Average length of flu. Average Flu Duration: Understanding the Typical Course and Recovery Timeline

26.06.202309.06.2023 by alexxlab

How long does influenza typically last. What are the common symptoms of the flu. When should you seek medical attention for flu symptoms. How can you differentiate between flu and COVID-19. What are effective ways to prevent getting the flu.

Содержание

Understanding Influenza: A Highly Contagious Respiratory Infection

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. This seasonal illness can cause severe complications and poses a significant health risk to people of all ages. The flu virus typically spreads through airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes of infected individuals.

In Australia, flu season usually occurs between April and September, with varying severity and duration each year. During peak seasons, influenza can contribute to over 3,300 deaths in the country. It’s important to note that even healthy individuals can succumb to severe flu complications.

High-Risk Groups for Flu Complications

Young children
Elderly individuals
Pregnant women
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
People with weakened immune systems
Individuals with chronic medical conditions

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues into its fourth year in Australia, seasonal flu activity is expected to persist, especially with open borders and increased travel. Vaccination remains crucial in protecting oneself and others from influenza.

Recognizing Flu Symptoms: Key Indicators of Infection

Identifying flu symptoms early can help in seeking timely treatment and preventing the spread of the virus. What are the most common symptoms of influenza? The primary indicators include:

Sudden onset of high fever (38Â°C or higher)
Dry cough
Body aches, particularly in the head, lower back, and legs
Extreme weakness and fatigue

Additional symptoms may include:

Chills
Aching behind the eyes
Loss of appetite
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose

The likelihood of having the flu increases if you’ve been in contact with someone who already has the virus. However, a definitive diagnosis can only be made by a healthcare professional through a nose or throat swab test.

Flu vs. COVID-19: Navigating Similar Symptoms

Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it’s crucial to differentiate between flu and COVID-19 symptoms. How can you tell them apart? While both illnesses share many similarities, there are some key differences to watch for:

COVID-19 Specific Symptoms

Loss or change in sense of smell or taste
Shortness of breath

If you experience flu-like symptoms, it’s advisable to contact the COVID-19 hotline or your general practitioner to determine if COVID-19 testing is necessary. This precaution helps in proper diagnosis and prevents the spread of either virus.

The Typical Course of Influenza: A Day-by-Day Breakdown

Understanding the progression of flu symptoms can help in managing the illness effectively. How does the flu typically evolve over time? Here’s a general timeline:

Days 1-3

The onset of flu is often abrupt, characterized by:

Sudden fever
Headache
Muscle pain and weakness
Dry cough
Sore throat
Possible stuffy nose

Day 4

As the illness progresses:

Fever and muscle aches begin to subside
Throat symptoms become more pronounced
Cough may intensify
Mild chest discomfort might develop
Fatigue becomes more noticeable

Day 8 and Beyond

Entering the recovery phase:

Most symptoms start to diminish
Cough and fatigue may persist for 1-2 weeks or longer

It’s important to note that this timeline can vary from person to person, and some individuals may experience a longer recovery period.

Potential Complications: When Flu Becomes Serious

While many people recover from the flu without complications, in some cases, severe illness can develop. What are the potential serious outcomes of influenza? Complications may include:

Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Exacerbation of existing medical conditions

These complications can lead to hospitalization and, in severe cases, may be life-threatening. Certain groups are at higher risk of developing serious flu-related complications:

Children under 5 years old
Adults 65 years and older
Pregnant women
People with chronic medical conditions
Individuals with compromised immune systems

For these high-risk groups, flu vaccination is particularly important and is often provided free of charge under national immunization programs.

Flu Prevention Strategies: Protecting Yourself and Others

Preventing the flu is crucial for individual and public health. What are the most effective ways to avoid getting influenza? Here are key prevention strategies:

Annual Flu Vaccination

Getting vaccinated against the flu each year is recommended for everyone aged 6 months and older. While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine significantly reduces the risk of infection and can lessen symptom severity if you do get sick.

Hygiene Practices

Wear a face mask in crowded or high-risk areas
Practice good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently
Use hand sanitizer when soap and water aren’t available
Avoid touching your face, especially your mouth, nose, and eyes

Social Distancing

During flu season, maintain a safe distance from others, especially those who appear to be ill. This helps reduce the risk of exposure to the virus.

Healthy Lifestyle

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can boost your immune system, making you more resistant to infections. This includes:

Getting adequate sleep
Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Staying physically active
Managing stress

Seeking Medical Attention: When to Consult a Doctor

While most healthy individuals can manage flu symptoms at home, certain situations warrant medical attention. When should you see a doctor for flu symptoms? Consider seeking medical care if:

You belong to a high-risk group (as mentioned earlier)
Your symptoms are severe or worsening
You experience difficulty breathing
You have a persistent high fever
You feel chest pain or pressure
You become confused or disoriented

For those in high-risk categories, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider as soon as flu-like symptoms appear. Early intervention can help prevent complications and ensure proper management of the illness.

