What are the common side effects of belladonna. How does belladonna interact with other medications. What is the recommended dosage for belladonna. When should you seek medical attention for belladonna allergies.

Understanding Belladonna and Its Medicinal Uses

Belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade, is a plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. Despite its ominous nickname, belladonna has several medicinal applications when used properly. However, it’s crucial to understand its effects, potential risks, and proper usage.

What is Belladonna?

Belladonna is a plant native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. It contains several alkaloids, including atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are responsible for its medicinal properties and potential side effects.

Common Medicinal Uses of Belladonna

• Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
• Relief of menstrual cramps
• Management of Parkinson’s disease symptoms
• Reduction of excessive sweating
• Eye examinations (to dilate pupils)

Despite its potential benefits, belladonna must be used with caution due to its potent effects and potential for toxicity.

Recognizing Belladonna Allergy Symptoms

While belladonna can be beneficial in certain medical situations, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to the plant or its derivatives. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for prompt treatment and prevention of severe complications.

Common Symptoms of Belladonna Allergy

• Skin rashes or hives
• Itching or swelling, especially of the face, tongue, or throat
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Rapid heartbeat

Are these symptoms always indicative of a belladonna allergy? Not necessarily. Some of these symptoms can also be side effects of belladonna use, even in individuals who are not allergic. However, if you experience any of these symptoms after exposure to belladonna or products containing belladonna, it’s important to seek medical attention immediately.

Side Effects and Risks of Belladonna Use

Even when used as directed, belladonna can cause a range of side effects due to its potent alkaloids. Understanding these potential effects is crucial for anyone considering or currently using belladonna-containing products.

Common Side Effects of Belladonna

• Dry mouth and throat
• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Constipation
• Difficulty urinating
• Increased heart rate
• Decreased sweating

Do these side effects always indicate a problem? Not necessarily. Many of these effects are expected and may be manageable. However, if they become severe or persistent, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.

Severe Side Effects and Toxicity

In cases of overdose or severe reactions, belladonna can cause more serious effects, including:

• Severe confusion or hallucinations
• High fever
• Seizures
• Difficulty breathing
• Loss of consciousness

These severe symptoms require immediate medical attention. It’s crucial to use belladonna only as directed and to be aware of the potential for toxicity.

Drug Interactions with Belladonna

Belladonna can interact with various medications, potentially altering their effects or increasing the risk of side effects. Understanding these interactions is crucial for safe use of belladonna and other medications.

Common Drug Interactions

• Antihistamines
• Antidepressants
• Antispasmodics
• Anticholinergic medications
• Some Parkinson’s disease medications

How do these interactions manifest? They can lead to increased anticholinergic effects, such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. In some cases, they may also increase the risk of more severe side effects.

Precautions and Considerations

Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you’re taking before using belladonna. This includes over-the-counter products, as some may contain ingredients that can interact with belladonna.

Proper Dosage and Administration of Belladonna

The appropriate dosage of belladonna can vary widely depending on the specific condition being treated, the form of belladonna being used, and individual patient factors. It’s crucial to follow medical guidance closely when using belladonna.

Common Forms of Belladonna

• Oral tablets or liquids
• Topical patches or ointments
• Eye drops
• Injectable solutions (for medical use only)

What factors influence belladonna dosage? Age, weight, overall health status, and the specific condition being treated all play a role in determining the appropriate dose. Additionally, the concentration of active alkaloids in the preparation is a crucial factor.

General Dosage Guidelines

While specific dosages should always be determined by a healthcare provider, here are some general guidelines:

• For oral preparations: Typically 0.3 to 1.2 mg of alkaloids per day, divided into multiple doses
• For topical preparations: Application as directed, usually no more than 3-4 times per day
• For ophthalmic use: One or two drops of a 0.25% to 1% solution, as directed by an eye care professional

It’s crucial to never exceed the recommended dosage, as belladonna can be toxic in high amounts.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Belladonna Allergies or Side Effects

While many side effects of belladonna are mild and manageable, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Recognizing these warning signs can prevent serious complications.

