paying special attention to the areas of the rash. The procedure should be repeated once a week.
• Sour cream mask perfectly whitens the epidermis. Grind one aspirin tablet together with fresh parsley until a homogeneous gruel is obtained. Mix the resulting composition with 35 grams of sour cream with a fat content of 15-20%. Spread the mixture on previously cleansed skin, and after the mask is completely absorbed, wash your face with warm water or herbal decoction.
• Mask against blackheads cleans closed and open pores, evens out the skin tone of the face. Dissolve 3 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid in 30 ml of serum, mix until smooth. Add 20 grams of rice flour and a drop of essential coriander oil. Stir until smooth to avoid lumps and debris. Apply to face with gentle massage movements. After 15 minutes, when the product dries up, rinse with a sponge soaked in warm water.After 2-3 hours after the procedure, apply a moisturizer.
• Universal mask is perfect for any skin type, deeply cleanses the lower layers of the epidermis, brightens, eliminates acne and inflammation. Crush 4 aspirin tablets and dilute with water to a thick sour cream consistency. Add half a teaspoon of liquid honey and a quarter teaspoon of cinnamon. Those who are intolerant to honey should replace it with vegetable oil in the same amount. The resulting composition must be applied to the dermis of the face and kept for no more than 10 minutes.Then rinse everything off with warm water.

Any prepared mask is quite effective, but it also has some negative nuances. Do not overexpose the composition on the skin for more than a certain time. You should also not abuse and apply the mask very often, it is better to do this no more than one or two times a week.

Acetylsalicylic acid dries out the epidermis, may increase its sensitivity or lead to the formation of a vascular network.At the same time, it removes dead cells.

Reviews

Those representatives of the fair sex who have at least once tried a home remedy for the face based on acetylsalicylic acid can no longer imagine themselves without it for facial skin care. Girls who are actively fighting acne and pimples note that after applying aspirin masks, all inflammations disappear right before our eyes, the skin of the face becomes fresher, whiter and happy with health.

Women who have reached adulthood recommend care using this drug to their girlfriends, since the upper layer of the epidermis heals, becomes softer and smoother. Some young ladies believed that acetylsalicylic acid is exclusively a medicine aimed at relieving pain and fever. Imagine their surprise when they tried it in home cosmetology: everyone noticed the effective smoothing of wrinkles and smoothing of the facial relief.

Ladies who fought against freckles and excessive pigmentation of the skin of the face, noted that after trying a certain special composition, the spots became not so bright and gradually began to disappear. Women-lovers of beauty salon procedures were amazed that when carrying out the procedure at home, the achieved effect was in no way inferior to the result after a salon session performed using the most modern expensive means.

Almost all the fair sex recommended their friends to try at least once a mask based on acetylsalicylic acid and focused on the precise execution of the recipe so that there would be no discomfort and irritation. In home cosmetology, simple and generally available products are used. Aspirin has an antibacterial effect and eliminates almost all epidermal problems.

Competent home care will allow you to achieve brilliant results without high costs, as our next video confirms.

How to use aspirin for skin and hair – Rambler / news

The most ordinary aspirin will help not only to get rid of headaches and fever. There are many recipes for how to use aspirin for skin and hair, a cheap drug will relieve many of the pressing problems. These are the best ways to apply aspirin to your face and other beauty recipes.

Aspirin against acne

The salicylic acid in aspirin is also a component of many products for problem skin. If you crush a few tablets and dissolve them in a little water, you get an aspirin skin mask against acne and acne. The active ingredient removes dead skin, unclogs pores, relieves inflammation, and removes excess oil from the skin. The mask is kept on the skin for 15 minutes, then washed off with warm water, you can repeat the procedure every day.

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Aspirin against dandruff

This tool will gently cleanse not only the skin of the face, but the scalp, and also help moisturize. If you add aspirin to your hair shampoo, you get an effective dandruff treatment. For hair aspirin tablets to work, you need to use at least three pieces, apply them with a small amount of shampoo to the scalp and do not rinse for at least ten minutes.

Aspirin for hair beauty

Good reviews about aspirin for hair extend not only to the treatment of dandruff.The use of a hair mask with aspirin compensates for the negative effects of chlorinated water, the hair ceases to be dull and coarse. The frequency of using aspirin for hair is 2-3 times a week. Aspirin tablets are ground into powder, diluted with water to a paste and applied to the hair along the entire length for 15 minutes.

Aspirin for Calluses

The exfoliating and moisturizing properties of aspirin are useful against calluses. Before using crushed aspirin for the skin of the legs, dilute it with water and lemon juice in equal proportions.The paste is applied to the corns, after 15 minutes it is washed off with warm water, you can repeat the procedure every day.

To enhance the effect, the corn should be steamed before applying aspirin.

Aspirin for Ingrown Hair

Cleansing of dead cells and antibacterial effect make aspirin an effective remedy for ingrown hairs. This problem is familiar to those who use wax or sugar depilation. Aspirin for ingrown hairs includes several crushed tablets, some warm water for viscosity, and a teaspoon of honey.The product is applied to the skin, washed off after 15 minutes with water and a soft washcloth, can be used twice a week.

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90,000 5 Best Aspirin Masks to Get Rid of Acne – 1000 Secrets

Acne is a common problem for many. It is often difficult to get rid of skin rashes even with the right treatment.But there are also home remedies that can work wonders.

