What are the primary symptoms of sepsis. How is sepsis diagnosed and treated. What causes sepsis and who is at higher risk. How can sepsis be prevented. What are the potential complications of sepsis.

What is Sepsis? Understanding the Severity of Blood Infections

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s response to infection spirals out of control. Often referred to as blood poisoning or septicemia, this condition can quickly escalate from a localized infection to a system-wide crisis. But what exactly happens during sepsis?

During a septic event, the immune system releases an overwhelming amount of chemicals into the bloodstream. This flood of immune responses triggers widespread inflammation throughout the body. As a result, vital organs and tissues may suffer damage due to reduced blood flow and oxygen deprivation.

In severe cases, sepsis can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure, a condition medical professionals term “septic shock.” This rapid decline in blood pressure can cause multiple organ failure, affecting the lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital systems. Without prompt and appropriate treatment, septic shock can be fatal.

The Primary Culprits Behind Sepsis

While sepsis can result from various types of infections, bacterial infections are the most common culprits. However, it’s crucial to understand that sepsis can also stem from viral, fungal, or parasitic infections. The infection can originate from any part of the body where pathogens enter, even from seemingly minor injuries like a hangnail.

In some cases, more severe infections such as osteomyelitis (bone infection) can lead to sepsis. For hospitalized patients, the risk of developing sepsis increases due to potential entry points for bacteria, including IV lines, surgical wounds, urinary catheters, and bedsores.

Identifying High-Risk Groups: Who is Most Susceptible to Sepsis?

While sepsis can affect anyone, certain groups of people are at a higher risk of developing this potentially life-threatening condition. Understanding these risk factors can help in early detection and prevention. Who falls into these high-risk categories?

• Individuals with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV patients, cancer patients, organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs)
• Pregnant women
• Very young children and infants
• Elderly individuals, especially those with pre-existing health conditions
• Recently hospitalized patients or those who have undergone major surgeries
• People using catheters or breathing tubes
• Diabetics
• Individuals with serious medical conditions such as appendicitis, pneumonia, meningitis, cirrhosis, or urinary tract infections

It’s important to note that while these groups are at higher risk, sepsis can occur in otherwise healthy individuals as well. Awareness and prompt medical attention are crucial for everyone.

Recognizing the Signs: Key Symptoms of Sepsis

Sepsis can manifest in various ways, depending on the original site of infection and the individual’s overall health. However, there are several common symptoms that may indicate the onset of sepsis. What should you look out for?

The initial signs of sepsis often include rapid breathing and confusion. As the condition progresses, other symptoms may emerge:

• Fever accompanied by chills
• Unusually low body temperature
• Decreased urine output
• Rapid heartbeat
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Extreme fatigue or weakness
• Skin discoloration or blotchiness
• Excessive sweating or clammy skin
• Severe pain

It’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention if you or someone you know exhibits these symptoms, especially if there’s a known infection or recent injury.

Diagnosing Sepsis: Medical Tests and Procedures

Accurate and timely diagnosis of sepsis is critical for effective treatment. How do medical professionals diagnose this condition? Doctors employ a combination of physical examinations and various diagnostic tests to confirm sepsis and assess its severity.

During the diagnostic process, healthcare providers may conduct the following tests:

1. Blood tests to detect the presence of bacteria or other pathogens
2. Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds to identify signs of infection
3. Complete blood count to check white blood cell levels and platelet count
4. Blood pressure measurements
5. Blood gas analysis to assess acid levels and oxygen content
6. Coagulation tests to evaluate blood clotting function
7. Electrolyte panel to check for imbalances
8. Kidney and liver function tests

These diagnostic procedures help doctors not only confirm the presence of sepsis but also determine its severity and potential complications. This comprehensive approach enables healthcare providers to develop an appropriate treatment plan tailored to the patient’s specific condition.

Treating Sepsis: A Race Against Time

When it comes to sepsis, time is of the essence. Prompt and aggressive treatment is crucial for improving outcomes and preventing potentially life-threatening complications. How do medical professionals approach sepsis treatment?

Typically, patients with sepsis are admitted to the hospital’s Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for close monitoring and specialized care. The primary goals of sepsis treatment include:

• Stopping the infection
• Maintaining organ function
• Managing blood pressure

To achieve these objectives, doctors employ a multi-faceted treatment approach:

1. Intravenous (IV) Fluids and Oxygen Therapy

Administering IV fluids helps maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs. Supplemental oxygen supports proper tissue oxygenation.

2. Antibiotic Treatment

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often initiated immediately, even before the specific pathogen is identified. Once the causative organism is determined through lab tests, targeted antibiotic therapy can be implemented.