Symptoms Requiring Urgent Care

• Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
• Persistent or severe confusion
• Hallucinations
• Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• High fever
• Seizures

How quickly should you seek help for these symptoms? If you experience any of these severe symptoms after using belladonna, seek emergency medical care immediately. Don’t wait to see if symptoms improve on their own.

Monitoring and Follow-up

Even if you’re not experiencing severe symptoms, it’s important to report any side effects or concerns to your healthcare provider. Regular follow-up appointments can help ensure that belladonna is being used safely and effectively.

Alternative Treatments and Management Strategies

For individuals who experience allergies or severe side effects from belladonna, or those who prefer to avoid its use, there are alternative treatment options for many of the conditions belladonna is used to manage.

Alternative Medications

• Other anticholinergic medications
• Non-anticholinergic medications specific to the condition being treated
• Herbal remedies (under medical supervision)

Are these alternatives equally effective? The effectiveness can vary depending on the specific condition and individual patient factors. It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to find the most appropriate alternative.

Lifestyle and Non-Pharmacological Approaches

In some cases, lifestyle changes or non-drug therapies may help manage conditions typically treated with belladonna:

• Dietary modifications for gastrointestinal issues
• Stress reduction techniques for managing excessive sweating
• Physical therapy for certain movement disorders
• Acupuncture or other complementary therapies (under medical guidance)

These approaches may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, depending on the specific condition and severity of symptoms.

Future Research and Developments in Belladonna Use

As medical research continues to advance, our understanding of belladonna and its potential uses continues to evolve. Ongoing studies are exploring new applications and refining our knowledge of its effects and risks.

Current Areas of Research

• Development of new formulations with reduced side effects
• Exploration of potential uses in neurological disorders
• Investigation of belladonna alkaloids for cancer treatment
• Studies on interactions between belladonna and other medications

How might these developments impact future use of belladonna? As research progresses, we may see more targeted and safer uses of belladonna and its derivatives, potentially expanding its therapeutic applications while minimizing risks.

Emerging Alternatives

Researchers are also exploring synthetic alternatives that mimic the beneficial effects of belladonna alkaloids without the associated risks. These developments could potentially provide new treatment options for conditions currently managed with belladonna.

As with all medical research, it’s important to approach new findings with cautious optimism. While promising developments are on the horizon, current safety guidelines and medical advice should always be followed when using belladonna or related treatments.

In conclusion, belladonna remains a potent and potentially valuable medicinal plant, but its use requires careful consideration of benefits and risks. Whether you’re considering belladonna as a treatment option or seeking alternatives due to allergies or side effects, working closely with healthcare providers is crucial for safe and effective management of your health conditions.

Allergy to belladonna alkaloid (Concept Id: C0570984) – MedGen

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Rowe BH,
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Combination of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol in children and adolescents with asthma: A meta-analysis.

Xu H,
Tong L,
Gao P,
Hu Y,
Wang H,
Chen Z,
Fang L
PLoS One
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Epub 2021 Feb 23
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237620.
PMID: 33621253Free PMC Article

Effect of Nebulized Magnesium vs Placebo Added to Albuterol on Hospitalization Among Children With Refractory Acute Asthma Treated in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Schuh S,
Sweeney J,
Rumantir M,
Coates AL,
Willan AR,
Stephens D,
Atenafu EG,
Finkelstein Y,
Thompson G,
Zemek R,
Plint AC,
Gravel J,
Ducharme FM,
Johnson DW,
Black K,
Curtis S,
Beer D,
Klassen TP,
Nicksy D,
Freedman SB;
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PMID: 33231663Free PMC Article

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Saltoun C
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doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4258.
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Salbutamol and ipratropium by inhaler is superior to nebulizer in children with severe acute asthma exacerbation: Randomized clinical trial.

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Castro-Rodriguez JA,
Jara A,
Cardozo L,
Bogado N,
Morinigo R,
De Jesús R
Pediatr Pulmonol
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Epub 2019 Jan 22
doi: 10.1002/ppul.24244.
PMID: 30672140

Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma.