Acne – the so-called acne, inflamed acne – is best treated at an early stage to avoid scarring. When the skin is clear, it takes several years for the skin to regenerate.

There are many reasons for acne. These are hormonal changes in adolescence, and excess sebum, and unhealthy diet and lifestyle, and seasonal changes. To combat acne, women often find cosmetic products that are recommended for this very purpose, but do not give effective results.

There are also folk methods that give good results. One of these drugs is aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid. This is a well-known medicine for a long time, it is used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory agent, and in small doses – for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

These tablets can also be used as a home cosmetic product. Aspirin acts as a mild peeling, reduces sebum secretion, relieves inflammation. Here are some masks that contain aspirin.You can try them at home to get rid of acne and get glowing and healthy skin.

Acne masks with aspirin

1.Creative honey mask with aspirin

Cottage cheese and honey soften the effect of acetylsalicylic acid, help normalize sebum secretion, enhance skin regeneration and make it smoother and more elastic. Crush two aspirin tablets, add a tablespoon of low-fat cottage cheese and some honey. Mix everything and prepare a thick paste.Apply this mask all over your face in all acne areas. You can leave this mask for half an hour, but not more, and then rinse it off with warm water. The combined effects of cottage cheese, honey and aspirin will help get rid of acne quickly.

2. Banana mask with aspirin

Bananas are rich in minerals that provide the skin with the necessary nutrition, leaving it radiant and youthful. Banana Aspirin Mask helps clear acne and quickly removes blemishes and bumps from acne.To prepare a banana mask, you need to mash a half of a banana with 2-3 aspirin tablets. Prepare a thick paste and apply it all over your face. Leave it on for half an hour and rinse it off with cool water. Even after the first use, the skin will become softer and smoother.

3.Mask with aspirin and tea tree oil

Tea tree oil has numerous healing properties, making it a very useful ingredient in many face masks. This amazing oil prevents the skin from becoming oily and sticky, it dries acne, cleanses the skin.Crush two aspirin tablets into a fine powder and mix the powder with tea tree oil. Add oil drop by drop to form a thick paste. Apply this paste to problem areas of the face and let it “work” for 30 minutes. After the mixture is dry, rinse your face. This mask will provide silky skin and quickly relieve inflamed acne.

4. Mask with aloe and aspirin

Aloe juice is widely used for skin and hair care. Aloe has many health benefits, and acne fighting is one of them.Raw aloe juice has antioxidant properties, making it a valuable acne treatment. Squeeze the juice out of the plant and mix it with aspirin powder. Usually take a teaspoon of juice for 2 tablets of acetylsalicylic acid. Apply this mask to your face and let it work for 30 minutes. In addition to fighting acne, aloe vera mask will leave your skin smooth and radiant. Use this mask once a week to get rid of acne for a long time.

5. Mask with lemon and aspirin

Lemon juice is often used to treat various types of skin problems such as acne, age spots, increased sebum production.This amazing ingredient can also heal acne. To prepare the mask, take 2-3 aspirin tablets and mix it with 1 spoonful of lemon juice. Prepare a medium-thick paste and apply it to your face. It is not recommended to keep such a mask for a long time, you need to wash it off after 15-20 minutes. This mask will get rid of blackheads and give you an even and fair skin tone.

Precautions and contraindications

Acetylsalicylic acid causes allergic reactions in some people. If you have never taken aspirin for fever, then it is worth trying the effect on a small area of ​​the skin.

Do not apply an aspirin mask if there are scratches, cuts or other fresh damage to the skin. If the skin of the face is dry and sensitive, then the first time it is better to try to apply the mask for a very short time – 5-10 minutes will be enough.

Face mask with aspirin

Facial masks are facial skin care options that involve the application of a specific composition of substances. As a rule, in most cases they are done without leaving home, which does not take away the popularity of this procedure in beauty salons.Face masks are a “feeding” for our skin. The fact is that they are much better absorbed, have a large amount of active substances and bring a more tangible effect than a daily, very effective cream. At a young age, you can still do without a mask, but after 30 – this should become the norm.

Among all other recipes, one of the first places is occupied by an aspirin face mask, which is really effective. Everyone has an aspirin tablet at home, and almost everyone has it in their cosmetic bag.It saves from pain, helps with colds, is necessary on critical days. It is based on acetylsalicylic acid, a common ingredient in facial skin products. This is why an aspirin mask is so beneficial.

The preparation narrows pores, cleanses the skin, reduces oily sheen. Plus, it is known for its ability to relieve skin inflammation. Also an irreplaceable helper for swollen, irritated skin. Recommended for both adolescents and people with problem skin, with acne.

It must be remembered that aspirin may not interact with every ingredient.Therefore, you cannot deviate a single step from the recipe. The mask stays on the face for no more than 10-15 minutes, and when the burning sensation begins, “rejuvenation” should be stopped immediately. A side effect can occur in those who suffer from allergic reactions, who have fresh wounds or cuts, as well as in pregnant women.

The most versatile recipes:

Crush 3 aspirin tablets, add a few drops of water to make a gruel. Add a spoonful of honey to the gruel. Stir the resulting mixture and massage onto the face, more on the affected skin.Hold for 10 minutes, and wash with lukewarm water.

Aspirin (6-12 tablets) dissolve in lemon juice, just do not turn into a paste. Apply to skin. Keep 10 minutes. This time we dilute soda in warm water. Then we wash off the mask from the skin with this water.

Crush aspirin, stir in water.