Home Care for Flu: Managing Symptoms Effectively

For most people, managing flu symptoms at home is sufficient. How can you care for yourself or a family member with the flu? Here are some effective home care strategies:

Rest and Hydration

Getting plenty of rest allows your body to focus its energy on fighting the virus. Stay hydrated by drinking water, herbal teas, and clear broths to replace fluids lost through fever and respiratory secretions.

Over-the-Counter Medications

Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help reduce fever and alleviate body aches
Decongestants may provide relief from nasal congestion
Cough suppressants can help manage persistent coughs

Always follow the recommended dosage and consult a pharmacist or doctor if you’re unsure about which medications to take.

Humidify the Air

Using a humidifier can add moisture to the air, helping to ease congestion and soothe irritated nasal passages.

Proper Nutrition

While you may not feel like eating, try to consume nutrient-rich foods and stay hydrated. Soups, smoothies, and easily digestible foods can provide necessary nutrients without taxing your digestive system.

Isolation

To prevent spreading the virus to others, stay home and avoid close contact with family members or roommates. If possible, use a separate bathroom and bedroom until you’re no longer contagious.

By following these home care strategies, most people can manage their flu symptoms effectively and recover within a week or two. However, it’s important to monitor your condition closely and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist beyond the typical recovery period.

The Impact of Flu on Public Health and Economy

The flu’s impact extends beyond individual health, affecting communities and economies on a larger scale. How does influenza impact society as a whole? Let’s explore the broader implications:

Public Health Burden

Seasonal flu outbreaks can put significant strain on healthcare systems. During peak flu seasons, hospitals and clinics may experience:

Increased patient admissions
Longer wait times for medical care
Shortages of medical supplies and personnel

This surge in demand can potentially compromise the quality of care for both flu patients and those with other medical conditions.

Economic Impact

The flu’s economic toll is substantial, stemming from various factors:

Lost productivity due to sick days
Decreased consumer spending as people stay home
Increased healthcare costs for individuals and healthcare systems
Burden on businesses due to employee absenteeism

According to some estimates, the annual economic burden of influenza in the United States alone can exceed $10 billion in direct medical costs, with additional indirect costs reaching much higher.

School Absenteeism

Flu outbreaks can lead to increased absenteeism in schools, disrupting education and potentially affecting academic performance. In severe cases, schools may need to close temporarily to prevent further spread of the virus.

Vulnerable Populations

The flu disproportionately affects certain groups, exacerbating existing health disparities. This includes:

Elderly individuals in nursing homes
People with chronic health conditions
Low-income communities with limited access to healthcare

Protecting these vulnerable populations becomes a critical public health priority during flu seasons.

Global Travel and Spread

In our interconnected world, flu viruses can spread rapidly across borders. International travel can facilitate the quick global dissemination of new flu strains, potentially leading to pandemics.

Understanding these broader impacts underscores the importance of comprehensive flu prevention strategies, including vaccination programs, public health education, and robust healthcare infrastructure. By addressing influenza at both individual and societal levels, we can mitigate its far-reaching effects and build more resilient communities.

Advancements in Flu Research and Treatment

The field of influenza research is constantly evolving, with scientists and medical professionals working tirelessly to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment methods. What are some recent advancements in flu research and treatment? Let’s explore the cutting-edge developments:

Universal Flu Vaccine Development

Researchers are making progress towards creating a universal flu vaccine that could provide protection against multiple strains of the virus. This could potentially eliminate the need for annual flu shots and offer broader, long-lasting immunity.

Improved Diagnostic Tools

New rapid diagnostic tests are being developed to quickly and accurately identify flu strains. These advancements can lead to faster diagnosis and more targeted treatment approaches.

Antiviral Medications

Scientists continue to work on new antiviral drugs to combat influenza. Some recent developments include:

Medications that target different stages of the virus’s life cycle
Combination therapies that may be more effective against resistant strains
Novel delivery methods for existing antivirals to improve efficacy

Gene Editing Technology

Researchers are exploring the potential of gene editing tools like CRISPR to develop new strategies for preventing and treating flu infections.

AI and Big Data in Flu Prediction

Artificial intelligence and big data analytics are being employed to predict flu outbreaks more accurately. This can help public health officials prepare and allocate resources more effectively.