3. Vasopressors

These medications help constrict blood vessels, thereby improving blood pressure in cases of septic shock.

4. Corticosteroids

These drugs may be used to combat inflammation throughout the body.

5. Insulin Therapy

Maintaining stable blood sugar levels is crucial during sepsis treatment.

6. Advanced Supportive Care

In severe cases, patients may require mechanical ventilation to support breathing or kidney dialysis to maintain renal function.

7. Surgical Intervention

In some instances, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or drain abscesses.

The specific combination of treatments will depend on the individual patient’s condition, the severity of sepsis, and any underlying health issues.

Complications of Sepsis: Understanding the Long-term Impact

While immediate treatment of sepsis is crucial, it’s equally important to be aware of potential long-term complications. As sepsis progresses, it can cause a cascade of problems throughout the body. What are some of the serious complications that can arise from sepsis?

• Kidney Failure: Sepsis can severely impair kidney function, potentially leading to acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease.
• Tissue Death (Gangrene): Reduced blood flow to extremities can cause tissue death, particularly in fingers and toes. In severe cases, this may necessitate amputation.
• Organ Damage: Sepsis can cause lasting damage to vital organs such as the lungs, brain, and heart.
• Increased Susceptibility to Infections: Survivors of sepsis may face a higher risk of future infections due to a compromised immune system.
• Post-Sepsis Syndrome: Some patients experience long-term physical and psychological effects, including chronic pain, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and mood disorders.

It’s important to note that the severity and likelihood of these complications can vary greatly depending on factors such as the patient’s age, overall health, and how quickly treatment was initiated. The mortality rate for sepsis ranges from 25% to 40%, underscoring the critical nature of early detection and treatment.

Preventing Sepsis: Proactive Measures for Better Health

Given the potential severity of sepsis, prevention is paramount. While it’s not always possible to prevent sepsis entirely, there are several steps individuals can take to reduce their risk. How can you protect yourself and your loved ones from this life-threatening condition?

1. Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. This simple act can significantly reduce the risk of infections.
2. Stay Up-to-Date with Vaccinations: Ensure you and your family members receive recommended vaccines, including those for influenza, pneumococcal disease, and other preventable infections.
3. Manage Chronic Health Conditions: If you have ongoing health issues such as diabetes or heart disease, work closely with your healthcare provider to keep these conditions under control.
4. Proper Wound Care: Clean any cuts, scrapes, or breaks in the skin promptly and thoroughly. Keep wounds clean and covered while they heal, and watch for signs of infection.
5. Seek Prompt Medical Attention: If you develop an infection, don’t hesitate to seek medical care, especially if symptoms worsen or don’t improve with initial treatment.
6. Be Cautious in Healthcare Settings: If you’re hospitalized or undergoing medical procedures, don’t hesitate to ask healthcare providers about their hand hygiene practices and the necessity of any invasive devices like catheters.
7. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: A balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management can all contribute to a stronger immune system.

By implementing these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing sepsis. Remember, awareness and early action are key in combating this serious condition.

Sepsis Awareness: The Importance of Education and Early Recognition

Despite its prevalence and potential severity, sepsis remains a condition that many people are unfamiliar with. Increasing public awareness about sepsis is crucial for improving outcomes and saving lives. Why is sepsis education so important?

Firstly, knowledge about sepsis symptoms can lead to earlier recognition and treatment. The sooner sepsis is identified and addressed, the better the chances of a full recovery. Public education campaigns can help people recognize the signs of sepsis in themselves and others, prompting them to seek medical attention promptly.

Secondly, awareness can lead to better prevention practices. When people understand the risk factors and potential causes of sepsis, they may be more likely to take preventive measures seriously, such as practicing good hygiene and managing chronic health conditions effectively.

Healthcare professionals also benefit from ongoing education about sepsis. Staying updated on the latest diagnostic criteria, treatment protocols, and prevention strategies enables medical teams to provide the best possible care to patients at risk of or experiencing sepsis.

Global Initiatives for Sepsis Awareness

Several global initiatives are working to increase sepsis awareness:

• World Sepsis Day: Observed annually on September 13th, this day aims to raise awareness of sepsis worldwide.
• Global Sepsis Alliance: This non-profit organization works to reduce the worldwide burden of sepsis through advocacy, awareness, and education.
• Sepsis Alliance: This U.S.-based organization provides resources for patients, families, and healthcare professionals to recognize and combat sepsis.

By supporting and participating in these initiatives, individuals can contribute to the global effort to combat sepsis and improve outcomes for those affected by this serious condition.

