What are the symptoms of papular urticaria. How is papular urticaria diagnosed. What causes papular urticaria. Who is most at risk for developing papular urticaria. What are the best treatments for papular urticaria. How can papular urticaria be prevented. When should you see a doctor about papular urticaria.

Understanding Papular Urticaria: An Allergic Reaction to Insect Bites

Papular urticaria is a common allergic skin reaction that typically results from insect bites. This condition manifests as itchy bumps on uncovered areas of the skin, such as the face, forearms, and legs. While it can affect people of all ages, papular urticaria is particularly prevalent in children between 2 and 7 years old.

One of the unique characteristics of papular urticaria is that scratching an area affected by a bug bite can trigger the inflammation of old bites. This peculiarity can create the illusion of more new bites than actually exist, making the condition appear more severe than it is.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Papular Urticaria

The primary symptoms of papular urticaria are raised, itchy bumps on the skin. These bumps, also known as hives, have specific characteristics:

• Itchy and inflamed
• Raised above the skin surface
• Same color as surrounding skin or red on lighter skin tones
• May appear in curved patterns or lines, especially if caused by bed bugs or fleas
• Typically found on exposed areas like legs, forearms, and face

How long do papular urticaria bumps last? Each bump usually remains on the skin for a few days up to several weeks. They may disappear quickly, only to reappear elsewhere on the body. This recurrent nature is a hallmark of papular urticaria, with new bites potentially triggering old reactions.

Identifying the Causes of Papular Urticaria

Papular urticaria is caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to insect bites. While various insects can trigger this condition, some are more common culprits than others:

• Fleas and mites, often found on household pets
• Bed bugs
• Mosquitoes
• Other biting insects prevalent in the local environment

Why does papular urticaria affect children more than adults? Children are more susceptible to papular urticaria because their immune systems are still developing. As they grow older and become more exposed to various insect bites, they typically become desensitized and “outgrow” the condition.

Risk Factors for Developing Papular Urticaria

Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing papular urticaria. A 2017 study identified the following risk factors, particularly in children:

• Having household pets, which can lead to flea infestations
• Using a mattress without springs
• Daily use of public transportation
• Living in a warm, tropical climate
• Residing in an area heavily infested with insects
• Having siblings with a history of atopic dermatitis
• Being under 7 years old
• Being affected by poverty
• Having a soil or earth floor in the main bedroom of the house

Diagnosing Papular Urticaria: Differentiating from Other Skin Conditions

Diagnosing papular urticaria can be challenging, as its symptoms may resemble other skin conditions. How can healthcare professionals distinguish papular urticaria from similar conditions? Doctors typically rely on a combination of physical examination, patient history, and sometimes skin tests to make an accurate diagnosis.

One condition that can be mistaken for papular urticaria is scabies. How does papular urticaria differ from scabies?

• Scabies is caused by burrowing mites, while papular urticaria is an allergic reaction to insect bites
• Scabies is contagious, whereas papular urticaria is not
• Scabies bumps are usually smaller and flatter than papular urticaria bumps
• Scabies rashes and sores typically last for weeks, while papular urticaria bumps may come and go more quickly

Effective Treatments for Papular Urticaria

While papular urticaria bumps often resolve on their own, various treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. What are the most effective treatments for papular urticaria?

1. Oral antihistamine medications to reduce itching and inflammation
2. Antiseptic creams to prevent secondary infections
3. Over-the-counter steroid creams to reduce swelling and discomfort
4. Prescription-strength steroid creams for more severe cases

How can you relieve the itching associated with papular urticaria? In addition to medication, applying cool compresses to affected areas can help soothe itching and reduce inflammation. It’s crucial to avoid scratching the bumps, as this can lead to skin breakage and potential infections.

When to Seek Medical Attention

In most cases, papular urticaria can be managed at home. However, there are instances when medical attention is necessary. When should you consult a healthcare professional for papular urticaria?

• If you experience severe itching or pain that doesn’t respond to over-the-counter treatments
• If the bumps don’t resolve within a few weeks
• If you notice signs of infection, such as increased redness, warmth, or pus
• If you’re unsure about the diagnosis and want to rule out other skin conditions

Preventing Papular Urticaria: Strategies for Reducing Risk

Prevention is key in managing papular urticaria. What are the most effective strategies for preventing this condition?

1. Cover exposed skin when outdoors, especially in areas with high insect populations
2. Use insect repellents containing DEET or other EPA-approved ingredients
3. Treat household pets regularly for fleas and other parasites
4. Eliminate sources of insect infestation in and around your home
5. Use protective bedding to prevent bed bug infestations
6. Vacuum carpets and upholstery regularly to remove potential insect eggs or larvae

How can you eliminate insect infestations in your home? Consider the following steps:

• Treat pet bedding with flea sprays
• Use insecticides in affected areas, following product instructions carefully
• Apply pyrethroid sprays to carpets and upholstery, vacuuming thoroughly afterward
• Inspect mattresses regularly for signs of bed bugs
• Seal cracks and crevices in walls and floors to prevent insect entry

Complications of Papular Urticaria: Understanding the Risks

While papular urticaria itself is not a serious condition, it can lead to complications if not properly managed. What is the main complication associated with papular urticaria? The primary risk is secondary skin infection, which can occur when scratching breaks the skin and allows bacteria to enter.