Nasal Spray Vaccines

Efforts are ongoing to improve nasal spray flu vaccines, which can be particularly beneficial for children and those who prefer needle-free options.

These advancements offer hope for more effective flu prevention and treatment in the future. As research progresses, we may see significant improvements in our ability to combat influenza and reduce its impact on global health.

The Role of Community in Flu Prevention

While individual actions are crucial in preventing the spread of influenza, community efforts play an equally important role. How can communities work together to reduce the impact of flu seasons? Let’s explore some effective community-based strategies:

Public Health Education Campaigns

Communities can organize and participate in educational initiatives to raise awareness about flu prevention, symptoms, and treatment. This might include:

School-based programs teaching proper hygiene practices
Workplace seminars on flu prevention
Community health fairs offering flu-related information and resources

Vaccination Drives

Organizing community-wide vaccination events can increase accessibility and encourage more people to get their annual flu shots. These could be held at:

Community centers
Schools
Places of worship
Local businesses

Support Networks for Vulnerable Populations

Communities can establish support systems to assist those at higher risk during flu seasons. This might involve:

Volunteer programs to help elderly neighbors with errands
Meal delivery services for those unable to leave home
Check-in systems for individuals living alone

Workplace Policies

Employers can implement flu-friendly policies to prevent the spread of illness in the workplace:

Encouraging sick employees to stay home
Providing hand sanitizer and tissues in common areas
Offering flexible work arrangements during flu seasons

Community Hygiene Initiatives

Local governments and organizations can promote community-wide hygiene practices:

Influenza (flu) – Better Health Channel

What is influenza (flu)?

Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). It affects people of all ages. The flu is usually spread by breathing in droplets from coughs and sneezes that contain the virus.

The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. Flu seasons vary in severity and duration from year to year. In a year of high influenza activity, it is estimated that the flu can contribute to more than 3,300 deaths in Australia.

Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. Some Victorians are at increased risk of serious disease and complications of flu, like young children, the elderly, pregnant women, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and people with a weakened immune system or a chronic medical condition.

During 2023, amidst the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, continued seasonal flu activity is anticipated as borders remain open and interstate and international travel increases.

Vaccination is key to protecting yourself and those around you from the flu.

Symptoms of the flu

The most common symptoms of the flu are:

sudden appearance of a high fever (38°C or more)
a dry cough
body aches (especially in the head, lower back and legs)
feeling extremely weak and tired (and not wanting to get out of bed).

Other symptoms can be:

chills
aching behind the eyes
loss of appetite
sore throat
runny or stuffy nose.

Having the flu is even more likely if you have been in contact with someone who already has it.

Diagnosing the flu

Flu and other kinds of viruses can only be confirmed by a doctor after a nose or throat swab has returned positive results.

Difference between the flu and COVID-19

The symptoms of COVID-19External Link and the flu can be similar.

If you are unwell with flu-like symptoms, contact the COVID-19External Link hotline on 1800 675 398 (24 hours, 7 days a week) or your GP to check if you require COVID-19 testing.

The symptoms of COVID-19 to watch out for are:

loss or change in sense of smell or taste
fever
chills or sweats
cough
sore throat
shortness of breath
runny nose.

Some people may also experience headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

What to expect with the flu

Symptoms of the flu can hit very quickly and may last several weeks. A bout of the flu typically follows this pattern:

Days 1–3: Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes a stuffy nose.
Day 4: Fever and muscle aches decrease. Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable. You may feel tired or flat.
Day 8: Symptoms decrease. Cough and tiredness may last one to two weeks or more.

What about flu complications?

In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. This can result in hospitalisation and even death.

The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse.

In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for people with a higher risk of severe complications associated with the flu:

all children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
pregnant women – at any stage of pregnancy
people 65 years and over
people aged 6 months and older with medical conditions putting them at higher risk of severe flu and its complications:
- cardiac disease
- chronic respiratory conditions
- chronic neurological conditions
- immunocompromising conditions
- diabetes and other metabolic disorders
- renal disease
- haematological disorders
- children aged 6 months to 10 years on long term aspirin therapy.

Speak to your immunisation provider to see if you meet the eligibility for free flu vaccine.

How can I avoid getting the flu?

Getting a flu vaccine every year is recommended for everyone aged 6 months or older. People in the above groups are eligible for free flu vaccination each year under the National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link.

While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine provides a high level of protection and can reduce symptoms in those still getting sick.

COVID-19 vaccinesExternal Link can be co-administered (that is, given on the same day, one after the other) with a flu vaccineExternal Link. Speak to your immunisation provider for advice about COVID-19 and flu vaccines for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

Wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help to reduce your chances of catching the flu or passing it on to others.