Advancements in Sepsis Research: Hope for the Future

As medical science continues to evolve, researchers are making significant strides in understanding and treating sepsis. What are some of the promising areas of sepsis research that offer hope for improved outcomes in the future?

1. Biomarker Discovery

Scientists are working to identify specific biomarkers that could allow for earlier and more accurate diagnosis of sepsis. These molecular indicators could potentially distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory conditions, enabling faster initiation of appropriate treatment.

2. Personalized Medicine Approaches

Research is underway to develop personalized treatment strategies based on an individual’s genetic makeup and specific immune response. This tailored approach could lead to more effective therapies with fewer side effects.

3. Immunomodulation Therapies

New treatments aimed at modulating the immune response during sepsis are being explored. These therapies seek to strike a balance between fighting the infection and preventing the harmful overactivation of the immune system.

4. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Advanced algorithms are being developed to predict sepsis onset in hospitalized patients before traditional signs and symptoms appear. These early warning systems could dramatically improve outcomes by allowing for preemptive treatment.

5. Novel Antibiotic Approaches

With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, researchers are investigating new classes of antibiotics and alternative approaches to combat infections that can lead to sepsis.

6. Organ Support Technologies

Advancements in organ support systems, such as improved dialysis techniques and artificial liver support, offer hope for better management of organ dysfunction in sepsis patients.

While these areas of research show promise, it’s important to note that many are still in early stages and require further study before they can be implemented in clinical practice. Nonetheless, they represent exciting possibilities for improving sepsis outcomes in the future.

As research progresses, it’s crucial for both healthcare professionals and the general public to stay informed about new developments in sepsis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This ongoing education, combined with increased awareness and prompt action, offers the best hope for reducing the global burden of sepsis and saving lives.

Sepsis (Blood Infection): Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

Written by Mary Anne Dunkin

• What Is Sepsis?
• Sepsis Causes and Risk Factors
• Sepsis Symptoms
• Sepsis Diagnosis
• Sepsis Treatment
• Sepsis Complications
• Sepsis Prevention
• More

 

Sepsis is when your body has an unusually severe response to an infection. It’s sometimes called septicemia.

During sepsis, your immune system, which defends you from germs, releases a lot of chemicals into your blood. This triggers widespread inflammation that can lead to organ damage. Clots reduce blood flow to your limbs and internal organs, so they don’t get the nutrients and oxygen they need.

In severe cases, sepsis causes a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Doctors call this “septic shock.” It can quickly lead to organ failure, such as your lungs, kidneys, and liver. This can be deadly.

 

Bacterial infections are most often to blame for sepsis. But it can also happen because of other infections. It can begin anywhere bacteria, parasites, fungi, or viruses enter your body, even something as small as a hangnail.

An infection of the bone, called osteomyelitis, could lead to sepsis. In people who are hospitalized, bacteria may enter through IV lines, surgical wounds, urinary catheters, and bed sores.

Sepsis is more common in people who:

• Have weakened immune systems because of conditions like HIV or cancer or because they take drugs such as steroids or those that prevent rejection of transplanted organs
• Are pregnant
• Are very young
• Are elderly, especially if they have other health problems
• Were recently hospitalized or had major surgeries
• Use catheters or breathing tubes
• Have diabetes
• Have a serious medical condition such as appendicitis, pneumonia, meningitis, cirrhosis, or a urinary tract infection

Because it can begin in different parts of your body, sepsis can have many different symptoms. The first signs may include rapid breathing and confusion. Other common symptoms include:

• Fever and chills
• Very low body temperature
• Peeing less than usual
• Fast heartbeat
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue or weakness
• Blotchy or discolored skin
• Sweating or clammy skin
• Severe pain

Your doctor will do a physical exam and run tests to look for things like:

• Bacteria in your blood or other body fluids
• Signs of infection on an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound
• A high or low white blood cell count
• A low number of platelets in your blood
• Low blood pressure
• Too much acid in your blood (acidosis)
• A lack of oxygen in your blood
• Problems with how your blood clots
• Uneven levels of electrolytes
• Kidney or liver problems

Your doctor will probably keep you in the hospital’s intensive care unit (ICU). Your medical team will try to stop the infection, keep your organs working, and manage your blood pressure. IV fluids and extra oxygen can help with this.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics may fight infections caused by bacteria early on. Once your doctor knows what’s causing your sepsis, they can give you medicine that targets that specific germ. Often, doctors prescribe vasopressors (which make your blood vessels narrow) to improve blood pressure. You could also get corticosteroids to fight inflammation or insulin to keep control of your blood sugar.

If your case is severe, you might need other types of treatment, like a breathing machine or kidney dialysis. Or you may need surgery to drain or clean out an infection.