How can you prevent infections from papular urticaria?

• Avoid scratching the affected areas
• Keep fingernails short and clean
• Apply antiseptic creams as recommended by your healthcare provider
• Wear gloves at night if you tend to scratch while sleeping
• Keep the affected areas clean and dry

If signs of infection develop, such as increased redness, warmth, or pus, it’s important to seek medical attention promptly. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection and prevent further complications.

Living with Papular Urticaria: Coping Strategies and Support

Dealing with papular urticaria can be challenging, especially for children and their caregivers. How can individuals and families cope with the condition effectively?

1. Educate yourself and your family about papular urticaria to better understand and manage the condition
2. Develop a consistent skincare routine to keep affected areas clean and moisturized
3. Use distraction techniques to help children avoid scratching, such as engaging in activities that keep their hands busy
4. Consider joining support groups or online communities to connect with others experiencing similar challenges
5. Work closely with your healthcare provider to develop an effective treatment plan

How can parents help children cope with papular urticaria? Encourage children to communicate about their symptoms and feelings, and involve them in the prevention and treatment process. This can help them feel more in control and less anxious about the condition.

Long-term Outlook for Papular Urticaria

What is the prognosis for individuals with papular urticaria? For most people, especially children, the condition is self-limiting. As the immune system develops and becomes desensitized to insect bites, episodes of papular urticaria typically become less frequent and eventually cease.

However, some individuals may continue to experience recurrent episodes into adulthood, particularly when exposed to new environments or insect species. In these cases, ongoing management and prevention strategies may be necessary to minimize discomfort and complications.

Advances in Papular Urticaria Research: Future Treatment Possibilities

While current treatments for papular urticaria are generally effective, ongoing research aims to develop new and improved therapies. What are some promising areas of research in papular urticaria treatment?

• Development of more targeted antihistamine medications with fewer side effects
• Investigation of immunomodulatory therapies to reduce hypersensitivity reactions
• Exploration of natural and botanical remedies with anti-inflammatory properties
• Research into long-acting insect repellents and protective clothing technologies

How might future treatments improve the management of papular urticaria? Potential advancements could lead to faster symptom relief, longer-lasting protection against insect bites, and more effective prevention strategies. As research progresses, individuals with papular urticaria may have access to a wider range of treatment options tailored to their specific needs.

Participating in Papular Urticaria Research

For those interested in contributing to the advancement of papular urticaria treatments, participating in clinical trials may be an option. How can individuals get involved in papular urticaria research? Consult with your healthcare provider about ongoing studies in your area, or check clinical trial databases for opportunities to participate in relevant research projects.

By participating in research, individuals can not only potentially access new treatments but also contribute to the broader understanding of papular urticaria and help improve future management strategies for others affected by the condition.

Papular urticaria: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

Papular urticaria is an allergic skin reaction that typically results from insect bites. Itchy bumps often appear on uncovered areas of the skin, such as the face, forearms, and legs.

Papular urticaria is a common condition, especially in the summer months. Bumps on the skin occur due to a hypersensitivity to bug bites. It usually occurs in children but can also affect adults traveling to new areas.

One unique characteristic of this skin disorder is that scratching an area affected by a bug bite can trigger the inflammation of old bites. As a result, it can appear as though there are more new bites than there really are.

Read more about papular urticaria symptoms, treatment options, and when to contact a doctor.

The first symptoms of papular urticaria are usually bumps that are:

• itchy
• inflamed
• raised
• the same color as the surrounding skin or red on lighter skin

The bumps may appear in a curved pattern or a line, particularly if the bites are from bed bugs or fleas.

Although they can occur anywhere on the body, the bumps typically appear on exposed areas, such as the legs, forearms, and face.

The bumps — also called hives — are usually very itchy. People often have the urge to scratch, but doing so can break the skin. This can cause infections and scarring.

Each bump usually remains on the skin for a few days up to several weeks. The bumps may disappear quickly, only to reappear elsewhere. Papular urticaria tends to recur, and a new bite can trigger an old reaction.

Although it can look similar, papular urticaria is different from scabies, a skin condition caused by burrowing mites. Scabies is a contagious condition that causes rashes, sores, and thick crusts that last weeks. Scabies bumps are usually smaller and flatter in appearance than those that result from papular urticaria.

How can people identify bug bites?

Many insects in the United States can potentially cause a reaction, leading to papular urticaria. The most common causes are insects that live on cats and dogs, such as fleas and mites. Bed bugs are another common cause.

However, any biting insect can cause papular urticaria.