I think I have the flu – should I see a doctor?

Anyone at a higher risk of serious illness with flu-like symptoms should see their doctor as soon as possible.

Most people who are generally healthy won’t need to see their doctor for the flu. As symptoms of the flu are similar to COVID-19, talk to your doctor about testing for COVID-19 infection.

If you have the flu, try to rest, maintain a good fluid intake, and manage your symptoms. This will help you recover and prevent dehydration. Your immune system will fight the infection and symptoms will usually clear up on their own.

If you do need to see a GP for your symptoms, make sure you call ahead first so they can make sure there’s no one in an at-risk group around when you have your appointment.

When to seek medical attention

See your doctor if you have any concerns or are in a high-risk group for severe infection. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

difficulty breathing
chest pain
sudden dizziness
confusion
severe vomiting
fever with a rash.

How can I avoid giving the flu to other people?

It is important we all play our part in helping fight the flu and to protect our health system.

Aside from getting your flu shot, follow these 3 simple steps to stop the spread of the flu:

Step 1 – Cough or sneeze into your elbow

If you feel a cough or sneeze is coming on, make sure to cough or sneeze into your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

Step 2 – Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly

Our hands are one of the top spreaders of viruses. The flu virus is carried in almost invisible droplets from saliva, sneezes, coughs, and runny noses.
Flu viruses can live on surfaces such as lift buttons or handrails for up to 48 hours and are spread when people touch an infected surface.
Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – especially if you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol.

Step 3 – Rest and recover at home

If you are sick, rest at home and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid going out, even to the supermarket, where you risk spreading the virus to others. Wear a mask if you need to go out.
If you start to experience more serious symptoms, seek medical attention.

Looking after yourself when you have the flu

The best things you can do to look after yourself when you have the flu are:

Rest – you will probably feel very weak and tired until your temperature returns to normal (about 3 days). Rest provides comfort and allows your body to use its energy to fight the infection.
Stay at home – stay away from work, school and any places where you may have contact with others, especially while you are contagious. The period during which adults are contagious is usually around 3–5 days from when the first symptoms appear, and up to 7 days in younger children.
Drink plenty of fluids – extra fluids are needed to replace those lost because of the fever (through sweating). If your urine is dark, you need to drink more. Try to drink a glass of fluids, such as water, every hour while you are awake.

What medications should I take for the flu?

The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken.

Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. These need to be prescribed by your doctor.

Decongestants and simple pain relievers can help you feel better while your body’s immune system fights off the infection.

Tips for buying over-the-counter medications

Follow these tips for buying over-the-counter medication for the flu:

Buy a remedy that treats only one symptom – this way you are not taking any substances you do not need, or that may trigger an adverse reaction.
Read the medication label and check:
- whether the active ingredient treats your symptoms
- possible side effects
- possible interactions with any medications, (including prescription and over-the-counter, medicines (such as vitamins and mineral supplements and herbal medicines)
- whether the medication is safe for you to take if you have any health conditions
If you are unsure if a medication is suitable for you to take, or if you have any other questions, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. They can suggest a medication that is appropriate and safe for you to take.

Useful tips to aid recovery from the flu

Other useful flu recovery tips include:

Take simple pain-relieving medication (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen), as directed on the packet, to ease muscle pain and bring down your fever (unless your doctor says otherwise).
Never give any medications that contain aspirin to children (under 12 years) unless advised by a doctor. The combination of the flu and aspirin in this age group has been known to cause Reye’s syndromeExternal Link – a very serious condition affecting the nervous system and liver.
Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria. However, your doctor may prescribe them if you develop a bacterial infection on top of the flu.
Gargle with a glass of warm water to ease a sore throat. Sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges also helps.
A hot water bottle or heating pad may help relieve muscle pain. A warm bath may also be soothing.
Use saline nose drops or spray to help soothe or clear a stuffy nose. These decongestants help shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which medication will be the best for you.
Do not smoke – this will irritate your damaged airways.
Try warm, moist air inhalation. Boil a kettle, wait a minute for the water to slightly cool, and carefully empty the hot water into a bowl. Place the bowl on a steady surface, such as a table. Put a towel over your head and inhale the warm air in the bowl for up to 20 minutes. There is no need to add anything to the water. Be careful not to touch the water and keep it out of reach of children.
Ask for help if you live alone or care for others. You may need support until you feel better.
Remember, if you buy medicine at the pharmacy to treat your symptoms (over-the-counter medications), check with the pharmacist to see which one is right for you. Let them know if you have a chronic illness or are taking any other medication.

Where to get help

In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
Your GP (doctor)
NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
Your pharmacist
National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link

Influenza (flu) – Better Health Channel

What is influenza (flu)?