As sepsis gets worse, it causes more problems throughout your body. These may include:

• Kidney failure
• Dead tissue (gangrene) on fingers and toes, leading to amputation
• Lung, brain, or heart damage
• A higher risk of infections over time

Sepsis can be deadly in between 25% and 40% of cases.  

Preventing infection is the best way to prevent sepsis. Take these steps:

• Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds each time.
• Keep up with recommended vaccines for things like flu and chickenpox.
• Keep control of any chronic health conditions.
• If you have an injury that’s broken your skin, clean it as soon as possible. Keep it clean and covered as it heals, and watch for signs of infection.
• Treat any infections. Get medical care right away if they don’t get better or if they seem like they’re getting worse.

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Sepsis (Blood Infection): Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

Written by Mary Anne Dunkin

• What Is Sepsis?
• Sepsis Causes and Risk Factors
• Sepsis Symptoms
• Sepsis Diagnosis
• Sepsis Treatment
• Sepsis Complications
• Sepsis Prevention
• More

 

Sepsis is when your body has an unusually severe response to an infection. It’s sometimes called septicemia.

During sepsis, your immune system, which defends you from germs, releases a lot of chemicals into your blood. This triggers widespread inflammation that can lead to organ damage. Clots reduce blood flow to your limbs and internal organs, so they don’t get the nutrients and oxygen they need.

In severe cases, sepsis causes a dangerous drop in blood pressure. Doctors call this “septic shock.” It can quickly lead to organ failure, such as your lungs, kidneys, and liver. This can be deadly.

 

Bacterial infections are most often to blame for sepsis. But it can also happen because of other infections. It can begin anywhere bacteria, parasites, fungi, or viruses enter your body, even something as small as a hangnail.

An infection of the bone, called osteomyelitis, could lead to sepsis. In people who are hospitalized, bacteria may enter through IV lines, surgical wounds, urinary catheters, and bed sores.

Sepsis is more common in people who:

• Have weakened immune systems because of conditions like HIV or cancer or because they take drugs such as steroids or those that prevent rejection of transplanted organs
• Are pregnant
• Are very young
• Are elderly, especially if they have other health problems
• Were recently hospitalized or had major surgeries
• Use catheters or breathing tubes
• Have diabetes
• Have a serious medical condition such as appendicitis, pneumonia, meningitis, cirrhosis, or a urinary tract infection

Because it can begin in different parts of your body, sepsis can have many different symptoms. The first signs may include rapid breathing and confusion. Other common symptoms include:

• Fever and chills
• Very low body temperature
• Peeing less than usual
• Fast heartbeat
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Fatigue or weakness
• Blotchy or discolored skin
• Sweating or clammy skin
• Severe pain

Your doctor will do a physical exam and run tests to look for things like:

• Bacteria in your blood or other body fluids
• Signs of infection on an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound
• A high or low white blood cell count
• A low number of platelets in your blood
• Low blood pressure
• Too much acid in your blood (acidosis)
• A lack of oxygen in your blood
• Problems with how your blood clots
• Uneven levels of electrolytes
• Kidney or liver problems

Your doctor will probably keep you in the hospital’s intensive care unit (ICU). Your medical team will try to stop the infection, keep your organs working, and manage your blood pressure. IV fluids and extra oxygen can help with this.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics may fight infections caused by bacteria early on. Once your doctor knows what’s causing your sepsis, they can give you medicine that targets that specific germ. Often, doctors prescribe vasopressors (which make your blood vessels narrow) to improve blood pressure. You could also get corticosteroids to fight inflammation or insulin to keep control of your blood sugar.

If your case is severe, you might need other types of treatment, like a breathing machine or kidney dialysis. Or you may need surgery to drain or clean out an infection.

As sepsis gets worse, it causes more problems throughout your body. These may include:

• Kidney failure
• Dead tissue (gangrene) on fingers and toes, leading to amputation
• Lung, brain, or heart damage
• A higher risk of infections over time

Sepsis can be deadly in between 25% and 40% of cases.  

Preventing infection is the best way to prevent sepsis. Take these steps:

• Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds each time.
• Keep up with recommended vaccines for things like flu and chickenpox.
• Keep control of any chronic health conditions.
• If you have an injury that’s broken your skin, clean it as soon as possible. Keep it clean and covered as it heals, and watch for signs of infection.
• Treat any infections. Get medical care right away if they don’t get better or if they seem like they’re getting worse.

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Bacterial infection by blood test

11/27/2019

A complete blood count (CBC) is a laboratory method that allows you to objectively assess the qualitative and quantitative composition of blood cells for the diagnosis of various diseases. Counting the number of leukocytes (WBC), the percentage of leukocytes (leukocyte formula) and ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) are the main parameters that reflect the activity of viral and bacterial infections.