Kirkland SW,
Vandenberghe C,
Voaklander B,
Nikel T,
Campbell S,
Rowe BH
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
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Acute severe asthma (status asthmaticus).

Agnihotri NT,
Saltoun C
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2019 Nov 1;40(6):406-409.
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PMID: 31690381

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Milan SJ,
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Knopp-Sihota JA,
Rowe BH,
Normansell R,
Powell C
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Clinical prediction guides

Effect of Nebulized Magnesium vs Placebo Added to Albuterol on Hospitalization Among Children With Refractory Acute Asthma Treated in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Schuh S,
Sweeney J,
Rumantir M,
Coates AL,
Willan AR,
Stephens D,
Atenafu EG,
Finkelstein Y,
Thompson G,
Zemek R,
Plint AC,
Gravel J,
Ducharme FM,
Johnson DW,
Black K,
Curtis S,
Beer D,
Klassen TP,
Nicksy D,
Freedman SB;
Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Network
JAMA
2020 Nov 24;324(20):2038-2047.
doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19839.
PMID: 33231663Free PMC Article

Acute severe asthma (status asthmaticus).

Agnihotri NT,
Saltoun C
Allergy Asthma Proc
2019 Nov 1;40(6):406-409.
doi: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4258.
PMID: 31690381

Salbutamol and ipratropium by inhaler is superior to nebulizer in children with severe acute asthma exacerbation: Randomized clinical trial.

Iramain R,
Castro-Rodriguez JA,
Jara A,
Cardozo L,
Bogado N,
Morinigo R,
De Jesús R
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2019 Apr;54(4):372-377.
Epub 2019 Jan 22
doi: 10.1002/ppul.24244.
PMID: 30672140

Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma.

Knightly R,
Milan SJ,
Hughes R,
Knopp-Sihota JA,
Rowe BH,
Normansell R,
Powell C
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2017 Nov 28;11(11):CD003898.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003898.pub6.
PMID: 29182799Free PMC Article

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Knightly R,
Milan SJ,
Hughes R,
Knopp-Sihota JA,
Rowe BH,
Normansell R,
Powell C
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2017 Nov 28;11(11):CD003898.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003898.pub6.
PMID: 29182799Free PMC Article

Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma.

Kirkland SW,
Vandenberghe C,
Voaklander B,
Nikel T,
Campbell S,
Rowe BH
Cochrane Database Syst Rev
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doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001284.pub2.
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Asthma in adults (acute).

Rodrigo G
BMJ Clin Evid
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Belladonna: Uses and risks

Despite being a very poisonous plant, people have used belladonna in many different ways throughout history.

While it has been used as a poison in the past, scientists today extract chemicals from belladonna for use in medicine. These chemicals, when used under a doctor’s supervision, can treat a range of afflictions, from excessive urination at night to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Share on PinterestThe belladonna plant may also be called deadly nightshade.

Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) is a poisonous plant, native to parts of Asia and Europe. It is sometimes known as deadly nightshade.

Belladonna produces small, black berries that must not be eaten. Eating the berries or leaves can be deadly. Similar to poison ivy, a person whose skin comes into direct contact with the leaves may develop a rash.

In ancient times, people used belladonna for its toxic properties, as an oral poison or on the tips of arrows.

Some scholars believe that Shakespeare referenced belladonna in his play, “Romeo and Juliet.” It is possible that belladonna was the poison that Juliet drank to fake her death.

As time progressed, people used belladonna for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. For example, doctors used it as an antiseptic before surgery in medieval Europe.

During the Italian Renaissance, which lasted from the 14th to 16th century, fashionable women drank the juice of belladonna berries to dilate their pupils. Belladonna owes its name to this practice, as it means “beautiful woman” in Italian.

In modern times, optometrists often use belladonna to help dilate pupils when examining a person’s eyes.

Other recent uses of belladonna include over-the-counter creams and other herbal supplements. Despite its commercial availability, people are strongly advised to use belladonna with caution and under a doctor’s care.