During 2023, amidst the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, continued seasonal flu activity is anticipated as borders remain open and interstate and international travel increases.

Vaccination is key to protecting yourself and those around you from the flu.

Symptoms of the flu

The most common symptoms of the flu are:

sudden appearance of a high fever (38°C or more)
a dry cough
body aches (especially in the head, lower back and legs)
feeling extremely weak and tired (and not wanting to get out of bed).

Other symptoms can be:

chills
aching behind the eyes
loss of appetite
sore throat
runny or stuffy nose.

Having the flu is even more likely if you have been in contact with someone who already has it.

Diagnosing the flu

Flu and other kinds of viruses can only be confirmed by a doctor after a nose or throat swab has returned positive results.

Difference between the flu and COVID-19

The symptoms of COVID-19External Link and the flu can be similar.

If you are unwell with flu-like symptoms, contact the COVID-19External Link hotline on 1800 675 398 (24 hours, 7 days a week) or your GP to check if you require COVID-19 testing.

The symptoms of COVID-19 to watch out for are:

loss or change in sense of smell or taste
fever
chills or sweats
cough
sore throat
shortness of breath
runny nose.

Some people may also experience headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

What to expect with the flu

Symptoms of the flu can hit very quickly and may last several weeks. A bout of the flu typically follows this pattern:

Days 1–3: Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes a stuffy nose.
Day 4: Fever and muscle aches decrease. Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable. You may feel tired or flat.
Day 8: Symptoms decrease. Cough and tiredness may last one to two weeks or more.

What about flu complications?

In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. This can result in hospitalisation and even death.

The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse.

In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for people with a higher risk of severe complications associated with the flu:

all children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
pregnant women – at any stage of pregnancy
people 65 years and over
people aged 6 months and older with medical conditions putting them at higher risk of severe flu and its complications:
- cardiac disease
- chronic respiratory conditions
- chronic neurological conditions
- immunocompromising conditions
- diabetes and other metabolic disorders
- renal disease
- haematological disorders
- children aged 6 months to 10 years on long term aspirin therapy.

Speak to your immunisation provider to see if you meet the eligibility for free flu vaccine.

How can I avoid getting the flu?

While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine provides a high level of protection and can reduce symptoms in those still getting sick.

Wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help to reduce your chances of catching the flu or passing it on to others.

I think I have the flu – should I see a doctor?

Anyone at a higher risk of serious illness with flu-like symptoms should see their doctor as soon as possible.

Most people who are generally healthy won’t need to see their doctor for the flu. As symptoms of the flu are similar to COVID-19, talk to your doctor about testing for COVID-19 infection.

If you do need to see a GP for your symptoms, make sure you call ahead first so they can make sure there’s no one in an at-risk group around when you have your appointment.

When to seek medical attention

See your doctor if you have any concerns or are in a high-risk group for severe infection. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

difficulty breathing
chest pain
sudden dizziness
confusion
severe vomiting
fever with a rash.

How can I avoid giving the flu to other people?

It is important we all play our part in helping fight the flu and to protect our health system.

Aside from getting your flu shot, follow these 3 simple steps to stop the spread of the flu:

Step 1 – Cough or sneeze into your elbow

If you feel a cough or sneeze is coming on, make sure to cough or sneeze into your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

Step 2 – Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly

Our hands are one of the top spreaders of viruses. The flu virus is carried in almost invisible droplets from saliva, sneezes, coughs, and runny noses.
Flu viruses can live on surfaces such as lift buttons or handrails for up to 48 hours and are spread when people touch an infected surface.
Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – especially if you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol.

Step 3 – Rest and recover at home

If you are sick, rest at home and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid going out, even to the supermarket, where you risk spreading the virus to others. Wear a mask if you need to go out.
If you start to experience more serious symptoms, seek medical attention.

Looking after yourself when you have the flu

The best things you can do to look after yourself when you have the flu are:

Rest – you will probably feel very weak and tired until your temperature returns to normal (about 3 days). Rest provides comfort and allows your body to use its energy to fight the infection.
Stay at home – stay away from work, school and any places where you may have contact with others, especially while you are contagious. The period during which adults are contagious is usually around 3–5 days from when the first symptoms appear, and up to 7 days in younger children.
Drink plenty of fluids – extra fluids are needed to replace those lost because of the fever (through sweating). If your urine is dark, you need to drink more. Try to drink a glass of fluids, such as water, every hour while you are awake.

What medications should I take for the flu?

The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken.

Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. These need to be prescribed by your doctor.

Decongestants and simple pain relievers can help you feel better while your body’s immune system fights off the infection.