A 2017 study identified risk factors that made children more likely to get papular urticaria, including:

• having household pets, which can lead to fleas
• using a mattress without springs
• daily use of public transportation
• living in a warm, tropical climate
• living in a geographic area heavily infested with insects
• having siblings with a history of atopic dermatitis
• being under 7 years old
• being affected by poverty
• having a soil or earth floor in the main bedroom of a house

Papular urticaria in children

Although papular urticaria can affect anyone, it is more prevalent in children than adults. It commonly occurs in children who are 2–7 years old.

As papular urticaria results from a hypersensitivity to bug bites, people become less likely to get it with time. As children become more and more desensitized to common bug bites, they will “outgrow” the condition. Children tend to get papular urticaria because they have never been exposed to a certain insect bite before and have not yet become desensitized to it.

The bumps will usually go away on their own, but over-the-counter (OTC) medications and creams can ease discomfort, reduce swelling, and prevent infection.

If a person is experiencing serious itching or pain, or the bumps do not resolve, they should contact a healthcare professional. A doctor can perform tests to rule out other causes, such as scabies and dermatitis.

The bumps usually go away on their own. People can use OTC creams and medications to manage discomfort but may need a prescription for stronger steroid creams.

Treatments for papular urticaria include:

• oral antihistamine medication
• antiseptic cream to prevent secondary infection
• steroid cream

However, the best way to manage the condition is to take preventive measures. People should cover their skin when outside, wear insect repellent, and treat household pets for fleas.

If a person has papular urticaria, it is also important to get rid of any sources of infestation. They can do this by:

• treating household pets with flea medication
• wearing protective clothing
• using insect repellent
• treating pet bedding with flea spray
• spraying an area with insecticide
• treating carpets and upholstery with a pyrethroid spray, being sure to vacuum afterward
• checking mattresses for signs of bed bugs

How can people treat hives (urticaria)?

The main complication of papular urticaria is infection. As the condition causes itchy bumps, people can feel a strong urge to scratch.

This can lead to infections through germs on the fingers and nails entering the skin. Skin infections can cause pain and inflammation, which can worsen the condition.

Papular urticaria is a preventable condition.

The best ways to avoid it are by:

• covering the skin when outside
• using insect-repellent spray
• keeping the home free of bugs
• treating pets with anti-flea medication

Over time, most children and adults will become desensitized to papular urticaria.

If a person does get papular urticaria, it usually resolves on its own.

Here are some questions people often ask about papular urticaria.

How do you get rid of papular urticaria?

OTC preparations, such as oral antihistamines, antiseptic creams, and topical steroid creams, can help. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe a stronger medication.

How do you treat papular urticaria at home?

To reduce itching, a person can apply cool compresses or taking an oatmeal bath. Sometimes, spending time in another location, for instance, on holiday, may provide relief.

Taking measures to avoid or prevent fleas and bed bugs can reduce the risk of bites and papular urticaria in the home. This may involve using insecticide sprays and treating pets with anti-flea medications.

Which bugs cause papular urticaria?

Any biting insects can cause it, notably bed bugs and fleas that live on pets. Other possible causes include mosquitoes, gnats, bird mites, carpet beetles, caterpillars, and other insects. However, it can be difficult to distinguish a trigger since it stems from a sensitization process rather than a specific bite.

Papular urticaria is a skin reaction to an insect bite. It can either be an allergy or hypersensitivity. Symptoms include small, raised bumps that are itchy and painful.

The condition usually resolves on its own, and people can manage it with OTC antihistamines and creams. People should avoid scratching the bumps, as this can lead to infection.

Papular urticaria: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

Papular urticaria is an allergic skin reaction that typically results from insect bites. Itchy bumps often appear on uncovered areas of the skin, such as the face, forearms, and legs.

Papular urticaria is a common condition, especially in the summer months. Bumps on the skin occur due to a hypersensitivity to bug bites. It usually occurs in children but can also affect adults traveling to new areas.

One unique characteristic of this skin disorder is that scratching an area affected by a bug bite can trigger the inflammation of old bites. As a result, it can appear as though there are more new bites than there really are.

Read more about papular urticaria symptoms, treatment options, and when to contact a doctor.

The first symptoms of papular urticaria are usually bumps that are:

• itchy
• inflamed
• raised
• the same color as the surrounding skin or red on lighter skin

The bumps may appear in a curved pattern or a line, particularly if the bites are from bed bugs or fleas.

Although they can occur anywhere on the body, the bumps typically appear on exposed areas, such as the legs, forearms, and face.

The bumps — also called hives — are usually very itchy. People often have the urge to scratch, but doing so can break the skin. This can cause infections and scarring.

Each bump usually remains on the skin for a few days up to several weeks. The bumps may disappear quickly, only to reappear elsewhere. Papular urticaria tends to recur, and a new bite can trigger an old reaction.

Although it can look similar, papular urticaria is different from scabies, a skin condition caused by burrowing mites. Scabies is a contagious condition that causes rashes, sores, and thick crusts that last weeks. Scabies bumps are usually smaller and flatter in appearance than those that result from papular urticaria.