WBCs are the “white knights” of the immune system. Leukopoiesis (formation of white blood cells) occurs in the red bone marrow. Depending on the morphological features (cell size, nucleus shape, presence of specific granules) and the function they perform, leukocytes are divided into two groups: granulocytes (neutrophilic, basophilic and eosinophilic leukocytes), agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).

Neutrophils (NE) Two types of NE normally circulate in the bloodstream: stab (young) and segmented (mature). The younger elements of the granulocytic series enter the blood from the red bone marrow only in case of pathology. The main function of NE is the destruction of microorganisms, by recognition, active capture, and digestion of the microbial agent (phagocytosis). Neutrophils are involved in all stages of the inflammatory process.

Eosinophils (EO) are the leading formed elements in the fight against parasites (protozoa, helminths), take part in allergic reactions.

Basophils (BA) – take part in allergic reactions, as well as in the regulation of blood circulation through the secretion of hormone-like substances: histamine, serotonin and heparin.

· Lymphocytes (LYM) – play a central role in all immunological reactions of the body. Thanks to receptors on the surface of cells, they are able to distinguish between “own” and “foreign”. The main function of LYM is the synthesis of protective antibodies and the provision of immune memory.

Monocytes (MON) are agranulocytic cells that stay in the blood for several days, then leave the bloodstream moving to the tissues, where they perform their function as macrophages, phagocytizing particles larger than neutrophils, and sometimes whole microbial agents.

Plasma cells (Plasmocytes) are lymphoid tissue cells that develop from cells that are precursors of B-lymphocytes and are responsible for the production of antibodies in response to stimulation with foreign antigens. Normally, plasma cells do not circulate in the blood.

ESR – is determined by the intensity and speed of erythrocyte agglutination in the bloodstream. This parameter indirectly indicates the presence of a pathological process, such as inflammation, in the body.

To decipher the analysis, it is important to evaluate all of the listed indicators in a complex, and not one by one. In addition, for the correct interpretation of changes in the CBC, it is necessary to take into account the age-related features of the leukocyte formula.

Fig.1

At the birth of a child, the number of neutrophils (NE) prevails over the content of lymphocytes (LYM). On days 4-5, the NE and LYM values ​​are approximately at the same level (First crossover). Further, starting from the 2nd month of a child’s life, the number of NE decreases again, and LYM increases, then the NE index increases, and LYM decreases. Then, at 4 years, the number of cells is approximately the same (Second decussation). Finally, by the age of fourteen, the percentage of leukocytes (WBC) corresponds to those of an adult.

The table shows the percentage of WBC.

WBC, 10 9 /l	eo, %	ba, %	NE, %			lym, %	Mon, %
			young	wand nuclear	Segmented nuclear
4.0-9.0	1-4	0-0. 5	0-1	2-5	55-68	25-30	6-8

Signs of a bacterial infection on a blood test.

The human body is constantly faced with external threats in the form of pathogenic microorganisms. In preparation for possible damage in the blood, a mobile pool of circulating neutrophils is quickly formed, as a result of an accelerated release of granulocytes from the red bone marrow, cessation of the release of neutrophils into tissues, and mobilization of the parietal pool of elements.

In acute bacterial infections, the amount of these elements in the blood increases dramatically, and less mature cells may appear. (Shift to the left). Intensive destruction of mature neutrophils in tissues leads to active production of younger cells by the bone marrow. In the blood, the number of both the leukocytes themselves and a separate fraction – neutrophils – increases.

The higher the number of these cells, the more active the inflammatory process in the body. Often, these changes help identify signs of a bacterial infection in a blood test in adults. In the inflammatory process of bacterial etiology, an increase in the blood plasma of some inflammatory proteins (fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, immunoglobulins) is characteristic. Some of these proteins attach to erythrocytes, therefore, ESR increases significantly.

Blood test for viral infection.

For replication, a virus needs a full-fledged cell of the body, which it uses as a testing ground for the production of its own genome, so the virus finds and infects certain cells that contain specific receptors on their surface. In order for the cells of the immune system to distinguish an infected cell from a healthy one and destroy it, proteins of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) act as a “mark of infection”. This is how T-lymphocytes are activated, which have certain receptors on their surface, with the help of which they recognize labeled, and therefore infected cells.

In this regard, in acute viral diseases in the KLA, the number of lymphocytes and / or monocytes increases. The total number of leukocytes is usually reduced or within the age norm.