Tips for buying over-the-counter medications

Follow these tips for buying over-the-counter medication for the flu:

Buy a remedy that treats only one symptom – this way you are not taking any substances you do not need, or that may trigger an adverse reaction.
Read the medication label and check:
- whether the active ingredient treats your symptoms
- possible side effects
- possible interactions with any medications, (including prescription and over-the-counter, medicines (such as vitamins and mineral supplements and herbal medicines)
- whether the medication is safe for you to take if you have any health conditions
If you are unsure if a medication is suitable for you to take, or if you have any other questions, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. They can suggest a medication that is appropriate and safe for you to take.

Useful tips to aid recovery from the flu

Other useful flu recovery tips include:

Take simple pain-relieving medication (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen), as directed on the packet, to ease muscle pain and bring down your fever (unless your doctor says otherwise).
Never give any medications that contain aspirin to children (under 12 years) unless advised by a doctor. The combination of the flu and aspirin in this age group has been known to cause Reye’s syndromeExternal Link – a very serious condition affecting the nervous system and liver.
Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria. However, your doctor may prescribe them if you develop a bacterial infection on top of the flu.
Gargle with a glass of warm water to ease a sore throat. Sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges also helps.
A hot water bottle or heating pad may help relieve muscle pain. A warm bath may also be soothing.
Use saline nose drops or spray to help soothe or clear a stuffy nose. These decongestants help shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which medication will be the best for you.
Do not smoke – this will irritate your damaged airways.
Try warm, moist air inhalation. Boil a kettle, wait a minute for the water to slightly cool, and carefully empty the hot water into a bowl. Place the bowl on a steady surface, such as a table. Put a towel over your head and inhale the warm air in the bowl for up to 20 minutes. There is no need to add anything to the water. Be careful not to touch the water and keep it out of reach of children.
Ask for help if you live alone or care for others. You may need support until you feel better.
Remember, if you buy medicine at the pharmacy to treat your symptoms (over-the-counter medications), check with the pharmacist to see which one is right for you. Let them know if you have a chronic illness or are taking any other medication.

Where to get help

In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
Your GP (doctor)
NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
Your pharmacist
National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link

symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment

The flu can be relatively mild or very severe. At risk are children under five years old (especially under 2 years old), people over 65 years old, pregnant women, as well as those who suffer from chronic diseases, morbid obesity or have a weak immune system.

Contents

What is influenza
Influenza classification
Influenza symptoms
Influenza diagnostics
Influenza treatment
Complications of influenza
Influenza prophylaxis

What is influenza

Influenza is an acute respiratory viral infection provoked by RNA-containing influenza viruses A, B and C. The disease is seasonal in nature and is characterized by severe general intoxication, high body temperature, and catarrhal manifestations.

All influenza viruses are highly variable. First of all, it refers to types A and B. This explains the occurrence of epidemics and also does not allow creating sufficient herd immunity.

Causes of influenza

The source of infection is a sick person who has manifestations of the disease or with an erased form of influenza. The degree of contagiousness is affected by the severity of catarrhal manifestations, as well as the amount of virus in the secretion of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. The most contagious patient is the first 5-6 days from the onset of the disease.

The virus is transmitted through the air along with droplets of saliva secreted by a sick person when coughing, sneezing or talking. Sometimes infection occurs by contact-household, mainly through dishes (among children – through toys) that the patient used.

Humans are highly susceptible to influenza, especially newer serotypes. After the illness, type-specific immunity is developed. With influenza type A, its duration is from 1 to 3 years, and type B – 3-4 years.

Influenza classification

There are several types of flu.

According to the clinical form, influenza is distinguished:

Typical.
Atypical:
- afebrile, in which there are signs of damage to the respiratory system, but no fever, or body temperature is slightly elevated;
- akataral, in which there are no signs of damage to the respiratory system, but there is intoxication;
- fulminant – characterized by severe and rapidly progressive intoxication, the development of specific hemorrhagic toxic pulmonary edema, acute cardiovascular and acute respiratory failure, a high risk of death.

Influenza can be uncomplicated or complicated.

Flu symptoms

The incubation period, as a rule, ranges from several hours to 3 days. Influenza begins suddenly and is characterized by three main signs: intoxication, catarrhal manifestations and hemorrhage.

Intoxication syndrome occurs immediately after the onset of the disease and is expressed in the form of fever, headaches, chills, dizziness and fatigue. Vomiting, convulsions, delirium and confusion are possible.

With the flu, fever can occur in 2 waves. Symptoms of the disease usually subside 5-7 days after its onset. The feverish period may be accompanied by reddening of the face, increased heart rate, dry skin, and a decrease in blood pressure.