When used correctly in appropriate doses, belladonna is safe to use as part of regular medicinal practices.

It is important to note that ingesting even small amounts of the leaves or berries can be deadly. Small children and infants are particularly at risk. Be sure to use caution when storing medicines that contain belladonna.

Scopolamine and atropine

Share on PinterestBelladonna contains chemicals used to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome.

Belladonna contains two chemicals used for medicinal purposes.

The first chemical is scopolamine, which is used primarily for reducing body discharges. It is also helpful in reducing stomach acid, which can help with both nausea and acid reflux.

Scopolamine is also used for controlling the heart rate and relaxing muscles.

The second compound extracted from belladonna is atropine. Similar to scopolamine, atropine can be used to help reduce bodily discharge, but it is not as effective as scopolamine when used as a muscle relaxant and in heart rate control.

Also, atropine can be used to dilate the eyes. In some cases, atropine works as an antidote to insect poison and chemical warfare agents.

Once extracted, one or both chemicals are combined with other medications to help treat some diseases and conditions.

Some of the treatments target:

• motion sickness
• irritable bowel syndrome
• stomach ulcers
• excessive nighttime urination
• diverticulitis
• Parkinson’s disease
• pink eye

When taken as part of a prescribed medication, belladonna is considered mostly safe. Like all medicines, it can have side effects, and people should consider its use very carefully.

As with any potentially harmful medication, it is best to speak to a doctor before using a product containing belladonna.

Like many well-known plants and extracts, belladonna is available in some over-the-counter alternative medications and supplements.

Unlike traditional medicines, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate supplements, which means they are often not tested for safety or the effectiveness of their claimed outcomes.

Companies that have made products containing belladonna state that it can improve various conditions. These include:

• the common cold
• fever
• whooping cough
• hay fever
• earache
• asthma
• motion sickness
• flu
• a cough and sore throat
• joint and back pain
• arthritis pain
• spasms, or colic-like pain in the stomach or bile ducts
• nerve problems
• gout
• inflammation
• Parkinson’s disease
• hemorrhoids

Belladonna is an ingredient in creams, some liquids, ointments, and, in some cases, suppositories.

There is little research into belladonna’s effectiveness at treating any of the above conditions. It is important to consider the potential side effects before taking belladonna as a supplement.

Share on PinterestBlurred vision and hallucinations are potential side effects of belladonna.

Belladonna is considered a toxic plant with historical uses as a poison. Despite being sold as an over-the-counter supplement, it is likely not safe to consume. It is also important to be aware that the FDA do not monitor the quality and purity of belladonna supplements.

There are some side effects to consider before using belladonna. These side effects include:

• dry mouth
• red, dry skin
• inability to sweat
• muscle spasms
• blurred vision
• enlarged pupils
• hallucinations
• inability to urinate
• convulsions
• seizures
• coma

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding may be at additional risk, as some of belladonna’s side effects may appear in the unborn child, and it might dry up milk production.

In addition to the side effects, belladonna may make some conditions worse. These include disorders that some manufacturers claim belladonna helps.

Conditions that belladonna can make worse include:

• acid reflux
• fever
• rapid heartbeat
• gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections
• high blood pressure
• constipation
• urination problems

Belladonna has negative interactions with certain medications as well, such as those for allergies and depression. Side effects of the interaction include a rapid heartbeat and rashes.

Belladonna can be a safe herbal supplement or part of medication but only when used properly under a doctor’s care and supervision. There are a number of side effects that should be considered before using belladonna as a supplement.

Additional research needs to be conducted to test the effectiveness of belladonna alongside the risks. Individuals should carefully consider their options before trying belladonna as a replacement or supplemental treatment.

Allergosan granules 20 g

Producer

Homeopharma

Product form

granules 20 g

Composition

Apis C 3, Belladonna C3, Fragaria C 3, Urtica C3.