How can people identify bug bites?

Many insects in the United States can potentially cause a reaction, leading to papular urticaria. The most common causes are insects that live on cats and dogs, such as fleas and mites. Bed bugs are another common cause.

However, any biting insect can cause papular urticaria.

A 2017 study identified risk factors that made children more likely to get papular urticaria, including:

• having household pets, which can lead to fleas
• using a mattress without springs
• daily use of public transportation
• living in a warm, tropical climate
• living in a geographic area heavily infested with insects
• having siblings with a history of atopic dermatitis
• being under 7 years old
• being affected by poverty
• having a soil or earth floor in the main bedroom of a house

Papular urticaria in children

Although papular urticaria can affect anyone, it is more prevalent in children than adults. It commonly occurs in children who are 2–7 years old.

As papular urticaria results from a hypersensitivity to bug bites, people become less likely to get it with time. As children become more and more desensitized to common bug bites, they will “outgrow” the condition. Children tend to get papular urticaria because they have never been exposed to a certain insect bite before and have not yet become desensitized to it.

The bumps will usually go away on their own, but over-the-counter (OTC) medications and creams can ease discomfort, reduce swelling, and prevent infection.

If a person is experiencing serious itching or pain, or the bumps do not resolve, they should contact a healthcare professional. A doctor can perform tests to rule out other causes, such as scabies and dermatitis.

The bumps usually go away on their own. People can use OTC creams and medications to manage discomfort but may need a prescription for stronger steroid creams.

Treatments for papular urticaria include:

• oral antihistamine medication
• antiseptic cream to prevent secondary infection
• steroid cream

However, the best way to manage the condition is to take preventive measures. People should cover their skin when outside, wear insect repellent, and treat household pets for fleas.

If a person has papular urticaria, it is also important to get rid of any sources of infestation. They can do this by:

• treating household pets with flea medication
• wearing protective clothing
• using insect repellent
• treating pet bedding with flea spray
• spraying an area with insecticide
• treating carpets and upholstery with a pyrethroid spray, being sure to vacuum afterward
• checking mattresses for signs of bed bugs

How can people treat hives (urticaria)?

The main complication of papular urticaria is infection. As the condition causes itchy bumps, people can feel a strong urge to scratch.

This can lead to infections through germs on the fingers and nails entering the skin. Skin infections can cause pain and inflammation, which can worsen the condition.

Papular urticaria is a preventable condition.

The best ways to avoid it are by:

• covering the skin when outside
• using insect-repellent spray
• keeping the home free of bugs
• treating pets with anti-flea medication

Over time, most children and adults will become desensitized to papular urticaria.

If a person does get papular urticaria, it usually resolves on its own.

Here are some questions people often ask about papular urticaria.

How do you get rid of papular urticaria?

OTC preparations, such as oral antihistamines, antiseptic creams, and topical steroid creams, can help. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe a stronger medication.

How do you treat papular urticaria at home?

To reduce itching, a person can apply cool compresses or taking an oatmeal bath. Sometimes, spending time in another location, for instance, on holiday, may provide relief.

Taking measures to avoid or prevent fleas and bed bugs can reduce the risk of bites and papular urticaria in the home. This may involve using insecticide sprays and treating pets with anti-flea medications.

Which bugs cause papular urticaria?

Any biting insects can cause it, notably bed bugs and fleas that live on pets. Other possible causes include mosquitoes, gnats, bird mites, carpet beetles, caterpillars, and other insects. However, it can be difficult to distinguish a trigger since it stems from a sensitization process rather than a specific bite.

Papular urticaria is a skin reaction to an insect bite. It can either be an allergy or hypersensitivity. Symptoms include small, raised bumps that are itchy and painful.

The condition usually resolves on its own, and people can manage it with OTC antihistamines and creams. People should avoid scratching the bumps, as this can lead to infection.

Airborne infections

A reminder for parents.

Measles is a viral infection with a very high susceptibility. If a person has not had measles or has not been vaccinated against this infection, then after contact with the patient, infection occurs in almost 100% of cases. The measles virus is highly volatile. The virus can spread through ventilation pipes and elevator shafts – at the same time, children living on different floors of the house get sick.

The period from contact with a person with measles to the appearance of the first signs of the disease lasts from 7 to 14 days.

The disease begins with a severe headache, weakness, fever up to 40 degrees C. A little later, a runny nose, cough and almost complete lack of appetite join these symptoms.

Very characteristic of measles is the appearance of conjunctivitis – inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, which is manifested by photophobia, lacrimation, sharp redness of the eyes, and subsequently – the appearance of purulent discharge. These symptoms last 2 to 4 days.

On the 4th day of illness, a rash appears that looks like small red spots of various sizes (from 1 to 3 mm in diameter), with a tendency to merge. The rash occurs on the face and head (it is especially characteristic of its appearance behind the ears) and spreads throughout the body for 3-4 days. It is very characteristic of measles that the rash leaves behind pigmentation (dark spots that persist for several days), which disappears in the same sequence as the rash appears.