Catarrhal symptoms occur shortly after the onset of intoxication, which may be mild or absent. The patient is concerned about: dry cough, discomfort in the throat, runny nose.

In 5-10% of cases, influenza provokes the occurrence of hemorrhagic syndrome, which is manifested by small hemorrhages in the oropharyngeal mucosa, nosebleeds. Severe hemorrhage can lead to pulmonary edema.

In children of early age, intestinal disorders often occur due to intoxication. Influenza diarrhea in adult patients is usually caused by exacerbation of chronic gastrointestinal diseases as a result of infection.

Influenza symptoms, based on severity:

Light degree. The body temperature does not exceed 38 degrees and lasts from 2 to 3 days, there are: moderate headache, weakness, tickling in the throat, nasal congestion. Recovery occurs in no more than six days.
Medium degree. The fever ranges from 38.1 to 40 degrees and lasts from 4 to 5 days. There is a dry exhausting cough with pain behind the sternum, dizziness, headaches, sweating, fatigue, aching all over the body. The duration of the illness is six to eight days.
Severe degree. Body temperature is up to 40 degrees and above. The fever lasts up to 5-6 days. There are: severe headache, aching muscles and joints, insomnia. A person may have impaired consciousness, which is manifested by severe drowsiness and lethargy, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, impaired blood microcirculation in the form of bleeding, and the appearance of small punctate hemorrhages. There are diarrhea and vomiting. With a severe degree of influenza, the risk of complications is high. The duration of the illness is nine days.
Very severe degree. The fever is more than 40 degrees, intoxication occurs abruptly and progresses rapidly, the brain is affected, consciousness disorders occur up to the development of coma. There are disturbances in the work of the cardiovascular system, which are manifested by increased heart rate, heart rhythm disturbances, a sharp decrease in blood pressure. There is respiratory failure. Very severe influenza usually leads to a life-threatening condition that requires urgent hospitalization.

Influenza diagnostics

The diagnosis is made on the basis of the results of a survey and examination of the patient, as well as ELISA or RNIF data. For a more accurate diagnosis, an increase in antibody titer is determined by RSK, RNGA, ELISA and RTGA.

With possible pneumonia, the patient needs an x-ray of the lungs and an examination by a pulmonologist. If there are complications from the ENT organs, then it is necessary to consult an otolaryngologist with the performance of instrumental examinations.

Flu treatment

Treatment depends on the degree of the disease. The mild course of influenza sometimes remains unrecognized and allows outpatient therapy.

If a person has been diagnosed with a severe or very severe form of the flu, then he needs hospital treatment. This is especially true for children, pregnant women, elderly patients, people with chronic diseases, morbid obesity and weak immunity.

Etiotropic therapy (by influencing the virus) is indicated for all patients with influenza, regardless of the course of the disease. The effectiveness of treatment is determined by the time of its initiation. The best results are obtained by therapy started in the first two days from the onset of signs of the disease due to the low content of the virus in the body.

Neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir) are used as antiviral agents. Recently, cases of viral resistance to oseltamivir have been observed, so zanamivir is usually the drug of choice. Amantadine and rimantadine also act as M2 channel blockers, but the group virus is usually resistant to them, which prevents their use.

Symptomatic and pathogenetic treatment includes taking measures and taking drugs aimed at combating intoxication, fever, dehydration, cough, runny nose. According to indications, medications are prescribed aimed at normalizing the functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

For a fever, we recommend:

bed rest;
taking vitamins;
drinking plenty of water;
balanced and complete nutrition.

In the event of complications and life-threatening conditions, a complex of intensive measures is performed.

Complications of influenza

The flu can lead to complications:

Pneumonia. It can be suspected if the body temperature does not return to normal after five days, there is no positive dynamics, mucopurulent or bloody sputum comes out during coughing, and when listening to the lungs, moist rales and crepitus are detected. Inflammation of the lungs is indicated by neurophilic leukocytosis and an increase in ESR according to the general blood test.
Specific influenza-hemorrhagic pneumonia – acute hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, which is accompanied by signs of severe respiratory failure.
Sinusitis, otitis.
Exacerbation of cystitis, pyelonephritis.
Cholangitis.
Serous meningitis.
Development of false croup in children.
Dehydration due to prolonged fever and insufficient drinking.
Myositis.
Polyneuropathy, sciatica.
Arachnoiditis.
Myocarditis, pericarditis, angina.

The flu is especially dangerous during pregnancy, as it can provoke premature birth, the development of intrauterine pathologies in the fetus. The disease is most severe in the third trimester.