However, in a pathological process of viral etiology, a blood test can also correspond to normal indicators of a healthy person, and during a bacterial process, the number of leukocytes and the absolute number of neutrophils are not always a reliable marker. That is why, in order to prescribe an effective and adequate treatment, each case must be evaluated by a doctor individually.

In addition, it is now possible to protect yourself and your loved ones from many viral and bacterial infections through effective and safe vaccination.

Author: resident doctor of the University Clinic H-Clinic Pushik Elena Pavlovna

Medical editor: Head of the University Clinic, PhD, infectious disease doctor Danila Sergeevich Konnov

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Bacterial or viral infection based on CBC results?

Contents

• 1 How to recognize a bacterial or viral infection in a blood test: advice from doctors
  • 1. 1 How can I determine the type of infection through a blood test?
  • 1.2 Blood – universal analyzer
  • 1.3 What is an infection and what is its effect on the body?
  • 1.4 Complete blood count
  • 1.5 How to show the presence of a bacterial infection using a complete blood count
    • 1.5.1 Leukocytosis
    • 1.5.2 Left shift
    • 1.5.3 Elevated C-reactive protein
  • 1.6 Determination of viral infection by complete blood count
  • 1.7 How to distinguish between a bacterial and viral infection by the white blood cell count
  • 1.8 ESR: how it helps to recognize a bacterial or viral infection
  • 1.9 How proteins in the blood indicate a bacterial or viral infection
  • 1.10 Immune response to bacterial and viral infections: what affects the level of antibodies in the blood
  • 1.11 Some features of the diagnosis of viral infections
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • 9 0165 1. 13.0.1 What is common blood analysis?
      • 1.13.0.2 What changes in the complete blood count indicate a bacterial infection?
      • 1.13.0.3 And what changes in the general blood test are typical for a viral infection?
      • 1.13.0.4 How to make a conclusion about the type of infection only by a general blood test?
      • 1.13.0.5 What other methods are used to diagnose infectious diseases?
      • 1.13.0.6 What can be done to prevent infectious diseases?

Learn how to tell if an infection is bacterial or viral based on your CBC. Signs and differences, advice on treatment.

When we are sick, our body is exposed to many microorganisms, many of which cause infections. Accurate diagnosis of the type of disease can help the doctor choose the right treatment and prevent possible complications.

One of the indicators that doctors rely on is a complete blood count. The level of leukocytes, erythrocytes and indicators characterizing the state of the plasma can give an idea of ​​what type of infection infects the body.

In this article, we will take a closer look at which indicators on a blood test indicate that the infection is caused by viruses, and which of bacteria. We will also describe how to correctly interpret the results of a complete blood test and which doctor is best to contact for advice and treatment.

How to determine the type of infection through a blood test?

A blood test is one of the most effective ways to diagnose bacterial or viral infections. First you need to pay attention to the number of leukocytes, since their concentration is the first sign of infection.

If there is an increase in the number of leukocytes along with an increased level of neutrophils, this suggests a bacterial infection. On the other hand, if high levels of lymphocytes and monocytes are observed, this indicates a viral infection.

It is also important to pay attention to the presence of specific antibodies in the blood, which may indicate a particular type of infection. For example, if there are IgG and IgM antibodies to the hepatitis A virus in the blood, this indicates that the person had contact with this virus about 1-2 weeks ago.

It is important to understand that in some cases the results of blood tests may not be sufficient for an accurate diagnosis. Therefore, doctors can additionally use other research methods, such as isolation of the pathogen from the relevant biomaterial or serological tests.

Blood – universal analyzer

Blood is a vital medium for the human body, which ensures its vital activity and allows interaction between all body systems. In addition, blood is a universal analyzer of the state of human health.

With the help of a general blood test, one can detect not only the presence or absence of an infection in the body, but also many other disorders in the functioning of organs and systems, such as anemia, blood clotting disorders, and others.

To detect a bacterial or viral infection, a complete blood count can detect changes in the number of white blood cells and their composition. In the case of a bacterial infection, there is a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, and in the case of a viral infection, lymphocytes. In addition, in the general blood test, it is possible to detect an increase in C-reactive protein, which is a marker of inflammation and infection.

Thus, a complete blood count is an important tool in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, allows you to determine the degree of infection and prescribe effective treatment.

What is an infection and what is its effect on the body?

Infection is a disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.). Viral and bacterial infections have different causes and mechanisms of action on the body. Viruses infect cells and use their resources for reproduction, which leads to irreversible changes in them and disruption of the normal function of organs and systems. Bacteria can infect tissues, cause inflammation and intoxication of the body.

Infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild malaise to severe intoxication and organic damage. In addition, the infection can weaken the body’s immune system, which controls the body’s defenses against other pathogens. This often leads to the fact that the body becomes even more vulnerable to secondary infections and so on. Therefore, many diseases are similar in their symptoms, indicating the presence of an infection.