Serious complications can occur with measles. These include inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia), inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media), and sometimes such a formidable complication as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).

It must be remembered that after measles has been transferred for a sufficiently long period of time (up to 2 months), immunosuppression is noted, so the child can get sick with some cold or viral disease, so you need to protect him from excessive stress, if possible, avoid contact with sick children.

Long-lasting immunity develops after measles. All those who have had measles become immune to this infection.

The only reliable protection against the disease is vaccination against measles, which is included in the National Immunization Schedule.

Rubella is an airborne viral infection. As a rule, children who stay in the same room for a long time with the child who is the source of infection get sick. Rubella in its manifestations is very similar to measles, but it is much easier.

The period from contact to the first signs of illness lasts from 14 to 21 days.

Rubella begins with an increase in the occipital lymph nodes and an increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees C. A runny nose joins a little later, and sometimes a cough. A rash appears 2 to 3 days after the onset of the disease. Rubella is characterized by a pink, punctate rash that begins with a rash on the face and spreads throughout the body. Rubella rash, unlike measles, never merges, there may be a slight itch. The period of rashes can be from several hours, during which there is no trace of the rash, up to 2 days.

The treatment for rubella is to relieve the main symptoms – fight fever, if any, treat the common cold, expectorants.

Complications from rubella are rare.

After exposure to rubella, immunity also develops, re-infection is extremely rare, but can occur.

Therefore, it is very important to get the rubella vaccine, which, like the measles vaccine, is included in the National Immunization Schedule.

Mumps (mumps) is a childhood viral infection characterized by acute inflammation in the salivary glands.

Infection occurs by airborne droplets. Susceptibility to this disease is about 50-60% (that is, 50-60% of those who were in contact and who were not ill and not vaccinated get sick).

It can take 11 to 23 days from contact with a sick mumps to the onset of illness.

Mumps begins with a rise in body temperature up to 39 degrees C and severe pain in or under the ear, aggravated by swallowing or chewing. At the same time, salivation increases. Swelling quickly grows in the area of ​​​​the upper part of the neck and cheeks, touching this place causes severe pain in the child. Unpleasant symptoms disappear within three to four days: body temperature decreases, swelling decreases, pain disappears.

However, quite often mumps ends with inflammation in the glandular organs, such as the pancreas (pancreatitis), gonads. Past pancreatitis in some cases leads to diabetes mellitus. Inflammation of the gonads (testicles) is more common in boys. This significantly complicates the course of the disease, and in some cases may result in infertility. In especially severe cases, mumps can be complicated by viral meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), which is severe.

After an illness, a strong immunity is formed, but complications can lead to disability.

The only reliable protection against the disease is vaccination against mumps, which is included in the National Immunization Schedule.

Varicella (chickenpox) is a typical childhood infection. Mostly young children or preschoolers are ill. Susceptibility to the causative agent of chickenpox (the virus that causes chickenpox refers to herpes viruses) is also quite high. About 80% of contact persons who have not been ill before develop chickenpox.

It takes 14 to 21 days from the moment of contact with a person with chickenpox until the first signs of the disease appear.

The disease begins with a rash. Usually it is one or two reddish spots, similar to a mosquito bite. These elements of the rash can be located on any part of the body, but most often they first appear on the stomach or face. Usually the rash spreads very quickly – new elements appear every few minutes or hours. Reddish spots, which at first look like mosquito bites, the next day take the form of bubbles filled with transparent contents. These blisters are very itchy. The rash spreads throughout the body, to the limbs, to the scalp. In severe cases, there are elements of the rash on the mucous membranes – in the mouth, nose, on the conjunctiva of the sclera, genitals, intestines. By the end of the first day of the disease, the general state of health worsens, the body temperature rises (up to 40 degrees C and above). The severity of the condition depends on the number of lesions. If there are elements of the rash on the mucous membranes of the pharynx, nose and on the conjunctiva of the sclera, then pharyngitis, rhinitis and conjunctivitis develop due to the addition of a bacterial infection. Bubbles open in a day or two with the formation of sores, which are covered with crusts.

Headache, feeling unwell, fever persist until new rashes appear. This usually happens within 3 to 5 days. Within 5-7 days after the last sprinkling, the rash disappears.

The treatment of chickenpox is to reduce itching, intoxication and prevent bacterial complications. The elements of the rash must be lubricated with antiseptic solutions (as a rule, this is an aqueous solution of brilliant green or manganese). Treatment with coloring antiseptics prevents bacterial infection of rashes, allows you to track the dynamics of the appearance of rashes. It is necessary to monitor the hygiene of the mouth and nose, eyes – you can rinse your mouth with a solution of calendula, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth also need to be treated with antiseptic solutions.

Chickenpox complications include myocarditis – inflammation of the heart muscle, meningitis and meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the meninges, brain matter), inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis). Fortunately, these complications are quite rare. After chickenpox, as well as after all childhood infections, immunity develops. Re-infection happens, but very rarely.