Influenza prophylaxis

The most effective way of prevention is an annual vaccination. It is especially recommended for people with chronic diseases, elderly patients, children, pregnant women, as well as those who are in nursing homes, military units and work in residential institutions.

Because the flu virus is mutable, the vaccine is updated every year. Vaccination is carried out from the last weeks of August to December. The introduction of the drug to pregnant women is recommended from the 14th week of pregnancy.

If one of the family members is sick with the flu, then it is advisable to give him a separate room, regularly ventilate it, carry out wet cleaning, provide the patient with separate dishes that need to be washed with hot water. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after contact with a sick person. It is important to wear disposable masks and change them every two hours.

To prevent the flu, you need to strengthen your immune system. To do this, it is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle, get enough sleep, regularly perform feasible physical exercises and walk on the street, eat a balanced diet.

Influenza is dangerous, first of all, for its complications, so you need to prevent infection. If this still happens, then you need to see a doctor.

The rehabilitation clinic in Khamovniki employs specialists who will help you quickly cope with the disease.

Influenza prophylaxis

Influenza is an extremely contagious infectious disease, transmitted by airborne droplets, affects the upper respiratory tract, characterized by symptoms of specific intoxication and respiratory catarrh.

In terms of its social significance, influenza ranks first among all human diseases. Almost everyone has had the flu at least once in their life. It is the only infectious disease that causes PANDEMICS. Influenza epidemics are recorded every year and affect up to 15% of the world’s population.

A person, periodically suffering from the flu, loses a total of about 1 year of his life. The average life expectancy of a person is reduced due to influenza and acute respiratory infections by several years. This is due to the undermining of the cardiovascular system. So, with a severe course of influenza, irreversible damage to the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, and the central nervous system often appear, provoking heart and vascular diseases, pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, meningoencephalitis.

Antiviral drugs are recognized as effective, but it is indicated that the growing resistance of viruses to them, high cost, side effects, and limited availability of these drugs during mass outbreaks make the role of vaccination as a primary preventive measure against influenza even more significant.

Annual vaccination is recognized as the main measure to combat influenza epidemics. The purpose of vaccination as a mass event is to reduce the incidence, especially severe forms of influenza (modern vaccines, according to WHO, provide a 70–90% reduction in incidence among adults) and the risk of serious complications, especially in the elderly (according to WHO, by 70 –85%).

Since 2006, influenza vaccination has been included in the National Immunization Schedule in Russia. Vaccination, or as it is also called, inoculation is the process of introducing vaccines into the body to artificially reproduce the immune response in order to create immunity to infection. Vaccines are drugs that contribute to the creation of artificial specific immunity acquired in the process of vaccination and necessary to protect the body from a specific pathogen.

For the prevention of influenza, live and inactivated vaccines are used, which are among the safest.

Inactivated vaccines are purified influenza viruses from foreign proteins, and live vaccines are weakened strains of the virus. Live vaccines are administered intranasally, inactivated – intramuscularly. Live vaccines include the influenza live intranasal vaccine. Inactivated vaccines include: Grippol, Grippol Plus, Grippovak, Vaxigrip, Begrivak, Fluarix, Influvak, Agrippal.

Effectiveness of influenza vaccination.

The wider the coverage of the population with preventive vaccinations, the lower the percentage of cases, since collective immunity against an infectious disease is created.

The effectiveness of vaccination and its acceptability as a routine preventive measure is determined by three key factors:

Antigen match – the similarity of a circulating influenza virus with a virus used to make a vaccine;

Immunogenicity – the production of antibodies (titer 1:40 and higher) after the introduction of the vaccine, which provide protection against serious and fatal complications of influenza;

Reactogenicity – vaccine-related side effects caused by the action of viral proteins and non-viral impurities. Vaccines used to prevent influenza are weakly reactive, i.e. complications during their introduction are not observed. However, grafting reactions are possible in the form of a short-term temperature up to 37.5 C ⁰ – in the first 3 days, malaise and induration at the injection site in no more than 2% of all vaccinated.

Who should be vaccinated against the flu first?

Vaccination is recommended for all persons over 6 months of age. However, there are categories of people who, due to their state of health, profession and other conditions, are shown to be vaccinated in the first place. These individuals can be divided into the following categories:

Risk groups for possible complications:
– elderly people,
– suffering from chronic somatic diseases,
– frequently ill with acute respiratory viral infections,
– children of preschool age,
– pregnant women.

According to official data, vaccination can dramatically reduce the number of complications (by 50-60%) and deaths from influenza (by 80%) in these categories of the population.

High-risk groups of infection:
– medical personnel,
– service workers,
– employees of educational institutions,
– military contingents,
– schoolchildren.