For the correct treatment and diagnosis of the disease, it is necessary to accurately determine its causative agent. A complete blood count provides valuable information about the state of the immune system and the presence of a bacterial or viral infection, which helps to prescribe the appropriate therapy. Thus, for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, it is important to evaluate the results of a general blood test and determine the type of pathogen.

Complete blood count

Complete blood count is one of the main methods for diagnosing a bacterial or viral infection. Complete blood count indicators include the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and so on.

The number of leukocytes is one of the key indicators to determine the presence of infection in the body. A WBC level that is higher than normal may indicate a bacterial infection, while a low level may indicate a viral infection.

In addition, an important indicator is the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes. A high neutrophil count may indicate a bacterial infection, while an elevated lymphocyte count is often associated with a viral infection.

Bacterial infection can also cause elevated levels of C-reactive protein, as this substance is produced by immune cells during inflammation. The presence in the blood of antibodies to certain bacteria or viruses may also indicate an underlying infection.

In general, the results of a complete blood count may help a doctor suspect a bacterial or viral infection, but additional tests may be needed for a definitive diagnosis.

How to show the presence of a bacterial infection using a complete blood count

Leukocytosis

One of the main indicators of bacterial inflammation is leukocytosis. The total white blood cell count, which is usually between 4,000 and 11,000 per microliter, increases to 15,000 to 25,000 or more in bacterial infections. A high number of white blood cells is the result of the body’s fight against bacteria, especially during an acute infectious process.

Shift to the left

In case of a bacterial infection, a shift to the left is detected – an increase in the number of immature forms of hematopoietic cells (young leukocytes) – myelocytes, metamyelocytes and others, which indicates an active fight of the immune system against the infection. The number of immature forms is increasing, which indicates that the immune system is actively involved in the fight against bacteria.

Elevated C-reactive protein

Another indicator that can diagnose a bacterial infection is the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood. This protein is produced by the liver in response to inflammation. With a bacterial infection, the level of CRP is significantly increased. If the level of CRP is higher than normal, then this indicates the presence of an infectious process in the body.

• Conclusion: With a bacterial infection, elevated levels of leukocytes, eosinophils, C-reactive protein in the general blood test are found. There is also a shift to the left – an increase in the number of immature forms of hematopoietic cells.

CBC definition of viral infection

A viral infection is an illness caused by viruses that can enter the body through the skin, mucous membranes, or intestines. A complete blood count plays an important role in determining a viral infection.

With a viral infection, a complete blood count may show an increase in the number of lymphocytes and a decrease in the number of neutrophils. This is due to the fact that viruses infect lymphocytes, which leads to their increase in the blood. In addition, platelet levels usually decrease with a viral infection because viruses can attack the blood vessels.

It is important to note that a complete blood count can indicate other types of infections, as well as other diseases. Therefore, when determining a viral infection, it is necessary to take into account not only the results of a complete blood test, but also other factors, such as symptoms of the disease and the medical history of the patient.

In general, CBC is an important tool in the diagnosis of viral infections. But for an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to use other methods, such as virus tests or immunological tests, which can show the presence of antibodies against a particular virus in the blood.

How to distinguish between a bacterial and a viral infection by the white blood cell count

One way to tell if a bacterial or a viral infection is by doing a blood test for the white blood cell count.

Leukocytes are white blood cells that play a key role in the body’s immune system. When an infection occurs in the body, the level of white blood cells in the blood rises to fight the infectious agent.

With a bacterial infection, the number of leukocytes in the blood increases significantly, while with a viral infection, the level of leukocytes remains at a normal level or increases slightly.

Another indicator that may indicate the type of infection is the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes. In a bacterial infection, neutrophil levels are usually elevated and lymphocyte levels are usually low. In the case of a viral infection, the relationship between neutrophils and lymphocytes is reversed – the number of neutrophils decreases and the number of lymphocytes increases.

Despite these indicators, blood test results alone cannot be relied upon to accurately determine the type of infection. Doctors usually use several diagnostic methods to be sure of a particular diagnosis.

ESR: how it helps to recognize a bacterial or viral infection

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is an indicator that reflects the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation in the blood. It can be elevated in various diseases, including bacterial and viral infections.

ESR is usually higher in bacterial infection than in viral infection. This is due to the fact that bacterial infections cause a stronger reaction of the body than viral ones. At the same time, an increase in ESR is observed most often in the second or third week of the disease.