Scarlet fever is the only childhood infection caused not by viruses but by bacteria (group A streptococcus). This is an acute disease transmitted by airborne droplets. Infection through household items (toys, dishes) is also possible. Children of early and preschool age are ill. The most dangerous in terms of infection are patients in the first two to three days of the disease.

Scarlet fever begins very acutely with fever up to 39 degrees C, vomiting, headache. The most characteristic symptom of scarlet fever is angina, in which the mucous membrane of the pharynx has a bright red color, swelling is pronounced. The patient notes a sharp pain when swallowing. There may be a whitish coating on the tongue and tonsils. The tongue subsequently acquires a very characteristic appearance (“crimson”) – bright pink and coarsely granular.

By the end of the first beginning of the second day of illness, the second characteristic symptom of scarlet fever appears – a rash. It appears immediately on several parts of the body, most densely located in the folds (elbow, inguinal). Its distinguishing feature is that the bright red punctate scarlatinal rash is located on a red background, which gives the impression of a general confluent redness. When pressed on the skin, a white stripe remains. The rash can be spread all over the body, but there is always a clear (white) area of ​​skin between the upper lip and nose, as well as the chin. Itching is much less pronounced than with chickenpox.

Rash lasts up to 2 to 5 days. The manifestations of sore throat persist a little longer (up to 7-9 days).

Scarlet fever is usually treated with antibiotics because scarlet fever is a germ that can be eliminated with antibiotics and strict bed rest. Also very important is the local treatment of angina and detoxification (removal of toxins from the body that are formed during the vital activity of microorganisms – for this they give plenty of drink). Vitamins, antipyretics are shown. Scarlet fever also has quite serious complications. Before the use of antibiotics, scarlet fever often ended in the development of rheumatism with the formation of acquired heart defects or kidney disease. Currently, subject to well-prescribed treatment and careful adherence to recommendations, such complications are rare.

Almost exclusively children suffer from scarlet fever, because with age a person acquires resistance to streptococci. Those who have been ill also acquire strong immunity.

Whooping cough is an acute infectious disease that is characterized by a long course. The hallmark of the disease is a spasmodic cough.

The mechanism of infection transmission is airborne. A feature of whooping cough is the high susceptibility of children to it, starting from the first days of life.

It takes from 3 to 15 days from the moment of contact with a person with whooping cough until the first signs of the disease appear. A feature of whooping cough is a gradual increase in coughing within 2 to 3 weeks after its onset.

Typical symptoms of whooping cough:

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • thatm which is gradually turning into attacks of spasmodic cough (a series of cough jerks, quickly following each other on one exhalation) with convulsive inspiration, accompanied by a whistling lingering sound. In infants, such a cough can lead to respiratory arrest. Attacks of coughing are worse at night and end in the release of a small amount of viscous sputum, sometimes vomiting;

• puffiness of the face, hemorrhages in the sclera;

• • • Tongue frenulum (due to trauma to the edges of the teeth, because during a coughing fit the tongue protrudes to the limit, its tip is bent upwards).

Whooping cough is often complicated by bronchitis, otitis, pneumonia, rectal prolapse, umbilical and inguinal hernia.

After having had whooping cough for a long time (several months), coughing fits may return, especially if the child catches a cold or during physical exertion.

The only reliable prevention against whooping cough is DTP vaccination, a vaccine that is included in the National Immunization Schedule. Parents’ fears about the harmful effects of the vaccine are unfounded. The quality of the DTP vaccine is not inferior in its properties to vaccines produced in other countries.

Acute intestinal infections is a large group of diseases that occur with more or less similar symptoms, but can be caused by a huge number of pathogens: bacteria, viruses, protozoa.

In summer, the number of intestinal infections in children inevitably increases. There are several reasons for this.

Firstly, in summer a large amount of raw vegetables, fruits and berries are consumed, on the unwashed surface of which a huge number of microbes, including potentially dangerous ones, live.

Secondly, in summer children spend a lot of time outdoors, and not always even their parents remember that eating with clean hands is a mandatory rule.

The third reason: in the summer, getting into food (dairy products, meat, fish, broths), some pathogens multiply at a tremendous speed and quickly reach an amount that successfully breaks through the protective barriers of the gastrointestinal tract.

From the moment the pathogen enters the gastrointestinal tract to the onset of the disease, it can take from several hours to 7 days.

The disease begins with fever, malaise, weakness, lethargy. Appetite is sharply reduced, nausea, vomiting quickly joins. The chair is liquid, frequent with impurities. The consequence of fluid loss is dryness of the mucous membranes and skin, facial features are sharpened, the child loses weight, urinates little. Painful facial expression. If your child has the above signs of illness, call the doctor immediately. Self-medication is unacceptable.

Prevention of intestinal infections requires strict adherence to general hygiene measures at home, when preparing food and while eating.