Indications

skin itching of various etiologies, angioedema, cold allergy, food allergy, dermatitis, eczema, urticaria, bronchial asthma (as part of complex therapy), vasomotor rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, allergic manifestations of flowering, allergic dermatitis

Notify of availability

How to use

The combination of components allows the use of Allergosan as a basic or main drug in acute conditions accompanied by an allergic component. Successfully implements humoral and tissue components of acute allergic reactions in: hay fevers, allergic rhinitis (hay fever) – spring and summer allergies to flowering. At the same time, treatment begins at least 3 months before flowering (course treatment) 1 granule per day, going into an exacerbation period up to 3-5 granules 2-3 times a day, with breaks of 1-2 days a week.

If there are acute reactions (swelling, mucosal hyperemia, rash) to a sudden irritant (dust, pungent odors and other allergens), you can take 3-4 times 1-3 granules until the allergic reaction stops (single doses) every 10-15 minutes until symptoms change, then less often – after 1-2 hours or after 3-4 hours until improvement.

In chronic processes – for a long time 3 granules 20-30 minutes before meals.

For rashes on the skin or mucous membranes, it is recommended to combine with local application of Allergin ointment.

Cannot be combined on the same day with Faringosan and Artrosan.

For allergic rashes or asthmatic conditions, an additional monocomponent homeopathic treatment may be required.

May be combined with other medical treatment (allopathic) during an exacerbation.

Locally, Allergin or Graphite ointments can be applied.

The drug is even more effective when combined with monocomponent drugs Astacus C3, Medusa C3, Hotarus C3.

Since a frequent cause of the development of allergic conditions are disorders in the work of the gastrointestinal tract, Laxatin, Dysbacteriosin, Fungisan, Helmintosan, Ulkusan in combination with Pancreasan, Hepatocholin – according to indications can be prescribed. (See also Dermadipin).

Description

ALLERGOSAN is a complex homeopathic preparation.

Therapeutic action: antiallergic, desensitizing, antiedematous, antispasmodic.

Indications for the use of the components of the complex:

1. APIS MELLIFICA – Apis C3, (Honey bee in breeding 10 – 6).

– Anti-inflammatory, decongestant, desensitizing, antiallergic.

– Action on the skin and mucous membranes, lymph.

– All diseases accompanied by edema: edema with stabbing pains, burning, sensitive to touch in the absence of thirst, tonsillitis, tonsillitis, urticaria; diseases accompanied by accumulation of fluid in tissues or cavities: ovarian cysts, dropsy tumors of renal origin, serous discharge during pleurisy, conjunctivitis, panaritium; symptoms of irritation, inflammation of the brain and meninges; kidney disease, nephritis after hemorrhagic fever and scarlet fever, erysipelas (especially on the face).

2. ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM – Antimon. crud. C12 (Black sulphurous antimony in intelligence 10-24)

– Cold and food allergy;

– Food allergy with indigestion and gastritis with feeling of fullness, heaviness in the stomach; with aversion to food, white coating of the tongue, burning in the rectum.

– Skin lesions: weeping eczema, fissures, keratinization, calluses, brittle nails.

– Roughness of skin from cold with cracks.

3. BELLADONNA – Belladonna C3, (Beauty. Belladonna diluted 10 -6)

– Anti-inflammatory, antispastic, antiallergic, regulating vasomotor disorders.

– Action on the nervous lymphatic system, mucous membranes, skin, tissue.

4. FRAGARIA – Fragaria C3, (Wild strawberry in breeding 10 – 6).

– Food, cold allergy, urticaria.

– Promotes the elimination of homotoxins in chronic diseases accompanied by auto-immune processes (gout, diseases of the liver, spleen, kidneys, atherosclerosis).

5. URTICA URENS – Urtica C3 (Stinging Nettle diluted 10 -6).

– Edema, including angioedema, itching rashes.

– Urticaria, allergic tendency.

– Drains accumulated homotoxins and toxins.

Contraindications

None identified.

health benefits and harms

Belladonna, often advertised as an effective remedy for asthma and allergies, can be a serious health hazard.

Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) is a plant of the nightshade family, toxic in its natural form. That is why belladonna is used in homeopathy in a highly diluted form.

Despite many claims, there is little scientific evidence for the health benefits of belladonna. Moreover, the plant contains chemicals that are toxic to the body.

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), plant-based belladonna is considered unsafe. Because of this, some people use highly diluted belladonna homeopathic supplements to relieve the symptoms of colds and hay fever, soothe children with colic, and more.

In its homeopathic form, belladonna is often used for inflammation, high fever, convulsions and spasms. In herbal form, belladonna is taken to relieve asthma, sciatica, hemorrhoids, and pain. The herb compounds are also used in pharmaceutical medicine to treat irritable bowel syndrome and colitis.

What are the health benefits of belladonna?

According to the NIH, there is insufficient scientific evidence for the effectiveness of belladonna. Due to the toxicity of the plant, the available studies include only heavily diluted homeopathic remedies.

Belladonna to reduce inflammation

A 2004 study published in the journal Homeopathy suggests that homeopathic preparations of belladonna help reduce inflammation associated with peritonitis, a condition characterized by irritation of the tissues lining the inner wall of the abdomen.

A study examined the effects of homeopathic preparations Atropa belladonna and Echinacea angustifolia on inflammatory markers in mice with peritonitis. The treatment was found to reduce inflammation.

Belladonna for wound healing

According to a 2009 study published in the journal Wound Repair and Regeneration, the herbal preparation of belladonna is suitable for wound healing. Scientists studied the effect of belladonna on wounds in rats and in cell cultures and found that the plant has a positive effect on the healing of skin wounds at a very early stage.

Belladonna for recovery after surgery

Belladonna in combination with opium relieves pain after operations on the uterus, prostate and urinary tract.

Research published in Urology and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2017 found that belladonna and opium rectal suppositories helped reduce postoperative pain.

Why can belladonna be dangerous?

While the leaves and roots of the belladonna plant are said to have a calming effect, its berries are poisonous. The safety of belladonna preparations remains uncertain.

The NIH reports that oral belladonna is unsafe, but studies of ultramolecular homeopathic remedies show that highly diluted doses of belladonna are safe.

A 2001 study published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research confirmed that belladonna homeopathic preparations are safe, although their effectiveness is unclear. In the study, 118 healthy volunteers were given 30CH of belladonna or placebo in random order. At the end of the eight-week trial, scientists found no difference in the health effects of the two treatments.

A 2003 study published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology showed similar results. More than 250 healthy volunteers were given either placebo, 30CH belladonna, or placebo for two weeks for a week. Respondents kept a symptom log and completed a questionnaire. As a result, no significant differences were found between the belladonna group and the placebo group.

Possible side effects of belladonna overdose include:

• Dry mouth
• Blurred vision
• Fever
• Palpitations
• Inability to urinate or sweat
• Hallucinations
• Spasms
• Mental problems
• Convulsions
• Coma

Pregnant women and people with certain medical conditions, including congestive heart failure, constipation, glaucoma, and ulcerative colitis, should not take belladonna as serious complications may occur. In addition, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning in 2010 about homeopathic teething tablets for babies and gels containing belladonna. Serious side effects, including seizures, breathing problems, fatigue, constipation, difficulty urinating, and agitation, have been reported in infants taking these drugs. The FDA alert notes that these products may contain belladonna.

How to store belladonna?

Belladonna is most commonly found in highly diluted form as a homeopathic remedy. Because of the dangers associated with taking the plant in its herbal form, it is added in a minimal dose to the tincture.

There is no standard dose for belladonna. Homeopathic plant granules are commonly sold as 30X for children and 30C for adults. X and C denote potency or rate of dilution in homeopathy; X is a 1:10 dilution ratio and C is a 1:100 dilution ratio.

The theory behind homeopathy is somewhat similar to modern vaccinations. It is believed that the administration of dilute substances that cause symptoms in a healthy person relieves these same symptoms in a sick person.