In viral infections, an increase in ESR can also be observed, but it is usually less pronounced and may persist for a long time after recovery. Also, an increase in ESR may be due to other reasons, such as anemia, cancer, and others. Therefore, ESR is not a specific indicator for the diagnosis of bacterial or viral infections.

For accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive examination, including the study of blood, urine, secrets and other biological materials, as well as a clinical examination and consultation with a specialist.

Sign
Bacterial infection
Viral infection

ESR	High, in the second or third week of illness	Low or moderately elevated
Body temperature	Often elevated to high values ​​	Usually moderately elevated or normal
Symptoms	Most often pronounced and the presence of a purulent process	Usually less pronounced and the duration of the disease is longer or viral infection Proteins are an important indicator of a complete blood count in determining the presence of an infection in the body. In a bacterial infection, the total level of proteins in the blood increases due to an increase in the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a marker of inflammation and is significantly elevated in bacterial infections such as pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis. In the case of a viral infection, the CRP level remains unchanged or moderately elevated, and the total blood protein level may be reduced. However, an increase in the level of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the blood indicates the presence of a viral infection such as influenza, chickenpox or HIV. Along with this, a change in the ratio between different groups of proteins in the blood can also indicate that the body is fighting infection. For example, a decrease in albumin and an increase in globulins may indicate the presence of a viral infection. In general, blood protein testing can be a useful tool in determining the type of infection, but it cannot be the only diagnostic tool. Immune response to bacterial and viral infections: what affects the level of antibodies in the blood Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system to fight infections. When confronted with infectious agents – bacteria or viruses – the immune system starts the process of producing antibodies. However, the level of antibodies in the blood can differ depending on the type of infection. In the case of a bacterial infection, the production of antibodies begins earlier than in a viral one. This means that high levels of antibodies can be detected already at an early stage of a bacterial infection. In the case of a viral infection, the time interval between infection and the start of antibody production is longer. Therefore, antibody levels will be low early in a viral infection. However, with a prolonged viral infection, antibodies will be produced over a long period of time. If the infection continues, the level of antibodies in the blood will gradually increase. Therefore, if a high level of antibodies is found in the blood, this may indicate a chronic viral infection. State of health. Antibody levels may be higher in more severe infections. Also, the level of antibodies may be higher in people who have already been ill and recovered from this infection. Age. Antibody levels may vary with the patient’s age, so patient age must be taken into account when interpreting test results. Get vaccinated. Vaccinations may affect the level of antibodies in the blood. For example, if a patient has received a flu shot, antibody levels may be higher than those of an unvaccinated person. When interpreting the results of the analysis, it is necessary to take into account which vaccinations were received. Thus, the level of antibodies in the blood can help determine the type of infection and the degree of development of the patient’s immune system. Although a high antibody level may indicate an infection, there are other factors to consider when interpreting test results. Some features of the diagnosis of viral infections Diagnosis of viral infections can be a difficult task, since there is no single method for determining the presence of a virus in the body. However, medical laboratory technicians may use a number of methods, usually in combination, to reach an accurate diagnosis. One of the most common methods is the detection of antibodies in the blood. This method, called enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), detects antibodies produced by the body in response to the presence of a virus. However, this method does not always give an accurate result, as it can only detect antibodies in the blood, which appear a few days after infection with the virus. Another common method is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which detects the DNA or RNA of the virus. This method is more accurate and can be used to detect viruses that cannot be detected by ELISA. In some cases, tissue culture may be required, in which a tissue sample from a patient is placed on a special nutrient medium to grow the virus. This method may be required to detect viruses that cannot be detected by other methods. In general, it may be necessary to use several methods in combination to accurately diagnose viral infections. It must also be taken into account that some methods can give a false positive or false negative result, so the diagnosis should always be confirmed by a specialist. Related videos: Q&A: What is a CBC? A complete blood count is a laboratory test that allows you to assess the condition of a person’s blood. During the analysis, indicators such as the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, blood color index and others are determined. What changes in the complete blood count indicate a bacterial infection? When a bacterial infection most often increases the number of leukocytes in the blood, especially neutrophils. In addition, an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) may be observed. What changes in the general blood test are typical for a viral infection? In the case of a viral infection, a decrease in the number of leukocytes, especially lymphocytes, can be observed. The level of platelets and hemoglobin may also decrease. ESR with a viral infection is somewhat lowered. How to make a conclusion about the type of infection only by a general blood test? Alas, it is impossible to say unequivocally that the disease is caused by a bacterial or viral infection only on the basis of a complete blood count. Diagnosis requires a more in-depth study. What other methods are used to diagnose infectious diseases? Various research methods can be used to diagnose infectious diseases, including bacteriological studies, immunological tests (eg, ELISA analysis), molecular genetic studies (PCR). Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website