During the summer, all foodstuffs should be protected from flies. Ready food should be stored in the refrigerator: at a low temperature, even if microbes get into the food, they will not be able to multiply. The disease can also be caused by illegibility when buying products that are eaten without heat treatment – from the hands, outside the markets, where they do not pass sanitary control. When swimming in open water, in no case should water be swallowed. If you eat on the beach, wipe your hands with at least special wet wipes.

And remember that parental example is the best way to teach a child.

Tuberculosis to a greater extent the respiratory organs, as well as all organs and systems of the body.

People with tuberculosis are the source of infection. The most common is the air way of infection. Transmission factors are nasopharyngeal mucus, sputum and dust containing bacteria.

The multiplication of tuberculosis bacteria in the child’s body leads to significant functional disorders with intoxication phenomena: irritability or, conversely, lethargy, fatigue, headache, sweating. Body temperature rises to 37.2 – 37.3o, sleep and appetite are disturbed. With a long course of the disease, the child loses weight, the skin becomes pale, and there is a tendency to inflammatory diseases. For children, a reaction from the lymph nodes is typical: they increase in size, become dense. If left untreated, the disease can progress to more severe forms.

For the diagnosis of tuberculosis intoxication, it is important to determine infection with the help of tuberculin tests, and for children from 12 years old, also with the help of fluorography.

For the prevention of tuberculosis, it is very important to: lead a healthy lifestyle, strictly observe sanitary and hygienic rules: wash hands before eating, do not eat unwashed vegetables and fruits, as well as dairy products that have not passed sanitary control, eat well, play sports, pay attention to changes in health status.

An important point for the prevention of tuberculosis is the annual Mantoux test, which gives a positive result when pathogenic bacteria enter the child’s body.

Eczema on the elbows – effective treatment, causes and symptoms of the disease

Author : Grachev Ilya Illarionovich
Editor : Demidovich Larisa Vladimirovna

Publication date: 03/09/2019
Update date: 07/10/2022

Contents

• Causes of eczema on the elbows
• The main types of eczema of the elbow and the first signs
  • True eczema
  • Microbial eczema
  • Occupational eczema
• Stages of eczema on elbows
• Treatments for eczema on the elbows
  • Medical therapy
• Treatment of eczema on the elbows at Paramita Clinic

Rashes on the skin in the area of ​​the elbow joints are one of the characteristic manifestations of eczema. After the treatment, they disappear, and then reappear after stress or diet violations. Eczema on the elbows requires timely treatment, otherwise the rash will spread to other parts of the body and the course will become uncontrollable. It is very important to contact a specialist in time, who will prescribe treatment and prevent the spread of the pathological process. Specialists of the Moscow clinic Paramita know how to do it.

Causes of eczema on the elbows

Eczema is an allergic disease with acute, subacute or chronic course. Its main manifestations are a variety of skin rashes of an inflammatory nature, accompanied by severe itching and burning. The name of the disease comes from the Greek word ekzeo – I boil, since the most common elements of the rash are vesicles with transparent contents.

Eczema on the elbows is based on different causes, therefore, the treatment must be selected individually. The main role is played by hereditary predisposition, expressed in the peculiarities of the work of the nervous, endocrine and immune systems. This leads to an increase in the body’s sensitivity to the effects of various external and internal triggering factors – triggers. As a result, an allergic reaction develops in the form of skin inflammation.

External (exogenous) causes

• prolonged mechanical impact – skin irritation;
• exposure to ultraviolet rays;
• damage by chemicals – household chemicals, chemical and biological substances at work;
• allergenic creams, body care gels;
• insect bites;
• wearing synthetic fabrics;
• fungal and bacterial skin infections;
• open skin injuries;
• medicinal preparations;
• food allergens;
• animal hair.

Internal (endogenous) causes

• toxins and antibodies formed against the background of chronic diseases and foci of infection;
• especially often the cause is hormonal disruptions, diabetes and diseases of the digestive system.

The main types of eczema of the elbow and the first signs

Eczema on the elbows can be true, microbial or occupational. Each type has its own manifestations and forms.

True eczema

The disease can manifest itself in the form of symmetrical rashes on the back of the elbows. The onset is acute, often without apparent cause, and is therefore called idiopathic (with no known cause). The course quickly becomes subacute and chronic.

First, on the back surface of the skin of the hands in the area of ​​​​the elbow joints, an area of ​​reddened, edematous, itchy skin appears. Then a blistering rash appears on it. The bubbles burst, small point erosions appear with drops of serous substance on the surface (serous wells), the surface becomes wet, the development of weeping eczema begins.

After some time, the acute inflammatory process subsides, part of the affected area is covered with crusts, adjacent to the bubbles and erosions. Then wetting stops, the skin becomes covered with crusts, begins to peel off. The transition to the subacute and chronic phase is accompanied by thickening of the skin with a simultaneous increase in its pattern – lichenification. The affected parts become bluish in color, bubbles periodically appear on them, which indicates an aggravation of the process. The course can be complicated by the addition of a purulent infection.

One form of true eczema on the elbows is pruriginous eczema. It is characterized by thickening of the skin in the elbow area, the appearance of small papules and vesicles (vesicles) on its surface, which do not open and do not form crusts. This form of the disease is initially chronic, often relapsing, accompanied by lichenification and severe itching.

Microbial eczema

The disease develops against the background of bacterial (streptococcal) or fungal skin lesions, wounds, cracks, etc. Allergic and autoimmune (allergy to own tissues) join the infectious process. As a result, the course takes on a long relapsing character. Microbial eczema on the elbows is initially located asymmetrically, but over time, similar manifestations appear on symmetrical parts of the body. May take the following forms:

1. Coin-like (nummular) . It manifests itself in the form of round or oval lesions, on the reddened edematous surface of which papules, vesicles, weeping and crusts appear – all symptoms characteristic of true eczema.
2. Paratraumatic . This form can affect the edges of wounds, burns and cracks in the skin of the elbows. It is acute, with weeping and severe itching. In the absence of proper therapy, the course becomes chronic.

Red spots on the skin after stress

Diagnosis of skin diseases

Occupational eczema

The professional form develops with constant contact of the affected skin with substances that cause allergies. It proceeds in the same way as the true one, symmetrical parts of the body are affected. It develops in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Often, after the action of the allergen is eliminated, all symptoms disappear. But sometimes relapses develop and the disease becomes chronic.

Stages of eczema on the elbows

The disease can occur in the following stages:

• Acute . It is subdivided into:
  1. erythematous – redness and swelling of the affected area of ​​the skin;
  2. papular – the appearance of papular rashes;
  3. vesicular – the appearance of vesicles on the surface of papules;
  4. weeping – the formation of erosion and the release of serous fluid;
  5. crusty – drying of vesicles and covering them with crusts.
• Subacute – the skin thickens, the pattern intensifies, peeling appears.
• Chronic – the skin becomes cyanotic, lichenified, flaky, age spots appear. Periodically developing relapses are characterized by the appearance of a small number of bubbles.

Treatments for eczema on the elbows

Treatment of eczema on the elbows is carried out after a comprehensive examination of the patient, identifying and eliminating the causes of the disease. Only after that, an individually selected complex therapy is prescribed, which includes:

• diet;
• drug therapy;
• modern European and traditional oriental techniques;
• folk methods.

Medical therapy

How to treat eczema on elbows? With this disease, experts prescribe:

• 2nd generation antihistamines (Claritin, Levocetirizine) injectable or oral preparations to relieve inflammation and itching; if itching is especially disturbing at night, it should be treated with 1st generation drugs (Suprastin, Tavegil), which have not only an antipruritic, but also a hypnotic effect;
• external anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agents – brilliant green, fukortsin, an aqueous solution of methylene blue, chlorhexidine, miramistin;
• in acute course – solutions, creams, ointments with corticosteroids.

Elbow eczema treatment at Paramita Clinic

Our clinic specializes in patients suffering from chronic skin diseases. Doctors were trained in the world’s best medical centers. They own:

• all types of drug therapy;
• modern western therapeutic methods;
• by traditional oriental methods – all of them were trained in these methods in China and Tibet.

Distinctive features of the clinic are an individual approach to the treatment of each patient, comfortable conditions and friendly attitude of the staff. Clinic specialists relieve patients of eczema on the elbows for a long time. And with regular maintenance treatment, patients forget about their illness forever.

Plasma therapy in our clinic

To completely eliminate the causes and symptoms of eczema, we use not only creams, ointments and tablets, but also modern European and traditional oriental methods:

• PRP therapy is a method that allows you to activate the body’s defenses. Based on the ability of platelets to restore damaged tissues. The patient is injected with his own blood plasma enriched with platelets.
• Autohemotherapy – stimulation of immunity by intramuscular injection of blood taken from the patient’s vein;
• Reflexology:
  • acupuncture – needles are inserted into special acupuncture points (AT) on the patient’s body;
  • moxibustion – warming up AT with wormwood cigarettes;
  • point massage.
• Phytotherapy – prescription of herbal medicines; selection of drugs is carried out individually.

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Head physician of the clinic

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What to do in case of exacerbation?

If the disease worsens, you should consult a doctor. Exacerbation is characterized by severe swelling of the skin and itching. At the same time, the skin can be both pronounced weeping and, conversely, dryness. This requires a different approach to prescribing medical procedures, so it’s better not to take risks by not self-medicating, but to put yourself in the hands of a specialist.

Use of folk remedies at home

Eczema can be treated at home only after consulting a doctor. There are many folk methods for the treatment of this disease. With pronounced weeping, applications can be made with a cold decoction of oak bark.

• take 4 tablespoons of bark, add hot water, simmer for 15 minutes over low heat, cool, strain, add boiled water to the original level;
• place the decoction in the refrigerator and make daily applications by applying a cloth soaked in the decoction to the affected areas of the skin.

For dry eczema, you can apply a cut aloe leaf (on the inside) to the elbows – this softens the skin well and relieves itching.